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Li N, Duan YH, Chen L, Zhang K. Iron metabolism: An emerging therapeutic target underlying the anti-Alzheimer's disease effect of ginseng. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 79:127252. [PMID: 37418790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Finding neuroprotective drugs with fewer side effects and more efficacy has become a major problem as the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rises. Natural drugs have risen to prominence as potential medication candidates. Ginseng has a long history of use in China, and it has a wide range of pharmacological actions that can help with neurological issues. Iron loaded in the brain has been linked to AD pathogenesis. We reviewed the regulation of iron metabolism and its studies in AD and explored how ginseng might regulate iron metabolism and prevent or treat AD. Researchers utilized network pharmacology analysis to identify key factive components of ginseng that protect against AD by regulating ferroptosis. Ginseng and its active ingredients may benefit AD by regulating iron metabolism and targeting ferroptosis genes to inhibit the ferroptosis process. The results present new ideas for ginseng pharmacological studies and initiatives for further research into AD-related drugs. To provide comprehensive information on the neuroprotective use of ginseng to modulate iron metabolism, reveal its potential to treat AD, and provide insights for future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Rehman NU, Song C, Kim J, Noh I, Rhee YS, Chung HJ. Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Novel Donepezil-Loaded Dissolving Microneedle Patch in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010005. [PMID: 35056902 PMCID: PMC8778454 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the development of dissolving microneedles (DMNs) has focused on bolus drug delivery, with little attention on sustained release. Here, we evaluated the sustained release, absorption pattern, and effective drug permeation of a novel donepezil-loaded DMN patch through an in vivo investigation on rats. The applications of DMN patches to the shaved skin of rats for 1 week and 1 h were compared with oral donepezil administration to assess their sustained release capabilities. We used a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify donepezil in the plasma. We found that the microneedle arrays effectively delivered donepezil across the skin, with dissolution observed within 1 h of application. Furthermore, skin irritation test showed that the patches produced no irritation response. The DMN arrays also effectively increased drug permeation and demonstrated sustained release and absorption of donepezil from DMN patches. These patches allow extended dosing intervals, reduced gastrointestinal adverse effects, and convenient self-administration to mitigate poor drug compliance, making them beneficial for the treatment of elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
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3
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Hommen F, Bilican S, Vilchez D. Protein clearance strategies for disease intervention. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:141-172. [PMID: 34689261 PMCID: PMC8541819 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis, or proteostasis, is essential for cell function and viability. Unwanted, damaged, misfolded and aggregated proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Growing evidence indicates that alterations in these major proteolytic mechanisms lead to a demise in proteostasis, contributing to the onset and development of distinct diseases. Indeed, dysregulation of the UPS or autophagy is linked to several neurodegenerative, infectious and inflammatory disorders as well as cancer. Thus, modulation of protein clearance pathways is a promising approach for therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent findings and open questions on how targeting proteolytic mechanisms could be applied for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hommen
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Saygın Bilican
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Strasse 26, 50931, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Noori T, Dehpour AR, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Shirooie S. Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 898:173974. [PMID: 33652057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Negative psychological and physiological consequences of neurodegenerative disorders represent a high social and health cost. Among the neurodegenerative disorders Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a leading neurodegenerative condition and a primary cause of dementia in the elderlys. AD is considered as neurodegenerative disorder that progressively impairs cognitive function and memory. According to current epidemiological data, about 50 milLion people worldwide are suffering from AD. The primary symptoms of AD are almost inappreciable and usually comprise forgetfulness of recent events. Numerous processes are involved in the development of AD, for example oxidative stress (OS) mainly due to mitochondrial dysfunction, intracellular the accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau (τ) proteins in the form of neurofibrillary tangles, excessive the accumulation of extracellular plaques of beta-amyloid (Aβ), genetic and environmental factors. Running treatments only attenuate symptoms and temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive progression associated with AD. This means that most treatments focus only on controlLing symptoms, particularly in the initial stages of the disease. In the past, the first choice of treatment was based on natural ingredients. In this sense, diverse natural products (NPs) are capable to decrease the symptoms and alleviate the development of several diseases including AD attracting the attention of the scientific community and the pharmaceutical industry. Specifically, numerous NPs including flavonoids, gingerols, tannins, anthocyanins, triterpenes and alkaloids have been shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-amyloidogenic, and anti-choLinesterase properties. This review provide a summary of the pathogenesis and the therapeutic goals of AD. It also discusses the available data on various plants and isolated natural compounds used to prevent and diminish the symptoms of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Noori
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Experimental Medicine Research Center, TUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress (NUCOX), University Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), and Health Research Institute of Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca E-07122, Balearic Islands, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sanchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samira Shirooie
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Farkhondeh T, Khan H, Aschner M, Samini F, Pourbagher-Shahri AM, Aramjoo H, Roshanravan B, Hoyte C, Mehrpour O, Samarghandian S. Impact of Cannabis-Based Medicine on Alzheimer's Disease by Focusing on the Amyloid β-Modifications: A Systematic Study. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:334-343. [PMID: 32640965 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200708130745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Deposition of Amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide in the brain is the leading source of the onset and progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recent studies have suggested that anti-amyloidogenic agents may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for AD. The current review was proposed to address the beneficial effects of cannabis-based drugs for the treatment of AD, focusing primarily on Aβ modifications. Keywords related to AD, Aβ, and cannabis-based on MeSH were identified and were searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Ovid-Medline, and Web of Science from inception until 15 March 2020. The full text of identified papers was obtained and assessed based on exclusion and inclusion criteria. The review is based on articles that have focused on AD and the amyloidogenic pathway. A total of 17 studies were identified based on the inclusion criteria; however, nine studies qualified for this systematic review. The maximum and minimum cannabis dosages, mostly CBD and THC in animal studies, were 0.75 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Cannabis (CBD and THC) was injected for 10 to 21 days. The findings of the 9 articles indicated that cannabis-based drugs might modulate Aβ modifications in several AD models. Our findings establish that cannabis-based drugs inhibited the progression of AD by modulating Aβ modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 2091300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fariborz Samini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Aramjoo
