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Calderón-Vallejo D, Hernández-Jasso I, Martínez-Moreno CG, Arámburo C, Munoz A, Martínez-Saldaña MC, Marmolejo-Esparza E, García-Santana LF, Quintanar JL. Preventive Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Treatment on Urinary Bladder and Kidney Damage in Spinal Cord Injured Rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2024. [PMID: 39315716 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the main causes of a neurogenic bladder is spinal cord injury (SCI),(SCI), which induces little or no bladder reflex activity. Because of this alteration, there is an increased risk of developing urinary tract infections and kidney damage. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) treatment has been shown to improve micturition in a rat model of SCI. AIM The present study was aimed at determining whether GnRH administration is capable to reduce bladder and kidney damage in rats with SCI. METHODS Ovariectomized female Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, SCI with saline solution (SCI), and SCI treated with GnRH (SCI+GnRH) for 6 weeks. SCI was induced by compression at the T10 spinal level. At the end of the experiment, bladders and kidneys were processed for morphological and immunofluorescence analysis. For morphometric analysis, the thickness of the urothelium and the muscular layer of the bladder was measured, as well as the intensity of staining related to collagen in the kidney. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, all animals in the sham group showed normal urination (100%), in contrast, the percentage of untreated injured rats (SCI) that did not require manual stimulation for micturition was 19%, while the treated group (SCI+GnRH) was 68%. A significative increase in bladder weight, urothelial and muscle thickness, and collagen-related coloration in the kidney was observed in SCI when compared to sham rats. CONCLUSION GnRH administration decreased damage to the urinary bladder and kidneys after SCI in rats. These results suggest that this hormone could be a potential preventive treatment for SCI patients at risk of neurogenic bladder and kidney damage. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
- Depto. de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Irma Hernández-Jasso
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Carlos Guillermo Martínez-Moreno
- Depto. de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Depto. de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Campus Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Mexico
| | - Alvaro Munoz
- Depto. de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Universitario del Norte, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Mexico
| | | | - Ernesto Marmolejo-Esparza
- Depto. de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Luis Felipe García-Santana
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Phelps C, Chess-Williams R, Moro C. The role of intracellular calcium and Rho kinase pathways in G protein-coupled receptor-mediated contractions of urinary bladder urothelium and lamina propria. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C787-C797. [PMID: 36689673 PMCID: PMC10027080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00441.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The influence of extracellular and intracellular calcium on smooth muscle contractile activity varies between organs. In response to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) stimulation, the urinary bladder detrusor muscle has shown a 70% dependence on extracellular calcium, whereas the urothelium and lamina propria (U&LP) has a 20%-50% dependence. However, as this only accounts for partial contractile activity, the contribution of intracellular calcium and calcium sensitization pathways remains unclear. This study assessed the role of intracellular signaling pathways on GPCR-mediated urinary bladder U&LP contraction. Porcine U&LP responses to activation of the Gq/11-coupled muscarinic, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin), neurokinin, prostaglandin, and angiotensin II receptors were assessed with three selective inhibitors of store-released intracellular calcium, 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate (2-APB), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and ruthenium red, and three Rho kinase inhibitors, fasudil, Y-27632, and GSK269962. There was no discernible impact on receptor agonist-induced contractions of the U&LP after blocking intracellular calcium pathways, suggesting that this tissue is more sensitive to alterations in the availability of extracellular calcium. However, an alternative mechanism of action for GPCR-mediated contraction was identified to be the activation of Rho kinase, such as when Y-27632 significantly reduced the GPCR-mediated contractile activity of the U&LP by approximately 50% (P < 0.05, n = 8). This suggests that contractile responses of the bladder U&LP do not involve a significant release of calcium from intracellular stores, but that Gq/11-coupled receptor activation causes calcium sensitization via Rho kinase. This study highlights a key role for Rho kinase in the urinary bladder, which may provide a novel target in the future pharmaceutical management of bladder contractile disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Phelps
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christian Moro
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Çakıcı ÖU, Dinçer S. The effect of amino acids on the bladder cycle: a concise review. Amino Acids 2021; 54:13-31. [PMID: 34853916 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The human bladder maintains a cycle of filling, storing, and micturating throughout an individual's lifespan. The cycle relies on the ability of the bladder to expand without increasing the intravesical pressure, which is only possible with the controlled relaxation of well-complaint muscles and the congruously organized construction of the bladder wall. A competent bladder outlet, which functions in a synchronous fashion with the bladder, is also necessary for this cycle to be completed successfully without deterioration. In this paper, we aimed to review the contemporary physiological findings on bladder physiology and examine the effects of amino acids on clinical conditions affecting the bladder, with special emphasis on the available therapeutic evidence and possible future roles of the amino acids in the treatment of the bladder-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özer Ural Çakıcı
- Attending Urologist, Private Practice, Ankara, Turkey.
- PhD Candidate in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Sibel Dinçer
- Professor in Physiology, Department of Physiology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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West EG, Sellers DJ, Chess-Williams R, McDermott C. The anxiolytic sertraline reduces the impact of psychological stress on bladder function in mice. Life Sci 2021; 278:119598. [PMID: 33984361 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To determine if treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline reduces the bladder dysfunction caused by water avoidance stress in mice. MAIN METHODS Adult female mice were randomly allocated to (1) Unstressed, (2) Stressed or (3) Stress + Sertraline experimental groups. Stressed mice were subjected to water avoidance for 1 h/day for 10 days and received sertraline or vehicle in drinking water, starting 10-days prior to the first stress exposure. Age matched control/unstressed mice were house under normal conditions without stress exposure. Voiding behaviour was assessed throughout the experimental protocol. After the final stress exposure, a blood sample was taken to measure plasma corticosterone levels and bladders were removed, catheterised and intravesical pressure responses recorded during distension and in response to pharmacological agents. KEY FINDINGS Plasma corticosterone levels in sertraline-treated animals were equivalent to unstressed controls and significantly decreased compared to the stressed group. Voiding frequency was significantly increased in the stressed group, and treatment with sertraline significantly decreased voiding frequency, however, this remained elevated compared to unstressed control animals. Bladders from stressed mice displayed enhanced maximal contractile response to the muscarinic agonist carbachol and greater release of ACh in the serosal fluid, which was reduced to control levels by sertraline treatment. Spontaneous phasic contractions were not altered by stress but were significantly reduced in bladders from sertraline treated animals, relative to controls. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that management of voiding dysfunction caused by psychological stress may be aided by the addition of an SSRI such as sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza G West
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Donna J Sellers
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia
| | - Catherine McDermott
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4229, Australia.
