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Toxic Effects Produced by Anatoxin-a under Laboratory Conditions: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120861. [PMID: 36548758 PMCID: PMC9784168 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of cyanotoxins and its bioaccumulation in the food chain is an increasingly common problem worldwide. Despite the toxic effects produced by Anatoxin-a (ATX-a), this neurotoxin has been less studied compared to microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Studies conducted under laboratory conditions are of particular interest because these provide information which are directly related to the effects produced by the toxin. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) considers the ATX-a toxicological database inadequate to support the publication of a formal guideline reference value. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to compile all of the in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies performed so far and to identify potential data gaps. Results show that the number of reports is increasing in recent years. However, more in vitro studies are needed, mainly in standardized neuronal cell lines. Regarding in vivo studies, very few of them reflect conditions occurring in nature and further studies with longer periods of oral exposure would be of interest. Moreover, additional toxicological aspects of great interest such as mutagenicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity and alteration of hormonal balance need to be studied in depth.
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Confirmation Using Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of a Fatal Canine Neurotoxicosis following Exposure to Anatoxins at an Inland Reservoir. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110804. [PMID: 36422978 PMCID: PMC9696769 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are often associated with the presence of harmful natural compounds which can cause adverse health effects in both humans and animals. One family of these compounds, known as anatoxins, have been linked to the rapid deaths of cattle and dogs through neurotoxicological action. Here, we report the findings resulting from the death of a dog at a freshwater reservoir in SW England. Poisoning was rapid following exposure to material at the side of the lake. Clinical signs included neurological distress, diaphragmatic paralysis and asphyxia prior to death after 45 min of exposure. Analysis by HILIC-MS/MS of urine and stomach content samples from the dog revealed the detection of anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a in both samples with higher concentrations of the latter quantified in both matrices. Detection and quantitative accuracy was further confirmed with use of accurate mass LC-HRMS. Additional anatoxin analogues were also detected by LC-HRMS, including 4-keto anatoxin-a, 4-keto-homo anatoxin-a, expoxy anatoxin-a and epoxy homo anatoxin-a. The conclusion of neurotoxicosis was confirmed with the use of two independent analytical methods showing positive detection and significantly high quantified concentrations of these neurotoxins in clinical samples. Together with the clinical signs observed, we have confirmed that anatoxins were responsible for the rapid death of the dog in this case.
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Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Stefanova K, Uzunov B, Radkova M, Gärtner G. Cuspidothrix Is the First Genetically Proved Anatoxin A Producer in Bulgarian Lakes and Reservoirs. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110778. [PMID: 36356028 PMCID: PMC9696308 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the first proof of planktonic cyanoprokaryote genus Cuspidothrix as an anatoxin A (ATX) producer in Bulgarian wetlands. The results from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) obtained from two summer sampling campaigns in 26 selected lakes and reservoirs demonstrated presence of the anaC gene, responsible for ATX production in 21 strains of the genus. They were found in three waterbodies sampled in 2018 (coastal lake Vaya, coastal reservoir Poroy, inland reservoir Sinyata Reka) and in four waterbodies sampled in 2019 (inland reservoirs Duvanli, Koprinka, Plachidol 2, Sinyata Reka). The detected genetic diversity generally corresponds to the observations conducted by conventional light microscopy, by which we distinguished three species of Cuspidothrix (Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Cuspidothrix elenkinii and Cuspidothrix tropicalis, the latter considered alien in the country). Eleven strains showed high similarity to two sequences of C. issatschenkoi available from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Ten other strains assembled in a group, which-in lack of available from NCBI genetic sequences-were presumed related to C. tropicalis and C. elenkinii after comparison with the results from light microscopy. Cuspidothrix strains found in Bulgarian waterbodies showed high genetic similarity to those isolated and sequenced from Asia (Japan, China) and Northern Europe (Norway, Finland).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katerina Stefanova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany, Sofia University, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Correspondence:
| | - Mariana Radkova
- AgroBio Institute, Bulgarian Agricultural Academy, BG-1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Innsbruck University, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Banerjee S, Maity S, Guchhait R, Chatterjee A, Biswas C, Adhikari M, Pramanick K. Toxic effects of cyanotoxins in teleost fish: A comprehensive review. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 240:105971. [PMID: 34560410 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phenomenon of eutrophication leads to the global occurrence of algal blooms. Cyanotoxins as produced by many cyanobacterial species can lead to detrimental effects to the biome due to their stability and potential biomagnification along food webs. Therefore, understanding of the potential risks these toxins pose to the most susceptible organisms is an important prerequisite for ecological risks assessment of cyanobacteria blooms. Fishes are an important component of aquatic ecosystems that are prone to direct exposure to cyanotoxins. However, relatively few investigations have focused on measuring the toxic potentials of cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. This review comprehensively describes the major toxicological impacts (such as hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, immune toxicity, reproductive toxicity and cytogenotoxicity) of commonly occurring cyanotoxins in teleost fishes. The present work encompasses recent research progresses with special emphasis on the basic molecular mechanisms by which different cyanotoxins impose their toxicities in teleost fishes. The major research areas, which need to be focused on in future scientific investigations, have also been highlighted. Protein kinase inhibition, transcriptional dysregulation, disruption of redox homeostasis and the induction of apoptotic pathways appear to be the key drivers of the toxicological effects of cyanotoxins in fish. Analyses also showed that the impacts of cyanotoxins on specific reproductive processes are relatively less described in teleosts in comparison to mammalian systems. In fact, as compared to other toxicological effects of cyanotoxins, their reproductive toxicity (such as impacts on oocyte development, maturation and their hormonal regulation) is poorly understood in fish, and thus requires further studies. Furthermore, additonal studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cellular uptake of cyanotoxins need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sambuddha Banerjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Sukhendu Maity
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Rajkumar Guchhait
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Mahishadal Raj College, Garkamalpur, Purba Medinipur, India
| | - Ankit Chatterjee
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Chayan Biswas
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Madhuchhanda Adhikari
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Kousik Pramanick
- Integrative Biology Research Unit, Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India.
