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Wang Z, Wang B, Li Z, Han G, Meng C, Jiao B, Guo K, Hsu YC, Sun Y, Liu Y, Bai R. The Consistence of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI and Filter-Exchange Imaging in Measuring Water Exchange Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in High-Grade Glioma. J Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 58:1850-1860. [PMID: 37021659 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water exchange across blood-brain barrier (BBB) (WEXBBB ) is an emerging biomarker of BBB dysfunction with potential applications in many brain diseases. Several MRI methods have been proposed to measure WEXBBB , but evidence remains scarce whether different methods can produce comparable WEXBBB . PURPOSE To explore whether dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and vascular water exchange imaging (VEXI) could produce comparable WEXBBB in high-grade glioma (HGG) patients. STUDY TYPE Prospective cross-sectional. SUBJECTS 13 HGG patients (58.4 ± 9.4 years, 9 females, 4 WHO III and 9 WHO IV). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 3 T, spoiled gradient-recalled-echo DCE-MRI and VEXI containing two pulsed-gradient spin-echo blocks separated by a mixing block. ASSESSMENTS The enhanced tumor and contralateral normal-appearing white matter (cNAWM) volume-of-interests (VOIs) were drew by two neuroradiologists. And whole-brain NAWM and normal-appearing gray matter (NAGM) without tumor-affected regions were segmented by automated segmentation algorithm in FSL. STATISTICAL TESTS Student's t-test was used to evaluate parameters difference between cNAWM and tumor, NAGM and NAWM, respectively. The correlation between vascular water efflux rate constant (kbo ) from DCE-MRI and apparent exchange rate across BBB (AXRBBB ) from VEXI was evaluated by Pearson correlation. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Compared with cNAWM, both kbo and AXRBBB were significantly reduced in tumor (kbo = 3.50 ± 1.18 sec-1 vs. 1.03 ± 0.75 sec-1 ; AXRBBB = 3.54 ± 1.11 sec-1 vs. 1.94 ± 1.04 sec-1 ). Both kbo and AXRBBB showed significantly higher values in NAWM than NAGM (kbo = 3.50 ± 0.59 sec-1 vs. 2.10 ± 0.56 sec-1 ; AXRBBB = 3.35 ± 0.77 sec-1 vs. 2.07 ± 0.52 sec-1 ). The VOI-averaged kbo and AXRBBB were also linearly correlated in tumor, NAWM, and NAGM (r = 0.59). DATA CONCLUSION DCE-MRI and VEXI showed comparable and correlated WEXBBB in HGG patients, suggesting that the consistence and reliability of these two MRI methods in measuring WEXBBB . EVIDENCE LEVEL 2. TECHNICAL EFFICACY Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zejun Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangxu Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingjie Jiao
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyue Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Hsu
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- MR Collaboration, Siemens Healthcare, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruiliang Bai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Affiliated Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Kiser K, Zhang J, Qayyum S, Bracken WC, Kim SG. Simultaneous estimation of the cellular water exchange rate, intracellular volume fraction, and longitudinal relaxation rate in cancer cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 36:e4914. [PMID: 36889984 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of simultaneously estimating the cellular water efflux rate ( k ie ), intracellular longitudinal relaxation rate ( R 10 i ), and intracellular volume fraction ( v i ) of a cell suspension using multiple samples with different gadolinium concentrations. Numerical simulation studies were conducted to assess the uncertainty in the estimation of k ie , R 10 i , and v i from saturation recovery data using single (SC) or multiple concentrations (MC) of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA). In vitro experiments with 4 T1 murine breast cancer and SCCVII squamous cell cancer models were conducted at 11 T to compare parameter estimation using the SC protocol with that using the MC protocol. The cell lines were challenged with a Na+ /K+ -ATPase inhibitor, digoxin, to assess the treatment response in terms of k ie , R 10 i , and v i . Data analysis was conducted using the two-compartment exchange model for parameter estimation. The simulation study data demonstrate that the MC method, compared with the SC method, reduces the uncertainty of the estimated k ie by decreasing the interquartile ranges from 27.3% ± 3.7% to 18.8% ± 5.1% and the median differences from ground truth from 15.0% ± 6.3% to 7.2% ± 4.2%, while estimating R 10 i and v i simultaneously. In the cell studies, the MC method demonstrated reduced uncertainty in overall parameter estimation compared with the SC approach. MC method-measured parameter changes in cells treated with digoxin increased R 10 i by 11.7% (p = 0.218) and k ie by 5.9% (p = 0.234) for 4 T1 cells, respectively, and decreased R 10 i by 28.8% (p = 0.226) and k ie by 1.6% (p = 0.751) for SCCVII cells, respectively. v i did not change noticeably by the treatment. The results of this study substantiate the feasibility of using saturation recovery data of multiple samples with different GBCA concentrations for simultaneous measurement of the cellular water efflux rate, intracellular volume fraction, and intracellular longitudinal relaxation rate in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kiser