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Ferreira A, Duarte Cruz C. The urethra in continence and sensation: Neural aspects of urethral function. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:744-752. [PMID: 33604909 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Traditionally, the urethra has been considered a mere conduit to guide urine from the bladder to the external side of the body. Building evidence indicates that the urethra may directly influence bladder function via mechanisms restricted to the lower urinary tract (LUT). METHODS Here, we discuss the tissue arrangement of the urethra and addressed the contribution of new paraneuronal cells to LUT function. We also briefly reviewed two frequent LUT pathologies associated with urethral dysfunction. RESULTS Continence depends on an intact and functional urethral sphincter, composed of smooth, and striated muscle fibers and regulated by somatic and autonomic fibers. Recent studies suggest the existence of an urethro-vesical reflex that also contributes to normal LUT function. Indeed, the urethral lumen is lined by a specialized epithelium, the urothelium, in the proximal urethra. In this region, recent evidence demonstrates the presence of specific paraneuronal cells, expressing the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and serotonin. These cells are in close proximity of nerve fibers coursing in the lamina propria and are able to release neurotransmitters and rapidly induce detrusor contractions, supporting the existence of an urethro-vesical crosstalk. CONCLUSION The mechanism underlying the fast communication between the urethra and thebladder are beginning to be understood and should involve the interaction between specificepithelial cells and fibres innervating the urethral wall. It is likely that this reflex should bealtered in pathological conditions, becoming an attractive therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferreira
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Translational Neuro-Urology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Translational Neuro-Urology, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Mills KA, Chess-Williams R, McDermott C. Novel insights into the mechanism of cyclophosphamide-induced bladder toxicity: chloroacetaldehyde's contribution to urothelial dysfunction in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:3291-3303. [PMID: 31598736 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The clinical use of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide is limited by a resultant bladder toxicity which has been attributed to the metabolite acrolein. Another metabolite chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) associated with nephrotoxicity, has not been investigated for toxicity in the bladder and this study investigates the effects of acrolein and CAA on human urothelial cells in vitro. Human urothelial cells (RT4 and T24) were treated with acrolein or CAA and changes in cell viability, reactive oxygen species, caspase-3 activity and release of urothelial mediators ATP, acetylcholine, PGE2 were measured. The protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) were also assessed. Both metabolites were toxic to human urothelial cells, however, CAA significantly decreased cell viability at a ten-fold lower concentration (10 µM) than acrolein (100 µM). This was associated with increased ROS production and caspase-3 activity. NAC protected cells from these changes. In RT4 cells 100 µM acrolein caused a significant increase in basal and stretch-induced ATP, Ach and PGE2 release. In T24 cells chloroacetaldehyde (10 µM) increased basal and stimulated ATP and PGE2 levels. Again, NAC protected against changes in urothelial mediator release following acrolein or CAA. This study is the first to report that CAA in addition to acrolein contributes to the urotoxicity of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide. Both metabolites altered urothelial mediator levels which could contribute to the sensory and functional bladder changes experienced by patients after treatment with cyclophosphamide or ifosfamide. Alterations in urothelial cell viability and mediator release may be causally linked to oxidative stress, with NAC providing protection against these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie A Mills
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, 4229, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, 4229, Australia
| | - Catherine McDermott
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, 4229, Australia.
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Koh C, Melling CV, Jennings C, Lewis M, Goyal A. Efficacy of electromotive drug administration in delivering botulinum toxin a in children with neuropathic detrusor overactivity-outcomes of a pilot study. J Pediatr Urol 2019; 15:552.e1-552.e8. [PMID: 31326328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravesical botulinum toxin A (BtA) injection is well established in managing paediatric neuropathic detrusor overactivity (NDO). Electromotive drug administration (EMDA) is a less invasive method, which can be performed in the clinic, using pulsed electrical current for drug delivery via a urethral catheter. Few small studies report good outcomes following BtA via EMDA (BtA/EMDA) into bladders of children with NDO. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of BtA/EMDA in children with NDO, reduced bladder capacity and compliance. METHODS Twelve children with NDO on baseline urodynamic study were prospectively included. Pre-BtA/EMDA and post-BtA/EMDA results compared the following four parameters: maximal cystometric capacity, bladder compliance, maximal detrusor pressure (pDetmax) during detrusor overactivity and pDetmax at capacity. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test using Graphpad Prism 8 was used for analysis. Secondary outcomes include adverse effects and symptomatic improvement. RESULTS Fourteen episodes of BtA/EMDA were performed. Five patients received 3.3 IU/kg of Botox®, and five received 10 IU/kg (maximum 300 IU). Four patients received 10 IU/kg of Dysport®. Two patients in the Dysport®/EMDA group also received Botox®/EMDA more than six months previously. Thirteen of 14 post-EMDA results were completed and included in the paired analysis. No statistically significant improvements in any cystometric parameters were demonstrated. Eight patients subsequently had intravesical BtA injections with significant improvements in both cystometric parameters and symptoms. Two patients subsequently transitioned to adult services; one was commenced on mirabegron, and one has undergone ileocystoplasty with Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy. DISCUSSION Despite some evidence to support BtA/EMDA in children with NDO, the authors were unable to replicate previously published positive cystometric and symptomatic outcomes. In addition, BtA/EMDA performed poorly when compared with conventional intravesical BtA injections. This implies failure of EMDA to deliver BtA correctly to the target tissue. The large size of the BtA molecule or the abnormal bladder wall in NDO could account for the negative results. Thorough preparation and consultation was undertaken before this study with BtA/EMDA, and it is discouraging that the authors were unable to reproduce the positive results of other groups. CONCLUSIONS Although safe and acceptable to most patients, the authors cannot recommend the use of BtA/EMDA for NDO in children at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Koh
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK.
