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Wei B, Xiao H, Xu B, Kuca K, Qin Z, Guo X, Wu W, Wu Q. Emesis to trichothecene deoxynivalenol and its congeners correspond to secretion of peptide YY and 5-HT. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113874. [PMID: 37286030 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The type B trichothecenes pollute food crops and have been associated to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic reaction in human and animal. This group of mycotoxins consists deoxynivalenol (DON) and four structurally related congeners: 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol (3-ADON), 15-acetyl deoxynivalenol (15-ADON), nivalenol (NIV) and 4-acetyl-nivalenol (fusarenon X, FX). While emesis induced by intraperitoneally dosed to DON in the mink has been related to plasma up-grading of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY), the impact of oral dosing with DON or its four congeners on secretion of these chemical substances have not been established. The aim of this work was to contraste emetic influence to type B trichothecene mycotoxins by orally dosing and involve these influence to PYY and 5-HT. All five toxins attracted marked emetic reaction that are relevant to elevated PYY and 5-HT. The reduction in vomiting induced by the five toxins and PYY was due to blocking of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor. The inhibition of the induced vomiting response by 5-HT and all five toxins is regulated by the 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron. In a word, our results indicate that PYY and 5-HT take a key role in the emetic reaction evoked by type B trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Wei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Huiping Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Zihui Qin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Xinyi Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; School of Food and Biological Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Qinghua Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China.
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2
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Smith JS, Gebert JE, Ebner LS, Bennett KO, Collins RJ, Hampton CE, Kleine SA, Mulon PY, Smith CK, Seddighi R, Bussieres G, Mochel JP, Knych HK. Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular maropitant in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2023; 46:158-164. [PMID: 36872454 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are at risk of vomiting from medical conditions as well as the emetic side effects of drugs administered for peri-operative manipulations, but there is a lack of pharmacokinetic data for potential anti-emetic therapies, such as maropitant, in this species. The main objective of this study was to estimate plasma pharmacokinetic parameters for maropitant in pigs after a single intramuscular (IM) administration dosed at 1.0 mg/kg. A secondary objective was to estimate pilot pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs after oral (PO) administration at 2.0 mg/kg. Maropitant was administered to six commercial pigs at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg IM. Plasma samples were collected over 72 h. After a 7-day washout period, two pigs were administered maropitant at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg PO. Maropitant concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental analysis was used to derive pharmacokinetics parameters. No adverse events were noted in any of the study pigs after administration. Following single IM administration, maximum plasma concentration was estimated at 412.7 ± 132.0 ng/mL and time to maximum concentration ranged from 0.083 to 1.0 h. Elimination half-life was estimated at 6.7 ± 1.28 h, and mean residence time was 6.1 ± 1.2 h. Volume of distribution after IM administration was 15.9 L/kg. Area under the curve was 1336 ± 132.0 h*ng/mL. The relative bioavailability of PO administration was noted to be 15.5% and 27.2% in the two pilot pigs. The maximum systemic concentration observed in the study pigs after IM administration was higher than what was observed after subcutaneous administration in dogs, cats, or rabbits. The achieved maximum concentration exceeded the concentrations for anti-emetic purposes in dogs and cats; however, a specific anti-emetic concentration is currently not known for pigs. Further research is needed into the pharmacodynamics of maropitant in pigs to determine specific therapeutic strategies for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe S Smith
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jessica E Gebert
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lisa S Ebner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kailee O Bennett
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca J Collins
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chiara E Hampton
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stephanie A Kleine
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Yves Mulon
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Christopher K Smith
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Reza Seddighi
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Genevieve Bussieres
- Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Heather K Knych
- K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Pharmacology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Qin Z, Zhang H, Wu Q, Wei B, Wu R, Guo X, Xiao H, Wu W. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Substance P Mediate Emetic Response Induction by Masked Trichothecene Deoxynivalenol-3-Glucoside through Ca2+ Signaling. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14060371. [PMID: 35737032 PMCID: PMC9230016 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14060371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), the most naturally-occurring trichothecenes, may affect animal and human health by causing vomiting as a hallmark of food poisoning. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) usually co-occurs with DON as its glucosylated form and is another emerging food safety issue in recent years. However, the toxicity of D3G is not fully understood compared to DON, especially in emetic potency. The goals of this research were to (1) compare emetic effects to D3G by oral and intraperitoneal (IP) routes and relate emetic effects to brain-gut peptides glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and substance P (SP) in mink; (2) determine the roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in D3G’s emetic effect. Both oral and IP exposure to D3G elicited marked emetic events. This emetic response corresponded to an elevation of GIP and SP. Blocking the GIP receptor (GIPR) diminished emetic response induction by GIP and D3G. The neurokinin 1 receptor (NK-1R) inhibitor Emend® restrained the induction of emesis by SP and D3G. Importantly, CaSR antagonist NPS-2143 or TRP channel antagonist ruthenium red dose-dependently inhibited both D3G-induced emesis and brain-gut peptides GIP and SP release; cotreatment with both antagonists additively suppressed both emetic and brain-gut peptide responses to D3G. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that activation of CaSR and TRP channels contributes to D3G-induced emesis by mediating brain-gut peptide exocytosis in mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Qin
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China;
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ben Wei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
| | - Ran Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
| | - Xinyi Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
| | - Huiping Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Z.Q.); (B.W.); (R.W.); (X.G.); (H.X.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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Hooft JM, Bureau DP. Deoxynivalenol: Mechanisms of action and its effects on various terrestrial and aquatic species. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 157:112616. [PMID: 34662691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi, is a ubiquitious contaminant of cereal grains worldwide. Chronic, low dose consumption of feeds contaminated with DON is associated with a wide range of symptoms in terrestrial and aquatic species including decreased feed intake and feed refusal, reduced weight gain, and altered nutritional efficiency. Acute, high dose exposure to DON may be associated with more severe symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The toxicity of DON is partly related to its ability to disrupt eukaryotic protein synthesis via binding to the peptidyl transferase site of the ribosome. Moreover, DON exerts its effects at the cellular level by activating mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) through a process known as the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The outcome of DON-associated MAPK activation is dose and duration dependent; acute low dose exposure results in immunostimulation characterized by the upregulation of cytokines, chemokines and other proinflammatory-related proteins, whereas longer term exposure to higher doses generally results in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and immunosuppression. The order of decreasing sensitivity to DON is considered to be: swine > rats > mice > poultry ≈ ruminants. However, studies conducted within the past 10 years have demonstrated that some species of fish, such as rainbow trout, are highly sensitive to DON. The aims of this review are to explore the effects of DON on terrestrial and aquatic species as well as its mechanisms of action, metabolism, and interaction with other Fusarium mycotoxins. Notably, a considerable emphasis is placed on reviewing the effects of DON on different species of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Hooft
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada.