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sawwal Qayyum
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - W Clay Bracken
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sungheon Gene Kim
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Li C, Fieremans E, Novikov DS, Ge Y, Zhang J. Measuring water exchange on a preclinical MRI system using filter exchange and diffusion time dependent kurtosis imaging. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1441-1455. [PMID: 36404493 PMCID: PMC9892228 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Filter exchange imaging (FEXI) and diffusion time (t)-dependent diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI(t)) are both sensitive to water exchange between tissue compartments. The restrictive effects of tissue microstructure, however, introduce bias to the exchange rate obtained by these two methods, as their interpretation conventionally rely on the Kärger model of barrier limited exchange between Gaussian compartments. Here, we investigated whether FEXI and DKI(t) can provide comparable exchange rates in ex vivo mouse brains. THEORY AND METHODS FEXI and DKI(t) data were acquired from ex vivo mouse brains on a preclinical MRI system. Phase cycling and negative slice prewinder gradients were used to minimize the interferences from imaging gradients. RESULTS In the corpus callosum, apparent exchange rate (AXR) from FEXI correlated with the exchange rate (the inverse of exchange time, 1/τex ) from DKI(t) along the radial direction. In comparison, discrepancies between FEXI and DKI(t) were found in the cortex due to low filter efficiency and confounding effects from tissue microstructure. CONCLUSION The results suggest that FEXI and DKI(t) are sensitive to the same exchange processes in white matter when separated from restrictive effects of microstructure. The complex microstructure in gray matter, with potential exchange among multiple compartments and confounding effects of microstructure, still pose a challenge for FEXI and DKI(t).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Vilcek Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Els Fieremans
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dmitry S. Novikov
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yulin Ge
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jiangyang Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Biomedical Imaging, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Kiser K, Zhang J, Kim SG. Textural Features of Mouse Glioma Models Measured by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR Images with 3D Isotropic Resolution. Tomography 2023; 9:721-735. [PMID: 37104129 PMCID: PMC10141208 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates the effect of anisotropic resolution on the image textural features of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of a murine glioma model using dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MR images acquired with an isotropic resolution at 7T with pre-contrast T1 mapping. The PK parameter maps of whole tumors at isotropic resolution were generated using the two-compartment exchange model combined with the three-site-two-exchange model. The textural features of these isotropic images were compared with those of simulated, thick-slice, anisotropic images to assess the influence of anisotropic voxel resolution on the textural features of tumors. The isotropic images and parameter maps captured distributions of high pixel intensity that were absent in the corresponding anisotropic images with thick slices. A significant difference was observed in 33% of the histogram and textural features extracted from anisotropic images and parameter maps, compared to those extracted from corresponding isotropic images. Anisotropic images in different orthogonal orientations demonstrated 42.1% of the histogram and textural features to be significantly different from those of isotropic images. This study demonstrates that the anisotropy of voxel resolution needs to be carefully considered when comparing the textual features of tumor PK parameters and contrast-enhanced images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kiser