| | - C V Melling
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - C Jennings
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - M Lewis
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - A Goyal
- Department of Paediatric Urology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
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Wu KC, Chiang BJ, Tsai WH, Chung SD, Chien CT. I-Tiao-Gung extract through its active component daidzin improves cyclophosphamide-induced bladder dysfunction in rat model. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:2560-2570. [PMID: 30252154 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We explored the therapeutic potential of intragastric administration traditional Chinese medicine Glycine tomentella Hayata (I-Tiao-Gung, ITG) extract and its active component Daidzin on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis and bladder hyperactivity in rats. METHODS Female Wistar rats were divided into control, CYP (200 mg/kg), CYP + ITG (1.17 g/kg/day), CYP + Daidzin (12.5 mg/kg/day), and 1 week of ITG preconditioning with CYP (ITG + CYP) groups. We determined the trans cystometrogram associated with external urethral sphincter electromyogram, and the expression of M2 and M3 muscarinic and P2 × 2 and P2 × 3 purinergic receptors by Western blot in these animals. RESULTS ITG extract contains 1.07% of Daidzin and 0.77% of Daidzein by high-performance liquid chromatography. Daidzin was more efficient than Daidzein in scavenging H2 O2 activity by a chemiluminescence analyzer. CYP induced higher frequency, shorter intercontraction interval, lower maximal voiding pressure, lower threshold pressure, and Phase-2 emptying contraction with a depressed external urethral sphincter electromyogram activity, and hemorrhagic cystitis in the bladders. The altered parameters by CYP were significantly improved in CYP + ITG, CYP + Daidzin, and ITG + CYP groups. The P2 × 2 and P2 × 3 expressions were significantly upregulated in CYP group, but were depressed in CYP + ITG, CYP + Daidzin, and ITG + CYP groups. The M2 expression was not significantly different among these five groups. The M3 expression was significantly upregulated in CYP group, but was significantly depressed in CYP + ITG, CYP + Daidzin, and ITG + CYP groups. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ITG extract through its active component Daidzin effectively improved CYP-induced cystitis by the action of restoring Phase 2 activity and inhibiting the expressions of P2 × 2, P2 × 3, and M3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Chieh Wu
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Juin Chiang
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Urology, Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hsin Tsai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taipei City Hospital Linsen (Chinese Medicine) Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiu-Dong Chung
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Far-Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Informatics, College of Informatics, Yuan-Ze University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Chiang-Ting Chien
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Medina-Aguiñaga D, Munoz A, Luna M, Martinez-Moreno CG, Quintanar-Stephano A, Quintanar JL. Administration of leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, improves urodynamic parameters in ovariectomized rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2018; 37:1574-1582. [PMID: 30133853 DOI: 10.1002/nau.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the effects of a treatment with leuprolide acetate (LA) on bladder overactivity as well as the expression of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R), and neurofilaments NF68 and NF200 in female rats with overactive bladder induced by castration. METHODS Changes in the urodynamic parameters were determined in SHAM, ovariectomized (OVX) and ovariectomized rats treated with LA (OVX-LA). A semi-quantitative analysis for the expression pattern of GnRH-R and neurofilaments NF68 and NF200 were determined. RESULTS Forty-three days after ovariectomy, rats from the OVX group have significant lower values for intercontractile interval (ICI) and compliance (C); as well as higher values for basal bladder pressure (BP) and frequency of non-voiding contractions (NVC). The systemic application of LA increased voiding volume (Vv) and pressure threshold (ThP) in the OVX-LA animals. The application of LA reduced the high frequency of NVC in the OVX rats. No significant differences were found for Vv and NVCs between the OVX-LA vs SHAM groups. At the mid part of the bladder, the presence of GnRH-R was evidenced in the urothelium of the SHAM group. The OVX animals showed different pattern of immunolabeling for GnRH-R as well as for neurofilaments NF200 and NF68, whereas in the OVX-LA group the immunofluorescence pattern was similar to the one seen in SHAM bladders (P < 0.05 for OVX vs OVX + LA). CONCLUSIONS the results suggest that systemic application of LA can improve bladder dysfunction in castrated rats, and perhaps considered as a treatment for overactive bladder conditions secondary to menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Medina-Aguiñaga
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Alvaro Munoz
- Regenerative Medicine Program-Urology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Maricela Luna
- Laboratory of Hormones, Department Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Juriquilla Campus, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos G Martinez-Moreno
- Laboratory of Hormones, Department Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Juriquilla Campus, National Autonomous University of México, Querétaro, México
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunoendocrinology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
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Modulation of lower urinary tract smooth muscle contraction and relaxation by the urothelium. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 391:675-694. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Stenqvist J, Winder M, Carlsson T, Aronsson P, Tobin G. Urothelial acetylcholine involvement in ATP-induced contractile responses of the rat urinary bladder. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 809:253-260. [PMID: 28551011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both acetylcholine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) are released from the urothelium. In in vivo experiments ATP has been shown to evoke contractile responses that are significantly reduced by atropine. Currently, we aimed to examine the cholinergic part of the ATP-evoked contractile response of normal and inflamed (cyclophosphamide-treated rats) bladders. A whole bladder preparation that enabled drug administration either outside or inside the urinary bladder was used. The responses were examined in bladders from control and cyclophosphamide-treated rats that were either intact or urothelium-denuded. The expression of choline acetyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase were examined by Western blotting of normal and inflamed bladders. Methacholine evoked larger contractions when administered to the outside of the bladder in comparison to instillation. For ATP, an opposite trend emerged. While atropine substantially reduced the ATP-induced responses at internal administration (7.4±1.1 and 3.7±0.9 mN at 10-3M; n=13; P<0.001), it had no effect when administered outside the bladder. The removal of the urothelium caused a similar reduction of the responses to internal administration of ATP as caused by atropine. In cyclophosphamide-treated rats, neither atropine nor urothelium-denudation had any effect on the ATP-evoked responses. No changes in the expressions of the acetylcholine synthesising enzymes were observed. The current study shows that ATP induces a release of urothelial acetylcholine that contributes to the purinergic contractile response in the rat urinary bladder. This atropine-sensitive part of the purinergic contractile response is absent in the inflamed bladder. This may be one pathological mechanism involved in bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Stenqvist
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michael Winder
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Thomas Carlsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Patrik Aronsson
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 431, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Moulton DE, Sulzer V, Apodaca G, Byrne HM, Waters SL. Mathematical modelling of stretch-induced membrane traffic in bladder umbrella cells. J Theor Biol 2016; 409:115-132. [PMID: 27590325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bladder is a complex organ that is highly adaptive to its mechanical environment. The umbrella cells in the bladder uroepithelium are of particular interest: these cells actively change their surface area through exo- and endocytosis of cytoplasmic vesicles, and likely form a critical component in the mechanosensing process that communicates the sense of 'fullness' to the nervous system. In this paper we develop a first mechanical model for vesicle trafficking in umbrella cells in response to membrane tension during bladder filling. Recent experiments conducted on a disc of uroepithelial tissue motivate our model development. These experiments subject bladder tissue to fixed pressure differences and exhibit counterintuitive area changes. Through analysis of the mathematical model and comparison with experimental data in this setup, we gain an intuitive understanding of the biophysical processes involved and calibrate the vesicle trafficking rate parameters in our model. We then adapt the model to simulate in vivo bladder filling and investigate the potential effect of abnormalities in the vesicle trafficking machinery on bladder pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Moulton
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - V Sulzer
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - G Apodaca
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - H M Byrne
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Moro C, Edwards L, Chess-Williams R. 5-HT 2A receptor enhancement of contractile activity of the porcine urothelium and lamina propria. Int J Urol 2016; 23:946-951. [PMID: 27531585 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) on the contractile properties of the urothelium and lamina propria, as a better understanding of bladder physiology might aid the development of new treatments. METHODS Strips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were suspended in gassed Krebs-bicarbonate solution, and cumulative concentration-response curves for 5-HT were generated in the absence and presence of 5-HT antagonists, Nω-nitro-l-arginine and indomethacin. Responses to α-methyl-5-HT were also examined. RESULTS Strips of urothelium/lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions, whereas the addition of 5-HT induced concentration-dependent increases in contractile tone with maximal contractions of 50.43 ± 2.78 mN/g tissue weight (n = 100). Tonic contractions to 5-HT were unchanged in the presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine (100 μmol/L) or indomethacin (5 μmol/L). Selective concentrations of the antagonists methiothepin (5-HT1&2 , 100 nmol/L), RS102221 (5-HT2C , 30 nmol/L), ondansetron (5-HT3 , 30 nmol/L), GR113808, (5-HT4 , 100 nmol/L), SB699551 (5-HT5 , 10 nmol/L), SB399885 (5-HT6 , 100 nmol/L) and SB269970 (5-HT7 , 10 nmol/L) did not influence responses to 5-HT. However, the 5-HT2A antagonist, ketanserin (30-300 μmol/L), caused a shift of the 5-HT curve yielding an affinity estimate of 7.9. CONCLUSIONS The results show that contractile responses of the urothelium/lamina propria to 5-HT are predominantly mediated through the 5-HT2A receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Moro
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Lily Edwards
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Russ Chess-Williams
- Centre for Urology Research, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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14
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Enhanced urothelial ATP release and contraction following intravesical treatment with the cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:773-80. [PMID: 25683587 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Intravesical administration of the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin is a common treatment for superficial carcinoma of the bladder, but it is associated with significant urological adverse effects. The aim of this study was to identify doxorubicin-induced changes in the local mechanisms involved in regulating bladder function. As a model of intravesical doxorubicin administration in patients, doxorubicin (1 mg/mL) was applied to the luminal surface of porcine bladders for 60 min. Following treatment, the release of urothelial/lamina propria mediators (acetylcholine (Ach), ATP and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and contractile responses of isolated tissue strips was investigated. Doxorubicin pretreatment did not affect contractile responses of detrusor muscle to carbachol, but did enhance neurogenic detrusor responses to electrical field stimulation (219 % at 5 Hz). Contractions of isolated strips of urothelium/lamina propria to carbachol were also enhanced (30 %) in tissues from doxorubicin pretreated bladders. Isolated strips of urothelium/lamina propria from control bladders demonstrated a basal release of all three mediators (Ach > ATP > PGE2), with increased release of ATP when tissues were stretched. In tissues from doxorubicin-pretreated bladders, the basal release of ATP was significantly enhanced (sevenfold), while the release of acetylcholine and PGE2 was not affected. The application of luminal doxorubicin, under conditions that mimic intravesical administration to patients, affects urothelial/lamina propria function (increased contractile activity and ATP release) and enhances efferent neurotransmission without affecting detrusor smooth muscle. These actions would enhance bladder contractile activity and sensory nerve activity and may explain the adverse urological effects observed in patients following intravesical doxorubicin treatment.