- Student Research Committee, BSc Student in Lab Sciences Technology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Babak Roshanravan
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | | | - Omid Mehrpour
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran,Arizona Poison & Drug Information Center, the University of Arizona, College of Pharmacy, Tucson, Arizona, AZ, USA
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences,
Neyshabur, Iran
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Cassano T, Villani R, Pace L, Carbone A, Bukke VN, Orkisz S, Avolio C, Serviddio G. From Cannabis sativa to Cannabidiol: Promising Therapeutic Candidate for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:124. [PMID: 32210795 PMCID: PMC7069528 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana, contains a pool of secondary plant metabolites with therapeutic effects. Besides Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol that is the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD) is the most abundant nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid and may represent a prototype for anti-inflammatory drug development for human pathologies where both the inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) play an important role to their etiology and progression. To this regard, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative disorders, are characterized by extensive oxidative damage to different biological substrates that can cause cell death by different pathways. Most cases of neurodegenerative diseases have a complex etiology with a variety of factors contributing to the progression of the neurodegenerative processes; therefore, promising treatment strategies should simultaneously target multiple substrates in order to stop and/or slow down the neurodegeneration. In this context, CBD, which interacts with the eCB system, but has also cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanism, might be a good candidate as a prototype for anti-oxidant drug development for the major neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD and AD. This review summarizes the multiple molecular pathways that underlie the positive effects of CBD, which may have a considerable impact on the progression of the major neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Villani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Carbone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vidyasagar Naik Bukke
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Stanislaw Orkisz
- Morphological Science Department of Human Anatomy, Medical Faculty University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Carlo Avolio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Klein G, Delmar P, Voyle N, Rehal S, Hofmann C, Abi-Saab D, Andjelkovic M, Ristic S, Wang G, Bateman R, Kerchner GA, Baudler M, Fontoura P, Doody R. Gantenerumab reduces amyloid-β plaques in patients with prodromal to moderate Alzheimer's disease: a PET substudy interim analysis. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2019; 11:101. [PMID: 31831056 PMCID: PMC6909550 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-019-0559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously investigated low doses (105 or 225 mg) of gantenerumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody that binds and removes aggregated amyloid-β by Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, in the SCarlet RoAD (SR) and Marguerite RoAD (MR) phase 3 trials. Several lines of evidence suggested that higher doses may be necessary to achieve clinical efficacy. We therefore designed a positron emission tomography (PET) substudy to evaluate the effect of gantenerumab uptitrated to 1200 mg every 4 weeks on amyloid-β plaques as measured using florbetapir PET in patients with prodromal to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A subset of patients enrolled in the SR and MR studies who subsequently entered the open-label extensions (OLEs) were included in this substudy. Patients were aged 50 to 90 years with a clinical diagnosis of probable prodromal to moderate AD and were included based on a visual read of the original screening scan in the double-blind phase. Patients were assigned to 1 of 5 titration schedules (ranging from 2 to 10 months) with a target gantenerumab dose of 1200 mg every 4 weeks. The main endpoint of this substudy was change in amyloid-β plaque burden from OLE baseline to week 52 and week 104, assessed using florbetapir PET. Florbetapir global cortical signal was calculated using a prespecified standard uptake value ratio method converted to the Centiloid scale. RESULTS Sixty-seven of the 89 patients initially enrolled had ≥ 1 follow-up scan by August 15, 2018. Mean amyloid levels were reduced by 39 Centiloids by the first year and 59 Centiloids by year 2, a 3.5-times greater reduction than was seen after 2 years at 225 mg in SR. At years 1 and 2, 37% and 51% of patients, respectively, had amyloid-β plaque levels below the amyloid-β positivity threshold. CONCLUSION Results from this exploratory interim analysis of the PET substudy suggest that gantenerumab doses up to 1200 mg resulted in robust amyloid-β plaque removal at 2 years. PET amyloid levels were consistent with sparse-to-no neuritic amyloid-β plaques in 51% of patients after 2 years of therapy. Amyloid reductions were similar to those observed in other placebo-controlled studies that have suggested potential clinical benefit. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01224106 (SCarlet RoAD) and NCT02051608 (Marguerite RoAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Klein
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Delmar
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Carsten Hofmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Abi-Saab
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Smiljana Ristic
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guoqiao Wang
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall Bateman
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Monika Baudler
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Fontoura
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachelle Doody
- Roche/Genentech Product Development, Neuroscience, Basel, Switzerland.,Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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8
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Zilony-Hanin N, Rosenberg M, Richman M, Yehuda R, Schori H, Motiei M, Rahimipour S, Groisman A, Segal E, Shefi O. Neuroprotective Effect of Nerve Growth Factor Loaded in Porous Silicon Nanostructures in an Alzheimer's Disease Model and Potential Delivery to the Brain. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1904203. [PMID: 31482695 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201904203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a vital role in reducing the loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its delivery to the brain remains a challenge. Herein, NGF is loaded into degradable oxidized porous silicon (PSiO2 ) carriers, which are designed to carry and continuously release the protein over a 1 month period. The released NGF exhibits a substantial neuroprotective effect in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells against amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced cytotoxicity, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Next, two potential localized administration routes of the porous carriers into murine brain are investigated: implantation of PSiO2 chips above the dura mater, and biolistic bombardment of PSiO2 microparticles through an opening in the skull using a pneumatic gene gun. The PSiO2 -implanted mice are monitored for a period of 8 weeks and no inflammation or adverse effects are observed. Subsequently, a successful biolistic delivery of these highly porous microparticles into a live-mouse brain is demonstrated for the first time. The bombarded microparticles are observed to penetrate the brain and reach a depth of 150 µm. These results pave the way for using degradable PSiO2 carriers as potential localized delivery systems for NGF to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Zilony-Hanin
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Michal Rosenberg
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Michal Richman
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Ronen Yehuda
- Department of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Hadas Schori
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Menachem Motiei
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
| | - Alexander Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Orit Shefi
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnologies and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 5290002, Israel
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9
