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Châtel A, Murillo L, Bourdin CM, Quinchard S, Picard D, Legros C. Characterization of tyramine β-hydroxylase, an enzyme upregulated by stress in Periplaneta americana. J Mol Endocrinol 2013. [PMID: 23197360 DOI: 10.1530/jme-12-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Octopamine (OA) is an important neuroactive substance that modulates several physiological functions and behaviors of various invertebrate species. This biogenic monoamine, structurally related to noradrenaline, acts as a neurotransmitter, a neuromodulator, or a neurohormone in insects. The tyramine β-hydroxylase (TBH) catalyzes the last step in OA biosynthesis and thus plays a key role in the regulation of synthesis and secretion of OA in neurons. The aim of this study was to characterize TBH in the cockroach Periplaneta americana and to get a better understanding of its regulation under stress conditions in this insect. First of all, five full-length cDNAs encoding TBH isoforms were cloned from the nerve cord of the physiological model P. americana. PaTBH transcripts were found mainly expressed in nervous tissues and in octopaminergic dorsal unpaired median neurons. In addition, a new ELISA assay was developed so as to allow determination of both OA level and TBH activity in stressed cockroaches. Mechanical stressful stimulation led to a significant increase in TBH activity after 1 and 24 h, with a higher induction after 1 h than after 24 h. Thus, TBH could be considered as a promising biomarker of stress in insects rather than OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Châtel
- Laboratoire Récepteurs et Canaux Ioniques Membranaires UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV, Université d'Angers, 2 boulevard Lavoisier, F-49045 Angers Cedex, France.
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Evans PD, Robb S, Cuthbert BA. Insect neuropeptides-identification, establishment of functional roles and novel target sites for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780250110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Loli D, Bicudo JEPW. Control and Regulatory Mechanisms Associated with Thermogenesis in Flying Insects and Birds. Biosci Rep 2005; 25:149-80. [PMID: 16283551 DOI: 10.1007/s10540-005-2883-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most insects and birds are able to fly. The chitin made exoskeleton of insects poses them several constraints, and this is one the reasons they are in general small sized animals. On the other hand, because birds possess an endoskeleton made of bones they may grow much larger when compared to insects. The two taxa are quite different with regards to their general “design” platform, in particular with respect to their respiratory and circulatory systems. However, because they fly, they may share in common several traits, namely those associated with the control and regulatory mechanisms governing thermogenesis. High core temperatures are essential for animal flight irrespective of the taxa they belong to. Birds and insects have thus evolved mechanisms which allowed them to control and regulate high rates of heat fluxes. This article discusses possible convergent thermogenic control and regulatory mechanisms associated with flight in insects and birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Loli
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kim SK, Rulifson EJ. Conserved mechanisms of glucose sensing and regulation by Drosophila corpora cardiaca cells. Nature 2004; 431:316-20. [PMID: 15372035 DOI: 10.1038/nature02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic activities of glucagon and insulin control metabolism in mammals, and disruption of this balance underlies diabetes pathogenesis. Insulin-producing cells (IPCs) in the brain of insects such as Drosophila also regulate serum glucose, but it remains unclear whether insulin is the sole hormonal regulator of glucose homeostasis and whether mechanisms of glucose-sensing and response in IPCs resemble those in pancreatic islets. Here we show, by targeted cell ablation, that Drosophila corpora cardiaca (CC) cells of the ring gland are also essential for larval glucose homeostasis. Unlike IPCs, CC cells express Drosophila cognates of sulphonylurea receptor (Sur) and potassium channel (Ir), proteins that comprise ATP-sensitive potassium channels regulating hormone secretion by islets and other mammalian glucose-sensing cells. They also produce adipokinetic hormone, a polypeptide with glucagon-like functions. Glucose regulation by CC cells is impaired by exposure to sulphonylureas, drugs that target the Sur subunit. Furthermore, ubiquitous expression of an akh transgene reverses the effect of CC ablation on serum glucose. Thus, Drosophila CC cells are crucial regulators of glucose homeostasis and they use glucose-sensing and response mechanisms similar to islet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center B300, Stanford, California 94305-5329, USA.