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15
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Ranson RN, Saffrey MJ. Neurogenic mechanisms in bladder and bowel ageing. Biogerontology 2015; 16:265-84. [PMID: 25666896 PMCID: PMC4361768 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-015-9554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of both urinary and faecal incontinence, and also chronic constipation, increases with ageing and these conditions have a major impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Management of bladder and bowel dysfunction in the elderly is currently far from ideal and also carries a significant financial burden. Understanding how these changes occur is thus a major priority in biogerontology. The functions of the bladder and terminal bowel are regulated by complex neuronal networks. In particular neurons of the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia play a key role in regulating micturition and defaecation reflexes as well as promoting continence. In this review we discuss the evidence for ageing-induced neuronal dysfunction that might predispose to neurogenic forms of incontinence in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Ranson
- Department of Applied Sciences (Biomedical Sciences), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK,
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16
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Recovery of urothelial mediator release but prolonged elevations in interleukin-8 and nitric oxide secretion following mitomycin C treatment. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:781-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Curto TM, Giovannucci EL, McKinlay JB, Maserejian NN. Associations between supplemental or dietary intake of vitamin C and severity of lower urinary tract symptoms. BJU Int 2014; 115:134-42. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition; Department of Epidemiology; Harvard School of Public Health; Boston USA
- Department of Medicine; Channing Laboratory; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
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18
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Arrighi S. The urothelium: anatomy, review of the literature, perspectives for veterinary medicine. Ann Anat 2014; 198:73-82. [PMID: 25533627 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over time, much knowledge has been accumulated about the active role of the urothelium, principally in rodents and human. Far from being a mere passive barrier, this specialized epithelium can alter the ion and protein composition of the urine, is able to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, and react to mechanical stimuli by epithelial cell communication with the nervous system. Most of the specialized functions of the urothelium are linked to a number of morpho-physiologic properties exhibited by the superficial umbrella cells, including specialized membrane lipids, asymmetric unit membrane particles and a plasmalemma with stiff plaques which function as a barrier to most substances found in urine, thus protecting the underlying tissues. Moreover, the entire mucosa lining the low urinary tract, composed of urothelium and sub-urothelium, forms a functional transduction unit, able to respond to eso- and endogenous physical and chemical stimuli in a manner assuring an adequate functional response. This review will summarize the available information on each area of inquiry from a morpho-functional point of view. Possible considerations pertaining to species of veterinary interest are reviewed as well. The review was prepared consulting the electronic databases PubMed and Cab Abstracts and retrieving all pertinent reports and the relative reference lists, in order to identify any potential additional studies that could be included. Full-length research articles and thematic reviews were considered. Information on the urothelium of some domestic animal species was also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arrighi
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, Laboratory of Anatomy and Confocal Microscopy, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Wu C, Sui G, Archer SN, Sassone-Corsi P, Aitken K, Bagli D, Chen Y. Local receptors as novel regulators for peripheral clock expression. FASEB J 2014; 28:4610-6. [PMID: 25145629 PMCID: PMC4200324 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-243295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian circadian control is determined by a central clock in the brain suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and synchronized peripheral clocks in other tissues. Increasing evidence suggests that SCN-independent regulation of peripheral clocks also occurs. We examined how activation of excitatory receptors influences the clock protein PERIOD 2 (PER2) in a contractile organ, the urinary bladder. PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE-knock-in mice were used to report real-time PER2 circadian dynamics in the bladder tissue. Rhythmic PER2 activities occurred in the bladder wall with a cycle of ∼24 h and peak at ∼12 h. Activation of the muscarinic and purinergic receptors by agonists shifted the peak to an earlier time (7.2±2.0 and 7.2±0.9 h, respectively). PER2 expression was also sensitive to mechanical stimulation. Aging significantly dampened PER2 expression and its response to the agonists. Finally, muscarinic agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction also exhibited circadian rhythm. These data identified novel regulators, endogenous receptors, in determining local clock activity, in addition to mediating the central control. Furthermore, the local clock appears to reciprocally align receptor activity to circadian rhythm for muscle contraction. The interaction between receptors and peripheral clock represents an important mechanism for maintaining physiological functions and its dysregulation may contribute to age-related organ disorders.—Wu, C., Sui, G., Archer, S. N., Sassone-Corsi, P., Aitken, K., Bagli, D., Chen, Y. Local receptors as novel regulators for peripheral clock expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhao Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK;
| | - Guiping Sui
- Oesophageal Laboratory, Guy's and St. Thomas Hospitals National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon N Archer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
| | - Paolo Sassone-Corsi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; and
| | - Karen Aitken
- Department of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darius Bagli
- Department of Urology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK
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20
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ATP during early bladder stretch is important for urgency in detrusor overactivity patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:204604. [PMID: 24971316 PMCID: PMC4058262 DOI: 10.1155/2014/204604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ATP is an important mediator of urgency in women with detrusor overactivity (DO). In order to understand how different degrees of bladder stretch elicited ATP release in DO patients compared with controls, sequential aliquots were collected during cystometry and ATP release was measured at each degree of bladder filling, in female patients with DO and controls. In both DO and control groups, ATP release was induced during bladder filling, suggesting that stretch stimulated further ATP release. However, the luminal ATP concentrations were already high at early filling stage (200 mL), which was even greater than those at the later filling stages (400 mL and maximum cystometric capacity, MCC), indicating that a substantial ATP release has been induced during early filling (200 mL) in both DO and controls. In DO, ATP release at 200 mL was significantly higher in those with low first desire to void (FDV) (≤200 mL) than in those with higher FDV (>200 mL); this may suggest that ATP release at early stretch may play an important role in urgency (early sensation) in DO. ATP concentrations remained unchanged after voiding, suggesting that voiding did not further induce ATP release into intraluminal fluid.
