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Portaro S, Naro A, Cimino V, Calabrò RS. What about novel pathogenetic mechanisms in Multiple Sclerosis? The emerging role of mitochondria. Med Hypotheses 2018; 116:42-43. [PMID: 29857908 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo", Messina, Italy
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Rodrigues GS, Godinho RO, Kiyomoto BH, Gamba J, Oliveira ASB, Schmidt B, Tengan CH. Integrated analysis of the involvement of nitric oxide synthesis in mitochondrial proliferation, mitochondrial deficiency and apoptosis in skeletal muscle fibres. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20780. [PMID: 26856437 PMCID: PMC4746761 DOI: 10.1038/srep20780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling messenger involved in different mitochondrial processes but only few studies explored the participation of NO in mitochondrial abnormalities found in patients with genetic mitochondrial deficiencies. In this study we verified whether NO synthase (NOS) activity was altered in different types of mitochondrial abnormalities and whether changes in mitochondrial function and NOS activity could be associated with the induction of apoptosis. We performed a quantitative and integrated analysis of NOS activity in individual muscle fibres of patients with mitochondrial diseases, considering mitochondrial function (cytochrome-c-oxidase activity), mitochondrial content, mitochondrial DNA mutation and presence of apoptotic nuclei. Our results indicated that sarcolemmal NOS activity was increased in muscle fibres with mitochondrial proliferation, supporting the relevance of neuronal NOS in the mitochondrial biogenesis process. Sarcoplasmic NOS activity was reduced in cytochrome-c-oxidase deficient fibres, probably as a consequence of the involvement of NO in the regulation of the respiratory chain. Alterations in NOS activity or mitochondrial abnormalities were not predisposing factors to apoptotic nuclei. Taken together, our results show that NO can be considered a potential molecular target for strategies to increase mitochondrial content and indicate that this approach may not be associated with increased apoptotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Silva Rodrigues
- Department of Neurology &Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo;São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosely Oliveira Godinho
- Division of Cellular Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Hitomi Kiyomoto
- Department of Neurology &Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo;São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Gamba
- Department of Neurology &Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo;São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira
- Department of Neurology &Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo;São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beny Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célia Harumi Tengan
- Department of Neurology &Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo;São Paulo, Brazil
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Barca E, Aguennouz M, Mazzeo A, Messina S, Toscano A, Vita GL, Portaro S, Parisi D, Rodolico C. ANT1 is reduced in sporadic inclusion body myositis. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:217-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Auré K, Fayet G, Leroy JP, Lacène E, Romero NB, Lombès A. Apoptosis in mitochondrial myopathies is linked to mitochondrial proliferation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 129:1249-59. [PMID: 16537564 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awl061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to apoptosis has been shown in many models of mitochondrial defects but its relevance to human diseases is still discussed. We addressed the presence of apoptosis in muscle from patients with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) disorders. Taking advantage of the mosaic pattern of muscle morphological anomalies associated with heteroplasmic mtDNA alterations, we have used an in situ approach to address the relationship between apoptosis and respiratory defect, mitochondrial proliferation and mutation load. Different patterns of mitochondrial morphological alterations were provided by the analysis of muscles with large mtDNA deletion (16 cases) or with the MELAS mutation (4 cases). The patient's age at biopsy ranged from 0.4 to 66 years and the muscle mutant mtDNA proportion from 32 to 82%. Apoptotic muscle fibres were observed in a small proportion of muscle fibres of 16 out of the 20 biopsies by three different detection methods for different steps of apoptosis: caspase 3 activation, fragmentation of nuclear DNA [terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay] or overexpression of the pro-apoptotic factor Bax. Analysis of apoptotic features in parallel to cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and succinate dehydrogenase activity of more than 34,000 individual muscle fibres showed that apoptosis occurred only in muscle fibres with mitochondrial proliferation (ragged red fibres, RRF) irrespective of their COX activity. Molecular analyses of single