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Jazvinšćak Jembrek M, Slade N, Hof PR, Šimić G. The interactions of p53 with tau and Aß as potential therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:104-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Kumar K, Kumar A, Keegan RM, Deshmukh R. Recent advances in the neurobiology and neuropharmacology of Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 98:297-307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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11
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Zilony N, Rosenberg M, Holtzman L, Schori H, Shefi O, Segal E. Prolonged controlled delivery of nerve growth factor using porous silicon nanostructures. J Control Release 2017; 257:51-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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12
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Chemerovski‐Glikman M, Frenkel‐Pinter M, Mdah R, Abu‐Mokh A, Gazit E, Segal D. Inhibition of the Aggregation and Toxicity of the Minimal Amyloidogenic Fragment of Tau by Its Pro‐Substituted Analogues. Chemistry 2017; 23:9618-9624. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chemerovski‐Glikman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Moran Frenkel‐Pinter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Ragad Mdah
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Amjaad Abu‐Mokh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Ehud Gazit
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringIby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of EngineeringTel Aviv University Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Daniel Segal
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & BiotechnologySagol Interdisciplinary School of NeurosciencesGeorge S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel-Aviv University Tel-Aviv 69978 Israel
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13
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Hane FT, Robinson M, Lee BY, Bai O, Leonenko Z, Albert MS. Recent Progress in Alzheimer's Disease Research, Part 3: Diagnosis and Treatment. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 57:645-665. [PMID: 28269772 PMCID: PMC5389048 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The field of Alzheimer's disease (AD) research has grown exponentially over the past few decades, especially since the isolation and identification of amyloid-β from postmortem examination of the brains of AD patients. Recently, the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease (JAD) put forth approximately 300 research reports which were deemed to be the most influential research reports in the field of AD since 2010. JAD readers were asked to vote on these most influential reports. In this 3-part review, we review the results of the 300 most influential AD research reports to provide JAD readers with a readily accessible, yet comprehensive review of the state of contemporary research. Notably, this multi-part review identifies the "hottest" fields of AD research providing guidance for both senior investigators as well as investigators new to the field on what is the most pressing fields within AD research. Part 1 of this review covers pathogenesis, both on a molecular and macro scale. Part 2 review genetics and epidemiology, and part 3 covers diagnosis and treatment. This part of the review, diagnosis and treatment, reviews the latest diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, imaging, and treatments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T. Hane
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Morgan Robinson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda Y. Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Owen Bai
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
| | - Zoya Leonenko
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Mitchell S. Albert
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Thunder Bay Regional Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
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Uddin MJ, Abdullah-Al-Mamun M, Biswas K, Asaduzzaman M, Rahman MM. Assessment of anticholinesterase activities and antioxidant potentials of Anisomeles indica relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-016-0224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Stotani S, Giordanetto F, Medda F. DYRK1A inhibition as potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:681-96. [PMID: 27073990 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2016-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In total, 47,500,000 people worldwide are affected by dementia and this number is estimated to double by 2030 and triple within 2050 resulting in a huge burden on public health. Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for 60-70% of all the cases. The cause of AD is still poorly understood but several brain abnormalities (e.g., loss of neuronal connections and neuronal death) have been identified in affected patients. In addition to the accumulation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain tissue, aberrant phosphorylation of tau proteins has proved to increase neuronal death. DYRK1A phosphorylates tau on 11 different Ser/Thr residues, resulting in the formation of aggregates called 'neurofibrillary tangles' which, together with amyloid plaques, could be responsible for dementia, neuronal degeneration and cell death. Small molecule inhibition of DYRK1A could thus represent an interesting approach toward the treatment of Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases. Herein we review the current progress in the identification and development of DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Stotani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Giordanetto
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- DE Shaw Research, 120W 45th Street, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Federico Medda
- Medicinal Chemistry, Taros Chemicals GmbH & Co. KG, Emil-Figge-Str. 76a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Protein aggregation and ER stress. Brain Res 2016; 1648:658-666. [PMID: 27037184 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a common feature of the protein misfolding or conformational diseases, among them most of the neurodegenerative diseases. These disorders are a major scourge, with scarce if any effective therapies at present. Recent research has identified ER stress as a major mechanism implicated in cytotoxicity in these diseases. Whether amyloid-β or tau in Alzheimer's, α-synuclein in Parkinson's, huntingtin in Huntington's disease or other aggregation-prone proteins in many other neurodegenerative diseases, there is a shared pathway of oligomerization and aggregation into amyloid fibrils. There is increasing evidence in recent years that the toxic species, and those that evoke ER stress, are the intermediate oligomeric forms and not the final amyloid aggregates. This review focuses on recent findings on the mechanisms and importance of the development of ER stress upon protein aggregation, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, and possible therapeutic approaches that are being examined. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Chan F, Lax NZ, Davies CH, Turnbull DM, Cunningham MO. Neuronal oscillations: A physiological correlate for targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases? Neuropharmacology 2016; 102:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Si W, Zhang T, Zhang L, Mei X, Dong M, Zhang K, Ning J. Design, synthesis and bioactivity of novel phthalimide derivatives as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:2380-2. [PMID: 27017111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel phthalimide derivatives related to benzylpiperazine were synthesized and evaluated as cholinesterase inhibitors. The results showed that all compounds were able to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), with two of them dramatically inhibiting butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Most compounds exhibited potent anti-AChE activity in the range of nM concentrations. In particular, compounds 7aIII and 10a showed the most potent activity with the IC50 values of 18.44 nM and 13.58 nM, respectively. To understand the excellent activity of these compounds, the structure-activity relationship was further examined. The protein-ligand docking study demonstrated that the target compounds have special binding modes and these results are in agreement with the kinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Si
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lanxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Mengya Dong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jun Ning