| | - Dominique P Bureau
- Wittaya Aqua International, 1 University Ave, Floor 5, Toronto, ON, M5J 2P1, Canada; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Kim J, Jeong JY, Sung JY, Kim BG. Equations to Predict Growth Performance Changes by Dietary Deoxynivalenol in Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050360. [PMID: 34069344 PMCID: PMC8158744 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present work were to assess the accuracy of previously published equations for predicting effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on the growth performance changes of pigs and to update equations based on recently published data. A total of 59 data were employed for the validation of previously published equations. These data were used to update the equations. The REG and CORR procedures of SAS were used. In the present validation test, a linear bias was significant (p < 0.05), indicating that prediction errors were not consistent across the data ranges. The intercept for ΔFI (−7.75 ± 1.19, p < 0.01) representing a mean bias was less than 0, indicating that the predicted mean of ΔFI was greater than the measured mean of ΔFI. Dietary DON concentrations had negative correlations with ΔWG (r = −0.79; p < 0.01) and ΔFI (r = −0.71; p < 0.01). Updated prediction equations were: ΔWG = −5.93 × DON with r2 = 0.77 and ΔFI = −4.42 × DON with r2 = 0.68. In conclusion, the novel equations developed in this study might accurately predict effects of dietary DON on the performance changes of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongkeon Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Jin Young Jeong
- Animal Nutritional Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeonju-si 55363, Jeollabuk-do, Korea;
| | - Jung Yeol Sung
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Beob Gyun Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6255
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Brown R, Priest E, Naglik JR, Richardson JP. Fungal Toxins and Host Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643639. [PMID: 33927703 PMCID: PMC8076518 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that thrive in diverse natural environments including soils, plants, animals, and the human body. In response to warmth, humidity, and moisture, certain fungi which grow on crops and harvested foodstuffs can produce mycotoxins; secondary metabolites which when ingested have a deleterious impact on health. Ongoing research indicates that some mycotoxins and, more recently, peptide toxins are also produced during active fungal infection in humans and experimental models. A combination of innate and adaptive immune recognition allows the host to eliminate invading pathogens from the body. However, imbalances in immune homeostasis often facilitate microbial infection. Despite the wide-ranging effects of fungal toxins on health, our understanding of toxin-mediated modulation of immune responses is incomplete. This review will explore the current understanding of fungal toxins and how they contribute to the modulation of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan P. Richardson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Holanda DM, Kim SW. Mycotoxin Occurrence, Toxicity, and Detoxifying Agents in Pig Production with an Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13020171. [PMID: 33672250 PMCID: PMC7927007 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review aimed to investigate the occurrence of mycotoxins, their toxic effects, and the detoxifying agents discussed in scientific publications that are related to pig production. Mycotoxins that are of major interest are aflatoxins and Fusarium toxins, such as deoxynivalenol and fumonisins, because of their elevated frequency at a global scale and high occurrence in corn, which is the main feedstuff in pig diets. The toxic effects of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins include immune modulation, disruption of intestinal barrier function, and cytotoxicity leading to cell death, which all result in impaired pig performance. Feed additives, such as mycotoxin-detoxifying agents, that are currently available often combine organic and inorganic sources to enhance their adsorbability, immune stimulation, or ability to render mycotoxins less toxic. In summary, mycotoxins present challenges to pig production globally because of their increasing occurrences in recent years and their toxic effects impairing the health and growth of pigs. Effective mycotoxin-detoxifying agents must be used to boost pig health and performance and to improve the sustainable use of crops.
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Wu Q, Guo D, Jia H, Nepovimova E, Wu W, Kuca K. The trichothecene neosolaniol stimulates an emetic response through neuropeptide Y2 and serotonin 3 receptors in mink. Toxicology 2021; 452:152718. [PMID: 33581213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Type A trichothecene neosolaniol (NEO) is considered a potential risk to human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). To date, available data do not allow making conclusions about the toxicological properties of this toxin. Trichothecenes have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic responses in mink, and this response has been associated with neurotransmitter peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). The goal of this study was to compare emetic effects of NEO administered by intraperitoneal and oral routes and relate these effects to PYY and 5-HT. The effective doses resulting in emetic events in 50% of the animals following intraperitoneal and oral exposure to NEO were 0.4 and 0.09 mg/kg bw, respectively. This emetic response corresponded to elevated PYY and 5-HT levels. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor diminished emesis induction by PYY and NEO. The 5-HT3 receptor inhibitor granisetron completely restrained the induction of emesis by 5-HT and NEO. To summarize, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT play important roles in the NEO-induced emetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Dawei Guo
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Hui Jia
- Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, 212499, China
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, 50003, Czech Republic.
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Holanda DM, Yiannikouris A, Kim SW. Investigation of the Efficacy of a Postbiotic Yeast Cell Wall-Based Blend on Newly-Weaned Pigs under a Dietary Challenge of Multiple Mycotoxins with Emphasis on Deoxynivalenol. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080504. [PMID: 32781569 PMCID: PMC7472238 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are highly susceptible to mycotoxins. This study investigated the effects of a postbiotic yeast cell wall-based blend (PYCW; Nicholasville, KY, USA) on growth and health of newly-weaned pigs under dietary challenge of multiple mycotoxins. Forty-eight newly-weaned pigs (21 d old) were individually allotted to four dietary treatments, based on a three phase-feeding, in a randomized complete block design (sex; initial BW) with two factors for 36 d. Two factors were dietary mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol: 2000 μg/kg supplemented in three phases; and aflatoxin: 200 μg/kg supplemented only in phase 3) and PYCW (0.2%). Growth performance (weekly), blood serum (d 34), and jejunal mucosa immune and oxidative stress markers (d 36) data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Mycotoxins reduced (p < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) during the entire period whereas PYCW did not affect growth performance. Mycotoxins reduced (p < 0.05) serum protein, albumin, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase whereas PYCW decreased (p < 0.05) serum creatine phosphokinase. Neither mycotoxins nor PYCW affected pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage markers in the jejunal mucosa. No interaction was observed indicating that PYCW improved hepatic enzymes regardless of mycotoxin challenge. In conclusion, deoxynivalenol (2000 μg/kg, for 7 to 25 kg body weight) and aflatoxin B1 (200 μg/kg, for 16 to 25 kg body weight) impaired growth performance and nutrient digestibility of newly-weaned pigs, whereas PYCW could partially improve health of pigs regardless of mycotoxin challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandros Yiannikouris
- Alltech Inc., Center for Animal Nutrigenomics and Applied Animal Nutrition, 3031 Catnip Hill Road, Nicholasville, KY 40356, USA;
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Gonkowski S, Gajęcka M, Makowska K. Mycotoxins and the Enteric Nervous System. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12070461. [PMID: 32707706 PMCID: PMC7404981 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various fungal species. They are commonly found in a wide range of agricultural products. Mycotoxins contained in food enter living organisms and may have harmful effects on many internal organs and systems. The gastrointestinal tract, which first comes into contact with mycotoxins present in food, is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of these toxins. One of the lesser-known aspects of the impact of mycotoxins on the gastrointestinal tract is the influence of these substances on gastrointestinal innervation. Therefore, the present study is the first review of current knowledge concerning the influence of mycotoxins on the enteric nervous system, which plays an important role, not only in almost all regulatory processes within the gastrointestinal tract, but also in adaptive and protective reactions in response to pathological and toxic factors in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Krystyna Makowska
- Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Wu Q, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Wu W. Type A Trichothecene Diacetoxyscirpenol-Induced Emesis Corresponds to Secretion of Peptide YY and Serotonin in Mink. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060419. [PMID: 32630472 PMCID: PMC7354585 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxins contaminate cereal grains and have been related to alimentary toxicosis resulted in emetic response. This family of mycotoxins comprises type A to D groups of toxic sesquiterpene chemicals. Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), one of the most toxic type A trichothecenes, is considered to be a potential risk for human and animal health by the European Food Safety Authority. Other type A trichothecenes, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, as well as type B trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), have been previously demonstrated to induce emetic response in the mink, and this response has been associated with the plasma elevation of neurotransmitters peptide YY (PYY) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT). However, it is found that not all the type A and type B trichothecenes have the capacity to induce PYY and 5-HT. It is necessary to identify the roles of these two emetogenic mediators on DAS-induced emesis. The goal of this study was to determine the emetic effect of DAS and relate this effect to PYY and 5-HT, using a mink bioassay. Briefly, minks were fasted one day before experiment and given DAS by intraperitoneally and orally dosing on the experiment day. Then, emetic episodes were calculated and blood collection was employed for PYY and 5-HT test. DAS elicited robust emetic responses that corresponded to upraised PYY and 5-HT. Blocking the neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) diminished emesis induction by PYY and DAS. The serotonin 3 receptor (5-HT3R) inhibitor granisetron totally restrained the induction of emesis by serotonin and DAS. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that PYY and 5-HT have critical roles in DAS-induced emetic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jinzhou 434025, China;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (W.W.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (W.W.)
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Yang W, Huang L, Wang P, Wu Z, Li F, Wang C. The Effect of Low and High Dose Deoxynivalenol on Intestinal Morphology, Distribution, and Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines of Weaning Rabbits. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080473. [PMID: 31412640 PMCID: PMC6722598 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a potential pathogenic factor to humans and animals, and intestinal tract is the primary target organ of DON. Data concerning the effects of DON on rabbits are scarce, especially for weaning rabbits. In this study, 45 weaning rabbits (35 d) were randomly and equally assigned into three groups. Group A was fed basic diet, while groups B and C were added DON at 0.5 mg/kg BW/d and 1.5 mg/kg BW/d, respectively, based on the basic diet. The experiment lasted for 24 days and the intestinal morphology, expression, and distribution of several cytokines in intestinal segments have been examined. The results indicated that ADG decreased while F/G increased significantly compared with the control group after DON added at 1.5 mg/kg BW/d. Some of the morphometric parameters (villi length, crypt depth, and goblet cells density) changed after DON was added. Meanwhile, the concentration as well as the expression levels of relative protein and mRNA of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8 increased significantly. The immunohistochemistry results illustrated that the quantity and distribution of positive cells of inflammatory cytokines were changed after DON was added. In conclusion, the addition of DON damaged the intestinal morphology and changed the distribution and expression of inflammatory cytokines. The toxic effect depended on the dosage of DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China
| | - Libo Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China
| | - Fuchang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City 271018, China.