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21
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Luminal DMSO: effects on detrusor and urothelial/lamina propria function. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:347616. [PMID: 24949435 PMCID: PMC4052167 DOI: 10.1155/2014/347616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
DMSO is used as a treatment for interstitial cystitis and this study examined the effects of luminal DMSO treatment on bladder function and histology. Porcine bladder was incubated without (controls) or with DMSO (50%) applied to the luminal surface and the release of ATP, acetylcholine, and LDH assessed during incubation and in tissues strips after DMSO incubation. Luminally applied DMSO caused ATP, Ach, and LDH release from the urothelial surface during treatment, with loss of urothelial layers also evident histologically. In strips of urothelium/lamina propria from DMSO pretreated bladders the release of both ATP and Ach was depressed, while contractile responses to carbachol were enhanced. Detrusor muscle contractile responses to carbachol were not affected by DMSO pretreatment, but neurogenic responses to electrical field stimulation were enhanced. The presence of an intact urothelium/lamina propria inhibited detrusor contraction to carbachol by 53% and this inhibition was significantly reduced in DMSO pretreated tissues. Detection of LDH in the treatment medium suggests that DMSO permeabilised urothelial membranes causing leakage of cytosolic contents including ATP and Ach rather than enhancing release of these mediators. The increase in contractile response and high levels of ATP are consistent with initial flare up in IC/PBS symptoms after DMSO treatment.
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22
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Chacko S, Cortes E, Drake MJ, Fry CH. Does altered myogenic activity contribute to OAB symptoms from detrusor overactivity? ICI-RS 2013. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 33:577-80. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Chacko
- Department of Pathobiology; Division of Urology; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Eduard Cortes
- Women's Health Academic Centre; King's College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Marcus J. Drake
- School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H. Fry
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology; FHMS; University of Surrey; Guildford United Kingdom
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23
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Sorrentino F, Cartwright R, Digesu GA, Tolton L, Franklin L, Singh A, Greco P, Khullar V. Associations between individual lower urinary tract symptoms and bacteriuria in random urine samples in women. Neurourol Urodyn 2014; 34:429-33. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felice Sorrentino
- Department of Urogynaecology; St Mary's Hospital; London United Kingdom
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Foggia; Foggia Italy
| | - Rufus Cartwright
- Department of Urogynaecology; St Mary's Hospital; London United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | | | - Louise Tolton
- Institute for Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Larissa Franklin
- Women's Health Research Centre; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Anand Singh
- Department of Urogynaecology; St Mary's Hospital; London United Kingdom
| | - Pantaleo Greco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Foggia; Foggia Italy
| | - Vik Khullar
- Department of Urogynaecology; St Mary's Hospital; London United Kingdom
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24
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Shah AP, Mevcha A, Wilby D, Alatsatianos A, Hardman JC, Jacques S, Wilton JC. Continence and micturition: an anatomical basis. Clin Anat 2014; 27:1275-83. [PMID: 24615792 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Urinary incontinence remains an important clinical problem worldwide, having a significant socio-economic, psychological, and medical burden. Maintaining urinary continence and coordinating micturition are complex processes relying on interaction between somatic and visceral elements, moderated by learned behavior. Urinary viscera and pelvic floor must interact with higher centers to ensure a functionally competent system. This article aims to describe the relevant anatomy and neuronal pathways involved in the maintenance of urinary continence and micturition. Review of relevant literature focusing on pelvic floor and urinary sphincters anatomy, and neuroanatomy of urinary continence and micturition. Data obtained from both live and cadaveric human studies are included. The stretch during bladder filling is believed to cause release of urothelial chemical mediators, which in turn activates afferent nerves and myofibroblasts in the muscosal and submucosal layers respectively, thereby relaying sensation of bladder fullness. The internal urethral sphincter is continuous with detrusor muscle, but its arrangement is variable. The external urethral sphincter blends with fibers of levator ani muscle. Executive decisions about micturition in humans rely on a complex mechanism involving communication between several cerebral centers and primitive sacral spinal reflexes. The pudendal nerve is most commonly damaged in females at the level of sacrospinous ligament. We describe the pelvic anatomy and relevant neuroanatomy involved in maintaining urinary continence and during micturition, subsequently highlighting the anatomical basis of urinary incontinence. Comprehensive anatomical understanding is vital for appropriate medical and surgical management of affected patients, and helps guide development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh P Shah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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25
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Zhai K, Chang Y, Wei B, Liu Q, Leblais V, Fischmeister R, Ji G. Phosphodiesterase types 3 and 4 regulate the phasic contraction of neonatal rat bladder smooth myocytes via distinct mechanisms. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1001-10. [PMID: 24463006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway reduces bladder contractility. However, the role of phosphodiesterase (PDE) families in regulating this function is poorly understood. Here, we compared the contractile function of the cAMP hydrolyzing PDEs in neonatal rat bladder smooth myocytes. RT-PCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that several isoforms of PDE1-4 were expressed in neonatal rat bladder. While 8-methoxymethyl-3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (a PDE1 inhibitor) and BAY-60-7550 (a PDE2 inhibitor) had no effect on the carbachol-enhanced phasic contractions of bladder strips, cilostamide (Cil, a PDE3 inhibitor) and Ro-20-1724 (Ro, a PDE4 inhibitor) significantly reduced these contractions. This inhibitory effect of Ro was blunted by the PKA inhibitor H-89, while the inhibitory effect of Cil was strongly attenuated by the PKG inhibitor KT 5823. Application of Ro in single bladder smooth myocytes resulted in an increase in Ca(2+) spark frequency but a decrease both in Ca(2+) transients and in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content. In contrast, Cil had no effect on these events. Furthermore, Ro-induced inhibition of the phasic contractions was significantly blocked by ryanodine and iberiotoxin. Taken together, PDE3 and PDE4 are the main PDE isoforms in maintaining the phasic contractions of bladder smooth myocytes, with PDE4 being functionally more active than PDE3. However, their roles are mediated through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Yan Chang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wei
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Véronique Leblais
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- Inserm UMR-S 769, LabEx LERMIT, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Université Paris-Sud, Faculté de Pharmacie, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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26
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Rahnama'i MS, Van Koeveringe GA, Van Kerrebroeck PE. Overactive bladder syndrome and the potential role of prostaglandins and phosphodiesterases: an introduction. Nephrourol Mon 2013; 5:934-45. [PMID: 24350100 PMCID: PMC3842572 DOI: 10.5812/numonthly.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, a general introduction is given, presenting the overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and its impact on the quality of life and economical burden in patients affected. Moreover, the anatomy, physiology and histology of the lower urinary tract are discussed, followed by a brief overview on the possible role of prostaglandin (PG) and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the urinary bladder. The current literature on the role and distribution of PGE2 and its receptors in the urinary bladder is discussed. In both animal models and in human studies, high levels of signaling molecules such as PG and cGMP have been implicated, in decreased functional bladder capacity and micturition volume, as well as in increased voiding contraction amplitude. As a consequence, inhibition of prostanoid production, the use of prostanoid receptor antagonists, or PDE inhibitors might be a rational way to treat patients with detrusor overactivity. Similarly, prostanoid receptor agonists, or agents that stimulate their production, might have a function in treating bladder underactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sajjad Rahnama'i
- Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Sajjad Rahnama'i, Department of Urology, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. Tel: +31-433875255, Fax: +31-433875259, E-mail:
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27
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Vahabi B, Parsons BA, Doran O, Rhodes A, Dean S, Drake MJ. TRPM8 agonists modulate contraction of the pig urinary bladder. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 91:503-9. [PMID: 23826977 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2012-0406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential melastin-8 (TRPM8) channel is activated by the “cooling” compounds menthol and icilin. Pathophysiologically, it is implicated in the overactive bladder and bladder cooling reflex, but the activity of TRPM8 in normal bladder physiology is poorly understood. We investigated the distribution of TRPM8 channels and the effect of TRPM8 agonists on the contractile function of pig bladder (n = 35) strips and whole bladders. The distribution of TRPM8 was examined by immunohistochemistry. The effect of vesical or intravascular menthol (0.1–0.3 mmol/L) or icilin (50 μmol/L) on carbachol-induced isolated whole bladder contractions was monitored by recording vesical pressure. Strips of denuded detrusor or mucosa were mounted in organ baths to study the effect of TRPM8 agonists on the contractile responses to 10 μmol/L carbachol. TRPM8-like immunoreactivity was detected on pig urothelium. Intravascular menthol (0.3 mmol/L) and icilin (50 μmol/L) significantly decreased the magnitude of carbachol-induced whole bladder contraction, whereas vesical administration significantly increased the response. In detrusor and mucosal strips, both menthol (0.3 mmol/L) and icilin (50 μmol/L) inhibited carbachol-induced contractions. We conclude that the TRPM8 channel is expressed on the urothelium of pig bladder. In the whole organ, exposure of the urothelium to menthol or icilin increases the contractile response to carbachol. Where detrusor muscle is exposed directly to these compounds, the contractile response to carbachol is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Vahabi
- University of the West of England, Department of Applied Sciences, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Brian A. Parsons
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
| | - Olena Doran
- University of the West of England, Department of Applied Sciences, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Anthony Rhodes
- University of the West of England, Department of Applied Sciences, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Sarah Dean
- University of the West of England, Department of Applied Sciences, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Marcus J. Drake
- Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK
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Cunningham C, Maclullich AMJ. At the extreme end of the psychoneuroimmunological spectrum: delirium as a maladaptive sickness behaviour response. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:1-13. [PMID: 22884900 PMCID: PMC4157329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Delirium is a common and severe neuropsychiatric syndrome characterised by acute deterioration and fluctuations in mental status. It is precipitated mainly by acute illness, trauma, surgery, or drugs. Delirium affects around one in eight hospital inpatients and is associated with multiple adverse consequences, including new institutionalisation, worsening of existing dementia, and death. Patients with delirium show attentional and other cognitive deficits, altered alertness (mostly reduced, but some patients develop agitation and hyperactivity), altered sleep-wake cycle and psychoses. The pathways from the various aetiologies to the heterogeneous clinical presentations are hardly studied and are poorly understood. One of the key questions, which research is only now beginning to address, is how the factors determining susceptibility interact with the stimuli that trigger delirium. Inflammatory signals arising during systemic infection evoke sickness behaviour, a coordinated set of adaptive changes initiated by the host to respond to, and to counteract, infection. It is now clear that the same systemic inflammatory signals can have severe deleterious effects on brain function when occuring in old age or in the presence of neurodegenerative disease. Multiple animal studies now show that even mild acute systemic inflammation can induce exaggerated sickness behaviour responses and cognitive dysfunction in aged animals or those with prior degenerative pathology when compared to young and/or healthy controls. These findings appear highly promising in understanding aspects of delirium. In this review our aim is to describe and assess the parallels between exaggerated sickness behaviour in vulnerable animals and delirium in older humans. We discuss inflammatory and stress-related triggers of delirium in the context of new animal models that allow us to dissect some aspects of the mechanisms underpinning these episodes. We discuss some differences between the sickness behaviour syndrome model and delirium in the context of the complexity in the latter due to other factors such as prior pathology, psychological stress and drug effects. We conclude that, with appropriate caveats, the study of sickness behaviour in the vulnerable brain offers a promising route to uncover the mechanisms of this common and serious unmet medical need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm Cunningham
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
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Janssen DAW, Geutjes PJ, Odenthal J, van Kuppevelt TH, Schalken JA, Feitz WFJ, Heesakkers JFPA. A new, straightforward ex vivo organoid bladder mucosal model for preclinical research. J Urol 2013; 190:341-9. [PMID: 23306090 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed an experimental ex vivo organoid bladder mucosal model that can be used for experimental research purposes to create alternatives to current animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed an ex vivo organoid bladder mucosal model by immobilizing a type I collagen scaffold on the bottom of a Transwell® insert, creating a 2-compartment system. Mucosal biopsies from porcine bladders were placed on top of the scaffold and cultured in different mediums. We evaluated the morphological aspects of biopsy tissue. Cultured samples were assessed by scanning electron microscopy, and immunohistochemical and histochemical staining for cell identification, proliferation and morphology. RESULTS Cells remained viable in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/F-12 and smooth muscle cell medium for up to 3 weeks. The mucosa retained normal morphological characteristics for up to 1 week. Cells (mostly urothelial cells) proliferated and fully covered the scaffold surface within 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS We developed an experimental ex vivo organoid model of bladder mucosa for preclinical experimental research. This model could be used for high volume screening for pharmacology and toxicology experiments. It has the potential to replace currently used animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dick A W Janssen
- Department of Urology 659, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Birder L, Wyndaele JJ. From urothelial signalling to experiencing a sensation related to the urinary bladder. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:34-9. [PMID: 23110490 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying bladder sensation and the way we experience sensations during normal voiding and in pathology is complex and not well understood. During storage and emptying, mechanical changes occurring in number of cell types within the bladder wall (i.e. the uroepithelium and bladder afferents) can have a major influence on our sensory systems. In this review, we discuss bladder sensation with a focus on coding events in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Birder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine; Pittsburgh; PA; USA
| | - J.-J. Wyndaele
- Antwerp University and Antwerp University Hospital; Antwerp; Belgium
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31