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Matsumoto Y, Sakai M. Brain Control of Mating Behavior in the Male Cricket Gryllus bimaculatus DeGeer: Excitatory Control of Copulatory Actions. Zoolog Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.18.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Iba M, Nagao T, Urano A. The Levels of Biogenic Amines in the Corpora Allata, Corpora Cardiaca and Frontal Ganglion in the Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Zoolog Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.13.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hirashima A, Nagano T, Takeya R, Eto M. Effect of larval density on whole-body biogenic amine levels of Tribolium freemani hinton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90162-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Adipokinetic hormones AKH I (pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Thr-Pro-Asn-Trp-Gly-Thr-NH2) and AKH II (pGlu-Leu-Asn-Phe-Ser-Trp-Gly-Thr-NH2) are synthesized by neurosecretory cells (NSC) of the corpora cardiaca (CC) in the locust, Schistocerca gregaria. These NSC constitute a homogeneous 'peptide factory' as each cell synthesizes both AKH I and AKH II. This homogeneity makes the CC an excellent system in which to study aspects of neuropeptide biosynthesis. This report summarizes recent findings on AKH inactivation and metabolism, as well as on AKH prohormone processing and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M O'Shea
- Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Christensen TA, Itagaki H, Teal PE, Jasensky RD, Tumlinson JH, Hildebrand JG. Innervation and neural regulation of the sex pheromone gland in female Heliothis moths. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:4971-5. [PMID: 2052579 PMCID: PMC51789 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.11.4971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Female Heliothis moths normally produce their species-specific male attractant (sex pheromone blend) during scotophase, and this production is stimulated by pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), presumably carried in the hemolymph. Several lines of evidence indicate that the central nervous system plays another critical role in this regulation. Pheromone biosynthesis was induced during photophase by electrical stimulation of the ventral nerve cord or the peripheral nerves projecting from the terminal abdominal ganglion to the pheromone gland in the tip of the abdomen. Electron microscopy further revealed that axonal branches innervate the gland tissue. Nerve branches associated with pheromone gland cells are enwrapped in glia and contain dense-core vesicles, suggesting that the innervation of the gland might be neurosecretory. Finally, the biogenic monoamine octopamine was nearly as effective as purified Heliothis zea PBAN in stimulating pheromone biosynthesis when injected into intact females during mid-photophase. Furthermore, both octopamine and PBAN stimulated significant increases in the pheromone content of the glands in isolated abdomens lacking a ventral nerve cord but only when abdomens were treated at the onset of scotophase. These data suggest that the regulation of sex pheromone production in Heliothis is more complex than previously thought. Activation of the gland appears to be governed by both neural and hormonal mechanisms, and these control mechanisms depend on photoperiodic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Christensen
- Arizona Research Laboratories Division of Neurobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721
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11
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Shimizu T, Mihara M, Takeda N. High-performance liquid chromatography of biogenic amines in the corpus cardiacum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. J Chromatogr A 1991; 539:193-7. [PMID: 2013612 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)95373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of biogenic amines in the corpus cardiacum of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography with a Neurochem neurochemical analyser. Vanillic acid, dopamine, octopamine and tyramine were detected. Tyrosine and tryptophan were also detected at high levels. Octopamine levels in the corpus cardiacum were increased on injection of an acetone solution. The biological function of the biogenic amines detected is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimizu
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Goudey-Perrière F, Barreteau H, Perrière C, Gayral P, Jacquot C, Brousse-Gaury P. Biogenic amine levels in the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Burm. nervous system. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 100:451-5. [PMID: 1687541 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90023-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. Apart from octopamine, the same indolamines and catecholamines were detected in the whole nervous system of the cockroach Blaberus craniifer Burm., at the same time. 2. However, levels were found to depend on sex, age, and the anatomic region within the nervous system. 3. Although not established, it is thought that these substances act synchronously from the ganglia. 4. The differences in levels between males and females and between anatomical regions during imaginal life suggest, in this species of cockroach, the physiological importance of the metameric organization in metabolic pathways or functional aspects of biogenic amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Goudey-Perrière