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Role of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the trichothecene T-2 toxin. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Review article: Role of satiety hormones in anorexia induction by Trichothecene mycotoxins. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:701-714. [PMID: 30243968 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The trichothecenes, produced by Fusarium, contaminate animal feed and human food in all stages of production and lead to a large spectrum of adverse effects for animal and human health. An hallmark of trichothecenes toxicity is the onset of emesis followed by anorexia and food intake reduction in different animal species (mink, mice and pig). The modulation of emesis and anorexia can result from a direct action of trichothecenes in the brain or from an indirect action in the gastrointestinal tract. The direct action of trichothecenes involved specific brain areas such as nucleate tractus solitarius in the brainstem and the arcuate nuclei in the hypothalamus. Activation of these areas in the brain leads to the activation of specific neuronal populations containing anorexigenic factors (POMC and CART). The indirect action of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract involved, by enteroendocrine cells, the secretion of several gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY) but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), which transmitted signals to the brain via the gut-brain axis. This review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of trichothecenes, especially deoxynivalenol, on emesis and anorexia and discusses the mechanisms underlying trichothecenes-induced food reduction.
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Frobose HL, Stephenson EW, Tokach MD, DeRouchey JM, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, Goodband RD. Effects of potential detoxifying agents on growth performance and deoxynivalenol (DON) urinary balance characteristics of nursery pigs fed DON-contaminated wheat. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:327-337. [PMID: 28177379 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate potential detoxifying agents on growth of nursery pigs fed deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Naturally DON-contaminated wheat (6 mg/kg) was used to achieve desired DON levels. In a 21-d study, 238 pigs (13.4 ± 1.8 kg BW) were used in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement. Diets were: 1) Positive control (PC; < 0.5 mg/kg DON), 2) PC + 1.0% Product V (Nutriquest LLC, Mason City, IA), 3) Negative control (NC; 4.0 mg/kg DON), 4) NC + 1.0% Product V, and 5) NC + 1.0% sodium metabisulfite (SMB; Samirian Chemicals, Campbell, CA). There were 6 or 7 replicate pens/treatment and 7 pigs/pen. Analyzed DON was decreased by 92% when pelleted with SMB, but otherwise matched formulated levels. Overall, a DON × Product V interaction was observed for ADG ( 0.05) with a tendency for an interaction for ADFI ( 0.10). As anticipated, DON reduced ( 0.001) ADG and ADFI, but the interaction was driven by even poorer growth when Product V was added to NC diets. Pigs fed NC diets had 10% poorer G:F ( 0.001) than PC-fed pigs. Reductions in ADG due to DON were most distinct (50%) during the initial period. Adding SMB to NC diets improved ( 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F, and improved ( 0.02) ADG and G:F compared to the PC diet. A urinary balance study was conducted using diets 3 to 5 from Exp. 1 to evaluate Product V and SMB on DON urinary metabolism. A 10 d adaptation was followed by a 7 d collection using 24 barrows in a randomized complete block design. Pigs fed NC + SMB diet had greater urinary DON output ( 0.05) than pigs fed NC + Product V, with NC pigs intermediate. Daily DON excretion was lowest ( 0.05) in the NC + SMB pigs. However, degradation of DON-sulfonate back to the parent DON molecule was observed as pigs fed NC + SMB excreted more DON than they consumed (164% of daily DON intake), greater ( 0.001) than pigs fed the NC (59%) or NC + Product V (48%). Overall, Product V did not alleviate DON effects on growth nor did it reduce DON absorption and excretion. However, hydrothermally processing DON-contaminated diets with 1.0% SMB restored ADFI and improved G:F. Even so, the urinary balance experiment revealed that some of the converted DON-sulfonate can degrade back to DON under physiological conditions. While further research is needed to discern the stability of the DON-sulfonate, SMB appears promising to restore performance in pelleted DON-contaminated diets.
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Chen L, Peng Z, Nüssler AK, Liu L, Yang W. Current and prospective sights in mechanism of deoxynivalenol-induced emesis for future scientific study and clinical treatment. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 37:784-791. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Zhao Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Department of Traumatology, BG Trauma Center; University of Tübingen; Schnarrenbergstr. 95 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Hangkong Road 13 430030 Wuhan China
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Determination of Deoxynivalenol in the Urine of Pregnant Women in the UK. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110306. [PMID: 27792137 PMCID: PMC5127103 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes, produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum. Little is known about the effect of DON exposure or the levels of DON exposure that occur during pregnancy. The project aimed to provide data on levels of total DON and de-epoxi Deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in pregnant human urine samples analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Morning urine samples were collected over two consecutive days from 42 volunteers and associated food consumption was recorded for the 24 h prior to the sample. Spearman’s rho non-parametric test for correlation was used to assess the data. Levels of DON did not differ significantly between day 1 (mean 29.7 ng/mL urine or 40.1 ng DON/mg creatinine) and day 2 (mean 28.7 ng/mL urine or 38.8 ng DON/mg creatinine ng/mL/day) urine samples. The only significant positive correlation was found between total ng DON/mg creatinine and parity (rho = 0.307, n = 42, p < 0.005 two-tailed) and total ng DON/mg creatinine with baked goods on day 1 (rho = 0.532, n = 42, p < 0.0005 two-tailed). This study provides data on the DON levels in pregnancy in this suburban population and reassurance that those levels are within acceptable limits.
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Ren ZH, Deng HD, Deng YT, Deng JL, Zuo ZC, Yu SM, Shen LH, Cui HM, Xu ZW, Hu YC. Effect of the Fusarium toxins, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, on the mouse brain. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:62-70. [PMID: 27438895 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to find effects of Fusarium toxins on brain injury in mice. We evaluated the individual and combined effect of the Fusarium toxins zearalenone and deoxynivalenol on the mouse brain. We examined brain weight, protein, antioxidant indicators, and apoptosis. After 3 and 5days of treatment, increased levels of nitric oxide, total nitric oxide synthase, hydroxyl radical scavenging, and malondialdehyde were observed in the treatment groups. This was accompanied by reduced levels of brain protein, superoxide dismutase (apart from the low-dose zearalenone groups), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, and percentage of apoptotic cells. By day 12, most of these indicators had returned to control group levels. The effects of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol were dose-dependent, and were synergistic in combination. Our results suggest that brain function is affected by zearalenone and deoxynivalenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - H D Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Y T Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - J L Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Z C Zuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - S M Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - L H Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - H M Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Z W Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Y C Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Disease & Human Health, Key Laboratory of Environmental Hazard and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Male D, Wu W, Mitchell NJ, Bursian S, Pestka JJ, Wu F. Modeling the emetic potencies of food-borne trichothecenes by benchmark dose methodology. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:178-85. [PMID: 27292944 PMCID: PMC4930881 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins commonly co-contaminate cereal products. They cause immunosuppression, anorexia, and emesis in multiple species. Dietary exposure to such toxins often occurs in mixtures. Hence, if it were possible to determine their relative toxicities and assign toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) to each trichothecene, risk management and regulation of these mycotoxins could become more comprehensive and simple. We used a mink emesis model to compare the toxicities of deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenon-X, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin. These toxins were administered to mink via gavage and intraperitoneal injection. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) benchmark dose software was used to determine benchmark doses for each trichothecene. The relative potencies of each of these toxins were calculated as the ratios of their benchmark doses to that of DON. Our results showed that mink were more sensitive to orally administered toxins than to toxins administered by IP. T-2 and HT-2 toxins caused the greatest emetic responses, followed by FX, and then by DON, its acetylated derivatives, and NIV. Although these results provide key information on comparative toxicities, there is still a need for more animal based studies focusing on various endpoints and combined effects of trichothecenes before TEFs can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Male
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wenda Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nicole J Mitchell
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Steven Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, 474 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 469 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Wu W, Zhou HR, Bursian SJ, Link JE, Pestka JJ. Emetic responses to T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and emetine correspond to plasma elevations of peptide YY3-36 and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:997-1007. [PMID: 25855062 PMCID: PMC11331243 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Trichothecene mycotoxins are a family of potent translational inhibitors that are associated with foodborne outbreaks of human and animal gastroenteritis in which vomiting is a clinical hallmark. Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) and other Type B trichothecenes have been previously demonstrated to cause emesis in the mink (Neovison vison), and this response has been directly linked to secretion of both the satiety hormone peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Here, we characterized the emetic responses in the mink to T-2 toxin (T-2) and HT-2 toxin (HT-2), two highly toxic Type A trichothecenes that contaminate cereals, and further compared these effects to those of emetine, a natural alkaloid that is used medicinally and also well known to block translation and cause vomiting. Following intraperitoneal (IP) and oral exposure, all three agents caused vomiting with evident dose-dependent increases in both duration and number of emetic events as well as decreases in latency to emesis. T-2 and HT-2 doses causing emesis in 50 % of treated animals (ED50s) were 0.05 and 0.02 mg/kg BW following IP and oral administration, respectively, whereas the ED50s for emetine were 2.0 and 1.0 mg/kg BW for IP and oral exposure, respectively. Importantly, oral administration of all three toxins elicited marked elevations in plasma concentrations of PYY3-36 and 5-HT that corresponded to emesis. Taken together, the results suggest that T-2 and HT-2 were much more potent than emetine and that emesis induction by all three translational inhibitors co-occurred with increases in circulating levels of PYY3-36 and 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 G.M. Trout Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1224, USA
| | - Hui-Ren Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 G.M. Trout Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1224, USA
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, 234 G.M. Trout Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1224, USA.
