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Abstract
Syndromic CLN3-Batten is a fatal, pediatric, neurodegenerative disease caused by variants in CLN3, which encodes the endolysosomal transmembrane CLN3 protein. No approved treatment for CLN3 is currently available. The protracted and asynchronous disease presentation complicates the evaluation of potential therapies using clinical disease progression parameters. Biomarkers as surrogates to measure the progression and effect of potential therapeutics are needed. We performed proteomic discovery studies using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 28 CLN3-affected and 32 age-similar non-CLN3 individuals. Proximal extension assay (PEA) of 1467 proteins and untargeted data-dependent mass spectrometry [MS; MassIVE FTP server (ftp://MSV000090147@massive.ucsd.edu)] were used to generate orthogonal lists of protein marker candidates. At an adjusted p-value of <0.1 and threshold CLN3/non-CLN3 fold-change ratio of 1.5, PEA identified 54 and MS identified 233 candidate biomarkers. Some of these (NEFL, CHIT1) have been previously linked with other neurologic conditions. Others (CLPS, FAM217B, QRICH2, KRT16, ZNF333) appear to be novel. Both methods identified 25 candidate biomarkers, including CHIT1, NELL1, and ISLR2 which had absolute fold-change ratios >2. NELL1 and ISLR2 regulate axonal development in neurons and are intriguing new candidates for further investigation in CLN3. In addition to identifying candidate proteins for CLN3 research, this study provides a comparison of two large-scale proteomic discovery methods in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- An N Dang Do
- Unit on Cellular Stress in Development and Diseases, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert-Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kiersten Campbell
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Nicholas L Johnson
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Haiyan Zheng
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Christopher A Wassif
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ryan K Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Ceylan MF, Tural Hesapcioglu S, Kanoğlu Yüksekkaya S, Erçin G, Yavas CP, Neşelіoğlu S, Erel O. Changes in neurofilament light chain protein ( NEFL) in children and adolescents with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Early period neurodegeneration. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:342-347. [PMID: 37003244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM Neurofilament light chain protein (NEFL), is defined as a structural protein which exists particularly in axones of neurons and is released to the cerum in consequence of neuroaxonal damage. The aim of this study is to investigate the peripheral cerumNEFLlevels of children and adolescents with early onset schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. METHOD In this study, we evaluated serum levels of NEFL in children and adolescents (13-17 years) with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and healthy control group. The study is conducted with 35 schizophrenia, 38 bipolar disorder manic episode patients and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS The median age of the patient and control groups was 16 (IQR- Interquartile Range: 2). There was no statistical difference in median age (p = 0.52) and gender distribution(p = 0.53) between groups. NEFL levels of the patients with schizophrenia were significantly higher than the controls. NEFL levels of the patients with bipolar disorder were significantly higher than the controls. Serum levels of NEFL of the schizophrenia were higher than the bipolar disorder; however, the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION In conclusion, serum NEFL level, as a confidential marker of neural damage, is increased in the children and adolescents with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This result may indicatea degenerative period in neurons of children and adolescents with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and may play a role in the pathophisiology of these disorders. This result shows that there is neuronal damage in both diseases, but neuronal damage may be more in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Fatih Ceylan
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Selma Tural Hesapcioglu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Seda Kanoğlu Yüksekkaya
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Görkem Erçin
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cansu Pınar Yavas
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Salim Neşelіoğlu
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Chao HC, Hsiao CT, Lai KL, Tsai YS, Lin KP, Liao YC, Lee YC. Clinical and genetic characterization of NEFL-related neuropathy in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:132-8. [PMID: 36031490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the neurofilament light polypeptide gene (NEFL) are an uncommon cause of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). The aim of this study is to elucidate the clinical characteristics and genetic spectrum of NEFL-related neuropathy in a Taiwanese CMT cohort. METHODS Mutational analysis of the coding regions of NEFL was performed by Sanger sequencing or targeted resequencing. Twenty-one patients from nine CMT pedigrees, identified from a cohort of 508 unrelated CMT patients, were found to have a NEFL mutation. Genetic, clinical and electrophysiological features were analyzed. RESULTS Six NEFL mutations were identified, including two novel ones (p.P8S, p.N98Y). NEFL p.E396K was the most common mutation, accounting for 33.3% of the patients in our cohort. All patients manifested sensorimotor polyneuropathy with a mean age of disease onset of 13.5 ± 9.6 (1-40) years. Their motor nerve conduction velocities (MNCVs) of the ulnar nerve ranged from 22.1 to 48.7 m/s. Seventy percent of the patients could be classified as intermediate CMT with ulnar MNCVs between 25 and 45 m/s. Six of the 21 patients (28.6%) had additional features of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, including motor developmental delay, spasticity, cerebellar signs, neuropathic pain and scoliosis. CONCLUSION NEFL mutations account for 1.8% (9/508) of the CMT patients in Taiwan. The present study delineates the clinical and genetic characteristics of NEFL-related neuropathy in Taiwan, and highlights that ulnar MNCV above 25 m/s and CNS involvement may serve as diagnostic clues for NEFL-related neuropathy.