muscle fibres evidenced that, as expected, the presence of COX defect was associated with higher proportion of mutant mtDNA and lower amount of normal mtDNA. Within COX-defective fibres, the presence of mitochondrial proliferation was associated with increase of the mtDNA content but without change in the ratio between normal and mutant mtDNA molecules, thus showing that mitochondrial proliferation was accompanied by similar amplification of normal and mutant mtDNA molecules. Within RRF, apoptosis was associated with higher mutation proportion, suggesting that it was provoked by severe respiratory defect in the same time as increased mitochondrial mass. In conclusion, apoptosis most probably contributes to mitochondrial pathology. It is tightly linked to mitochondrial proliferation and high mutation load. When considering training therapeutics, one will have to take into account the possibility to induce apoptosis in parallel to mitochondrial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Auré
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U582, HP, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut de Myologie, Paris, France
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Bossola M, Mirabella M, Ricci E, Costelli P, Pacelli F, Tortorelli AP, Muscaritoli M, Rossi Fanelli F, Baccino FM, Tonali PA, Doglietto GB. Skeletal muscle apoptosis is not increased in gastric cancer patients with mild–moderate weight loss. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:1561-70. [PMID: 16697691 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and clinical studies have shown that skeletal muscle apoptotis may increase in wasting conditions and suggest that apoptosis might contribute to the loss of lean body mass. Data in cancer patients are still lacking. The present study aimed at verifying whether apoptosis was enhanced in the skeletal muscle of 16 patients with gastric cancer with respect to controls. A biopsy specimen was obtained from the rectus abdominis muscle. The occurrence of apoptosis in muscle biopsies was determined morphologically by the fluorescent transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and by immunohistochemistry for caspase-3 and caspase-1. Mean weight loss was 6+/-2% in cancer patients and 0.5+/-0.1% in controls (p<0.0001). Serum albumin levels (g/dL) were 3.7+/-0.3 in cancer patients and 4.1+/-0.2 in controls (p<0.05). The percentage of apoptotic myonuclei was similar in cancer patients and in controls (1.5+/-0.3 versus 1.4+/-0.2, respectively; p=ns), in gastric cancer patients with mild (1.6+/-0.4) or moderate-severe weight loss (1.4+/-0.5) (p=ns), and in the different stages of disease (stages I-II: 1.5+/-0.7; stage III: 1.3+/-0.4; stage IV: 1.6+/-0.3; p=ns). By immunohistochemistry, caspase-1 and caspase-3 positive fibers were absent in controls and in neoplastic patients. Poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase, a typical caspase-3 substrate whose processing is indicative of caspase-3 activation, was not cleaved in muscle biopsies of cancer patients. These data suggest that skeletal muscle apoptosis is not increased in neoplastic patients with mild-moderate weight loss and argue against the hypotheses that caspase-3 activation might be an essential step of myofibrillar proteolysis in cancer-related muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bossola
- Istituto di Clinica Chirurgica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Largo A.Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Palmieri L, Alberio S, Pisano I, Lodi T, Meznaric-Petrusa M, Zidar J, Santoro A, Scarcia P, Fontanesi F, Lamantea E, Ferrero I, Zeviani M. Complete loss-of-function of the heart/muscle-specific adenine nucleotide translocator is associated with mitochondrial myopathy and cardiomyopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3079-88. [PMID: 16155110 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions are associated with clinically heterogeneous disorders transmitted as mendelian traits. Dominant missense mutations were found in the gene encoding the heart and skeletal muscle-specific isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) in families with autosomal dominant progressive external opthalmoplegia and in a sporadic patient. We herein report on a sporadic patient who presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, mild myopathy with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis but no ophthalmoplegia. A muscle biopsy showed the presence of numerous ragged-red fibers, and Southern blot analysis disclosed multiple deletions of muscle mitochondrial DNA. Molecular analysis revealed a C to A homozygous mutation at nucleotide 368 of the ANT1 gene. The mutation converted a highly conserved alanine into an aspartic acid at codon 123 and was absent in 500 control individuals. This is the first report of a recessive mutation in the ANT1 gene. The clinical and biochemical features are different from those found in dominant ANT1 mutations, resembling those described in ANT1 knockout mice. No ATP uptake was measured in proteoliposomes reconstituted with protein extracts from the patient's muscle. The equivalent mutation in AAC2, the yeast ortholog of human ANT1, resulted in a complete loss of transport activity and in the inability to rescue the severe Oxidative Phosphorylation phenotype displayed by WB-12, an AAC1/AAC2 defective strain. Interestingly, exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers dramatically increased the viability of the WB-12 transformant, suggesting that increased redox stress is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease and that anti-ROS therapy may be beneficial to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bari, Italy