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Uddin MN, Afrin R, Uddin MJ, Uddin MJ, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, Sadik G. Vanda roxburghii chloroform extract as a potential source of polyphenols with antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities: identification of a strong phenolic antioxidant. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:195. [PMID: 26100408 PMCID: PMC4477535 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressively developing neurodegenerative disorder of the brain in the elderly people. Vanda roxburghii Rbr. root has been used traditionally in Bangladesh as tonic to brain and in the treatment of nervous system disorders including AD. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activities and antioxidant properties of the extracts from V. roxburghii. METHODS The crude methanol extract from the roots of plant was sequentially fractionated with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and water to yield their corresponding extracts. The extracts were assessed for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity by modified Ellman method and antioxidant property by several assays including ferric reducing antioxidant power, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Endogenous substances in the extracts were analyzed by the standard phytochemical methods and active compound was isolated by the chromatographic methods. RESULTS Chloroform extract was shown to demonstrate strong ferric-reducing antioxidant power and scavenging activity against DPPH and hydroxyl free radicals when compared with the other extracts and the reference standard catechin. The antioxidant effect was further verified by inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates. Likewise, the chloroform extract exhibited the highest inhibition against both the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes with IC50 values of 221.13 and 82.51 μg/ml, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed a large amount of phenolics and flavonoids in the chloroform extract. Bioactivity guided separation techniques led to the isolation of a strong antioxidant from the chloroform extract and its structure was determined as gigantol on the basis of spectral studies. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the chloroform extract of V. roxburghii, possibly due to its phenolic compounds, exert potential antioxidant and cholinesterase inhibitory activities, which may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 125:26-46. [PMID: 25455861 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases are neurodegenerative diseases presently without effective drug treatments. AD is characterized by general cognitive impairment, difficulties with memory consolidation and retrieval, and with advanced stages episodes of agitation and anger. AD is increasing in frequency as life expectancy increases. Present FDA approved medications do little to slow disease progression and none address the underlying progressive loss of synaptic connections and neurons. New drug design approaches are needed beyond cholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists. Patients with PD experience the symptomatic triad of bradykinesis, tremor-at-rest, and rigidity with the possibility of additional non-motor symptoms including sleep disturbances, depression, dementia, and autonomic nervous system failure. This review summarizes available information regarding the role of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in learning and memory and motor functions, with particular emphasis on research results suggesting a link between angiotensin IV (AngIV) interacting with the AT4 receptor subtype. Currently there is controversy over the identity of this AT4 receptor protein. Albiston and colleagues have offered convincing evidence that it is the insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP). Recently members of our laboratory have presented evidence that the brain AngIV/AT4 receptor system coincides with the brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system. In an effort to resolve this issue we have synthesized a number of small molecule AngIV-based compounds that are metabolically stable, penetrate the blood-brain barrier, and facilitate compromised memory and motor systems. These research efforts are described along with details concerning a recently synthesized molecule, Dihexa that shows promise in overcoming memory and motor dysfunctions by augmenting synaptic connectivity via the formation of new functional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Wright
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA.
| | - Leen H Kawas
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
| | - Joseph W Harding
- Departments of Psychology, Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience and Program in Biotechnology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA; M3 Biotechnology, Inc., 4000 Mason Rd Suite 300, Box 352141, Seattle, WA 98195-2141, USA
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Brilliant Blue G improves cognition in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease and inhibits amyloid-β-induced loss of filopodia and dendrite spines in hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2014; 279:94-101. [PMID: 25193238 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Deposits of amyloid-β (Aβ) protein are one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Numerous studies report that the Aβ peptide, especially in the oligomeric form, causes memory decline and other cognitive deficits. However, there have been very few effective interventions for termination or even delay of AD progression. Brilliant Blue G (BBG), a safe triphenylmethane dye and P2X7 antagonist, has been reported to have protective effects on neuroinflammation, ischemia, spinal injury and neurodegenerative disorders. Here we report that systematic administration of BBG diminishes spatial memory impairment and cognitive deficits in a mouse AD model produced by injecting soluble Aβ peptide into the hippocampal CA1 region. In addition, we show that Aβ-induced loss of filopodia and spine density in cultured hippocampal neurons was prevented by administration of BBG. We conclude that BBG prevents the learning and memory impairment and cognitive deficits induced by the toxicity of soluble Aβ, and improves the development of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons in an AD model mouse. Considering the safety and blood-brain-barrier (BBB)-permeability of BBG, our data suggest a potential for BBG as a new therapy for AD.
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Achterberg HC, van der Lijn F, den Heijer T, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Niessen WJ, de Bruijne M. Hippocampal shape is predictive for the development of dementia in a normal, elderly population. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:2359-71. [PMID: 24039001 PMCID: PMC6869385 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that hippocampal volume is an early marker for dementia. We investigated whether hippocampal shape characteristics extracted from MRI scans are predictive for the development of dementia during follow up in subjects who were nondemented at baseline. Furthermore, we assessed whether hippocampal shape provides additional predictive value independent of hippocampal volume. Five hundred eleven brain MRI scans from elderly nondemented participants of a prospective population-based imaging study were used. During the 10-year follow-up period, 52 of these subjects developed dementia. For training and evaluation independent of age and gender, a subset of 50 cases and 150 matched controls was selected. The hippocampus was segmented using an automated method. From the segmentation, the volume was determined and a statistical shape model was constructed. We trained a classifier to distinguish between subjects who developed dementia and subjects who stayed cognitively healthy. For all subjects the a posteriori probability to develop dementia was estimated using the classifier in a cross-validation experiment. The area under the ROC curve for volume, shape, and the combination of both were, respectively, 0.724, 0.743, and 0.766. A logistic regression model showed that adding shape to a model using volume corrected for age and gender increased the global model-fit significantly (P = 0.0063). We conclude that hippocampal shape derived from MRI scans is predictive for dementia before clinical symptoms arise, independent of age and gender. Furthermore, the results suggest that hippocampal shape provides additional predictive value over hippocampal volume and that combining shape and volume leads to better prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim C Achterberg
- Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Departments of Radiology and Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Asaduzzaman M, Uddin MJ, Kader MA, Alam AHMK, Rahman AA, Rashid M, Kato K, Tanaka T, Takeda M, Sadik G. In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and the antioxidant properties of Aegle marmelos leaf extract: implications for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Psychogeriatrics 2014; 14:1-10. [PMID: 24646308 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by loss of memory and cognition. The effective therapeutic options for AD are limited and thus there is a demand for new drugs. Aegle marmelos (Linn.) (A. marmelos) leaves have been used in traditional medicine to promote intellect and enhance memory. In this study, we evaluated A. marmelos for its acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant property in vitro in the treatment of AD. METHODS A crude methanol extract and four fractions (petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous) were prepared from the leaves of A. marmelos. The preparations were assessed for AChE inhibitory activity by the Ellman method, and their antioxidant properties were assessed by several assays: reducing power, scavenging of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical and hydroxyl radical, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of endogenous substances in A. marmelos were performed by the standard phytochemical methods. RESULTS Among the different extracts tested, the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest inhibition of AChE activity. In the same way, ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest reducing activity and radical scavenging ability towards the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 3.84 μg/mL) and hydroxyl free radicals (half maximal inhibitory concentration = 5.68 μg/mL). The antiradical activity of the ethyl acetate fraction appeared to be similar to that of the reference standard butylated hydroxytoluene and catechin used in this study. In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction displayed higher inhibition of brain lipid peroxidation. Phytochemical screening of different extractives of A. marmelos showed the presence of phenols and flavonoids, alkaloid, saponin, glycoside, tannin and steroids. Quantitative analysis revealed higher contents of phenolics (58.79-mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) and flavonoids (375.73-mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried extract) in the ethyl acetate fraction. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the ethyl acetate fraction of A. marmelos is a significant source of polyphenolic compounds with potential AChE inhibitory property and antioxidant activity and, thus, may be useful in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asaduzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
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Sasaoka N, Sakamoto M, Kanemori S, Kan M, Tsukano C, Takemoto Y, Kakizuka A. Long-term oral administration of hop flower extracts mitigates Alzheimer phenotypes in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87185. [PMID: 24489866 PMCID: PMC3906130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coincident with the expanding population of aged people, the incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is rapidly increasing in most advanced countries. At present, no effective prophylactics are available. Among several pathological mechanisms proposed for AD, the “amyloid hypothesis” has been most widely accepted, in which accumulation or deposition of Aβ is considered to be the initial event. Thus, prevention of Aβ production would be an ideal strategy for the treatment or prevention of AD. Aβ is produced via the proteolytic cleavage of its precursor protein, APP (amyloid precursor protein), by two different enzymes, β and γ-secretases. Indeed, inhibitors against either or both enzymes have been developed and tested for clinical efficacy. Based on the “amyloid hypothesis”, we developed a luciferase-based screening method to monitor γ-secretase activity, screened more than 1,600 plant extracts, most of which have long been used in Chinese medicine, and observed that Hop extracts significantly inhibit Aβ production in cultured cells. A major component of the inhibitory activity was purified, and its chemical identity was determined by NMR to be Garcinielliptone HC. In vivo, oral administration of Hop extracts to AD model mice decreased Aβ depositions in the cerebral cortex of the parietal lobe, hippocampus, and artery walls (amyloid angiopathy) in the brains. In a Morris water maze test, AD model mice that had daily consumed Hop extracts in their drinking water showed significant mitigation of memory impairment at ages of 9 and 12 months. Moreover, in the open field test oral administration of Hop extracts also prevented an emotional disturbance that appeared in the AD mice at 18 months. Despite lifelong consumption of Hop extracts, no deleterious side effects were observed at any age. These results support the “amyloid hypothesis”, and indicate that Hop extract is a promising candidate for an effective prophylactic for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Sasaoka
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Sakamoto
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shoko Kanemori
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michiru Kan
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Kakizuka
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Hane FT, Lee BY, Petoyan A, Rauk A, Leonenko Z. Testing synthetic amyloid-β aggregation inhibitor using single molecule atomic force spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 54:492-8. [PMID: 24321883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disease with no known cure and few effective treatment options. The principal neurotoxic agent is an oligomeric form of the amyloid-β peptide and one of the treatment options currently being studied is the inhibition of amyloid aggregation. In this work, we test a novel pseudopeptidic aggregation inhibitor designated as SG1. SG1 has been designed to bind at the amyloid-β self-recognition site and prevent amyloid-β from misfolding into β sheet. We used atomic force spectroscopy, a nanoscale measurement technique, to quantify the binding forces between two single amyloid peptide molecules. For the first time, we demonstrate that single molecule atomic force spectroscopy can be used to assess the effectiveness of amyloid aggregation inhibitors by measuring the experimental yield of binding and can potentially be used as a screening technique for quick testing of efficacy of inhibitor drugs for amyloid aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis T Hane
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Brenda Y Lee
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Anahit Petoyan
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Arvi Rauk
- University of Calgary, Department of Chemistry, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Zoya Leonenko
- University of Waterloo, Department of Biology, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1; University of Waterloo, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1.
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Biron KE, Dickstein DL, Gopaul R, Fenninger F, Jefferies WA. Cessation of neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease follows amyloid-beta immunization. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1354. [PMID: 23446889 PMCID: PMC3584312 DOI: 10.1038/srep01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic neoangiogenesis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is due to amyloid-beta (Aβ) and results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness in AD. It likely occurs as a compensatory response to impaired cerebral blood flow and provides a strong link between brain vascularity and AD. Aβ immunotherapy is an experimental treatment for AD; however, unexpected negative vascular side effects seen in early human clinical trials demonstrate that our knowledge of Aβ and AD pathogenesis is incomplete. We demonstrate that immunization with Aβ peptides neutralizes the amyloid trigger leading to neoangiogenesis and reverses hypervascularity in Tg2576 AD mice. This process resolves plaque burden suggesting that neoangiogenesis is a key mechanism underlying plaque formation. A meta-analysis demonstrated that hypervascular reversion in vaccinated Alzheimer's patients. This appears to be the first example of vascular reversion following any therapeutic intervention and supports the conclusion that modulation of neoangiogenesis may repair damage in the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan E Biron