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Saint-Cyr MJ, Perrin-Guyomard A, Manceau J, Houée P, Delmas JM, Rolland JG, Laurentie M. Risk Assessment of Deoxynivalenol by Revisiting Its Bioavailability in Pig and Rat Models to Establish Which Is More Suitable. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:5167-81. [PMID: 26633505 PMCID: PMC4690123 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its toxic properties, high stability, and prevalence, the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in the food chain is a major threat to food safety and therefore a health risk for both humans and animals. In this study, experiments were carried out with sows and female rats to examine the kinetics of DON after intravenous and oral administration at 100 µg/kg of body weight. After intravenous administration of DON in pigs, a two-compartment model with rapid initial distribution (0.030 ± 0.019 h) followed by a slower terminal elimination phase (1.53 ± 0.54 h) was fitted to the concentration profile of DON in pig plasma. In rats, a short elimination half-life (0.46 h) and a clearance of 2.59 L/h/kg were estimated by sparse sampling non-compartmental analysis. Following oral exposure, DON was rapidly absorbed and reached maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 42.07 ± 8.48 and 10.44 ± 5.87 µg/L plasma after (tmax) 1.44 ± 0.52 and 0.17 h in pigs and rats, respectively. The mean bioavailability of DON was 70.5% ± 25.6% for pigs and 47.3% for rats. In the framework of DON risk assessment, these two animal models could be useful in an exposure scenario in two different ways because of their different bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jimmy Saint-Cyr
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Agnès Perrin-Guyomard
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jacqueline Manceau
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Paméla Houée
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Antibiotics, Biocides, Residues and Resistance Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Delmas
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Analysis of Residues and Contaminants Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Jean-Guy Rolland
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
| | - Michel Laurentie
- ANSES, Fougères Laboratory, Scientific Support Unit, 10B rue Claude Bourgelat, Javené, CS 40608, Fougères 35306, France.
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Wan D, Wang X, Wu Q, Lin P, Pan Y, Sattar A, Huang L, Ahmad I, Zhang Y, Yuan Z. Integrated Transcriptional and Proteomic Analysis of Growth Hormone Suppression Mediated by Trichothecene T-2 Toxin in Rat GH3 Cells. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:326-38. [PMID: 26141394 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to trichothecenes is known to disturb insulin-like growth factor 1 and signaling of insulin and leptin hormones and causes considerable growth retardation in animals. However, limited information was available on mechanisms underlying trichothecene-induced growth retardation. In this study, we employed an integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, and RNA interference (RNAi) approach to study the molecular mechanisms underlying trichothecene cytotoxicity in rat pituitary adenoma GH3 cells. Our results showed that trichothecenes suppressed the synthesis of growth hormone 1 (Gh1) and inhibited the eukaryotic transcription and translation initiation by suppressing aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases transcription, inducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) and reducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5 a. The sulfhydryl oxidases , protein disulfide isomerase,and heat shock protein 90 (were greatly reduced, which resulted in adverse regulation of protein processing and folding. Differential genes and proteins associated with a decline in energy metabolism and cell cycle arrest were also found in our study. However, use of RNAi to interfere with hemopoietic cell kinase (Hck) and EIF2AK2 transcriptions or use of chemical inhibitors of MAPK, p38, Ras, and JNK partially reversed the reduction of Gh1 levels induced by trichothecenes. It indicated that the activation of MAPKs, Hck, and EIF2AK2 were important for trichothecene-induced growth hormone suppression. Considering the potential hazards of exposure to trichothecenes, our findings could help to improve our understanding regarding human and animal health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wan
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Research Center of Healthy Livestock Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xu Wang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qinghua Wu
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China; and Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Pingping Lin
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Adeel Sattar
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lingli Huang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Ijaz Ahmad
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- *National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University; Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei, China;
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23
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Brera C, de Santis B, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Lanzone A, Del Sordo G, Buonsenso D, Chiaretti A, Hardie L, White K, Lise Brantsæter A, Knutsen H, Sundstøl Eriksen G, Sandvik M, Wells L, Allenf S, Sathyapalanf T. Experimental study of deoxynivalenol biomarkers in urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Hardie
- Policlinico Agostino Gemelli (UCSC), Rome, Italy
| | - Kay White
- University of Leeds (UoL), Leeds, UK
| | | | - Helle Knutsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Liz Wells
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo, Norway
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24
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Wu W, Zhou HR, Bursian SJ, Pan X, Link JE, Berthiller F, Adam G, Krantis A, Durst T, Pestka JJ. Comparison of anorectic and emetic potencies of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) to the plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside and synthetic deoxynivalenol derivatives EN139528 and EN139544. Toxicol Sci 2014; 142:167-81. [PMID: 25173790 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) elicits robust anorectic and emetic effects in several animal species. However, less is known about the potential for naturally occurring and synthetic congeners of this trichothecene to cause analogous responses. Here we tested the hypothesis that alterations in DON structure found in the plant metabolite deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) and two pharmacologically active synthetic DON derivatives, EN139528 and EN139544, differentially impact their potential to evoke food refusal and emesis. In a nocturnal mouse food consumption model, oral administration with DON, D3G, EN139528, or EN139544 at doses from 2.5 to 10 mg/kg BW induced anorectic responses that lasted up to 16, 6, 6, and 3 h, respectively. Anorectic potency rank orders were EN139544>DON>EN139528>D3G from 0 to 0.5 h but DON>D3G>EN139528>EN139544 from 0 to 3 h. Oral exposure to each of the four compounds at a common dose (2.5 mg/kg BW) stimulated plasma elevations of the gut satiety peptides cholecystokinin and to a lesser extent, peptide YY3-36 that corresponded to reduced food consumption. In a mink emesis model, oral administration of increasing doses of the congeners differentially induced emesis, causing marked decreases in latency to emesis with corresponding increases in both the duration and number of emetic events. The minimum emetic doses for DON, EN139528, D3G, and EN139544 were 0.05, 0.5, 2, and 5 mg/kg BW, respectively. Taken together, the results suggest that although all three DON congeners elicited anorectic responses that mimicked DON over a narrow dose range, they were markedly less potent than the parent mycotoxin at inducing emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hui-Ren Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Xiao Pan
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jane E Link
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Anthony Krantis
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tony Durst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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25
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Nagl V, Woechtl B, Schwartz-Zimmermann HE, Hennig-Pauka I, Moll WD, Adam G, Berthiller F. Metabolism of the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in pigs. Toxicol Lett 2014; 229:190-7. [PMID: 24968060 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants can metabolize the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) by forming the masked mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-3-β-D-glucoside (D3G). D3G might be cleaved during digestion, thus increasing the total DON burden of an individual. Due to a lack of in vivo data, D3G has not been included in the various regulatory limits established for DON so far. The aim of our study was to contribute to the risk assessment of D3G by determination of its metabolism in pigs. Four piglets received water, D3G (116 μg/kg b.w.) and the equimolar amount of DON (75 μg/kg b.w.) by gavage on day 1, 5 and 9 of the experiment, respectively. Additionally, 15.5 μg D3G/kg b.w. were administered intravenously on day 13. Urine and feces were collected for 24 h and analyzed for DON, D3G, deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), deoxynivalenol-15-GlcA (DON-15-GlcA) and deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) by UHPLC-MS/MS. After oral application of DON and D3G, in total 84.8±9.7% and 40.3±8.5% of the given dose were detected in urine, respectively. The majority of orally administered D3G was excreted in form of DON, DON-15-GlcA, DOM-1 and DON-3-GlcA, while urinary D3G accounted for only 2.6±1.4%. In feces, just trace amounts of metabolites were found. Intravenously administered D3G was almost exclusively excreted in unmetabolized form via urine. Data indicate that D3G is nearly completely hydrolyzed in the intestinal tract of pigs, while the toxin seems to be rather stable after systemic absorption. Compared to DON, the oral bioavailability of D3G and its metabolites seems to be reduced by a factor of up to 2, approximately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Nagl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Bettina Woechtl
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Heidi Elisabeth Schwartz-Zimmermann
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | | | - Gerhard Adam
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism, Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, Tulln 3430, Austria.