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Flierl A, Chen Y, Coskun PE, Samulski RJ, Wallace DC. Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of the heart/muscle adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) in mouse. Gene Ther 2005; 12:570-8. [PMID: 15647764 PMCID: PMC1456758 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathy, associated with muscle weakness and progressive external ophthalmoplegia, is caused by mutations in mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation genes including the heart-muscle isoform of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1). To develop therapies for mitochondrial disease, we have prepared a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) carrying the mouse Ant1 cDNA. This vector has been used to transduce muscle cells and muscle from Ant1 mutant mice, which manifest mitochondrial myopathy. AAV-ANT1 transduction resulted in long-term, stable expression of the Ant1 transgene in muscle precursor cells as well as differentiated muscle fibers. The transgene ANT1 protein was targeted to the mitochondrion, was inserted into the mitochondrial inner membrane, formed a functional ADP/ATP carrier, increased the mitochondrial export of ATP and reversed the histopathological changes associated with the mitochondrial myopathy. Thus, AAV transduction has the potential of providing symptomatic relief for the ophthalmoplegia and ptosis resulting from paralysis of the extraocular eye muscles cause by mutations in the Ant1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Flierl
- MAMMAG, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA
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Abstract
Muscle-fiber loss is a characteristic of many progressive neuromuscular disorders. Over the past decade, identification of a growing number of apoptosis-associated factors and events in pathological skeletal muscle provided increasing evidence that apoptotic cell-death mechanisms account significantly for muscle-fiber atrophy and loss in a wide spectrum of neuromuscular disorders. It became obvious that there is not one specific pathway for muscle fibers to undergo apoptotic degradation. In contrast, certain neuromuscular diseases seem to involve characteristic expression patterns of apoptosis-related factors and pathways. Furthermore, there are some characteristics of muscle-fiber apoptosis that rely on the muscle fiber itself as an extremely specified cell type. Multinucleated muscle fibers with successive muscle-fiber segments controlled by individual nuclei display some specifics different from apoptosis of mononucleated cells. This review focuses on the expression patterns of apoptosis-associated factors in different primary and secondary neuromuscular disorders and gives a synopsis of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique S Tews
- Edinger-Institute, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Deutschordenstrasse 46, D-60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Brenner C, Le Bras M, Kroemer G. Insights into the mitochondrial signaling pathway: what lessons for chemotherapy? J Clin Immunol 2003; 23:73-80. [PMID: 12757259 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022541009662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are potent integrators/coordinators of apoptosis signaling pathways. Indeed, under physiological conditions, the initiation of apoptosis leads to the accumulation of second messengers that converge on mitochondria. In response, these organelles undergo a membrane permeabilization, presumably due to the opening of protein channels, culminating in the release of proapoptotic proteins into the cytosol. Under pathological conditions, a failure of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) can result in an inhibition of apoptosis and enhanced resistance to chemotherapy. Several non-mutually exclusive mechanisms may account for a defect in the execution or regulation of MMP. These include (i) alterations in gene transcription, (ii) gene mutations resulting in protein inactivation, and (iii) defects of intracellular localization. This may concern structural proteins of the permeability transition pore complex, as well as MMP regulatory proteins, such as Bax/Bcl-2 family members, p53, and cyclophilin D. Analysis of these mechanisms should improve our understanding of the basic function of mitochondria in apoptosis and help elaborate new strategies to correct MMP failure from a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Brenner
- CNRS UPRESA 8087, Université de Versailles/St Quentin, LGBC Buffon, 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis, 78035 Versailles, France.
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