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5
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Spatial and Temporal Diversity of Cyanometabolites in the Eutrophic Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea). WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13131760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This work aims to determine the profiles of cyanopeptides and anatoxin synthetized by cyanobacteria in the Lithuanian part of the Curonian Lagoon (SE Baltic Sea) and to characterize their spatial and temporal patterns in this ecosystem. Cyanometabolites were analysed by a LC-MS/MS system and were coupled to a hybrid triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometer. During the investigation period (2013–2017), 10 microcystins, nodularin, anatoxin-a, 16 anabaenopeptins, including 1 oscillamide, 12 aeruginosins, 1 aeruginosamide, 3 cyanopeptolins and 4 microginins were detected. The most frequently detected metabolites were found at all investigated sites. Demethylated microcystin variants and anabaenopeptins had the strongest relationship with Planktothrix agardhii, while non-demethylated microcystin variants and anatoxin had the strongest relationship with Microcystis spp. Low concentrations of some microcystins: [Asp3]MC-RR, MC-RR, MC-LR, as well as a few other cyanopeptides: AP-A and AEG-A were found during the cold period (December–March). Over the study period, Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix and Microcystis were the main dominant cyanobacteria species, while Planktothrix, Microcystis, and Dolichospermum were potentially producers of cyanopeptides and anatoxin detected in samples from the Curonian Lagoon.
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Chen L, Giesy JP, Adamovsky O, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J, Codd GA, Mijovic B, Shi T, Tuo X, Li SC, Pan BZ, Chen J, Xie P. Challenges of using blooms of Microcystis spp. in animal feeds: A comprehensive review of nutritional, toxicological and microbial health evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142319. [PMID: 33069479 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis spp., are Gram-negative, oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes which use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and minerals into organic compounds and biomass. Eutrophication, rising CO2 concentrations and global warming are increasing Microcystis blooms globally. Due to its high availability and protein content, Microcystis biomass has been suggested as a protein source for animal feeds. This would reduce dependency on soybean and other agricultural crops and could make use of "waste" biomass when Microcystis scums and blooms are harvested. Besides proteins, Microcystis contain further nutrients including lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. However, Microcystis produce cyanobacterial toxins, including microcystins (MCs) and other bioactive metabolites, which present health hazards. In this review, challenges of using Microcystis blooms in feeds are identified. First, nutritional and toxicological (nutri-toxicogical) data, including toxicity of Microcystis to mollusks, crustaceans, fish, amphibians, mammals and birds, is reviewed. Inclusion of Microcystis in diets caused greater mortality, lesser growth, cachexia, histopathological changes and oxidative stress in liver, kidney, gill, intestine and spleen of several fish species. Estimated daily intake (EDI) of MCs in muscle of fish fed Microcystis might exceed the provisional tolerable daily intake (TDI) for humans, 0.04 μg/kg body mass (bm)/day, as established by the World Health Organization (WHO), and is thus not safe. Muscle of fish fed M. aeruginosa is of low nutritional value and exhibits poor palatability/taste. Microcystis also causes hepatotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to mollusks, crustaceans, amphibians, mammals and birds. Microbial pathogens can also occur in blooms of Microcystis. Thus, cyanotoxins/xenobiotics/pathogens in Microcystis biomass should be removed/degraded/inactivated sufficiently to assure safety for use of the biomass as a primary/main/supplemental ingredient in animal feed. As an ameliorative measure, antidotes/detoxicants can be used to avoid/reduce the toxic effects. Before using Microcystis in feed ingredients/supplements, further screening for health protection and cost control is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
| | - Ondrej Adamovsky
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK; Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Biljana Mijovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Studentska 5, 73 300 Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ting Shi
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Tuo
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shang-Chun Li
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; School of Public Health, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology (IHB), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Institute for Ecological Research and Pollution Control of Plateau Lakes, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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Abstract
Eutrophication and global climate change gather advantageous conditions for cyanobacteria proliferation leading to bloom formation and cyanotoxin production. In the Azores, eutrophication is a major concern, mainly in lakes where fertilizers and organic matter discharges have increased nutrient concentration. In this study, we focused on understanding the influence of environmental factors and lake characteristics on (i) cyanobacteria diversity and biomass and (ii) the presence of toxic strains and microcystin, saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin cyanotoxin-producing genes. Fifteen lakes from the Azores Archipelago were sampled seasonally, environmental variables were recorded in situ, cyanobacteria were analyzed with microscopic techniques, and cyanotoxin-producing genes were targeted through conventional PCR. Statistical analysis (DistLM) showed that lake typology-associated variables (lake’s depth, area, and altitude) were the most explanatory variables of cyanobacteria biomass and cyanotoxin-producing genes presence, although trophic variables (chlorophyll a and total phosphorus) influence species distribution in each lake type. Our main results revealed higher cyanobacteria biomass/diversity, and higher toxicity risk in lakes located at lower altitudes, associated with deep anthropogenic pressures and eutrophication scenarios. These results emphasize the need for cyanobacteria blooms control measures, mainly by decreasing anthropogenic pressures surrounding these lakes, thus decreasing eutrophication. We also highlight the potential for microcystin, saxitoxin, and anatoxin-a production in these lakes, hence the necessity to implement continuous mitigation protocols to avoid environmental and public health toxicity events.
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Massey IY, Al osman M, Yang F. An overview on cyanobacterial blooms and toxins production: their occurrence and influencing factors. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1843060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Muwaffak Al osman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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9
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Christensen VG, Khan E. Freshwater neurotoxins and concerns for human, animal, and ecosystem health: A review of anatoxin-a and saxitoxin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139515. [PMID: 32485372 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria are a concern worldwide because they can adversely affect humans, animals, and ecosystems. However, neurotoxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria are understudied relative to microcystin. Thus, the objective of this critical review was to provide a comprehensive examination of the modes of action, production, fate, and occurrence of the freshwater neurotoxins anatoxin-a and saxitoxin as they relate to human, animal, and ecosystem health. Literature on freshwater anatoxin-a and saxitoxin was obtained and reviewed for both laboratory and field studies. Current (2020) research identifies as many as 41 anatoxin-a producing species and 15 saxitoxin-producing species of freshwater cyanobacteria. Field studies indicate that anatoxin-a and saxitoxin have widespread distribution, and examples are given from every continent except Antarctica. Human and animal health concerns can range from acute to chronic. However, few researchers studied chronic or sublethal effects of freshwater exposures to anatoxin-a or saxitoxin. Ecosystem health also is a concern, as the effects of toxicity may be far reaching and include consequences throughout the food web. Several gaps in knowledge were identified for anatoxin-a and saxitoxin, including triggers of production and release, environmental fate and degradation, primary and secondary exposure routes, diel variation, food web effects, effects of cyanotoxin mixtures, and sublethal health effects on individual organisms and populations. Despite the gaps, this critical review facilitates our current understanding of freshwater neurotoxins and thus can serve to `` guide future research on anatoxin-a, saxitoxin, and other cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria G Christensen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Water Science Center, Mounds View, MN, USA; North Dakota State University, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program, Fargo, ND, USA.