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Fan ZL, Yang LY, Zhang N, Feng D, Guo J, Chang C, Yuan Q, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Wei WQ, Wang MR, Hao JJ. NEFL promotes invasion and migration of esophageal squamous carcinoma cells via the EGFR/AKT/S6 pathway. Yi Chuan 2022; 44:322-334. [PMID: 35437240 DOI: 10.16288/j.yczz.22-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the expression, the roles and the underlying mechanism of neurofilament light chain (NEFL) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), we firstly analyzed the NEFL mRNA and protein expression in ESCC and paired normal tissues by using Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that NEFL mRNA level was significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues compared with that of normal tissues. Western blot analysis revealed that NEFL protein level was also significantly upregulated in ESCC tissues. CCK8 and transwell assays were performed to analyze the effect of NEFL overexpression on the malignant phenotypes of ESCC cells, and the results showed that NEFL knockdown significantly impaired the ESCC cell invasion and migration in vitro. Xenograft assay in nude mice indicated that NEFL silencing suppressed tumor growth in vivo. At the molecular level, NEFL knockdown significantly upregulated E-cadherin and downregulated N-cadherin expression, suggesting that NEFL overexpression might influence the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. Furthermore, we found that NEFL knockdown significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (PKB; also known as AKT) and ribosomal protein S6 (S6). Ectopic expression of EGFR after NEFL knockdown significantly restored the phosphorylation levels of AKT and S6 as well as the invasion and migration of ESCC cells. These data indicate that NEFL overexpression might promote the EMT process of ESCC cells via the EGFR/AKT/S6 pathway, ultimately enhancing the invasion and migration of ESCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lu Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Li-Yan Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chen Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Qing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wei
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Colciago A, Audano M, Bonalume V, Melfi V, Mohamed T, Reid AJ, Faroni A, Greer PA, Mitro N, Magnaghi V. Transcriptomic Profile Reveals Deregulation of Hearing-Loss Related Genes in Vestibular Schwannoma Cells Following Electromagnetic Field Exposure. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071840. [PMID: 34360009 PMCID: PMC8307028 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensory disorder in the world population. One common cause of HL is the presence of vestibular schwannoma (VS), a benign tumor of the VIII cranial nerve, arising from Schwann cell (SC) transformation. In the last decade, the increasing incidence of VS has been correlated to electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure, which might be considered a pathogenic cause of VS development and HL. Here, we explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the biologic changes of human SCs and/or their oncogenic transformation following EMF exposure. Through NGS technology and RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis, we investigated the genomic profile and the differential display of HL-related genes after chronic EMF. We found that chronic EMF exposure modified the cell proliferation, in parallel with intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways changes, mostly related to translation and mitochondrial activities. Importantly, the expression of HL-related genes such as NEFL, TPRN, OTOGL, GJB2, and REST appeared to be deregulated in chronic EMF exposure. In conclusion, we suggest that, at a preclinical stage, EMF exposure might promote the transformation of VS cells and contribute to HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Colciago
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Matteo Audano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Veronica Bonalume
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Valentina Melfi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Tasnim Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Adam J. Reid
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK; (A.J.R.); (A.F.)
- Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NQ, UK; (A.J.R.); (A.F.)
| | - Peter A. Greer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada;
| | - Nico Mitro
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Valerio Magnaghi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via G. Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.A.); (V.B.); (V.M.); (T.M.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0250318414
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Stone EJ, Kolb SJ, Brown A. A review and analysis of the clinical literature on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease caused by mutations in neurofilament protein L. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:97-110. [PMID: 33993654 PMCID: PMC10174713 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is one of the most common inherited neurological disorders and can be caused by mutations in over 100 different genes. One of the causative genes is NEFL on chromosome 8 which encodes neurofilament light protein (NEFL), one of five proteins that co-assemble to form neurofilaments. At least 34 different CMT-causing mutations in NEFL have been reported which span the head, rod, and tail domains of the protein. The majority of these mutations are inherited dominantly, but some are inherited recessively. The resulting disease is classified variably in clinical reports based on electrodiagnostic studies as either axonal (type 2; CMT2E), demyelinating (type 1; CMT1F), or a form intermediate between the two (dominant intermediate; DI-CMTG). In this article, we first present a brief introduction to CMT and neurofilaments. We then collate and analyze the data from the clinical literature on the disease classification, age of onset and electrodiagnostic test results for the various mutations. We find that mutations in the head, rod, and tail domains can all cause disease with early onset and profound neurological impairment, with a trend toward greater severity for head domain mutations. We also find that the disease classification does not correlate with specific mutation or domain. In fact, different individuals with the same mutation can be classified as having axonal, demyelinating, or dominant intermediate forms of the disease. This suggests that the classification of the disease as CMT2E, CMT1F or DI-CMTG has more to do with variable disease presentation than to differences in the underlying disease mechanism, which is most likely primarily axonal in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Stone
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anthony Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Moss KR, Bopp TS, Johnson AE, Höke A. New evidence for secondary axonal degeneration in demyelinating neuropathies. Neurosci Lett 2021; 744:135595. [PMID: 33359733 PMCID: PMC7852893 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin involves a coordinated series of events between growing axons and the Schwann cell (SC) progenitors that will eventually ensheath them. Myelin sheaths have evolved out of necessity to maintain rapid impulse propagation while accounting for body space constraints. However, myelinating SCs perform additional critical functions that are required to preserve axonal integrity including mitigating energy consumption by establishing the nodal architecture, regulating axon caliber by organizing axonal cytoskeleton networks, providing trophic and potentially metabolic support, possibly supplying genetic translation materials and protecting axons from toxic insults. The intermediate steps between the loss of these functions and the initiation of axon degeneration are unknown but the importance of these processes provides insightful clues. Prevalent demyelinating diseases of the PNS include the inherited neuropathies Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type 1 (CMT1) and Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP) and the inflammatory diseases Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP). Secondary axon degeneration is a common feature of demyelinating neuropathies and this process is often correlated with clinical deficits and long-lasting disability in patients. There is abundant electrophysiological and histological evidence for secondary axon degeneration in patients and rodent models of PNS demyelinating diseases. Fully understanding the involvement of secondary axon degeneration in these diseases is essential for expanding our knowledge of disease pathogenesis and prognosis, which will be essential for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Moss
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Taylor S Bopp
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Anna E Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ahmet Höke
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Division, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Zhang T, Tang Y, Yang X, Wang X, Ding S, Huang K, Liu Y, Lang B. Expression of GSK3β, PICK1, NEFL, C4, NKCC1 and Synaptophysin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the first-episode schizophrenia patients. Asian J Psychiatr 2021; 55:102520. [PMID: 33373836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe neurodevelopmental disease with unknown pathogenic mechanisms characterized with impaired cognitive function. The disturbed synaptic plasticity and synaptic loss have been widely reported in SZ. In this study, 41 first-episode schizophrenia (FES) patients and 44 healthy controls (HC) were recruited and the expression of six genes commonly relevant to synaptic functions was examined in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). These genes were glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), protein interacting with C-kinase 1 (PICK1), synaptophysin (SYP), neurofilament light (NEFL), complement component 4 (C4) and Na+-K--2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1). Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to determine the quantity of individual mRNA template. Compared to HC, the expression of PICK1 and NKCC1 genes in FES patients was relatively lower whereas the expression of NEFL was higher. No difference for the mRNA expression of GSK3β, SYP and C4 genes was detected between FES patients and HC, nor was the gender difference; Interestingly, the mRNA expression of PICK1 in female FES patients was significantly decreased compared to female HC, but not in males; and the NEFL gene was up-regulated in male FES patients but not in females. Our findings support an abnormal expression profile of synapse-related genes in the PBMCs of FES patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiudeng Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affifiliated Hospital of Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan, 422001, China