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Hou Q, Qiu S, Liu Q, Tian J, Hu Z, Ni J. Selenoprotein-transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Nutrients 2013; 5:624-36. [PMID: 23443677 PMCID: PMC3705309 DOI: 10.3390/nu5030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium (Se) deficiency is associated with the occurrence of many diseases. However, excessive Se supplementation, especially with inorganic Se, can result in toxicity. Selenoproteins are the major forms of Se in vivo to exert its biological function. Expression of those selenoproteins, especially with the application of a newly developed system, is thus very important for studying the mechanism of Se in nutrition. The use of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii) as a biological vector to express an heterogeneous protein is still at the initial stages of development. In order to investigate the possibility of using this system to express selenoproteins, human 15-KDa selenoprotein (Sep15), a small but widely distributed selenoprotein in mammals, was chosen for the expression platform test. Apart from the wild-type human Sep15 gene fragment, two Sep15 recombinants were constructed containing Sep15 open reading frame (ORF) and the selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element from either human Sep15 or C. reinhardtii selenoprotein W1, a highly expressed selenoprotein in this alga. Those Sep15-containing plasmids were transformed into C. reinhardtii CC-849 cells. Results showed that Sep15 fragments were successfully inserted into the nuclear genome and expressed Sep15 protein in the cells. The transgenic and wild-type algae demonstrated similar growth curves in low Se culture medium. To our knowledge, this is the first report on expressing human selenoprotein in green alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qintang Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mails: (Q.H.); (J.T.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shi Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mail:
| | - Qiong Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-755-26535432; Fax: +86-755-26534274
| | - Jing Tian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mails: (Q.H.); (J.T.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mails: (Q.H.); (J.T.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jiazuan Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology, Department of Marine Biology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; E-Mails: (Q.H.); (J.T.); (Z.H.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Q.L.); (J.N.); Tel.: +86-755-26535432; Fax: +86-755-26534274
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Galambos C, Skubic M, Wang S, Rantz M. Management of Dementia and Depression Utilizing In- Home Passive Sensor Data. GERONTECHNOLOGY : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON THE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY TO SERVE THE AGEING SOCIETY 2013; 11:457-468. [PMID: 24049513 PMCID: PMC3773874 DOI: 10.4017/gt.2013.11.3.004.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates whether motion density maps based on passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors and the average time out and average density per hour measures of the density map are sensitive enough to detect changes in mental health over time. METHOD Within the sensor network, data are logged from PIR motion sensors which capture motion events as people move around the home. If there is continuous motion, the sensor will generate events at 7 second intervals. If the resident is less active, events will be generated less frequently. A web application displays the data as activity density maps showing events per hour with hours on the vertical axis and progressive days on the horizontal axis. Color and intensity provide textural indications of time spent away from home and activity level. Texture features from the co-occurrence matrix are used to capture the periodicity pattern of the activity (including homogeneity, local variation, and entropy) and are combined with the average motion density per hour and the average time away from home. The similarity of two different density maps is represented by a number that is computed in feature space as the distance from one map to the other, or a measure of dis-similarity. Employing a retrospective approach, density maps were compared with health assessment information (Geriatric Depression Scale, Mini Mental State Exam, and Short Form Health Survey -12) to determine congruence between activity pattern changes and the health information20. A case by case study method, analyzed the density maps of 5 individuals with identified mental health issues. These density maps were reviewed along with the averages of time out of apartment per day per hour and average density per hour for hours at home and mental health assessment scores to determine if there were activity changes and if activity patterns reflected changes in mental health conditions. RESULTS & DISCUSSION The motion density maps show visual changes in the client's activity, including circadian rhythm, time away from home, and general activity level (sedentary vs. puttering). The measures are sensitive enough, yielding averages of time out of apartment and average density per hour for hours at home that indicate significant change. There is evidence of congruence with health assessment scores. This pilot study demonstrates that density maps can be used as a tool for early illness detection. The results indicate that sensor technology has the potential to augment traditional health care assessments and care coordination.
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Elçioğlu HK, Kabasakal L, Alan S, Şalva E, Tufan F, Karan MA. Thalidomide attenuates learning and memory deficits induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin in rats. Biotech Histochem 2012; 88:145-52. [DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2012.744471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Smith B, Medda F, Gokhale V, Dunckley T, Hulme C. Recent advances in the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of selective DYRK1A inhibitors: a new avenue for a disease modifying treatment of Alzheimer's? ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:857-72. [PMID: 23173067 PMCID: PMC3503344 DOI: 10.1021/cn300094k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With 24.3 million people affected in 2005 and an estimated rise to 42.3 million in 2020, dementia is currently a leading unmet medical need and costly burden on public health. Seventy percent of these cases have been attributed to Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative pathology whose most evident symptom is a progressive decline in cognitive functions. Dual specificity tyrosine phosphorylation regulated kinase-1A (DYRK1A) is important in neuronal development and plays a variety of functional roles within the adult central nervous system. The DYRK1A gene is located within the Down syndrome critical region (DSCR) on human chromosome 21 and current research suggests that overexpression of DYRK1A may be a significant factor leading to cognitive deficits in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS). Currently, treatment options for cognitive deficiencies associated with Down syndrome, as well as Alzheimer's disease, are extremely limited and represent a major unmet therapeutic need. Small molecule inhibition of DYRK1A activity in the brain may provide an avenue for pharmaceutical intervention of mental impairment associated with AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. We herein review the current state of the art in the development of DYRK1A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breland Smith
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
| | - Federico Medda
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
| | - Vijay Gokhale
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Travis Dunckley
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational
Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix,
Arizona 85013, United States
| | - Christopher Hulme
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- BIO5 Oro Valley, the University of Arizona, 1580 East Hanley Boulevard,
Oro Valley, Arizona 85737, United States
- Department of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Abstract
This article reviews the current thoughts on the effects of aging on the brain. Mechanisms of neurodegeneration are discussed, particularly those associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Strategies of early detection of presymptomatic disease and potential future treatments are explored. Modification of risk factors and lifestyles for disease prevention is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Meharry Medical College, 1005 Dr. D.B. Todd Jr. Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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32