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction Department, University of Nevada - Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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10
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Fiore MF, de Lima ST, Carmichael WW, McKinnie SMK, Chekan JR, Moore BS. Guanitoxin, re-naming a cyanobacterial organophosphate toxin. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101737. [PMID: 32113603 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a(S) is the most potent natural neurotoxin produced by fresh water cyanobacteria. It is also the least understood and monitored. Although this potent cholinesterase inhibitor was first reported in the 1970s and connected with animal poisonings, the lack of chemical standards and identified biosynthetic genes together with limited diagnostics and acute reactivity of this naturally-occurring organophosphate have limited our understanding of its environmental breadth and human health implications. Anatoxin-a(S) irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase much like other organophosphate agents like paraoxon. It is however often confused with the similarly named anatoxin-a that has a completely different chemical structure, mechanism of action, and biosynthesis. Herein we propose renaming of anatoxin-a(S) to clarify its distinct structure and mechanism and to draw renewed attention to this potent natural poison. We propose the new name guanitoxin (GNT) to emphasize its distinctive guanidino organophosphate chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli Fátima Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Stella Thomaz de Lima
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Wayne W Carmichael
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R Chekan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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11
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Bownik A, Pawlik-Skowrońska B. Early indicators of behavioral and physiological disturbances in Daphnia magna (Cladocera) induced by cyanobacterial neurotoxin anatoxin-a. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 695:133913. [PMID: 31756843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The majority of reports on the toxic effect of cyanobacterial metabolites on the freshwater invertebrates is based on determination of two endpoints: mortality or immobilization. However, detection of sub-lethal effects requires more sensitive indicators The aim of the present study was to evaluate the applicability of digital-video analysis for determination of early behavioral and physiological responses in the assessment of effects caused by the cyanobacterial neurotoxin, anatoxin-a (ANTX) at a broad range of its concentration (0.5-50 μg/mL). Swimming speed (SS), heart rate (HR), oxygen consumption (OC), thoracic limb activity (TLA) and abdominal claw movement (ACM) of Daphnia magna were evaluated. Swimming speed and abdominal claw movements were determined by digital analysis of video clips by Tracker® software; OC by Oxygraph Plus System® while HR, TLA and ACM by digital frame-by-frame analysis of video clips of microscopic view with the use of a media player software. The experimental study showed a concentration- and time-dependent decrease of SS, HR, OC, TLA and ACM. SS was inhibited as early as after 10 s of the exposure of Daphnia magna to ANTX, and the other physiological responses after 2 h. Further inhibition of these parameters was also noted after 24 h of the exposure. On the other hand, stimulation of ACM was noted at the lower (0.5 and 2.5 μg/mL) ANTX concentrations after both 2 h and 24 h of exposure. The results indicated that some behavioral and physiological biomarkers measured by video analysis may be a valuable tool for an early determination of toxic effects induced by cyanobacterial metabolites in zooplankters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bownik
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pawlik-Skowrońska
- Department of Hydrobiology and Protection of Ecosystems, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Dobrzańskiego 37, 20-262, Lublin, Poland
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12
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Legrand B, Miras Y, Beauger A, Dussauze M, Latour D. Akinetes and ancient DNA reveal toxic cyanobacterial recurrences and their potential for resurrection in a 6700-year-old core from a eutrophic lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 687:1369-1380. [PMID: 31412470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the recurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms and to determine the survival capabilities of the resistance cells through time, a sedimentary core spanning 6700 years was drilled in the eutrophic Lake Aydat. A multiproxy approach (density, magnetic susceptibility, XRF, pollen and non-pollen palynomorph analyses), was used initially to determine the sedimentation model and the land uses around the lake. Comparison with the akinete count revealed that Nostocales cyanobacteria have been present in Lake Aydat over a six thousand year period. This long-term cyanobacterial recurrence also highlights the past presence of both the anaC and mcyB genes, involved in anatoxin-a and microcystin biosynthesis, respectively, throughout the core. The first appearance of cyanobacteria seems to be linked to the natural damming of the river, while the large increase in akinete density around 1800 cal.yr BP can be correlated with the intensification of human activities (woodland clearance, crop planting, grazing, etc.) in the catchment area of the lake, and marks the beginning of a long period of eutrophication. This first investigation into the viability and germination potential of cyanobacteria over thousands of years reveals the ability of intact akinetes to undergo cell divisions even after 1800 years of sedimentation, which is 10 times longer than previously observed. This exceptional cellular resistance, coupled with the long-term eutrophic conditions of this lake, could partly explain the past and current recurrences of cyanobacterial proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Legrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France; ATHOS Environnement, 112 avenue du Brézet, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Yannick Miras
- Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique (HNHP), UMR 7194, CNRS, Département de Préhistoire, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, 1, rue René Panhard, 75013 Paris, France; GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Aude Beauger
- GEOLAB, UMR 6042, CNRS, Université Clermont-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthieu Dussauze
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LMGE, F-63178 Aubière Cedex, France
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13
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Gkelis S, Panou M, Konstantinou D, Apostolidis P, Kasampali A, Papadimitriou S, Kati D, Di Lorenzo GM, Ioakeim S, Zervou SK, Christophoridis C, Triantis TM, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Arsenakis M. Diversity, Cyanotoxin Production, and Bioactivities of Cyanobacteria Isolated from Freshwaters of Greece. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080436. [PMID: 31349572 PMCID: PMC6723990 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that produce an array of secondary compounds with selective bioactivity against a broad spectrum of organisms and cell lines. In this study, 29 strains isolated from freshwaters in Greece were classified using a polyphasic approach and assigned to Chroococcales, Synechococcales, and Nostocales, representing 11 genera and 17 taxa. There were good agreements between 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-cpcBA-internal genetic spacer (IGS) characterization and morphological features, except for the Jaaginema-Limnothrix group which appears intermixed and needs further elucidation. Methanol extracts of the strains were analyzed for cyanotoxin production and tested against pathogenic bacteria species and several cancer cell lines. We report for the first time a Nostoc oryzae strain isolated from rice fields capable of producing microcystins (MCs) and a Chlorogloeopsis fritschii strain isolated from the plankton of a lake, suggesting that this species may also occur in freshwater temperate habitats. Strains with very high or identical 16S rRNA gene sequences displayed different antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Extracts from Synechococcus cf. nidulans showed the most potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, whereas Jaaginema sp. strains exhibited potent cytotoxic activities against human colorectal adenocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Jaaginema Thessaloniki Aristotle University Microalgae and Cyanobacteria (TAU-MAC) 0110 and 0210 strains caused pronounced changes in the actin network and triggered the formation of numerous lipid droplets in hepatocellular carcinoma and green monkey kidney cells, suggesting oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial damage leading to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Manthos Panou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Konstantinou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Apostolidis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonia Kasampali