- Laboratoire de Biologie, Université Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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13
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Thompson CS, Yagi KJ, Chen ZF, Tobe SS. The effects of octopamine on juvenile hormone biosynthesis, electrophysiology, and cAMP content of the corpora allata of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. J Comp Physiol B 1990; 160:241-9. [PMID: 2174067 DOI: 10.1007/bf00302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone production by the corpora allata of the adult female cockroach, Diploptera punctata, can be modulated by treatment with the biogenic amine, octopamine. Endogenous octopamine has been identified within the CA, using HPLC and electrochemical detection. Treatment with octopamine results in a sinusoidal, dose-dependent inhibition of JH biosynthesis by CA from day 2 virgin females, with maximal inhibition occurring at 10(-10) M and 10(-4 M. In day 4 and day 8 mated female corpora allata octopamine inhibited JH biosynthesis at 5 x 10(-5) M. Although the elevation of either cAMP or cGMP within the CA is known to be associated with an inhibition of JH biosynthesis, treatment with high concentrations of octopamine results in an increase in the level of cAMP but not cGMP. This effect is both dose- and time-dependent. Octopamine treatment also initiates changes in the passive membrane responses of the CA. Superfusion of CA with octopamine results in a pronounced hyperpolarization of CA cells and an increase in the electrotonic potential (indicative of the degree of electrical coupling between CA cells). This effect could be blocked by the octopamine receptor blocker phentolamine. Treatment with octopamine or phentolamine also blocked the hyperpolarization of CA cells normally associated with electrical stimulation of the axon tracts innervating the CA. We hypothesize that octopamine may be a natural neuromodulator of JH production by CA, regulating ion channels in CA cells themselves as well as release of the inhibitory neuropeptide, allatostatin, from the terminals within the CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Thompson
- Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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David JC, Coulon JF, Cavoy A, Delacour J. Effects of aging on p- and m-octopamine, catecholamines, and their metabolizing enzymes in the rat. J Neurochem 1989; 53:149-54. [PMID: 2566654 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Functions of octopamine in the mammalian brain are still not well known. An important aspect of this problem is the relationship between octopamines and catecholamines. Previous data have shown that their respective ontogenic evolutions are not parallel. Do the changes in brain related to aging also differentially affect these two groups of molecules? In order to check this point, the brain levels of p- and m-octopamine, p-tyramine, noradrenaline, and dopamine, as well as the activities of metabolizing enzymes, were determined in young adult and aging rats (20-26 months). Unlike catecholamines, there is a drastic decrease of p-octopamine after 20 months of age in the hypothalamus and telencephalon. p-Tyramine levels are also lowered. This change appears to be due to a decrease of the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase activity. These data, as those of ontogenic studies, confirm that p-octopamine and catecholamine metabolisms may have some independent steps and, moreover, that p-octopamine may have a role in the normal activity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C David
- Laboratoire de Biochimie du Développement URA 95 CNRS, Rennes, France
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15
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Coulon JF, Cavoy A, Delacour J, David JC. Prenatal ontogenesis of brain phenolamines and catecholamines in relation to their metabolizing enzymes in Roman avoider strains of rats. J Neurochem 1989; 52:1418-24. [PMID: 2565373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09188.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenolamines, particularly octopamines, are of special importance in avoidance behavior. In the Roman low avoidance (RLA) strain, p-octopamine can induce locomotor behavioral activity that is normally observed in the Roman high avoidance (RHA) strain. For these reasons, the levels of prenatal octopamines (para and meta isomers) have been studied in relation to noradrenaline and dopamine levels. In the hypothalamus and brainstem of RHA, a maximum level of the para isomer is observed at 15 days of embryonic development but, unlike in controls and RLA animals, this level remains almost constant until 20 days. For the meta-isomer and catecholamines, there is a 1-2 day delay in detection between controls and RLA or RHA. The study of related enzyme activities reveals that tyrosine hydroxylase displays a 2-day delay in RHA when compared to the control value at 19 days of fetal life. These results are discussed in terms of the role of p-octopamine in avoidance conditioning and of the possible delayed expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in Roman strains of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Coulon