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Rosales-Corral SA, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Coto-Montes A, Boga JA, Manchester LC, Fuentes-Broto L, Korkmaz A, Ma S, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Alzheimer's disease: pathological mechanisms and the beneficial role of melatonin. J Pineal Res 2012; 52:167-202. [PMID: 22107053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex neurodegenerative disorder of the aged that has multiple factors which contribute to its etiology in terms of initiation and progression. This review summarizes these diverse aspects of this form of dementia. Several hypotheses, often with overlapping features, have been formulated to explain this debilitating condition. Perhaps the best-known hypothesis to explain AD is that which involves the role of the accumulation of amyloid-β peptide in the brain. Other theories that have been invoked to explain AD and summarized in this review include the cholinergic hypothesis, the role of neuroinflammation, the calcium hypothesis, the insulin resistance hypothesis, and the association of AD with peroxidation of brain lipids. In addition to summarizing each of the theories that have been used to explain the structural neural changes and the pathophysiology of AD, the potential role of melatonin in influencing each of the theoretical processes involved is discussed. Melatonin is an endogenously produced and multifunctioning molecule that could theoretically intervene at any of a number of sites to abate the changes associated with the development of AD. Production of this indoleamine diminishes with increasing age, coincident with the onset of AD. In addition to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, melatonin has a multitude of other functions that could assist in explaining each of the hypotheses summarized above. The intent of this review is to stimulate interest in melatonin as a potentially useful agent in attenuating and/or delaying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
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Tian L, Guo R, Yue X, Lv Q, Ye X, Wang Z, Chen Z, Wu B, Xu G, Liu X. Intranasal administration of nerve growth factor ameliorate β-amyloid deposition after traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1440:47-55. [PMID: 22284619 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The marked increase of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide after traumatic brain injury (TBI), confers a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients' later life. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is great potential to repair brain injury. But its clinical application is limited because of lacking feasible methods for delivering NGF into brain. This study investigated the effects of NGF, delivered intranasally, on the Aβ burden in the injured ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus of rats with TBI. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to the modified Feeney's weight-drop model and treated without or with NGF by intranasal route. Motor and cognitive functional outcome, immunostaining, ELISA assay and western blot were performed. Compared to sham operated rats, TBI rats exhibited significantly increased APP and Aβ₄₂ expression as well as decreased functional outcome after TBI. Intranasal administration of NGF significantly attenuated Aβ₄₂ deposits, and improved functional outcome after TBI. Thus, intranasal delivery of NGF provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of developing AD in the later life of TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Tian
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
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Hu ZY, Liu G, Cheng XR, Huang Y, Yang S, Qiao SY, Sun L, Zhou WX, Zhang YX. JD-30, an active fraction extracted from Danggui–Shaoyao–San, decreases β-amyloid content and deposition, improves LTP reduction and prevents spatial cognition impairment in SAMP8 mice. Exp Gerontol 2012; 47:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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35
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Ijsselstijn L, Dekker LJM, Stingl C, van der Weiden MM, Hofman A, Kros JM, Koudstaal PJ, Sillevis Smitt PAE, Ikram MA, Breteler MMB, Luider TM. Serum levels of pregnancy zone protein are elevated in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4902-10. [PMID: 21879768 DOI: 10.1021/pr200270z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have sought for disease-related proteins that could predict the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in a study population derived from the Rotterdam Scan Study, a population-based prospective cohort study designed to investigate the etiology and natural history of age-related brain changes in the elderly. The serum proteome of 43 persons who developed AD, after an average of 4.2 years (±2.6 years SD) after blood sampling, and 43 gender- and age-matched controls who remained dementia-free during follow-up was investigated by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We identified 61 differentially expressed peptides between presymptomatic AD and controls, 9 of which were derived from pregnancy zone protein (PZP). Quantitative measurements using a multiple reaction monitoring assay showed a significant increase in concentration of PZP in presymptomatic AD (34.3 ± 20.6 mg/L) compared with controls (23.6 ± 13.6 mg/L) (p = 0.006). The difference in PZP was significant in women. Immunohistochemical validation of the findings on brain tissue sections showed strong PZP expression in senile plaques and in microglial and glial cells in AD with only low expression in some scattered glial cells in controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ijsselstijn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center , Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lampron A, Gosselin D, Rivest S. Targeting the hematopoietic system for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2011; 25 Suppl 1:S71-9. [PMID: 21195165 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent cause of dementia in humans. This disease is characterized by the presence of amyloid beta (Ab) deposits in the parenchyma (also known as amyloid plaques or senile plaques) and in the cerebral vasculature. Though Ab formation and deposits are strongly correlated with cognitive impairment, the mechanisms responsible for the synaptic dysfunctions and loss of neurons in AD remain largely unknown. Many studies have provided evidence that microglial cells are attracted to amyloid deposits both in human samples and in rodent transgenic models that develop this disease. We have recently found that blood-derived microglia and not their resident counterparts have the ability to eliminate amyloid deposits by a cell-specific phagocytic mechanism. These bone marrow-derived microglia have consequently a great therapeutic potential for AD patients. Molecular strategies aiming to improve their recruitment could lead to a new powerful tool for the elimination of toxic Ab and improve cognitive functions. However, numerous limitations have to be taken into consideration before recommending such a cellular therapy and these are discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lampron
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Genomics, CHUL Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec G1V4G2, Canada
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Prajapati KD, Sharma SS, Roy N. Current perspectives on potential role of albumin in neuroprotection. Rev Neurosci 2011; 22:355-63. [PMID: 21591907 DOI: 10.1515/rns.2011.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein synthesised mainly in the liver. It is also a major component of extracellular fluids including cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid and lymph. Albumin has several biochemical properties including regulation of colloid osmotic pressure of plasma, transportation of hormones, fatty acids, drugs and metabolites across plasma, regulation of microvascular permeability, antioxidant activity, anti-thrombotic activity and anti-inflammatory activity. This multifunctional protein has been implicated in many neurological diseases owing to its ability to regulate hemodynamic properties of the brain circulation as well as the direct neuroprotective actions on neuronal and glial cells. In this review, we summarise various neuroprotective actions of the albumin in the brain. In experimental ischemic stroke, exogenous human serum albumin administration has been found to be neuroprotective via reducing brain swelling, prevention of post-ischemic thrombosis, anti-oxidant activity, hemodilution and increasing the perfusion to the ischemic tissue. Also, human serum albumin administration is currently under clinical trials for treatment of cerebral ischemia. In the experimental models of Alzheimer's disease, albumin has been implicated in neuroprotection by inhibiting polymerisation and enhancing the clearance of amyloid β. The direct neuroprotective actions on neuronal and glial cells are mediated via endogenously produced albumin or cellular uptake of blood derived albumin. These neuroprotective effects of albumin are partly attributed to anti-oxidant property and modulation of intracellular signalling of neuronal or glial cells. The recent finding of de novo synthesis of albumin in microglial cells directs us to explore newer roles of this endogenously produced multifunctional protein in normal as well as pathological conditions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanaiyalal D Prajapati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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Allegri RF, Arizaga RL, Bavec CV, Colli LP, Demey I, Fernández MC, Frontera SA, Garau ML, Jiménez JJ, Golimstok Á, Kremer J, Labos E, Mangone CA, Ollari JA, Rojas G, Salmini O, Ure JA, Zuin DR. Enfermedad de Alzheimer. Guía de práctica clínica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1853-0028(11)70026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Nie HZ, Li ZQ, Yan QX, Wang ZJ, Zhao WJ, Guo LC, Yin M. Nicotine decreases beta-amyloid through regulating BACE1 transcription in SH-EP1-α4β2 nAChR-APP695 cells. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:904-12. [PMID: 21336821 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the elderly population. Deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain is a hallmark of AD pathology. In our previous study, we have constructed a cell line expressing human APP695 (hAPP695) in SH-EP1 cells stably transfected with human nicotinic receptor (nAChR) α4 subunit and β2 subunit gene. In present study, we found that activation of α4β2 nAChR by nicotine and epibatidine decreased secreted Aβ level in the cell line and hippocampal neurons, but had no effects on full-length APP695 and sAPP-α. Nicotine also decreases BACE1 and PSEN1 expression, as well as ERK1 and NFκB P65 subunit expression in the cell line. Furthermore, BACE1 promoter activity is, but PSEN1 not, decreased by nicotine in the cell line. All the results suggest that activation of α4β2 nAChR decreases Aβ through regulating BACE1 transcription by ERK1-NFκB pathway. Additionally, analysis of BACE1 promoter activity by dual-luciferase reporter assay may be useful for drug screening as a high throughput method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Zhen Nie
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
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40
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Schirmer RH, Adler H, Pickhardt M, Mandelkow E. "Lest we forget you--methylene blue...". Neurobiol Aging 2011; 32:2325.e7-16. [PMID: 21316815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Methylene blue (MB), the first synthetic drug, has a 120-year-long history of diverse applications, both in medical treatments and as a staining reagent. In recent years there was a surge of interest in MB as an antimalarial agent and as a potential treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), possibly through its inhibition of the aggregation of tau protein. Here we review the history and medical applications of MB, with emphasis on recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Heiner Schirmer
- Center of Biochemistry (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Hilaire G, Voituron N, Menuet C, Ichiyama RM, Subramanian HH, Dutschmann M. The role of serotonin in respiratory function and dysfunction. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:76-88. [PMID: 20801236 PMCID: PMC2993113 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) is a neuromodulator-transmitter influencing global brain function. Past and present findings illustrate a prominent role for 5-HT in the modulation of ponto-medullary autonomic circuits. 5-HT is also involved in the control of neurotrophic processes during pre- and postnatal development of neural circuits. The functional implications of 5-HT are particularly illustrated in the alterations to the serotonergic system, as seen in a wide range of neurological disorders. This article reviews the role of 5-HT in the development and control of respiratory networks in the ponto-medullary brainstem. The review further examines the role of 5-HT in breathing disorders occurring at different stages of life, in particular, the neonatal neurodevelopmental diseases such as Rett, sudden infant death and Prader-Willi syndromes, adult diseases such as sleep apnoea and mental illness linked to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Hilaire
- Mp3-respiration team, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille II & III, Faculté Saint Jérôme 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Nicolas Voituron
- Mp3-respiration team, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille II & III, Faculté Saint Jérôme 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Clément Menuet
- Mp3-respiration team, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Unité Mixte de Recherche 6231, CNRS - Université Aix-Marseille II & III, Faculté Saint Jérôme 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Ronaldo M. Ichiyama
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT
| | - Hari H. Subramanian
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Institute of Membrane and Systems Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT
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Teplyakov A, Obmolova G, Canziani G, Zhao Y, Gutshall L, Jung SS, Gilliland GL. His-tag binding by antibody C706 mimics β-amyloid recognition. J Mol Recognit 2010; 24:570-5. [PMID: 20842634 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular deposits of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques. Aggregation of the Aβ(42) peptide leading to plaque formation is believed to play a central role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies can reduce amyloid plaques and could possibly be used for immunotherapy. We have developed a monoclonal antibody C706, which recognizes the human Aβ peptide. Here we report the crystal structure of the antibody Fab fragment at 1.7 Å resolution. The structure was determined in two crystal forms, P2(1) and C2. Although the Fab was crystallized in the presence of Aβ(16), no peptide was observed in the crystals. The antigen-binding site is blocked by the hexahistidine tag of another Fab molecule in both crystal forms. The poly-His peptide in an extended conformation occupies a crevice between the light and heavy chains of the variable domain. Two consecutive histidines (His4-His5) stack against tryptophan residues in the central pocket of the antigen-binding surface. In addition, they form hydrogen bonds to the acidic residues at the bottom of the pocket. The mode of his-tag binding by C706 resembles the Aβ recognition by antibodies PFA1 and WO2. All three antibodies recognize the same immunodominant B-cell epitope of Aβ. By similarity, residues Phe-Arg-His of Aβ would be a major portion of the C706 epitope.
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Cai Y, Xiong K, Zhang XM, Cai H, Luo XG, Feng JC, Clough RW, Struble RG, Patrylo PR, Chu Y, Kordower JH, Yan XX. β-Secretase-1 elevation in aged monkey and Alzheimer's disease human cerebral cortex occurs around the vasculature in partnership with multisystem axon terminal pathogenesis and β-amyloid accumulation. Eur J Neurosci 2010; 32:1223-38. [PMID: 20726888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common dementia-causing disorder in the elderly; it may be related to multiple risk factors, and is characterized pathologically by cerebral hypometabolism, paravascular β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) plaques, neuritic dystrophy, and intra-neuronal aggregation of phosphorylated tau. To explore potential pathogenic links among some of these lesions, we examined β-secretase-1 (BACE1) alterations relative to Aβ deposition, neuritic pathology and vascular organization in aged monkey and AD human cerebral cortex. Western blot analyses detected increased levels of BACE1 protein and β-site-cleavage amyloid precursor protein C-terminal fragments in plaque-bearing human and monkey cortex relative to controls. In immunohistochemistry, locally elevated BACE1 immunoreactivity (IR) occurred in AD but not in control human cortex, with a trend for increased overall density among cases with greater plaque pathology. In double-labeling preparations, BACE1 IR colocalized with immunolabeling for Aβ but not for phosphorylated tau. In perfusion-fixed monkey cortex, locally increased BACE1 IR co-existed with intra-axonal and extracellular Aβ IR among virtually all neuritic plaques, ranging from primitive to typical cored forms. This BACE1 labeling localized to swollen/sprouting axon terminals that might co-express one or another neuronal phenotype markers (GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, or catecholaminergic). Importantly, these BACE1-labeled dystrophic axons resided near to or in direct contact with blood vessels. These findings suggest that plaque formation in AD or normal aged primates relates to a multisystem axonal pathogenesis that occurs in partnership with a potential vascular or metabolic deficit. The data provide a mechanistic explanation for why senile plaques are present preferentially near the cerebral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya Medical School, Changsha, Hunan, China
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