| | - Xuyi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Shan Ding
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Bing Lang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychaitry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, China National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Lerat J, Magdelaine C, Beauvais-Dzugan H, Espil C, Ghorab K, Latour P, Derouault P, Sturtz F, Lia AS. A novel pathogenic variant of NEFL responsible for deafness associated with peripheral neuropathy discovered through next-generation sequencing and review of the literature. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:139-144. [PMID: 30734407 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurofilaments are neuron-specific intermediate filaments essential for the radial growth of axons during development and the maintenance of axonal diameter. Pathogenic variants of Neurofilament Light (NEFL) are associated with CMT1F, CMT2E, and CMTDIG and have been observed in less than 1% of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) cases, resulting in the reporting of 35 variants in 173 CMT patients to date. However, only six variants have been reported in 17 patients with impaired hearing. No genotype-phenotype correlations have yet been established. Here, we report an additional case: a 69-year-old female, who originally presented with axonal sensory and motor neuropathy at the age of 45, associated with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, with a slight slope at high frequencies. Next-generation sequencing identified a novel pathogenic variant: c.269A > G, p.(Glu90Gly). Hearing impairment is often linked to CMT due to pathogenic variants of NEFL, especially p.(Glu90Lys) and p.(Asn98Ser), and in our case p.(Glu90Gly). These pathogenic variants are all located at hot spots, in the head domain and the two ends of the rod domain of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lerat
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Limoges, France
| | - Corinne Magdelaine
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Hélène Beauvais-Dzugan
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | | | - Karima Ghorab
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Neurologie, Limoges, France
| | | | - Paco Derouault
- CHU Limoges, Service Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Franck Sturtz
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Limoges, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Lia
- Univ. Limoges, MMNP, Limoges, France.,CHU Limoges, Service Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Limoges, France
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Lemée JM, Clavreul A, Aubry M, Com E, de Tayrac M, Mosser J, Menei P. Integration of transcriptome and proteome profiles in glioblastoma: looking for the missing link. BMC Mol Biol 2018; 19:13. [PMID: 30463513 PMCID: PMC6249855 DOI: 10.1186/s12867-018-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GB) is the most common and aggressive tumor of the brain. Genotype-based approaches and independent analyses of the transcriptome or the proteome have led to progress in understanding the underlying biology of GB. Joint transcriptome and proteome profiling may reveal new biological insights, and identify pathogenic mechanisms or therapeutic targets for GB therapy. We present a comparison of transcriptome and proteome data from five GB biopsies (TZ) vs their corresponding peritumoral brain zone (PBZ). Omic analyses were performed using RNA microarray chips and the isotope-coded protein label method (ICPL). Results As described in other cancers, we found a poor correlation between transcriptome and proteome data in GB. We observed only two commonly deregulated mRNAs/proteins (neurofilament light polypeptide and synapsin 1) and 12 altered biological processes; they are related to cell communication, synaptic transmission and nervous system processes. This poor correlation may be a consequence of the techniques used to produce the omic profiles, the intrinsic properties of mRNA and proteins and/or of cancer- or GB-specific phenomena. Of interest, the analysis of the transcription factor binding sites present upstream from the open reading frames of all altered proteins identified by ICPL method shows a common binding site for the topoisomerase I and p53-binding protein TOPORS. Its expression was observed in 7/11 TZ samples and not in PBZ. Some findings suggest that TOPORS may function as a tumor suppressor; its implication in gliomagenesis should be examined in future studies. Conclusions In this study, we showed a low correlation between transcriptome and proteome data for GB samples as described in other cancer tissues. We observed that NEFL, SYN1 and 12 biological processes were deregulated in both the transcriptome and proteome data. It will be important to analyze more specifically these processes and these two proteins to allow the identification of new theranostic markers or potential therapeutic targets for GB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12867-018-0115-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Lemée
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Angers, University Hospital of Angers, 4, Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 09, France. .,CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.