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Options for histological study of the structure and ultrastructure of human urinary bladder epithelium. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-012-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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Hannan TJ, Totsika M, Mansfield KJ, Moore KH, Schembri MA, Hultgren SJ. Host-pathogen checkpoints and population bottlenecks in persistent and intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:616-48. [PMID: 22404313 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00339.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder infections affect millions of people yearly, and recurrent symptomatic infections (cystitis) are very common. The rapid increase in infections caused by multidrug-resistant uropathogens threatens to make recurrent cystitis an increasingly troubling public health concern. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) cause the vast majority of bladder infections. Upon entry into the lower urinary tract, UPEC face obstacles to colonization that constitute population bottlenecks, reducing diversity, and selecting for fit clones. A critical mucosal barrier to bladder infection is the epithelium (urothelium). UPEC bypass this barrier when they invade urothelial cells and form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), a process which requires type 1 pili. IBCs are transient in nature, occurring primarily during acute infection. Chronic bladder infection is common and can be either latent, in the form of the quiescent intracellular reservoir (QIR), or active, in the form of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB/ABU) or chronic cystitis. In mice, the fate of bladder infection, QIR, ASB, or chronic cystitis, is determined within the first 24 h of infection and constitutes a putative host-pathogen mucosal checkpoint that contributes to susceptibility to recurrent cystitis. Knowledge of these checkpoints and bottlenecks is critical for our understanding of bladder infection and efforts to devise novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hannan
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Munoz A, Somogyi GT, Boone TB, Ford AP, Smith CP. Modulation of bladder afferent signals in normal and spinal cord-injured rats by purinergic P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors. BJU Int 2012; 110:E409-14. [PMID: 22540742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of bladder sensory purinergic P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors on modulating the activity of lumbosacral neurones and urinary bladder contractions in vivo in normal or spinal cord-injured (SCI) rats with neurogenic bladder overactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCI was induced in female rats by complete transection at T8-T9 and experiments were performed 4 weeks later, when bladder overactivity developed. Non-transected rats were used as controls (normal rats). Neural activity was recorded in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and field potentials were acquired in response to intravesical pressure steps via a suprapubic catheter. Field potentials were recorded under control conditions, after stimulation of bladder mucosal purinergic receptors with intravesical ATP (1 mm), and after intravenous injection of the P2X3/P2X2/3 antagonist AF-353 (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg). Cystometry was performed in urethane-anaesthetised rats intravesically infused with saline. AF-353 (10 mg/kg) was systemically applied after baseline recordings; the rats also received a second dose of AF-353 (20 mg/kg). Changes in the frequency of voiding (VC) and non-voiding (NVC) contractions were evaluated. RESULTS SCI rats had significantly higher frequencies for field potentials and NVC than NL rats. Intravesical ATP increased field potential frequency in control but not SCI rats, while systemic AF-353 significantly reduced this parameter in both groups. AF-353 also reduced the inter-contractile interval in control but not in SCI rats; however, the frequency of NVC in SCI rats was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION The P2X3/P2X2/3 receptors on bladder afferent nerves positively regulate sensory activity and NVCs in overactive bladders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Munoz
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chai TC. Coining a new term-Urovesicology: advancing towards a mechanistic understanding of bladder symptoms. Transl Androl Urol 2012; 1:50-7. [PMID: 26816687 PMCID: PMC4713223 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2011.12.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toby C Chai
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Division of Urology, 29 S. Greene St., Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Urothelial/Lamina Propria Spontaneous Activity and the Role of M3 Muscarinic Receptors in Mediating Rate Responses to Stretch and Carbachol. Urology 2011; 78:1442.e9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2011.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Topol T, Schuler C, Leggett RE, Hydery T, Benyamin S, Levin RM. Effect of solifenacin plus and minus antioxidant supplements on the response to experimental outlet obstruction and overactive bladder dysfunction in rabbits—Part 2. UROLOGICAL SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urols.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Kanai A, Zabbarova I, Ikeda Y, Yoshimura N, Birder L, Hanna-Mitchell A, de Groat W. Sophisticated models and methods for studying neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:658-67. [PMID: 21661010 DOI: 10.1002/nau.21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To describe how the use of new and established animal models and methods can generate vital and far reaching experimental data in the study of mechanism underlying neurogenic bladder overactivity. METHODS Bladder and colonic irradiated mice and those with upper and lower motor neuron lesions were used to study neurogenic bladder overactivity. Methods included cystometry, tension measurements, afferent nerve recordings and optical mapping of action potentials and intracellular Ca(2+) transients. Recordings were made in a number of innovative preparations including in-line cultured cells, bladder-urethra sheets and cross-sections, spinal cord slices and the cerebral cortex. RESULTS The animal models and methods used allow for the study of peripheral and central mechanisms of neurogenic overactivity. While colonic irradiation results in solely neurogenic dysfunction, spinal cord lesions also induce non-neural changes resulting in increased spontaneous detrusor contractions that can directly stimulate afferent nerves. Imaging of cultured bladder interstitial cells reveals spontaneous firing that could contribute to detrusor overactivity, while optical imaging of the spinal cord and brain could identify changes in central pathways that underlie lower urinary tract dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The animal models and methods described allow for the study of neurogenic overactivity at the peripheral, spinal and cortical levels. This may lead to greater understanding of sensory and motor mechanisms involved in incontinence, the contributions of interstitial cells and spontaneous detrusor contractions, and the involvement of the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Kanai
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Durnin L, Mutafova-Yambolieva VN. Cyclic ADP-ribose requires CD38 to regulate the release of ATP in visceral smooth muscle. FEBS J 2011; 278:3095-108. [PMID: 21740519 PMCID: PMC4838287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the intracellular second messenger cADP-ribose (cADPR) activates Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through ryanodine receptors. CD38 is a multifunctional enzyme involved in the formation of cADPR in mammals. CD38 has also been reported to transport cADPR in several cell lines. Here, we demonstrate a role for extracellular cADPR and CD38 in modulating the spontaneous, but not the electrical field stimulation-evoked, release of ATP in visceral smooth muscle. Using a small-volume superfusion assay and an HPLC technique with fluorescence detection, we measured the spontaneous and evoked release of ATP in bladder detrusor smooth muscles isolated from CD38(+/+) and CD38(-/-) mice. cADPR (1 nM) enhanced the spontaneous overflow of ATP in bladders isolated from CD38(+/+) mice. This effect was abolished by the inhibitor of cADPR receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum 8-bromo-cADPR (80 μM) and by ryanodine (50 μm), but not by the nonselective P2 purinergic receptor antagonist pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonate (30 μM). cADPR failed to facilitate the spontaneous ATP overflow in bladders isolated from CD38(-/-) mice, indicating that CD38 is crucial for the enhancing effects of extracellular cADPR on spontaneous ATP release. Contractile responses to ATP were potentiated by cADPR, suggesting that the two adenine nucleotides may work in synergy to maintain the resting tone of the bladder. In conclusion, extracellular cADPR enhances the spontaneous release of ATP in the bladder by influx via CD38 and subsequent activation of intracellular cADPR receptors, probably causing an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Durnin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557-0575, USA