- Faculté des Sciences, Université d'Angers, France
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Influence of pesticides and neuroactive amines on cAMP levels of two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(89)90051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Konings PN, Vullings HG, Geffard M, Buijs RM, Diederen JH, Jansen WF. Immunocytochemical demonstration of octopamine-immunoreactive cells in the nervous system of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria. Cell Tissue Res 1988; 251:371-9. [PMID: 3125977 DOI: 10.1007/bf00215846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of octopamine in the metathoracic ganglion, brain and corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria and Schistocerca gregaria was investigated by means of immunocytochemistry with an antiserum against octopamine. The dorsal unpaired median (DUM) cells of the metathoracic ganglion were found to be strongly octopamine-immunoreactive. In the rostroventral part of the protocerebrum a group of seven immunopositive cells was demonstrated. Stained nerve fibres of these cells run into three directions: circumoesophageal connectives, midbrain, and optic lobes. As far as the protocerebrum is concerned, immunoreactive fibres were found in the central body, the protocerebral bridge, and in other neuropile areas. In the optic lobe a dense plexus of immunopositive fibres was found in the lobula and in the medulla. In the brain one other immunopositive cell was demonstrated, situated at the lateral border of the tritocerebrum. Octopamine could not be shown to occur either in the globuli cells of the mushroom bodies or in the dorsolateral part of the protocerebrum, where the perikarya of the secretomotor neurones are located that innervate the glandular cells of the corpus cardiacum. In the nervi corporis cardiaci II, which contain the axons of the neurones that extend into the glandular part of the corpus cardiacum, and in the corpus cardiacum proper no specific octopamine immunoreactivity could be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Konings
- Department of Experimental Zoology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Detection of biogenic amines and nychthemeral variations in the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(88)90115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hidoh O, Fukami J. Presynaptic modulation by octopamine at a single neuromuscular junction in the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1987; 18:315-26. [PMID: 2885395 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480180306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of octopamine on the neuromuscular junction of the mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) was examined. Octopamine potentiated excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) recorded intracellularly and extracellularly from ventral longitudinal muscle fibers. The potentiating action of octopamine was blocked in the presence of the alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, phentolamine, but not in the presence of another alpha-blocker, phenoxybenzamine, or the beta-blockers propranolol and dichloroisoproterenol. The resting membrane potential, membrane input resistance, reversal potential of EJP, glutamate potentials, and spontaneous miniature EJPs were found to be unaffected by octopamine. In contrast, quantal contents estimated by the extracellularly recorded EJP failures were greatly increased by octopamine. These results suggest that octopamine acted on the presynaptic terminals via alpha-adrenoceptor-like receptors (octopamine receptors) at the Tenebrio neuromuscular junctions to enhance the transmitter release associated with the motor nerve impulses.
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Barrett BA, Loughton BG. A hypoglycemic factor from the corpus cardiacum of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1987; 66:79-84. [PMID: 3556312 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(87)90352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography of cockroach corpora cardiaca (cc) extracts revealed a fraction (F1 in solvent system 1) which had hyperlipemic activity in locusts and which differed in mobility from synthetic locust adipokinetic hormone I (AKH I). Fractions 4 and 5 exhibited hypolipemic activity when injected into locusts. Pooled samples of these fractions caused a diminution of carbohydrate levels in the cockroach. Bovine insulin mimicked both these effects. No change in hemolymph lipid was evident in the cockroach after injection of either CC fractions 4 and 5 or bovine insulin. Both the active fraction from the cockroach CC and bovine insulin caused a decrease in hemolymph carbohydrate in neck-ligated locusts. Injection of locust hypolipemic hormone, separated from locust CC storage lobes by TLC, into neck-ligated locusts also caused a decrease in hemolymph carbohydrate concentration. Normal locusts showed no change in hemolymph carbohydrate.