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26
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Brera C, Bertazzoni V, Debegnach F, Gregori E, Prantera E, De Santis B. Exposure assessment for Italian population groups to deoxynivalenol deriving from pasta consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2293-309. [PMID: 24287568 PMCID: PMC3873686 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Four hundred and seventy-two pasta samples were collected from long retail distribution chain sales points located in North, Central and South Italy. Representative criteria in the sample collection were followed in terms of number of samples collected, market share, and types of pasta. Samples were analysed by an accredited HPLC-UV method of analysis. The mean contamination level (64.8 μg/kg) of deoxynivalenol (DON) was in the 95th percentile (239 μg/kg) and 99th percentile (337 μg/kg), far below the legal limit (750 μg/kg) set by Regulation EC/1126/2007, accounting for about one tenth, one third and half the legal limit, respectively. Ninety-nine percent of samples fell below half the legal limit. On the basis of the obtained occurrence levels and considering the consumption rates reported by the Italian official database, no health concern was assessed for all consumer groups, being that exposure was far below the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 1000 ng/kg b.w/day. Nevertheless, despite this, particular attention should be devoted to the exposure to DON by high consumers, such as children aged 3-5 years, who could reach the TDI even with very low levels of DON contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Reparto OGM e Xenobiotici di origine fungina, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 299-00161, Italy.
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27
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Wu W, Bates MA, Bursian SJ, Flannery B, Zhou HR, Link JE, Zhang H, Pestka JJ. Peptide YY3-36 and 5-hydroxytryptamine mediate emesis induction by trichothecene deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin). Toxicol Sci 2013; 133:186-95. [PMID: 23457120 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin), a trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp. that frequently occurs in cereal grains, has been associated with human and animal food poisoning. Although a common hallmark of DON-induced toxicity is the rapid onset of emesis, the mechanisms for this adverse effect are not fully understood. Recently, our laboratory has demonstrated that the mink (Neovison vison) is a suitable small animal model for investigating trichothecene-induced emesis. The goal of this study was to use this model to determine the roles of two gut satiety hormones, peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) and cholecystokinin (CCK), and the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in DON-induced emesis. Following ip exposure to DON at 0.1 and 0.25mg/kg bw, emesis induction ensued within 15-30min and then persisted up to 120min. Plasma DON measurement revealed that this emesis period correlated with the rapid distribution and clearance of the toxin. Significant elevations in both plasma PYY3-36 (30-60min) and 5-HT (60min) but not CCK were observed during emesis. Pretreatment with the neuropeptide Y2 receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028 attenuated DON- and PYY-induced emesis, whereas the CCK1 receptor antagonist devezapide did not alter DON's emetic effects. The 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron completely suppressed induction of vomiting by DON and the 5-HT inducer cisplatin. Granisetron pretreatment also partially blocked PYY3-36-induced emesis, suggesting a potential upstream role for this gut satiety hormone in 5-HT release. Taken together, the results suggest that both PYY3-36 and 5-HT play contributory roles in DON-induced emesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
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28
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Bonnet MS, Roux J, Mounien L, Dallaporta M, Troadec JD. Advances in deoxynivalenol toxicity mechanisms: the brain as a target. Toxins (Basel) 2012. [PMID: 23202308 PMCID: PMC3509700 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4111120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), mainly produced by Fusarium fungi, and also commonly called vomitoxin, is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is one of the most abundant trichothecenes which contaminate cereals consumed by farm animals and humans. The extent of cereal contamination is strongly associated with rainfall and moisture at the time of flowering and with grain storage conditions. DON consumption may result in intoxication, the severity of which is dose-dependent and may lead to different symptoms including anorexia, vomiting, reduced weight gain, neuroendocrine changes, immunological effects, diarrhea, leukocytosis, hemorrhage or circulatory shock. During the last two decades, many studies have described DON toxicity using diverse animal species as a model. While the action of the toxin on peripheral organs and tissues is well documented, data illustrating its effect on the brain are significantly less abundant. Yet, DON is known to affect the central nervous system. Recent studies have provided new evidence and detail regarding the action of the toxin on the brain. The purpose of the present review is to summarize critical studies illustrating this central action of the toxin and to suggest research perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion S. Bonnet
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Julien Roux
- Biomeostasis, Contract Research Organization, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Marseilles 13397, France;
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pathophysiology of Somatomotor and Autonomic Nervous System, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Escadrille Normandie-Niemen Avenue, Aix-Marseilles University, Marseilles 13397, France; (M.S.B.); (L.M.); (M.D.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel: +33-491-288-948; Fax: +33-491-288-885
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29
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Wu W, Bates MA, Bursian SJ, Link JE, Flannery BM, Sugita-Konishi Y, Watanabe M, Zhang H, Pestka JJ. Comparison of emetic potencies of the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, fusarenon X, and nivalenol. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:279-91. [PMID: 22997060 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the acute toxic effects of trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin), a known cause of human food poisoning, have been well characterized in several animal species, much less is known about closely related 8-ketotrichothecenes that similarly occur in cereal grains colonized by toxigenic fusaria. To address this, we compared potencies of DON, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-ADON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON), fusarenon X (FX), and nivalenol (NIV) in the mink emesis model following intraperitoneal (ip) and oral administration. All five congeners dose-dependently induced emesis by both administration methods. With increasing doses, there were marked decreases in latency to emesis with corresponding increases in emesis duration and number of emetic events. The effective doses resulting in emetic events in 50% of the animals for ip exposure to DON, 15-ADON, 3-ADON, FX, and NIV were 80, 170, 180, 70, and 60 µg/kg bw, respectively, and for oral exposure, they were 30, 40, 290, 30, and 250 µg/kg bw, respectively. The emetic potency of DON determined here was comparable to that reported in analogous studies conducted in pigs and dogs, suggesting that the mink is a suitable small animal model for investigating acute trichothecene toxicity. The use of a mouse pica model, based on the consumption of kaolin, was also evaluated as a possible surrogate for studying emesis but was found unsuitable. From a public health perspective, comparative emetic potency data derived from small animal models such as the mink should be useful for establishing toxic equivalency factors for DON and other trichothecenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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30
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Dänicke S, Kersten S, Valenta H, Breves G. Inactivation of deoxynivalenol-contaminated cereal grains with sodium metabisulfite: a review of procedures and toxicological aspects. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:199-218. [PMID: 23606192 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Both hydrothermal treatment and wet preservation of mainly deoxynivalenol (DON)-containing, Fusarium toxin (FUS)-contaminated cereal grains with sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5 [SBS]) were successfully demonstrated to reduce the DON contamination through formation of the sulfonated derivative of DON, termed as DON sulfonate (DONS). The wet preservation is particularly interesting from a practical viewpoint as it can be easily performed at the farm level where the cereal grains are harvested and utilized in pig feeding. This review compiles the literature with regard to the chemical characterization and the detection of DONS, technical procedures and their efficacies, toxicological aspects and toxic effects of DON, DONS and SBS, and detection of DONS, DON and further metabolites in physiological specimens of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dänicke
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Bundesallee 50, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
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31
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Girardet C, Bonnet MS, Jdir R, Sadoud M, Thirion S, Tardivel C, Roux J, Lebrun B, Wanaverbecq N, Mounien L, Trouslard J, Jean A, Dallaporta M, Troadec JD. The food-contaminant deoxynivalenol modifies eating by targeting anorexigenic neurocircuitry. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26134. [PMID: 22022538 PMCID: PMC3192137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological regulations of energy balance and body weight imply highly adaptive mechanisms which match caloric intake to caloric expenditure. In the central nervous system, the regulation of appetite relies on complex neurocircuitry which disturbance may alter energy balance and result in anorexia or obesity. Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene, is one of the most abundant mycotoxins found on contaminated cereals and its stability during processing and cooking explains its widespread presence in human food. DON has been implicated in acute and chronic illnesses in both humans and farm animals including weight loss. Here, we provide the first demonstration that DON reduced feeding behavior and modified satiation and satiety by interfering with central neuronal networks dedicated to food intake regulation. Moreover, our results strongly suggest that during intoxication, DON reaches the brain where it modifies anorexigenic balance. In view of the widespread human exposure to DON, the present results may lead to reconsider the potential consequences of chronic DON consumption on human eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Girardet
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Marion S. Bonnet
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Rajae Jdir