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Papadimitriou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dominiki Kati
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giorgia Maria Di Lorenzo
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Ioakeim
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Christophoros Christophoridis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Laboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patriarchou Grigoriou & Neapoleos, Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, Greece
| | - Minas Arsenakis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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14
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Abstract
Cyanobacteria, formerly called ”blue-green algae“, are simple, primitive photosynthetic microorganism wide occurrence in fresh, brackish and salt waters. Forty different genera ofCyanobacteriaare known and many of them are producers of potent toxins responsible for a wide array of human illnesses, aquatic mammal and bird morbidity and mortality, and extensive fish kills. These cyanotoxins act as neurotoxins or hepatotoxins and are structurally and functionally diverse, and many are derived from unique biosynthetic pathways. All known cyanotoxins and their chemical and toxicological characteristics are presented in this article.
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15
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Huang IS, Zimba PV. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites-A review of their chemistry and biology. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 86:139-209. [PMID: 31358273 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komárek as part of the Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1-3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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16
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Violi JP, Mitrovic SM, Colville A, Main BJ, Rodgers KJ. Prevalence of β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and its isomers in freshwater cyanobacteria isolated from eastern Australia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 172:72-81. [PMID: 30682636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to the amino acid β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) was linked to the high incidence of neurodegenerative disease first reported on the island of Guam in the 1940s and has more recently been implicated in an increased incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in parts of the USA. BMAA has been shown to be produced by a range of cyanobacteria and some marine diatoms and dinoflagellates in different parts of the world. BMAA is commonly found with two of its constitutional isomers: 2,4- diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine (AEG). These isomers are thought to be co-produced by the same organisms that produce BMAA and MS/MS analysis following LC separation can add an additional level of specificity over LC-FL. Although the presence of BMAA and 2,4-DAB in surface scum samples from several sites in Australia has been reported, which Australian cyanobacterial species are capable of BMAA, 2,4-DAB and AEG production remains unknown. The aims of the present studies were to identify some of the cyanobacterial genera or species that can produce BMAA, 2,4-DAB and AEG in freshwater cyanobacteria blooms in eastern Australia. Eleven freshwater sites were sampled and from these, 19 single-species cyanobacterial cultures were established. Amino acids were extracted from cyanobacterial cultures and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. BMAA was detected in 17 of the 19 isolates, 2,4-DAB was detected in all isolates, and AEG was detected in 18 of the 19 isolates, showing the prevalence of these amino acids in Australian freshwater cyanobacteria. Concentrations of all three isomers in Australian cyanobacteria were generally higher than the concentrations reported elsewhere. This study confirmed the presence of BMAA and its isomers in cyanobacteria isolated from eastern Australian freshwater systems, and determined which Australian cyanobacterial genera or species were capable of producing them when cultured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake P Violi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Simon M Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Anne Colville
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Brendan J Main
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kenneth J Rodgers
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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17
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Huang IS, Zimba PV. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites-A review of their chemistry and biology. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:42-94. [PMID: 31097255 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komárek as part of the Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1-3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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18
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Cullen A, Pearson LA, Mazmouz R, Liu T, Soeriyadi AH, Ongley SE, Neilan BA. Heterologous expression and biochemical characterisation of cyanotoxin biosynthesis pathways. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:1117-1136. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00063h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses cyanotoxin biosynthetic pathways and highlights the heterologous expression and biochemical studies used to characterise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alescia Cullen
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Leanne A. Pearson
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Tianzhe Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Angela H. Soeriyadi
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney 2052
- Australia
| | - Sarah E. Ongley
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan 2308
- Australia
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19
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Christophoridis C, Zervou SK, Manolidi K, Katsiapi M, Moustaka-Gouni M, Kaloudis T, Triantis TM, Hiskia A. Occurrence and diversity of cyanotoxins in Greek lakes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17877. [PMID: 30552354 PMCID: PMC6294760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35428-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacteria occur in Greek surface water bodies. However, studies on the occurrence of cyanotoxins (CTs) are often limited to mainly microcystins (MCs), with use of screening methods, such as ELISA, that are not conclusive of the chemical structure of the CT variants and can be subject to false positive results. A multi-lake survey in Greece (14 lakes) was conducted in water and biomass, targeted to a wide range of multi-class CTs including MCs, nodularin-R (NOD), cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA-a) and saxitoxins (STXs), using multi-class/variant LC-MS/MS analytical workflows, achieving sensitive detection, definitive identification and accurate quantitation. A wide variety of CTs (CYN, ANA-a, STX, neoSTX, dmMC-RR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-HtyR, dm3MC-LR, MC-LR, MC-HilR, MC-WR, MC-LA, MC-LY, MC-LW and MC-LF), were detected, with MCs being the most commonly occurring. In biomass, MC-RR was the most abundant toxin, reaching 754 ng mg−1 dw, followed by MC-LR (458 ng mg−1 dw). CYN and ANA-a were detected for the first time in the biomass of Greek lakes at low concentrations and STXs in lakes Trichonis, Vistonis and Petron. The abundance and diversity of CTs were also evaluated in relation to recreational health risks, in a case study with a proven history of MCs (Lake Kastoria).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophoros Christophoridis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Korina Manolidi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Matina Katsiapi
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Moustaka-Gouni
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Kaloudis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.,Water Quality Control Department, Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company - EYDAP SA, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros M Triantis
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Hiskia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Patr. Grigoriou E' & Neapoleos 27, 15341, Athens, Greece.