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Kiser K, Zhang J, Das AB, Tranos JA, Wadghiri YZ, Kim SG. Evaluation of cellular water exchange in a mouse glioma model using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI with two flip angles. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3007. [PMID: 36810898 PMCID: PMC9945648 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29991-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This manuscript aims to evaluate the robustness and significance of the water efflux rate constant (kio) parameter estimated using the two flip-angle Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE) MRI approach with a murine glioblastoma model at 7 T. The repeatability of contrast kinetic parameters and kio measurement was assessed by a test-retest experiment (n = 7). The association of kio with cellular metabolism was investigated through DCE-MRI and FDG-PET experiments (n = 7). Tumor response to a combination therapy of bevacizumab and fluorouracil (5FU) monitored by contrast kinetic parameters and kio (n = 10). Test-retest experiments demonstrated compartmental volume fractions (ve and vp) remained consistent between scans while the vascular functional measures (Fp and PS) and kio showed noticeable changes, most likely due to physiological changes of the tumor. The standardized uptake value (SUV) of tumors has a linear correlation with kio (R2 = 0.547), a positive correlation with Fp (R2 = 0.504), and weak correlations with ve (R2 = 0.150), vp (R2 = 0.077), PS (R2 = 0.117), Ktrans (R2 = 0.088) and whole tumor volume (R2 = 0.174). In the treatment study, the kio of the treated group was significantly lower than the control group one day after bevacizumab treatment and decreased significantly after 5FU treatment compared to the baseline. This study results support the feasibility of measuring kio using the two flip-angle DCE-MRI approach in cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Kiser
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, WMC Box 141, USA.
| | - Jin Zhang
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 WMC Box 141, USA
| | - Ayesha Bharadwaj Das
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 WMC Box 141, USA
| | - James A. Tranos
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Youssef Zaim Wadghiri
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Sungheon Gene Kim
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XDepartment of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 WMC Box 141, USA
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Jiang X, Devan SP, Xie J, Gore JC, Xu J. Improving MR cell size imaging by inclusion of transcytolemmal water exchange. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4799. [PMID: 35794795 PMCID: PMC10124991 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study is to include transcytolemmal water exchange in MR cell size imaging using the IMPULSED model for more accurate characterization of tissue cellular properties (e.g., apparent volume fraction of intracellular space v in ) and quantification of indicators of transcytolemmal water exchange. We propose a heuristic model that incorporates transcytolemmal water exchange into a multicompartment diffusion-based method (IMPULSED) that was developed previously to extract microstructural parameters (e.g., mean cell size d and apparent volume fraction of intracellular space v in ) assuming no water exchange. For t diff ≤ 5 ms, the water exchange can be ignored, and the signal model is the same as the IMPULSED model. For t diff ≥ 30 ms, we incorporated the modified Kärger model that includes both restricted diffusion and exchange between compartments. Using simulations and previously published in vitro cell data, we evaluated the accuracy and precision of model-derived parameters and determined how they are dependent on SNR and imaging parameters. The joint model provides more accurate d values for cell sizes ranging from 10 to 12 microns when water exchange is fast (e.g., intracellular water pre-exchange lifetime τ in ≤ 100 ms) than IMPULSED, and reduces the bias of IMPULSED-derived estimates of v in , especially when water exchange is relatively slow (e.g., τ in > 200 ms). Indicators of transcytolemmal water exchange derived from the proposed joint model are linearly correlated with ground truth τ in values and can detect changes in cell membrane permeability induced by saponin treatment in murine erythroleukemia cancer cells. Our results suggest this joint model not only improves the accuracy of IMPULSED-derived microstructural parameters, but also provides indicators of water exchange that are usually ignored in diffusion models of tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiang
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean P Devan
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jingping Xie
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John C. Gore
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Junzhong Xu
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Corresponding author: Address: Vanderbilt University, Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21 Avenue South, AA 1105 MCN, Nashville, TN 37232-2310, United States. Fax: +1 615 322 0734. (Junzhong Xu). Twitter: @JunzhongXu