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Thirion
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
- Université de la Méditerranée, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Tardivel
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Roux
- Biomeostasis, Contract Research Organization, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Lebrun
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Wanaverbecq
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Trouslard
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - André Jean
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Dallaporta
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Denis Troadec
- Université Paul Cézanne, Marseille, France
- INRA USC 2027, Marseille, France
- CNRS UMR 6231, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie-Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Département de Physiologie Neurovégétative, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Bensassi F, Bouslimi A, Golli-Bennour EE, Gargouri S, Rabeh Hajlaoui M, Bacha H. Comparative Cytotoxicity of the Possibly Occurring Mycotoxins in Wheat on the Basis of a Mycological Analysis. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOL 2011. [DOI: 10.7872/crym.v32.iss3.2011.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Flannery BM, Wu W, Pestka JJ. Characterization of deoxynivalenol-induced anorexia using mouse bioassay. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1863-9. [PMID: 21575669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A short-term mouse model was devised to investigate induction of food refusal by the common foodborne trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON). DON dose-dependently induced anorexia within 2 h of exposure when administered either by intraperitoneal (ip.) injection or by oral gavage. The no observed adverse effect and lowest observed adverse effect levels in this assay were 0.5 and 1 mg/kg bw for ip. exposure and 1 and 2.5 mg/kg bw for oral exposure, respectively. DON's effects on food intake were transient, lasting up to 3h at 1 mg/kg bw and up to 6 h at 5 mg/kg bw. Interestingly, a dose-dependent orexigenic response was observed in the 14 h following the initial 2h food intake measurement. Toxin-treated mice exhibited partial resistance to feed refusal when exposed to DON subsequently after 2 d, but not after 7 d suggesting that this modest tolerance was reversible. The short-term mouse bioassay described here was useful in characterizing DON-induced anorexia and should be applicable to elucidating mechanisms underlying this adverse nutritional effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna M Flannery
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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Hooft JM, Elmor AEHI, Encarnação P, Bureau DP. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is extremely sensitive to the feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON). AQUACULTURE 2011; 311:224-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Amuzie CJ, Flannery BM, Ulrich AM, Pestka JJ. Effects of deoxynivalenol consumption on body weight and adiposity in the diet-induced obese mouse. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:658-667. [PMID: 21432715 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.539119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The potential for the obese state to alter sensitivity to toxic chemicals is poorly understood. In this study, dose-response effects of the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON), a common food-borne mycotoxin, were determined on body weight of diet-induced obese mice. In study 1, the effects of feeding adult female B6C3F1 mice a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal from fat) containing 0, 2, 5, or 10 ppm DON for 10 wk on body weight and adiposity were compared. Mice consuming 5 or 10 ppm DON exhibited a 15 and 24% decrease in weight gain and a 50 and 83% reduction in periuterine fat, respectively. In study 2, mice were fed HFD for 8 wk to induce obesity and the effects of consuming HFD + 0, 2, 5, or 10 ppm DON for 8 wk were then determined. Mice fed 5 or 10 ppm DON exhibited a 16 and 23% weight reduction and a 0 and 40% periuterine fat reduction, respectively. In a follow-up experiment, food consumption was measured prior to and after the transition from HFD to HFD + 10 ppm DON. Exposure to DON was found to lower HFD consumption within 1 d, with significant weight loss in DON-fed mice evident after 6 d. In both studies 1 and 2, consumption of 5 or 10 ppm DON diminished circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit. Taken together, DON consumption lowered weight gain and produced weight loss in diet-induced obese mice at higher thresholds than that observed previously in normal B6C3F1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Amuzie
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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36
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Pestka J. Toxicological mechanisms and potential health effects of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Produced by the mould genus Fusarium, the type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and their acetylated precursors. These mycotoxins often contaminate cereal staples, posing a potential threat to public health that is still incompletely understood. Understanding the mechanistic basis by which these toxins cause toxicity in experimental animal models will improve our ability to predict the specific thresholds for adverse human effects as well as the persistence and reversibility of these effects. Acute exposure to DON and NIV causes emesis in susceptible species such as pigs in a manner similar to that observed for certain bacterial enterotoxins. Chronic exposure to these mycotoxins at low doses causes growth retardation and immunotoxicity whereas much higher doses can interfere with reproduction and development. Pathophysiological events that precede these toxicities include altered neuroendocrine responses, upregulation of proinflammatory gene expression, interference with growth hormone signalling and disruption of gastrointestinal tract permeability. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve deregulation of protein synthesis, aberrant intracellular cell signalling, gene transactivation, mRNA stabilisation and programmed cell death. A fusion of basic and translational research is now needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for DON and NIV. From the perspective of human health translation, biomarkers have been identified that potentially make it possible to conduct epidemiological studies relating DON consumption to potential adverse human health effects. Of particular interest will be linkages to growth retardation, gastrointestinal illness and chronic autoimmune diseases. Ultimately, such knowledge can facilitate more precise science-based risk assessment and management strategies that protect consumers without reducing availability of critical food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Pestka
- Deptartment of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Deptartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Integrative Toxicology, 234 G. Malcolm Trout Building, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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Pestka JJ. Deoxynivalenol: mechanisms of action, human exposure, and toxicological relevance. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:663-79. [PMID: 20798930 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 676] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced in wheat, barley and corn following infestation by the fungus Fusarium in the field and during storage. Colloquially known as "vomitoxin" because of its emetic effects in pigs, DON has been associated with human gastroenteritis. Since DON is commonly detected in cereal foods, there are significant questions regarding the risks of acute poisoning and chronic effects posed to persons ingesting this trichothecene. A further challenge is how to best manage perceived risks without rendering critical food staples unavailable to an ever-expanding world population. In experimental animal models, acute DON poisoning causes emesis, whereas chronic low-dose exposure elicits anorexia, growth retardation, immunotoxicity as well as impaired reproduction and development resulting from maternal toxicity. Pathophysiologic effects associated with DON include altered neuroendocrine signaling, proinflammatory gene induction, disruption of the growth hormone axis, and altered gut integrity. At the cellular level, DON induces ribotoxic stress thereby disrupting macromolecule synthesis, cell signaling, differentiation, proliferation, and death. There is a need to better understand the mechanistic linkages between these early dose-dependent molecular effects and relevant pathological sequelae. Epidemiological studies are needed to determine if relationships exist between consumption of high DON levels and incidence of both gastroenteritis and potential chronic diseases. From the perspective of human health translation, a particularly exciting development is the availability of biomarkers of exposure (e.g. DON glucuronide) and effect (e.g. IGF1) now make it possible to study the relationship between DON consumption and growth retardation in susceptible human populations such as children and vegetarians. Ultimately, a fusion of basic and translational research is needed to validate or refine existing risk assessments and regulatory standards for this common mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pestka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Deoxynivalenol-induced proinflammatory gene expression: mechanisms and pathological sequelae. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:1300-17. [PMID: 22069639 PMCID: PMC3153246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is commonly encountered in human cereal foods throughout the world as a result of infestation of grains in the field and in storage by the fungus Fusarium. Significant questions remain regarding the risks posed to humans from acute and chronic DON ingestion, and how to manage these risks without imperiling access to nutritionally important food commodities. Modulation of the innate immune system appears particularly critical to DON's toxic effects. Specifically, DON induces activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in macrophages and monocytes, which mediate robust induction of proinflammatory gene expression-effects that can be recapitulated in intact animals. The initiating mechanisms for DON-induced ribotoxic stress response appear to involve the (1) activation of constitutive protein kinases on the damaged ribosome and (2) autophagy of the chaperone GRP78 with consequent activation of the ER stress response. Pathological sequelae resulting from chronic low dose exposure include anorexia, impaired weight gain, growth hormone dysregulation and aberrant IgA production whereas acute high dose exposure evokes gastroenteritis, emesis and a shock-like syndrome. Taken together, the capacity of DON to evoke ribotoxic stress in mononuclear phagocytes contributes significantly to its acute and chronic toxic effects in vivo. It is anticipated that these investigations will enable the identification of robust biomarkers of effect that will be applicable to epidemiological studies of the human health effects of this common mycotoxin.