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Keeley LL, Hayes TK. Speculations on biotechnology applications for insect neuroendocrine research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(87)90031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pannabecker T, Orchard I. Octopamine and cyclic AMP mediate release of adipokinetic hormone I and II from isolated locust neuroendocrine tissue. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1986; 48:153-9. [PMID: 3026870 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(86)90037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Octopamine serves as a neurotransmitter in the glandular lobe of the locust corpus cardiacum where it regulates adipokinetic hormone (AKH) secretion from intrinsic neurosecretory cells. Two AKHs (AKH I and II) from the corpus cardiacum of Locusta have been sequenced and synthesized. We have now demonstrated that octopamine mediates release of both AKH I and II from Locusta corpora cardiaca in vitro. Octopamine, IBMX, and forskolin have previously been shown to elevate levels of cAMP in the glandular lobe. In this paper we demonstrate that IBMX and forskolin mediate secretion of AKH I and AKH II thus mimicking the effects of octopamine in this tissue. The cAMP analogs dibutyryl cAMP and 8-bromo cAMP also elicit release of AKH and a subthreshold concentration of IBMX potentiates the effects of octopamine. These observations demonstrate that cAMP participates in regulating AKH release and support the hypothesis that octopamine mediates hormone release at least in part via changes in intracellular levels of cAMP. The release of AKH I and AKH II is apparently regulated by similar mechanisms. The hyperlipemic activity of AKH II released into the perfusates following stimulation by octopamine and agents which elevate cAMP levels is significantly lower than that of AKH I. This differential response is probably due both to the reduced lipid-mobilizing effect of AKH II relative to AKH I, as well as to the release of greater amounts of AKH I.
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The Endocrine Control of Flight Metabolism in Locusts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71155-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Bloemen R, Beenakkers A, de Vlieger T. Influences of the ncc axons on electrical activity in the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of Locusta migratoria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(86)90622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Neuropeptides in Insects: Possible Leads to New Control Methods. PROCEEDINGS IN LIFE SCIENCES 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-70821-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Octopamine changes in nervous and non-nervous tissues of the locust, Locusta migratoria L., after different flight conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(85)90186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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31
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Flanagan TR. Cytological evidence for serotonin-containing fibers in an abdominal neurohemal organ in a hemipteran. Brain Res 1984; 306:235-42. [PMID: 6380643 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The abdominal neurohemal organs of the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus contain an extensive serotonin containing arborization. Endogenous serotonin within fibers and terminals in the neurohemal area were detected with histochemical and immunocytological techniques. The abdominal nerves which contain the neurohemal organs selectively sequester exogenous serotonin. Serotonin and its metabolites are biochemically detected within the mesothoracic ganglion, which is a known source of projections into the neurohemal organ. However, the source of the cell bodies which might send serotonergic fibers to the neurohemal organ remains undetermined because no correspondence was found between immunocytological maps of serotonin-containing cells in the ganglion, and projection maps into neurohemal organ (determined by cobalt back-filling).
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Flanagan TR, Berlind A. Serotonin modulation of the release of sequestered [3H]serotonin from nerve terminals in an insect neurohemal organ in vitro. Brain Res 1984; 306:243-50. [PMID: 6380644 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous tritiated serotonin ([3H]5-HT) is taken up by and released from serotonin-containing fibers within abdominal nerves of Rhodnius prolixus during in vitro incubations. Sequestered [3H]5-HT behaves as expected of an endogenous neurosecretory product in this system. Release is Ca2+-dependent during both K+-induced and physiologically induced secretory episodes. The kinetics of the release of sequestered label parallels the kinetics of release of endogenous neurohormones. Preloaded preparations which are washed with unlabeled 5-HT release label in two fashions; 5-HT itself induces a release of label and, at lower concentrations, 5-HT facilitates the release of label induced by high K+ washes. Facilitatory effects appear to be mediated through receptors within the neurohemal organ (NHO).
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Quackenbush LS, Fingerman M. Regulation of neurohormone release in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator: effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid, octopamine, Met-enkephalin, and beta-endorphin. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 79:77-84. [PMID: 6149882 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) blocked concentration of the pigments in melanophores and erythrophores of intact crabs. GABA blocked the release of pigment concentrating hormones from the isolated eyestalk. Octopamine (OA) blocked black pigment dispersion in intact crabs, but did not affect red pigment dispersion or concentration. OA blocked the release of black pigment dispersing hormone from isolated eyestalks. Met-enkephalin, but not Leu-enkephalin, stimulated black and red pigment concentration in intact crabs. Met-enkephalin, but not Leu-enkephalin, stimulated the release of pigment concentrating hormones from isolated eyestalks. Naloxone blocked the effects of Met-enkephalin in intact crabs and on isolated eyestalks. Beta-endorphin induced black pigment dispersion in intact crabs and in isolated legs.
