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Hosseinpour S, Bemanalizadeh M, Mohammadi P, Ashrafi MR, Heidari M. An overview of early-onset cerebellar ataxia: a practical guideline. Acta Neurol Belg 2024:10.1007/s13760-024-02595-w. [PMID: 38951452 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Early onset ataxias (EOAs) are a heterogeneous group of rare neurological disorders that not only involve the central and peripheral nervous system but also involve other organs. They are mainly manifested by degeneration or abnormal development of the cerebellum occurring before the age of 25 years and typically the pattern of inheritance is autosomal recessive.The diagnosis of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) is confirmed by the clinical, laboratory, electrophysiological examination, neuroimaging findings, and mutation analysis when the causative gene is detected. Correct diagnosis is crucial for appropriate genetic counseling, estimating the prognosis, and, in some cases, pharmacological intervention. The wide variety of genotypes with a heterogeneous phenotypic manifestation makes the diagnostic work-up challenging, time-consuming, and expensive, not only for the clinician but also for the children and their parents. In this review, we focused on the step-by-step approach in which cerebellar ataxia is a prominent sign. We also outline the most common disorders in ataxias with early-onset manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Hosseinpour
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 61, Gharib Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
| | - Maryam Bemanalizadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 61, Gharib Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pouria Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 61, Gharib Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran.
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Morteza Heidari
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, No. 61, Gharib Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 1419733151, Iran.
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ashrafi MR, Dehnavi AZ, Tavasoli AR, Heidari M, Ghahvechi Akbari M, Ronagh AR, Ghafouri M, Mahdieh N, Mohammadi P, Rezaei Z. Expanding the genetic spectrum of giant axonal neuropathy: Two novel variants in Iranian families. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2023. [PMID: 36866531 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a progressive childhood hereditary polyneuropathy that affects both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Disease-causing variants in the gigaxonin gene (GAN) cause autosomal recessive giant axonal neuropathy. Facial weakness, nystagmus, scoliosis, kinky or curly hair, pyramidal and cerebellar signs, and sensory and motor axonal neuropathy are the main symptoms of this disorder. Here, we report two novel variants in the GAN gene from two unrelated Iranian families. METHODS Clinical and imaging data of patients were recorded and evaluated, retrospectively. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was undertaken in order to detect disease-causing variants in participants. Confirmation of a causative variant in all three patients and their parents was carried out using Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis. In addition, for comparing to our cases, we reviewed all relevant clinical data of previously published cases of GAN between the years 2013-2020. RESULTS Three patients from two unrelated families were included. Using WES, we identified a novel nonsense variant [NM_022041.3:c.1162del (p.Leu388Ter)], in a 7-year-old boy of family 1, and a likely pathogenic missense variant [NM_022041.3:c.370T>A (p.Phe124Ile)], in two affected siblings of the family 2. Clinical examination revealed typical features of GAN-1 in all three patients, including walking difficulties, ataxic gait, kinky hair, sensory-motor polyneuropathy, and nonspecific neuroimaging abnormalities. Review of 63 previously reported cases of GAN indicated unique kinky hair, gait problem, hyporeflexia/areflexia, and sensory impairment were the most commonly reported clinical features. CONCLUSIONS One homozygous nonsense variant and one homozygous missense variant in the GAN gene were discovered for the first time in two unrelated Iranian families that expand the mutation spectrum of GAN. Imaging findings are nonspecific, but the electrophysiological study in addition to history is helpful to achieve the diagnosis. The molecular test confirms the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Neurology, Growth and Development Research Center, Children's Medical Centre, Paediatrics Centre of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Zare Dehnavi
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Tavasoli
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morteza Heidari
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Myelin Disorders Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghahvechi Akbari
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation department, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Ronagh
- Pediatric Neurology Department, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghafouri
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Genetic Research Center, Rajaei Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Mohammadi
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Rezaei
- Ataxia Clinic, Pediatric Neurology Division, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Shirakaki S, Roshmi RR, Yokota T. Genetic Approaches for the Treatment of Giant Axonal Neuropathy. J Pers Med 2022; 13:jpm13010091. [PMID: 36675752 PMCID: PMC9865904 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a pediatric, hereditary, neurodegenerative disorder that affects both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is caused by mutations in the GAN gene, which codes for the gigaxonin protein. Gigaxonin plays a role in intermediate filament (IF) turnover hence loss of function of this protein leads to IF aggregates in various types of cells. These aggregates can lead to abnormal cellular function that manifests as a diverse set of symptoms in persons with GAN including nerve degeneration, cognitive issues, skin diseases, vision loss, and muscle weakness. GAN has no cure at this time. Currently, an adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-mediated gene replacement therapy is being tested in a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of GAN. This review paper aims to provide an overview of giant axonal neuropathy and the current efforts at developing a treatment for this devastating disease.
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Guo Y, Su Q, Zhu X, Wang J, Lou Y, Miao P, Wang Y, Zhang B, Jin Y, Gao L, Xu X, Chen W, Sheng M, Feng J. Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) in an 8-year-old girl caused by a homozygous pathogenic splicing variant in GAN gene. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 188:836-846. [PMID: 34889507 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is a progressive disease that involves the peripheral and central nervous systems. This neurodegenerative disease is caused by variants in the GAN gene encoding gigaxonin, and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Herein, we performed whole-exome sequencing on a 8-year-old child with dense, curly hair, weakness in both lower limbs, and abnormal MRI. The child was born to consanguineous parents. Our results revealed that the child carried the c.1373+1G>A homozygous pathogenic variant of the GAN gene, while both parents were heterozygous carriers. According to the validation at the cDNA levels, the splicing variant led to the skipping of exon 8 and affected the Kelch domain's formation. Unlike the previously reported cases of GAN, the child's clinical manifestations revealed peripheral nervous system involvement, no vertebral signs, cerebellar signs, and spasticity, but only MRI abnormalities. These results suggested that the patient's central nervous system was mildly involved, which may be related to the genotype. In order to further clarify the correlation between GAN genotype and phenotype, combined with this patient, 54 cases of reported homozygous variants of the GAN gene were merged for the analysis of genotype and phenotype. The results revealed a certain correlation between the GAN gene variant domain and the patient's clinical phenotype, such as central nervous system involvement and age of onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qunyan Su
- Taizhou Women and Children's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xueying Zhu
- Lanxi People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianda Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Lou
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pu Miao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bijun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuyan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangyang Chen
- Kaiumph Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Min Sheng
- Kaiumph Medical Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in NEFL causes autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2017; 28:44-47. [PMID: 29191368 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) gene mutations cause mainly autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and rarely the recessive forms of CMT. We describe a 13-year-old girl born of consanguineous parents. She presented an early onset of gait disturbance with weakness in lower extremities during the first decade. Nerve conduction velocity of median nerve was 24 m/s and amplitude of compound muscle action potential was 2.2 mV. Sensory nerve action potential was not recordable. Sural nerve biopsy showed severe loss of the large myelinated fibers. Electron microscopy revealed absence of neurofilaments in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Genetic analysis identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in NEFL c.487G>T (p.Glu163*) as the potential causative mutation in this patient. Our study expands the mutation spectrum of NEFL-related neuropathy.
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