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Abstract
Humans are exposed to mycotoxins via ingestion, contact and inhalation. This must have occurred throughout human history and led to severe outbreaks. Potential diseases range from akakabio-byo to stachybotryotoxicosis and cancer. The known molecular bases of toxicology run the gamut of 23 compounds, from aflatoxins (AFs) to zearalenone, ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol. Ergotism is one of the oldest recognized mycotoxicosis, although mycotoxin science only commenced in the 1960s with the discovery of AFs in turkey feed. AFs are carcinogenic. Some others are suspected carcinogens. The effects of mycotoxins are acute or chronic in nature. Mycotoxins are well known in the scientific community, although they have a low profile in the general population. An incongruous situation occurs in United States where mycotoxins from "moldy homes" are considered to be a significant problem, although there is a general debate about seriousness. This contrasts with the thousands of deaths from mycotoxins that occur, even now, in the technologically less developed countries (e.g., Indonesia, China, and Africa). Mycotoxins are more toxic than pesticides. Studies are moving from whole animal work to investigating the biochemical mechanisms in isolated cells, and the mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular level are being elucidated. The stereochemical nature of AFs has been shown to be important. In addition, the effect of multiple mycotoxins is being increasingly investigated, which will more accurately represent the situation in nature. It is anticipated that more fungal metabolites will be recognized as dangerous toxins and permitted statutory levels will decrease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R M Paterson
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal.
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Bensassi F, El Golli-Bennour E, Abid-Essefi S, Bouaziz C, Hajlaoui MR, Bacha H. Pathway of deoxynivalenol-induced apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Toxicology 2009; 264:104-9. [PMID: 19664677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), is generally detected in cereal grains and grain-based food products worldwide. Therefore, DON has numerous toxicological effects on animals and humans. The present investigation was conducted to determine the molecular aspects of DON toxicity on human colon carcinoma cells (HT 29). To this aim, we have monitored the effects of DON on (i) cell viability, (ii) Heat shock protein expressions as a parameter of protective and adaptive response, (iii) oxidative damage and (iv) cell death signalling pathway. Our results clearly showed that DON treatment inhibits cell proliferation, did not induce Hsp 70 protein expression and reactive oxygen species generation. We have also demonstrated that this toxin induced a DNA fragmentation followed by p53 and caspase-3 activations. Finally, our findings suggested that oxidative damage is not the major contributor to DON toxicity. This mycotoxin induces direct DNA lesions and could be considered by this fact as a genotoxic agent inducing cell death via an apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Bensassi
- Laboratory of Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dentistry, Rue Avicenne, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
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41
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Amuzie CJ, Shinozuka J, Pestka JJ. Induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling by the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in the mouse. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:277-87. [PMID: 19625342 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a trichothecene mycotoxin found in grains and cereal-based foods worldwide, impairs weight gain in experimental animals but the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. Oral exposure to DON induces rapid and transient upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine expression in the mouse. The latter are known to induce several suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), some of which impair growth hormone (GH) signaling. We hypothesized that oral exposure to DON will induce SOCS expression in the mouse. Real-time PCR and cytokine bead array revealed that oral gavage with DON rapidly (1 h) induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA and protein expression in several organs and plasma, respectively. Upregulation of mRNAs for four well-characterized SOCS (CIS [cytokine-inducible SH2 domain protein], SOCS1, SOCS2, and SOCS3) was either concurrent with (1 h) or subsequent to cytokine upregulation (2 h). Notably, DON-induced SOCS3 mRNAs in muscle, spleen and liver, with CIS1, SOCS1, and SOCS2 occurring to a lesser extent. Hepatic SOCS3 mRNA was a very sensitive indicator of DON exposure with SOCS3 protein being detectable in the liver well after the onset of cytokine decline (5 h). Furthermore, hepatic SOCS upregulation was associated with about 75% suppression of GH-inducible insulin-like growth factor acid labile subunit. Taken together, DON-induced cytokine upregulation corresponded to increased expression of several SOCS, and was associated with suppression of GH-inducible gene expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidozie J Amuzie
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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Pestka JJ. Mechanisms of deoxynivalenol-induced gene expression and apoptosis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:1128-40. [PMID: 19238623 PMCID: PMC2917199 DOI: 10.1080/02652030802056626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium infection of agricultural staples such as wheat, barley and corn with concurrent production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and other trichothecene mycotoxins is an increasingly common problem worldwide. In addition to its emetic effects, chronic dietary exposure to DON causes impaired weight gain, anorexia, decreased nutritional efficiency and immune dysregulation in experimental animals. Trichothecenes are both immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive depending on dose, frequency and duration of exposure as well as type of immune function assay. Monocytes, macrophages, as well as T- and B-lymphocytes of the immune system can be cellular targets of DON and other trichothecenes. In vitro exposure to low trichothecene concentrations upregulates expression both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally of cytokines, chemokines and inflammatory genes with concurrent immune stimulation, whereas exposure to high concentrations promotes leukocyte apoptosis with concomitant immune suppression. DON and other trichothecenes, via a mechanism known as the 'ribotoxic stress response', bind to ribosomes and rapidly activate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The latter are important transducers of downstream signalling events related to immune response and apoptosis. Using cloned macrophages, two critical upstream transducers of DON-induced MAPK activation have been identified. One transducer is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR), a widely expressed serine/threonine protein kinase that can be activated by dsRNA, interferon and other agents. The other transducer is haematopoetic cell kinase (Hck), a non-receptor associated Src oncogene family kinase. Pharmacological inhibitors and gene suppression studies have revealed that Hck and PKR contribute to DON-induced gene expression and apoptosis. PKR, Hck and other kinases bind to the ribosome and are activated following DON interaction. Future studies will focus on the sequence of molecular events at the ribosome level that drive selective activation of these upstream kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Pestka
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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Pestka JJ, Islam Z, Amuzie CJ. Immunochemical assessment of deoxynivalenol tissue distribution following oral exposure in the mouse. Toxicol Lett 2008; 178:83-7. [PMID: 18395371 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON or vomitoxin) is a trichothecene mycotoxin commonly found in cereal grains that adversely affects growth and immune function in experimental animals. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to monitor the kinetics of distribution and clearance of DON in tissues of young adult B6C3F1 male mice that were orally administered 25mg/kg bw of the toxin. DON was detectable from 5 min to 24h in plasma, liver, spleen and brain and from 5 min to 8h in heart and kidney. The highest DON plasma concentrations were observed within 5-15 min (12 microg/mL) after dosing. There was rapid clearance following two-compartment kinetics (t(1/2)alpha=20.4 min, t 1/2 beta=11.8h) with 5% and 2% maximum plasma DON concentrations remaining after 8 and 24h, respectively. DON distribution and clearance kinetics in other tissues were similar to that of plasma. At 5 min, DON concentrations in mug/g were 19.5+/-1.9 in liver, 7.6+/-0.5 in kidney, 7.3+/-0.8 in spleen, 6.8+/-0.9 in heart and 0.8+/-0.1 in the brain. DON recoveries in tissues by ELISA were comparable to a previous study that employed (3)H-DON and 25mg/kg bw DON dose. The ELISA was further applicable to the detection of DON in plasma of mice exposed to the toxin via diet. This approach provides a simple strategy that can be used to answer relevant questions in rodents of how dose, species, age, gender, genetic background and route/duration of exposure impact DON uptake and clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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45