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Delacour J, Coulon JF, David JC, Guenaire C. Brain octopamine and strain differences in avoidance behavior. Brain Res 1983; 288:169-76. [PMID: 6419983 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
According to recent research, a significant relationship seems to exist between brain contents of p-octopamine and two-way avoidance responding in rats. Levels of this amine in hypothalamus and brainstem are higher in rats from the Roman High Avoidance (RHA) strain than in rats from the Roman Low Avoidance (RLA) strain. Intracerebroventricular administration of p-octopamine facilitates avoidance responding. The present paper reports the behavioral and neurochemical effects of p-octopamine administration on rats from the Roman strains. This treatment has no significant effect on cerebral levels of catecholamines, but it temporarily suppresses the strain differences in p-octopamine levels. In parallel, it also suppresses the strain differences in two-way avoidance conditioning, its facilitatory effect being much greater in RLA than in RHA rats. Avoidance behavior appears to be a useful model for the study of octopamine functions in the mammalian brain.
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Orchard I, Gole JW, Downer RG. Pharmacology of aminergic receptors mediating an elevation in cyclic AMP and release of hormone from locust neurosecretory cells. Brain Res 1983; 288:349-53. [PMID: 6140980 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic activation of the neurosecretory cells within the glandular lobe of the corpus cardiacum of locusts results in the release of bioassayable adipokinetic hormones and an elevation in cAMP. The effectiveness of several putative aminergic neurotransmitters in mimicking these actions of the natural transmitter, and the effects of aminergic antagonists, have been studied. The receptors mediating the release of adipokinetic hormones exhibited a specificity for the monophenolic amines octopamine and synephrine at 10(-7) M. These two amines were also the most effective, at 5 X 10(-6) M, in elevating cAMP levels. Octopamine induced a dose-dependent elevation in cAMP with half-maximal stimulation occurring at 5 X 10(-6) M. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was also capable of elevating cAMP levels, but, unlike the octopamine response, or the response to the natural transmitter, the response to 5-HT was not blocked by the antagonist phentolamine. Gramine was also an effective antagonist of the octopamine-induced response. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that octopamine is the natural transmitter within this neurosecretory system.
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Budziakowski ME, Mettrick DF, Webb RA. Aminergic neurons in the anterior nervous system of the rat acanthocephalan Moniliformis dubius. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1983; 14:313-25. [PMID: 6411864 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480140406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral ganglion and nerve tracts of Moniliformis dubius show intense, specific, green fluorescence that is also associated with the lateral and apical sensory bulbs. Radioenzymatic assays showed that high levels of dopamine were present but only small amounts of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine were identified. Incubations of the proboscis sac in dilute solutions of dopamine increased fluorescence while incubations in reserpine resulted in loss of fluorescence. Nonfluorogenic amine octopamine was also detected radioenzymatically. Neutral red vitally stained a number of cells in the cerebral ganglion and the nerve tracts extending from the ganglion. Electron microscopy showed that many neurons contained electron-dense vesicles. The close association of the fluorescing, amine-containing nerve tracts with the sensory bulbs suggests that they may play a functional role in sensory reception and transmission in M. dubius. This is the first report on the presence of biogenic amines in the Acanthocephala.
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Van Marrewijk WJ, Van den Broek AT, Beenakkers AM. Regulation of glycogen phosphorylase activity in fat body of Locusta migratoria and Periplaneta americana. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 50:226-34. [PMID: 6407890 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(83)90222-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Saline extracts of the corpus cardiacum (CC) of Locusta migratoria activate glycogen phosphorylase in locust fat body. The response of phosphorylase to CC extracts and to synthetic adipokinetic hormone (AKH) suggests that the factor responsible for the activating effect of the CC on phosphorylase is AKH, supplemented to a minor degree with Compound II. Octopamine does not influence fat body phosphorylase activity in locusts, however, it elicits a rapid short-term hyperlipemia. In cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, injection of octopamine results in a strong activation of fat body phosphorylase within 1 min. Cockroach CC extract exerts a more prolonged effect on phosphorylase activity than does octopamine.