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20
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Major Y, Kifle D, Spoof L, Meriluoto J. Cyanobacteria and microcystins in Koka reservoir (Ethiopia). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:26861-26873. [PMID: 30003488 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The composition and abundance of cyanobacteria and their toxins, microcystins (MCs), and cylindrospermopsins (CYN) were investigated using samples collected at monthly intervals from the Amudde side of Koka Reservoir from May 2013 to April 2014. Cyanobacteria were the most abundant and persistent phytoplankton taxa with Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis species alternately dominating the phytoplankton community of the reservoir and accounting for up to 84.3 and 11.9% of total cyanobacterial abundance, respectively. Analyses of cyanotoxins in filtered samples by HPLC-DAD and LC-MS/MS identified and quantified five variants of MCs (MC-LR, MC-YR, MC-RR, MC-dmLR, and MC-LA) in all samples, with their total concentrations ranging from 1.86 to 28.3 μg L-1 and from 1.71 to 33 μg L-1, respectively. Despite the presence and occasional abundance of Cylindrospermopsis sp., cylindrospermopsin was not detected. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the environmental variables explained 82.7% of the total variance in cyanobacterial abundance and microcystin concentration. The presence of considerably high levels of MCs almost throughout the year represents a serious threat to public health and life of domestic and wild animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshiemebet Major
- Applied Biology Program, School of Applied Natural Science, Adama Science and Technology University, P.O. Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia
| | - Demeke Kifle
- Aquatic Science, Fisheries and Aquaculture stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Lisa Spoof
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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21
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Pitois F, Fastner J, Pagotto C, Dechesne M. Multi-Toxin Occurrences in Ten French Water Resource Reservoirs. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070283. [PMID: 29987192 PMCID: PMC6071237 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are known to produce a wide array of metabolites, including various classes of toxins. Among these, hepatotoxins (Microcystins), neurotoxins (Anatoxin-A and PSP toxins) or cytotoxins (Cylindrospermopsins) have been subjected to numerous, individual studies during the past twenty years. Reports of toxins co-occurrences, however, remain scarce in the literature. The present work is an inventory of cyanobacteria with a particular focus on Nostocales and their associated toxin classes from 2007 to 2010 in ten lakes used for drinking water production in France. The results show that potential multiple toxin producing species are commonly encountered in cyanobacteria populations. Individual toxin classes were detected in 75% of all samples. Toxin co-occurrences appeared in 40% of samples as two- or three-toxin combinations (with 35% for the microcystins–anatoxin combination), whereas four-toxin class combinations only appeared in 1% of samples. Toxin co-occurrences could be partially correlated to species composition and water temperature. Peak concentrations however could never be observed simultaneously and followed distinct, asymmetrical distribution patterns. As observations are the key for preventive management and risk assessment, these results indicate that water monitoring should search for all four toxin classes simultaneously instead of focusing on the most frequent toxins, i.e., microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Pitois
- Limnologie sarl, 16 rue Paul Langevin, 35200 Rennes, France.
| | - Jutta Fastner
- German Federal Environment Agency (UBA), Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | - Magali Dechesne
- Veolia Recherche & Innovation, Chemin de la Digue, 78603 Maisons-Laffitte, France.
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Kim K, Park C, Yoon Y, Hwang SJ. Harmful Cyanobacterial Material Production in the North Han River (South Korea): Genetic Potential and Temperature-Dependent Properties. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15030444. [PMID: 29510518 PMCID: PMC5876989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15030444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria synthesize various harmful materials, including off-flavor substances and toxins, that are regarded as potential socio-economic and environmental hazards in freshwater systems, however, their production is still not well understood. In this study, we investigated the potential and properties of harmful materials produced by cyanobacteria, depending on temperature, and undertook a phylogenetic analysis of cyanobacteria present in the North Han River (South Korea). Production potentials were evaluated using gene-specific probes, and the harmful material production properties of strains showing positive potentials were further characterized at different temperatures in the range 15 to 30 °C. We identified six cyanobacterial strains based on 16S rDNA analysis: two morphological types (coiled and straight type) of Dolichospermum circinale, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Oscillatoria limosa, Planktothricoides raciborskii, Pseudanabaena mucicola, and Microcystis aeruginosa. We confirmed that cyanobacterial strains showing harmful material production potential produced the corresponding harmful material, and their production properties varied with temperature. Total harmful material production was maximal at 20~25 °C, a temperature range optimal for cell growth. However, harmful material productivity was highest at 15 °C. These results indicate that the expression of genes related to synthesis of harmful materials can vary depending on environmental conditions, resulting in variable harmful material production, even within the same cyanobacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keonhee Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Chaehong Park
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Youngdae Yoon
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Soon-Jin Hwang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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23
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Wang R, Bai N, Xu S, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Zhao Z, Zhuang X. The adaptability of a wetland plant species Myriophyllum aquaticum to different nitrogen forms and nitrogen removal efficiency in constructed wetlands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7785-7795. [PMID: 29290062 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetlands (CWs) cultivated with Myriophyllum aquaticum showed great potential for total nitrogen (TN) removal from aquatic ecosystems in previous studies. To evaluate the growth characteristics, photosynthetic pigment content, and antioxidative responses of M. aquaticum, as well as its TN removal efficiency in CWs, M. aquaticum was treated with different levels of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) for 28 days. The results indicated that M. aquaticum had strong nitrogen stress tolerance and was more likely to be suppressed by high levels of NH4+ than NO3-. High levels of NH4+ also led to inhibition of synthesis of photosynthetic pigments and increased peroxidase activity in plant leaves, which was not found in the NO3- treatments. High levels of both NH4+ and NO3- generated obvious oxidative stress through elevation of malondialdehyde content while decreasing superoxide dismutase activity in the early stage. A sustainable increase of TN removal efficiency in most of the CWs indicated that M. aquaticum was a candidate species for treating wastewater with high levels of nitrogen because of its higher tolerance for NH4+ and NO3- stress. However, the increase of TN removal efficiency was hindered in the late stage when treated with high levels of NH4+ of 26 and 36 mmol/L, indicating that its tolerance to NH4+ stress might have a threshold. The results of this study will enrich the studies on detoxification of high ammonium ion content in NH4+-tolerant submerged plants and supply valuable reference data for proper vegetation of M. aquaticum in CWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Na Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- Capital University of Economics and Business, 121 Zhangjialukou, Huaxiang Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhirui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Water Resources and Environment, Hebei Geo University, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Cantoral Uriza EA, Asencio AD, Aboal M. Are We Underestimating Benthic Cyanotoxins? Extensive Sampling Results from Spain. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9120385. [PMID: 29182536 PMCID: PMC5744105 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9120385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins, and their presence in water bodies poses a threat to wildlife and human populations. Most of the available information refers to plankton, and much less is known about microcystins in other habitats. To broaden our understanding of the presence and environmental distribution of this group of toxins, we conducted extensive sampling throughout Spain, under a range of conditions and in distinct aquatic and terrestrial habitats. More than half of the tested strains were toxic; concentrations of the hepatotoxin were low compared with planktic communities, and the number of toxic variants identified in each sample of the Spanish strains ranged from 1–3. The presence of microcystins LF and LY (MC-LF and MC-LY) in the tested samples was significant, and ranged from 21.4% to 100% of the total microcystins per strain. These strains were only detected in cyanobacteria Oscillatoriales and Nostocales. We can report, for the first time, seven new species of microcystin producers in high mountain rivers and chasmoendolithic communities. This is the first report of these species in Geitlerinema and the confirmation of Anatoxin-a in Phormidium uncinatum. Our findings show that microcystins are widespread in all habitat types, including both aerophytic and endolithic peat bogs and that it is necessary to identify all the variants of microcystins in aquatic bodies as the commonest toxins sometimes represent a very low proportion of the total.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A Cantoral Uriza
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (UMDI), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, C.P. Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
| | - Antonia D Asencio
- Departamento de Biología Aplicada (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus de Elche, E-03202 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Marina Aboal
- Laboratorio de Algología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9090271. [PMID: 28869578 PMCID: PMC5618204 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9090271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Akinetes are resistant cells which have the ability to persist in sediment for several decades. We have investigated the temporal distribution of akinetes of two species, Dolichospermum macrosporum and Dolichospermum flos-aquae, in a sediment core sampled in Lake Aydat (France), which covers 220 years. The upper part, from 1907 to 2016, the number of akinetes fluctuated but stayed at high concentrations, especially for D. macrosporum in surface sediment (with the maximal value close to 6.10⁵ akinetes g DW-1 of sediment), suggesting a recurrence of blooms of this species which was probably closely related to anthropic eutrophication since the 1960s. Before 1907, the abundance of akinetes of both species was very low, suggesting only a modest presence of these cyanobacteria. In addition, the percentage of intact akinetes was different for each species, suggesting different ecological processes in the water column. This percentage also decreased with depth, revealing a reduction in germination potential over time. In addition, biosynthetic genes of anatoxin-a (anaC) and microcystin (mcyA) were detected. First results show a high occurrence of mcyA all down the core. In contrast, anaC gene was mostly detected in the surface sediment (since the 1980s), revealing a potentially more recent occurrence of this cyanotoxin in Lake Aydat which may be associated with the recurrence of blooms of D. macrosporum and thus with anthropic activities.
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Harke MJ, Steffen MM, Gobler CJ, Otten TG, Wilhelm SW, Wood SA, Paerl HW. A review of the global ecology, genomics, and biogeography of the toxic cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:4-20. [PMID: 28073480 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding the toxic, bloom-forming cyanobacterium, Microcystis, with a specific focus on its geographic distribution, toxins, genomics, phylogeny, and ecology. A global analysis found documentation suggesting geographic expansion of Microcystis, with recorded blooms in at least 108 countries, 79 of which have also reported the hepatatoxin microcystin. The production of microcystins (originally "Fast-Death Factor") by Microcystis and factors that control synthesis of this toxin are reviewed, as well as the putative ecophysiological roles of this metabolite. Molecular biological analyses have provided significant insight into the ecology and physiology of Microcystis, as well as revealed the highly dynamic, and potentially unstable, nature of its genome. A genetic sequence analysis of 27 Microcystis species, including 15 complete/draft genomes are presented. Using the strictest biological definition of what constitutes a bacterial species, these analyses indicate that all Microcystis species warrant placement into the same species complex since the average nucleotide identity values were above 95%, 16S rRNA nucleotide identity scores exceeded 99%, and DNA-DNA hybridization was consistently greater than 70%. The review further provides evidence from around the globe for the key role that both nitrogen and phosphorus play in controlling Microcystis bloom dynamics, and the effect of elevated temperature on bloom intensification. Finally, highlighted is the ability of Microcystis assemblages to minimize their mortality losses by resisting grazing by zooplankton and bivalves, as well as viral lysis, and discuss factors facilitating assemblage resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Harke
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
| | - Morgan M Steffen
- James Madison University, Department of Biology, 951 Carrier Dr., Harrisonburg, VA 22807, United States.
| | - Christopher J Gobler
- Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, 239 Montauk Hwy, Southampton, NY 11968, United States
| | - Timothy G Otten
- Oregon State University, Department of Microbiology, Nash Hall 226, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- University of Tennessee, Department of Microbiology, 1414 West Cumberland Ave., Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, New Zealand and Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Hans W Paerl
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, United States
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Pearson LA, Dittmann E, Mazmouz R, Ongley SE, D'Agostino PM, Neilan BA. The genetics, biosynthesis and regulation of toxic specialized metabolites of cyanobacteria. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:98-111. [PMID: 28073484 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The production of toxic metabolites by cyanobacterial blooms represents a significant threat to the health of humans and ecosystems worldwide. Here we summarize the current state of the knowledge regarding the genetics, biosynthesis and regulation of well-characterized cyanotoxins, including the microcystins, nodularin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins and anatoxins, as well as the lesser-known marine toxins (e.g. lyngbyatoxin, aplysiatoxin, jamaicamides, barbamide, curacin, hectochlorin and apratoxins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne A Pearson
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Elke Dittmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Biologie, Mikrobiologie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm 14476, Germany
| | - Rabia Mazmouz
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Ongley
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul M D'Agostino
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett A Neilan
- Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia.