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Yu W, Hill WG. Defining protein expression in the urothelium: a problem of more than transitional interest. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F932-42. [PMID: 21880838 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00334.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The transitional epithelium of the bladder, the urothelium, is a challenging tissue to study due to its fragility, complex cellular makeup, stratified composition, and intimate connections to both neural and connective tissue elements. With the increasing focus on the urothelium as a mechanosensory tissue with complex autocrine and paracrine signaling activities, there have arisen a number of unresolved controversies in the urothelial literature regarding whether certain important sensory and signaling proteins are expressed by the urothelium. Prominent examples of this include the transient receptor potential (TRP) family member TRPV1 and the purinergic receptor P2X(3). The problem is more than one of scientific bookkeeping since studies utilizing genetic models (primarily knockout mice) claim additional credibility for urothelial functions when phenotypes are discovered. Furthermore, both of the above-mentioned receptors are important therapeutic targets for various bladder disorders including inflammatory and neuropathic pain. The reasons for the confusion about urothelial expression are manifold, but they likely include low expression levels in some cases, poor specificity of antibodies (sometimes lacking adequate controls), the presence of nonurothelial cells resident within the urothelium, and the fact that the urothelium is particularly prone to aspecific adsorption of antibodies. In this review, we attempt to summarize some of the pitfalls with currently accepted practices in this regard, as well as to describe a set of guidelines which will improve the reliability of conclusions related to urothelial expression. It is hoped that this will be of value to investigators studying the urothelium, to those attempting to interpret conflicts in the literature, and hopefully also those charged with reviewing unpublished work. These recommendations will outline a set of "baseline" and "best practice" guidelines by which both researchers and reviewers will be able to evaluate the evidence presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Yu
- Laboratory of Voiding Dysfunction, Division of Renal Research, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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Abstract
Signs of lower urinary tract (LUT) disease in domestic cats can be acute or chronic, and can result from variable combinations of abnormalities within the lumen of the LUT, the parenchyma of the LUT itself, or other organ system(s) that then lead to LUT dysfunction. In the majority of cats with chronic signs of LUT dysfunction, no specific underlying cause can be confirmed after standard clinical evaluation of the LUT, so these cats typically are classified as having idiopathic cystitis. A syndrome in human beings commonly known as interstitial cystitis (IC) shares many features in common with these cats, permitting comparisons between the two species. A wide range of similarities in abnormalities has been identified between these syndromes outside as well as inside the LUT. A variety of potential familial and developmental risk factors also have been identified. These results have permitted generation of the hypothesis that some of these people have a disorder affecting the LUT rather than a disorder of the LUT. This perspective has suggested alternative diagnostic strategies and novel approaches to treatment, at least in cats. The purpose of this review is to summarize research investigations into the various abnormalities present in cats, to compare some of these findings with those identified in human beings, and to discuss how they might modify perceptions about the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cats with this disease. Dedication: I dedicate this contribution to Professor Dennis J. Chew, whose collaboration, patience, and support made it all possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A T Buffington
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, USA.
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Maserejian NN, Giovannucci EL, McVary KT, McKinlay JB. Intakes of vitamins and minerals in relation to urinary incontinence, voiding, and storage symptoms in women: a cross-sectional analysis from the Boston Area Community Health survey. Eur Urol 2011; 59:1039-47. [PMID: 21444148 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), including voiding, storage, and urinary incontinence, are affected by dietary micronutrients is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that carotenoid, vitamin C, zinc, and calcium intakes are associated with LUTS and urinary incontinence in women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS During an observational, cross-sectional, population-based epidemiologic study of 2060 women (30-79 yr of age) in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey (2002-2005), data were collected by validated food frequency questionnaire and in-person interviews and analyzed using multivariate regression. MEASUREMENTS LUTS, storage, and voiding symptoms were assessed using the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI) and a validated severity index for urinary incontinence. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Women who consumed high-dose vitamin C from diet and supplements were more likely to report storage symptoms, especially combined frequency and urgency (≥ 500 vs < 50mg/d; odds ratio [OR]: 3.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.44-8.12). However, greater consumption of dietary vitamin C or β-cryptoxanthin was inversely associated with voiding symptoms (p(trend) ≤ 0.01). Both dietary and supplemental calcium were positively associated with storage symptoms (eg, supplement ≥ 1000 mg/d vs none; OR: 2.04; 95% CI, 1.35-3.09; p(trend)=0.0002). No consistent associations were observed for β-carotene, lycopene, or other carotenoids, although smokers using β-carotene supplements were more likely to report storage problems. Whether the observed associations represent direct causes of diet on LUTS is uncertain. CONCLUSIONS High-dose intakes of vitamin C and calcium were positively associated with urinary storage or incontinence, whereas vitamin C and β-cryptoxanthin from foods and beverages were inversely associated with voiding symptoms. Results indicate that micronutrient intakes may contribute to LUTS in dose-dependent and symptom-specific ways. Further study is needed to confirm these findings and their relevance to clinical treatment decisions.
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Maserejian NN, Giovannucci EL, McVary KT, McKinlay JB. Dietary, but not supplemental, intakes of carotenoids and vitamin C are associated with decreased odds of lower urinary tract symptoms in men. J Nutr 2011; 141:267-73. [PMID: 21178086 PMCID: PMC3021446 DOI: 10.3945/jn.110.132514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men may be related to micronutrients involved in prevention of oxidative damage or cell growth and differentiation. We tested the hypothesis that carotenoid, vitamin A, and vitamin C intake were inversely associated with total LUTS, voiding, and storage symptoms. We conducted a cross-sectional multivariate analysis of 1466 men aged 30-79 y in the Boston Area Community Health survey (2002-2005), a population-based random sample survey. Data were collected by in-person interview and validated FFQ. Moderate-to-severe LUTS were defined using the American Urological Symptom Index and analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Overall, men consuming greater dietary lycopene, β-carotene, total carotenoid, or vitamin A had ~40-50% decreased odds of LUTS compared with the lowest intake quartiles (e.g. β-carotene and storage symptoms, OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39, 0.82; P-trend = 0.02). Interactions were observed between dietary iron and vitamin C or β-cryptoxanthin, whereby inverse associations with LUTS, particularly voiding symptoms, occurred only among men with moderate-to-high iron intake (P-interaction = 0.001). High-dose supplemental and total vitamin C were positively associated with LUTS (e.g. supplemental vitamin C ≥ 250 mg/d, OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.21, 2.77; P-trend = 0.02). An interaction between β-carotene and smoking status (P-interaction = 0.004) indicated greater odds of LUTS with higher β-carotene intake among current smokers. Results suggest that modifying consumption of carotenoids and vitamin C may influence LUTS in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy N. Maserejian
- New England Research Institutes, Watertown, MA 02472,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Edward L. Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115,Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kevin T. McVary
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Santoso AGH, Lo WN, Liang W. Urothelium-dependent and urothelium-independent detrusor contractility mediated by nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase inhibition. Neurourol Urodyn 2011; 30:619-25. [DOI: 10.1002/nau.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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