| | - Anne Clavreul
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Angers, University Hospital of Angers, 4, Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 09, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Marc Aubry
- UEB, UMS 3480 Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Plate-forme Génomique Santé Biosit, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Com
- Inserm U1085 IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Protim, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marie de Tayrac
- UEB, UMS 3480 Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGdR), Rennes, France
| | - Jean Mosser
- UEB, UMS 3480 Biosit, Faculté de Médecine, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Plate-forme Génomique Santé Biosit, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Service de Génétique Moléculaire et Génomique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, UMR 6290, Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes (IGdR), Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Menei
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU Angers, University Hospital of Angers, 4, Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers Cedex 09, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Wu Q, Zhuo ZJ, Zeng J, Zhang J, Zhu J, Zou Y, Zhang R, Yang T, Zhu D, He J, Xia H. Association between NEFL Gene Polymorphisms and Neuroblastoma Risk in Chinese Children: A Two-Center Case-Control Study. J Cancer 2018; 9:535-539. [PMID: 29483959 PMCID: PMC5820921 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a lethal tumor that mainly occurs in children. To date, the genetic etiology of sporadic neuroblastoma remains obscure. A previous study identified three neuroblastoma susceptibility loci (rs11994014 G>A, rs2979704 T>C, rs1059111 A>T) in neurofilament light (NEFL) gene. Here, we attempted to evaluate the contributions of these three single nucleotide polymorphisms to neuroblastoma susceptibility in Chinese children. We genotyped these three polymorphisms using subjects from Guangdong province (256 cases and 531 controls) and Henan province (118 cases and 281 controls). Logistic regression models were performed to generate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals to access the association of these three polymorphisms with neuroblastoma risk. Overall, we failed to provide any evidence supporting the association between these three polymorphisms and neuroblastoma susceptibility, either in single center population or in the combined population. Moreover, such null association was also observed when the samples were stratified by age, gender, tumor sites, and clinical stages. In the future, larger samples from different ethnicities are needed to clarify the role of NEFL gene polymorphisms in neuroblastoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen-Jian Zhuo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jixiao Zeng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyou Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Deli Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Huimin Xia, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel.: (+86-020) 38076001, Fax: (+86-020) 38076020, ; or Jing He, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel./Fax: (+86-020) 38076560, or
| | - Huimin Xia
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Huimin Xia, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel.: (+86-020) 38076001, Fax: (+86-020) 38076020, ; or Jing He, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Road, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China, Tel./Fax: (+86-020) 38076560, or
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12
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Fu J, Yuan Y. A novel homozygous nonsense mutation in NEFL causes autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Neuromuscul Disord 2018; 28:44-7. [PMID: 29191368 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) gene mutations cause mainly autosomal dominant Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and rarely the recessive forms of CMT. We describe a 13-year-old girl born of consanguineous parents. She presented an early onset of gait disturbance with weakness in lower extremities during the first decade. Nerve conduction velocity of median nerve was 24 m/s and amplitude of compound muscle action potential was 2.2 mV. Sensory nerve action potential was not recordable. Sural nerve biopsy showed severe loss of the large myelinated fibers. Electron microscopy revealed absence of neurofilaments in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. Genetic analysis identified a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in NEFL c.487G>T (p.Glu163*) as the potential causative mutation in this patient. Our study expands the mutation spectrum of NEFL-related neuropathy.