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Yegani M, Chowdhury SR, Oinas N, MacDonald EJ, Smith TK. Effects of Feeding Grains Naturally Contaminated with Fusarium Mycotoxins on Brain Regional Neurochemistry of Laying Hens, Turkey Poults, and Broiler Breeder Hens. Poult Sci 2006; 85:2117-23. [PMID: 17135666 DOI: 10.1093/ps/85.12.2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to compare the effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on brain regional neurochemistry of laying hens, turkey poults, and broiler breeder hens. In Experiment 1, thirty-six 45-wk-old laying hens were fed diets including the following for 4 wk: 1) control, 2) contaminated grains, and 3) contaminated grains + 0.2% polymeric glucomannan mycotoxin adsorbent (GMA). Concentrations of brain neurotransmitters and metabolites were analyzed in pons, hypothalamus, and cortex by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Neurotransmitters and the metabolites measured included dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxylphenyacetic acid, homovanillic acid, serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)], 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. The feeding of contaminated grains significantly increased concentrations of 5-HT and decreased the 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid:5-HT in the pons region in the brain stem. Dietary supplementation with GMA prevented these effects. There was no effect of diet on concentrations of other neurotransmitters or metabolites in the pons, hypothalamus, or cortex. In Experiment 2, thirty-six 1-d-old turkey poults were fed diets including the following for 4 wk: 1) control, 2) contaminated grains, and 3) contaminated grains + 0.2% GMA. Hypothalamic, pons, and cortex neurotransmitter concentrations were not affected by diet. In Experiment 3, forty-two 26-wk-old broiler breeder hens were fed diets including the following for 15 wk: 1) control, 2) contaminated grains, and 3) contaminated grains + 0.2% GMA. There was no effect of diet on neurotransmitter concentrations in the pons, hypothalamus, or cortex. It was concluded that differences in intraspecies effects of these mycotoxins on brain neurotransmitter concentrations might explain the intraspecies differences in the severity of Fusarium mycotoxin-induced reductions in feed intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yegani
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1
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46
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Goyarts T, Dänicke S. Bioavailability of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated wheat for the pig. Toxicol Lett 2006; 163:171-82. [PMID: 16326049 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were carried out with 16 castrated male pigs (41.5 +/- 2.0 kg) to examine the toxicokinetics of deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated wheat (16.6 mg DON/kg) after chronic exposure or one single oral dose (acute). The systemic absorption (bioavailability) of DON was estimated based on the area under the curves (AUC) after oral (chronic or acute) and intravenous application of pure DON (53 microg/kg live weight). Additionally, a balance study was conducted to quantitatively trace the DON metabolism. After intravenous (IV) DON application (n = 5), serum DON concentrations decreased biphasically with terminal elimination half-lives (t(1/2)beta) of between 4.2 and 33.6h. DON was rapidly absorbed following oral exposure and reached maximal plasma concentrations (C(max)) of 21.79 and 15.21 ng DON/ml serum after (t(max)) 88.4 and 99.1 min in the chronic (n = 5) and acute (n = 6) fed group, respectively. Thereafter serum DON levels declined slowly with an elimination half-life (t(1/2)beta) of 6.28 and 5.32 h for both oral groups. The mean bioavailability (F) of DON was 89% for the chronic group and 54% for the acute oral group. DON was highly distributed in all groups, with an apparent volume of distribution (V(d)) higher than the total body water. Glucuronide conjugation of deoxynivalenol was found in serum samples after oral exposure, but not after intravenous application. Dietary DON caused a significant increase in DON concentrations of urine and faeces, whereby the metabolite de-epoxy-DON was found only in the trials with a pre-period of longer than 4 weeks. The total recovery was 66.6 +/- 39.0% and 54.0 +/- 9.7% for the control and the chronic DON groups, respectively, with urine being the main excretory route. In conclusion, orally administered DON was quickly absorbed to an extent of over 50%, highly distributed and only poorly metabolized. Twenty-four hours following oral dosing, DON could not be detected in the serum, except in one chronically fed pig at the level of the detection limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Goyarts
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, FAL, Bundesallee 50, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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47
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Rybaczyk LA, Bashaw MJ, Pathak DR, Moody SM, Gilders RM, Holzschu DL. An overlooked connection: serotonergic mediation of estrogen-related physiology and pathology. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2005; 5:12. [PMID: 16368009 PMCID: PMC1327664 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, serotonin has typically been investigated as a neurotransmitter. However, serotonin also functions as a hormone across animal phyla, including those lacking an organized central nervous system. This hormonal action allows serotonin to have physiological consequences in systems outside the central nervous system. Fluctuations in estrogen levels over the lifespan and during ovarian cycles cause predictable changes in serotonin systems in female mammals. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that some of the physiological effects attributed to estrogen may be a consequence of estrogen-related changes in serotonin efficacy and receptor distribution. Here, we integrate data from endocrinology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and epidemiology to propose that serotonin may mediate the effects of estrogen. In the central nervous system, estrogen influences pain transmission, headache, dizziness, nausea, and depression, all of which are known to be a consequence of serotonergic signaling. Outside of the central nervous system, estrogen produces changes in bone density, vascular function, and immune cell self-recognition and activation that are consistent with serotonin's effects. For breast cancer risk, our hypothesis predicts heretofore unexplained observations of the opposing effects of obesity pre- and post-menopause and the increase following treatment with hormone replacement therapy using medroxyprogesterone. SUMMARY Serotonergic mediation of estrogen has important clinical implications and warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek A Rybaczyk
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 1190 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210-1218, USA
| | - Meredith J Bashaw
- Department of Psychology, 200 Porter Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Dorothy R Pathak
- Departments of Epidemiology and Family Practice, A641 West Fee Hall, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI48824, USA
| | - Scott M Moody
- Department of Biological Sciences, 318 Irvine Hall, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2939, USA
| | - Roger M Gilders
- School of Recreation and Sport Sciences, E184 Grover Center, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, USA
| | - Donald L Holzschu
- Department of Biological Sciences, 239 Life Sciences Building, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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48
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Pestka JJ, Smolinski AT. Deoxynivalenol: toxicology and potential effects on humans. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2005; 8:39-69. [PMID: 15762554 DOI: 10.1080/10937400590889458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 649] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin that commonly contaminates cereal-based foods worldwide. At the molecular level, DON disrupts normal cell function by inhibiting protein synthesis via binding to the ribosome and by activating critical cellular kinases involved in signal transduction related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Relative to toxicity, there are marked species differences, with the pig being most sensitive to DON, followed by rodent > dog > cat > poultry > ruminants. The physiologic parameter that is most sensitive to low-level DON exposure is the emetic response, with as little as 0.05 to 0.1 mg/kg body weight (bw) inducing vomiting in swine and dogs. Chinese epidemiological studies suggest that DON may also produce emetic effects in humans. With respect to chronic effects, growth (anorexia and decreased nutritional efficiency), immune function, (enhancement and suppression), and reproduction (reduced litter size) are also adversely affected by DON in animals, whereas incidence of neoplasia is not affected. When hazard evaluations were conducted using existing chronic toxicity data and standard safety factors employed for anthropogenic additives/contaminants in foods, tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) ranging from 1 to 5 microg/kg bw have been generated. Given that critical data gaps still exist regarding the potential health effects of DON, additional research is needed to improve capacity for assessing adverse health effects of this mycotoxin. Critical areas for future DON research include molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity, sensitivity of human cells/tissues relative to other species, emetic effects in primates, epidemiological association with gastroenteritis and chronic disease in humans, and surveillance in cereal crops worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1224, USA.
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Szkudelska K, Szkudelski T, Nogowski L. Short-time deoxynivalenol treatment induces metabolic disturbances in the rat. Toxicol Lett 2002; 136:25-31. [PMID: 12368054 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by several Fusarium species and may contaminate feeds causing reduced food consumption and utilisation, reduced body weight gain and other unfavourable changes in animals. To verify if its adverse influence involves also hormonal and metabolic changes, the effect of DON on blood insulin, glucagon, leptin and metabolic parameters in growing Wistar rats was studied. Animals were treated subcutaneously with DON in the amount of 1 mg/kg b.w. After 3 days a significant increase in blood insulin, glucose and free fatty acids were observed in these animals in comparison to the control group. DON treatment caused an increment in glycogen depots and a reduction in triglycerides content in the muscle. Studies on isolated adipocytes revealed that DON (20 micromol/l) slightly stimulated basal lipogenesis, whereas insulin-induced lipid synthesis and lipolysis were unchanged. Results obtained after subcutaneous DON administration indicate that its adverse effects in animals may partially result from metabolic disturbances evoked by this mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szkudelska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Poznań, Poland.
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