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Kinh Do R, Reyngold M, Paudyal R, Oh JH, Konar AS, LoCastro E, Goodman KA, Shukla-Dave A. Diffusion-Weighted and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Derived Imaging Metrics for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Preliminary Findings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 6:261-271. [PMID: 32548304 PMCID: PMC7289241 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2020.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to assess longitudinal changes in quantitative imaging metric values obtained from diffusion-weighted (DW-) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE)-MRI at pre-treatment (TX[0]), immediately after the first fraction of stereotactic body radiotherapy (D1-TX[1]), and 6 weeks post-TX (Post-TX[2]) in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Ten enrolled patients (n = 10) underwent DW- and DCE-MRI examinations on a 3.0 T scanner. The apparent diffusion coefficient, ADC (mm2/s), was derived from DW imaging data using a monoexponential model. The tissue relaxation rate, R 1t, time-course data were fitted with a shutter-speed model, which provides estimates of the volume transfer constant, K trans (min-1), extravascular extracellular volume fraction, ve , and mean lifetime of intracellular water protons, τ i (seconds). Wilcoxon rank-sum test compared the mean values, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and relative percentage (r, %) changes (Δ) in ADC, K trans, ve , and τ i values between the magnetic resonance examinations. rADCΔ2-0 values were significantly greater than rADCΔ1-0 values (P = .009). rK trans Δ2-0 values were significantly lower than rK trans Δ1-0 values (P = .048). rve Δ2-1 and rveΔ2-0 values were significantly different (P = .016). rτ i Δ2-1 values were significantly lower than rτ i Δ2-0 values (P = .008). For group comparison, the pre-TX mean and kurtosis of ADC (P = .18 and P = .14), skewness and kurtosis of K trans values (P = .14 for both) showed a leaning toward significant difference between patients who experienced local control (n = 2) and failed early (n = 4). DW- and DCE-MRI-derived quantitative metrics could be useful biomarkers to evaluate longitudinal changes to stereotactic body radiotherapy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramesh Paudyal
- Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jung Hun Oh
- Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | | | - Eve LoCastro
- Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Karyn A Goodman
- Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Amita Shukla-Dave
- Departments of Radiology.,Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; and
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Zhang J, Lemberskiy G, Moy L, Fieremans E, Novikov DS, Kim SG. Measurement of cellular-interstitial water exchange time in tumors based on diffusion-time-dependent diffusional kurtosis imaging. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4496. [PMID: 33634508 PMCID: PMC8170918 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the feasibility of using diffusion-time-dependent diffusional kurtosis imaging (tDKI) to measure cellular-interstitial water exchange time (τex ) in tumors, both in animals and in humans. METHODS Preclinical tDKI studies at 7 T were performed with the GL261 glioma model and the 4T1 mammary tumor model injected into the mouse brain. Clinical studies were performed at 3 T with women who had biopsy-proven invasive ductal carcinoma. tDKI measurement was conducted using a diffusion-weighted STEAM pulse sequence with multiple diffusion times (20-800 ms) at a fixed echo time, while keeping the b-values the same (0-3000 s/mm2 ) by adjusting the diffusion gradient strength. The tDKI data at each diffusion time t were used for a weighted linear least-squares fit method to estimate the diffusion-time-dependent diffusivity, D(t), and diffusional kurtosis, K(t). RESULTS Both preclinical and clinical studies showed that, when diffusion time t ≥ 200 ms, D(t) did not have a noticeable change while K(t) decreased monotonically with increasing diffusion time in tumors and t ≥ 100 ms for the cortical ribbon of the mouse brain. The estimated τex averaged median and interquartile range (IQR) of GL261 and 4T1 tumors were 93 (IQR = 89) ms and 68 (78) ms, respectively. For the cortical ribbon, the estimated τex averaged median and IQR were 41 (34) ms for C57BL/6 and 30 (17) ms for BALB/c. For invasive ductal carcinoma, the estimated τex median and IQR of the two breast cancers were 70 (94) and 106 (92) ms. CONCLUSION The results of this proof-of-concept study substantiate the feasibility of using tDKI to measure cellular-interstitial water exchange time without using an exogenous contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gregory Lemberskiy
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Linda Moy
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Els Fieremans
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dmitry S Novikov
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sungheon Gene Kim
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CBI), Center for Advanced Imaging Innovation and Research (CAI2R), Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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