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Testai E, Scardala S, Vichi S, Buratti FM, Funari E. Risk to human health associated with the environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids anatoxins and saxitoxins. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:385-419. [PMID: 26923223 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1137865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous photosynthetic micro-organisms forming blooms and scums in surface water; among them some species can produce cyanotoxins giving rise to some concern for human health and animal life. To date, more than 65 cyanobacterial neurotoxins have been described, of which the most studied are the groups of anatoxins and saxitoxins (STXs), comprising many different variants. In freshwaters, the hepatotoxic microcystins represent the most frequently detected cyanotoxin: on this basis, it could appear that neurotoxins are less relevant, but the low frequency of detection may partially reflect an a priori choice of target analytes, the low method sensitivity and the lack of certified standards. Cyanobacterial neurotoxins target cholinergic synapses or voltage-gated ion channels, blocking skeletal and respiratory muscles, thus leading to death by respiratory failure. This review reports and analyzes the available literature data on environmental occurrence of cyanobacterial neurotoxic alkaloids, namely anatoxins and STXs, their biosynthesis, toxicology and epidemiology, derivation of guidance values and action limits. These data are used as the basis to assess the risk posed to human health, identify critical exposure scenarios and highlight the major data gaps and research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Testai
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Simona Scardala
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Susanna Vichi
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Franca M Buratti
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
| | - Enzo Funari
- a Environment and Primary Prevention Department , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome , Italy
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Rastogi RP, Madamwar D, Incharoensakdi A. Bloom Dynamics of Cyanobacteria and Their Toxins: Environmental Health Impacts and Mitigation Strategies. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1254. [PMID: 26635737 PMCID: PMC4646972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ecologically one of the most prolific groups of phototrophic prokaryotes in both marine and freshwater habitats. Both the beneficial and detrimental aspects of cyanobacteria are of considerable significance. They are important primary producers as well as an immense source of several secondary products, including an array of toxic compounds known as cyanotoxins. Abundant growth of cyanobacteria in freshwater, estuarine, and coastal ecosystems due to increased anthropogenic eutrophication and global climate change has created serious concern toward harmful bloom formation and surface water contamination all over the world. Cyanobacterial blooms and the accumulation of several cyanotoxins in water bodies pose severe ecological consequences with high risk to aquatic organisms and global public health. The proper management for mitigating the worldwide incidence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms is crucial for maintenance and sustainable development of functional ecosystems. Here, we emphasize the emerging information on the cyanobacterial bloom dynamics, toxicology of major groups of cyanotoxins, as well as a perspective and integrative approach to their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Rastogi
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel UniversityAnand, India
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
| | - Datta Madamwar
- BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel UniversityAnand, India
| | - Aran Incharoensakdi
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand
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Carneiro M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Carvalho AP, Campos A. Proteomic analysis of anatoxin-a acute toxicity in zebrafish reveals gender specific responses and additional mechanisms of cell stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 120:93-101. [PMID: 26046835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a is a potent neurotoxin produced by several genera of cyanobacteria. Deaths of wild and domestic animals due to anatoxin-a exposure have been reported following a toxic response that is driven by the inhibition of the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. The consequent neuron depolarization results in an overstimulation of the muscle cells. In order to unravel further molecular events implicated in the toxicity of anatoxin-a, a proteomic investigation was conducted. Applying two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, we report early proteome changes in brain and muscle of zebrafish (Danio rerio) caused by acute exposure to anatoxin-a. In this regard, the test group of male and female zebrafish received an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of an anatoxin-a dose of 0.8µgg(-1) of fish body weight (bw) in phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS), while the control received an i.p. injection of PBS only. Five minutes after i.p. injection, brain and muscle tissues were collected, processed and analyzed with 2DE. Qualitative and quantitative analyzes of protein abundance allowed the detection of differences in the proteome of control and exposed fish groups, and between male and female fish (gender specific responses). The altered proteins play functions in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production, ATP synthesis, cell structure maintenance, cellular transport, protein folding, stress response, detoxification and protease inhibition. These changes provide additional insights relative to the toxicity of anatoxin-a in fish. Taking into account the short time of response considered (5min of response to the toxin), the changes in the proteome observed in this work are more likely to derive from fast occurring reactions in the cells. These could occur by protein activity regulation through degradation (proteolysis) and/or post-translational modifications, than from a differential regulation of gene expression, which may require more time for proteins to be synthesized and to produce changes at the proteomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Carneiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, C/ Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Hugo Osório
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Sabart M, Crenn K, Perrière F, Abila A, Leremboure M, Colombet J, Jousse C, Latour D. Co-occurrence of microcystin and anatoxin-a in the freshwater lake Aydat (France): Analytical and molecular approaches during a three-year survey. HARMFUL ALGAE 2015; 48:12-20. [PMID: 29724471 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial mass occurrence is becoming a growing concern worldwide. They notably pose a threat to water users when cyanotoxins are produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence and the dynamics of two cyanotoxins: microcystin (MC) and anatoxin-a (ANTX-a), and of two of the genes responsible for their production (respectively mcyA and anaC) during three consecutive bloom periods (2011, 2012 and 2013) in Lake Aydat (Auvergne, France). MC was detected at all sampling dates, but its concentration showed strong inter- and intra-annual variations. MC content did not correlate with cyanobacterial abundance, nor with any genera taken individually, but it significantly correlated with mcyA gene abundance (R2=0.51; p=0.042). MC content and mcyA gene abundance were maximal when cyanobacterial abundance was low, either at the onset of the bloom or during a trough of biomass. The LC-MS/MS analysis showed the presence of ANTX-a in the 2011 samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of this neurotoxin in a French lake. The presence of ANTX-a corresponded to the only year for which Anabaena did not dominate the cyanobacterial community alone, and several cyanobacterial genera were present, including notably Aphanizomenon. anaC gene detection by PCR was not coherent with ANTX-a presence, both gene and toxin were never found for a same sample. This implies that molecular tools to study genes responsible for the production of anatoxin-a are still imperfect and the development of new primers is needed. This study also highlights the need for better monitoring practices that would not necessarily focus only on the peak of cyanobacterial abundance and that would take cyanotoxins other than MC into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Sabart
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France.