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Tanaka KR, Webb RA. Octopamine in Lumbricus terrestris: presence, synthesis and effect of octopamine on the spontaneous rhythmic contractions of the ventral nerve cord. Brain Res 1983; 260:160-5. [PMID: 6297684 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)90780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A radiochemical-enzymatic assay was utilized to measure endogenous levels of octopamine in the nerve cord and blood of the earthworm. The results show the presence of octopamine in the ventral nerve cord and blood at concentrations of 2.79 +/- 0.5 (means +/- S.D.) ng/mg wet tissue weight and 9.5 +/- 1.6 x 10(-8) M (means +/- S.D.) respectively. The ability of the ventral nerve cord to synthesize octopamine was investigated by incubating the tissue in vitro in radiolabeled percursors. The results show the synthesis of [3H]octopamine from both precursor [3H]tyrosine and [3H]tyramine. In vitro incubation of the isolated ventral nerve cord in physiological concentrations of octopamine revealed modulation of the spontaneous rhythmic contractions of the nerve cord. The data provide direct support for a modulatory role of octopamine in L. terrestris.
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Ribeiro P, Webb RA. The occurrence and synthesis of octopamine and catecholamines in the cestode Hymenolepis diminuta. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1983; 7:53-62. [PMID: 6405267 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(83)90116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Abstract
Intracerebroventricular administration of P-octopamine (OA) had opposite effects on locomotor activity depending on whether or not the rats were subjected to uncontrollable electric shocks. In unshocked rats, OA produced a large decrease in locomotor activity, but when the rats were subjected to unsignalled and uncontrollable electric shocks, a significant increase in locomotor activity resulted. The latter effect was observed either when the shocks were applied during the measurement of locomotor activity or when they were applied the day before (conditioned suppression paradigm). These results support the hypothesis of a neuromodulation of central noradrenergic transmission by octopamine.
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Tanaka KR, Webb RA. Octopamine action on the spontaneous contractions of the isolated nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1983; 76:113-20. [PMID: 6139237 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(83)90052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Octopamine and synephrine were observed to effect the spontaneous rhythmic contractions displayed by the isolated ventral nerve cord of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. octopamine and synephrine produced dose-dependent significant changes in the frequency, amplitude and basal tonus of the spontaneous contractions. Application of adrenergic receptor antagonists suggested the octopamine receptors to have some similarity to vertebrate alpha 1-adrenergic receptors. The spontaneous contractions were not abolished by tetrodotoxin (TTX) which suggested a myogenic origin for the contraction of the ventral nerve cord sheath muscles. Octopamine, in the presence of TTX, increased the basal tonus and maximum force of the spontaneous contractions.
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Orchard I, Loughton B, Gole J, Downer R. Synaptic transmission elevates adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in locust neurosecretory cells. Brain Res 1983; 258:152-5. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(83)91242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Orchard I, Carlisle JA, Loughton BG, Gole JW, Downer RG. In vitro studies on the effects of octopamine on locust fat body. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1982; 48:7-13. [PMID: 6290311 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Bodnaryk RP. The effects of pesticides and related compounds on cyclic nucleotide metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(82)90045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Singh GJ, Orchard I, Loughton BG. Pharmacology of insecticide-induced release of hyperlipaemic hormone in the locust, Locusta migratoria. GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1982; 13:471-5. [PMID: 6130027 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(82)90020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. The mechanism of insecticide-induced release of hyperlipaemic hormone from the glandular lobe of the isolated corpora cardiaca (CC) of locusts has been studied using pharmacological agents. 2. Treatment of isolated CC with various insecticides induces the release of hyperlipaemic hormone as judged by bioassay. 3. Reserpinisation of CC (25 micrograms/locust) or treatment of isolated CC with the alpha-adrenergic-receptor blocker phentolamine had no effect on the action of DDT or bioresmethrin, but partially blocked the action of dieldrin and chlorfenvinphos. 4. Treatment of isolated CC with the postsynaptic cholinergic blocker hexamethonium bromide abolished the effect of dieldrin and chlorfenvinphos, but did not block the action of DDT or bioresmethrin. 5. The effects of all the insecticides tested in this study were completely blocked by treatment of the CC with 10(-6) M tetrodotoxin. 6. The results indicate that DDT and bioresmethrin may act directly on the glandular cells via a sodium-dependent mechanism. The results with dieldrin and chlorfenvinphos suggest the presence of two distinct cholinergic pathways, one of which acts via the pre-synaptic aminergic terminals which control the glandular cells, whereas the other acts elsewhere in the CC. Sodium channels are also involved in the ultimate expression of these two insecticides.
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