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Yang Y, Gu LQ, Burnette WB, Li J. N98S mutation in NEFL gene is dominantly inherited with a phenotype of polyneuropathy and cerebellar atrophy. J Neurol Sci 2016; 365:46-7. [PMID: 27206872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Calmon MF, Jeschke J, Zhang W, Dhir M, Siebenkäs C, Herrera A, Tsai HC, O'Hagan HM, Pappou EP, Hooker CM, Fu T, Schuebel KE, Gabrielson E, Rahal P, Herman JG, Baylin SB, Ahuja N. Epigenetic silencing of neurofilament genes promotes an aggressive phenotype in breast cancer. Epigenetics 2016; 10:622-32. [PMID: 25985363 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament heavy polypeptide (NEFH) has recently been identified as a candidate DNA hypermethylated gene within the functional breast cancer hypermethylome. NEFH exists in a complex with neurofilament medium polypeptide (NEFM) and neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) to form neurofilaments, which are structural components of the cytoskeleton in mature neurons. Recent studies reported the deregulation of these proteins in several malignancies, suggesting that neurofilaments may have a role in other cell types as well. Using a comprehensive approach, we studied the epigenetic inactivation of neurofilament genes in breast cancer and the functional significance of this event. We report that DNA methylation-associated silencing of NEFH, NEFL, and NEFM in breast cancer is frequent, cancer-specific, and correlates with clinical features of disease progression. DNA methylation-mediated inactivation of these genes occurs also in multiple other cancer histologies including pancreas, gastric, and colon. Restoration of NEFH function, the major subunit of the neurofilament complex, reduces proliferation and growth of breast cancer cells and arrests them in Go/G1 phase of the cell cycle along with a reduction in migration and invasion. These findings suggest that DNA methylation-mediated silencing of the neurofilament genes NEFH, NEFM, and NEFL are frequent events that may contribute to the progression of breast cancer and possibly other malignancies.
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Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and common brain tumor; it is aggressive growth pattern means that GBM patients face a poor prognosis even when receiving the best available treatment modalities. In recent years, an increasing number of reports suggest that the discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) might provide a novel therapeutic target for human cancers, including GBM. One miRNA in particular, microRNA-25 (miR-25), is overexpressed in several cancers, wherein accumulating evidence indicates that it functions as an oncogene. However, the function of miR-25 in GBM has not been totally elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-25 was significantly up-regulated in astrocytoma tissues and glioblastoma cell lines. In vitro studies further demonstrated that overexpressed miR-25 was able to promote, while its antisense oligos inhibited cell proliferation and invasion in U251 cells. Moreover, we identified neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) as a novel target molecule of miR-25. Also of note was the fact that NEFL was down-regulated with increased levels of miR-25 expression in human astrocytoma clinical specimens. In addition, via the mTOR signaling pathway, NEFL-siRNA could significantly attenuate the inhibitory effects of knockdown miR-25 on the proliferation and invasion of U251 cells. Overall, our results showed an important role for miR-25 in regulating NEFL expression in GBM, and suggest that miR-25 could be a potential target for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Xianrui Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Minhui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Chenfu Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Jianrong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwei Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87 XiangYa Road, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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Huang Z, Zhuo Y, Shen Z, Wang Y, Wang L, Li H, Chen J, Chen W. The role of NEFL in cell growth and invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 43:191-8. [PMID: 23992471 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neurofilament light polypeptide (NEFL) gene located on chromosome 8q21 is associated with the cancer of several organs and is regarded as a potential tumor suppressor gene. However, the role of the NEFL protein has not yet been studied in cancer cells. Although evidence suggests that there is a correlation between NEFL expression and cancer, studies regarding the role of the NEFL protein have been mostly limited to neurological diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth's disease (CMT). Most of these studies have not explored the role of NEFL in cancer cell apoptosis and/or invasion. In this study, NEFL expression was manipulated, and apoptosis and invasion were compared in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. The results show that the expression of NEFL induces cancer cell apoptosis and inhibits invasion in these cell lines, suggesting that NEFL may play a role in cancer cell apoptosis and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of malignant tumor gene regulation and target therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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