| | - Kristell Crenn
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France
| | - Fanny Perrière
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France
| | - Angélique Abila
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) and Mass Spectrometry Facility (UBP-START), BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 FRANCE; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubiere, FRANCE
| | - Martin Leremboure
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) and Mass Spectrometry Facility (UBP-START), BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 FRANCE; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubiere, FRANCE
| | - Jonathan Colombet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France
| | - Cyril Jousse
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF) and Mass Spectrometry Facility (UBP-START), BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 FRANCE; CNRS, UMR 6296, ICCF, F-63171 Aubiere, FRANCE
| | - Delphine Latour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, LMGE, BP 10448, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France; CNRS, UMR 6023, LMGE, BP 80026, Aubiere Cedex, F-63171, France
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OKANO K, SUZUKI E, OHTA S, MIYATA N, TANI Y, OZAKI Y. Seasonal Changes in Cyanotoxin Microcystin and Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Hachiro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2965/jswe.38.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro OKANO
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Eiji SUZUKI
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Shiori OHTA
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoyuki MIYATA
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Yukinori TANI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasuo OZAKI
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
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Ju J, Saul N, Kochan C, Putschew A, Pu Y, Yin L, Steinberg CEW. Cyanobacterial xenobiotics as evaluated by a Caenorhabditis elegans neurotoxicity screening test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4589-606. [PMID: 24776722 PMCID: PMC4053867 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In fresh waters cyanobacterial blooms can produce a variety of toxins, such as microcystin variants (MCs) and anatoxin-a (ANA). ANA is a well-known neurotoxin, whereas MCs are hepatotoxic and, to a lesser degree, also neurotoxic. Neurotoxicity applies especially to invertebrates lacking livers. Current standardized neurotoxicity screening methods use rats or mice. However, in order to minimize vertebrate animal experiments as well as experimental time and effort, many investigators have proposed the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an appropriate invertebrate model. Therefore, four known neurotoxic compounds (positive compounds: chlorpyrifos, abamectin, atropine, and acrylamide) were chosen to verify the expected impacts on autonomic (locomotion, feeding, defecation) and sensory (thermal, chemical, and mechanical sensory perception) functions in C. elegans. This study is another step towards successfully establishing C. elegans as an alternative neurotoxicity model. By using this protocol, anatoxin-a adversely affected locomotive behavior and pharyngeal pumping frequency and, most strongly, chemotactic and thermotactic behavior, whereas MC-LR impacted locomotion, pumping, and mechanical behavior, but not chemical sensory behavior. Environmental samples can also be screened in this simple and fast way for neurotoxic characteristics. The filtrate of a Microcystis aeruginosa culture, known for its hepatotoxicity, also displayed mild neurotoxicity (modulated short-term thermotaxis). These results show the suitability of this assay for environmental cyanotoxin-containing samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Ju
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Nadine Saul
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, Berlin 12437, Germany.
| | - Cindy Kochan
- Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany.
| | - Anke Putschew
- Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, Berlin 10623, Germany.
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Department of Biology, Freshwater and Stress Ecology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Späthstr. 80/81, Berlin 12437, Germany.
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Merel S, Walker D, Chicana R, Snyder S, Baurès E, Thomas O. State of knowledge and concerns on cyanobacterial blooms and cyanotoxins. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 59:303-27. [PMID: 23892224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous microorganisms considered as important contributors to the formation of Earth's atmosphere and nitrogen fixation. However, they are also frequently associated with toxic blooms. Indeed, the wide range of hepatotoxins, neurotoxins and dermatotoxins synthesized by these bacteria is a growing environmental and public health concern. This paper provides a state of the art on the occurrence and management of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface and drinking water, including economic impacts and research needs. Cyanobacterial blooms usually occur according to a combination of environmental factors e.g., nutrient concentration, water temperature, light intensity, salinity, water movement, stagnation and residence time, as well as several other variables. These environmental variables, in turn, have promoted the evolution and biosynthesis of strain-specific, gene-controlled metabolites (cyanotoxins) that are often harmful to aquatic and terrestrial life, including humans. Cyanotoxins are primarily produced intracellularly during the exponential growth phase. Release of toxins into water can occur during cell death or senescence but can also be due to evolutionary-derived or environmentally-mediated circumstances such as allelopathy or relatively sudden nutrient limitation. Consequently, when cyanobacterial blooms occur in drinking water resources, treatment has to remove both cyanobacteria (avoiding cell lysis and subsequent toxin release) and aqueous cyanotoxins previously released. Cells are usually removed with limited lysis by physical processes such as clarification or membrane filtration. However, aqueous toxins are usually removed by both physical retention, through adsorption on activated carbon or reverse osmosis, and chemical oxidation, through ozonation or chlorination. While the efficient oxidation of the more common cyanotoxins (microcystin, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin and saxitoxin) has been extensively reported, the chemical and toxicological characterization of their by-products requires further investigation. In addition, future research should also investigate the removal of poorly considered cyanotoxins (β-methylamino-alanine, lyngbyatoxin or aplysiatoxin) as well as the economic impact of blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Pantelić D, Svirčev Z, Simeunović J, Vidović M, Trajković I. Cyanotoxins: characteristics, production and degradation routes in drinking water treatment with reference to the situation in Serbia. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:421-441. [PMID: 23391374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are members of phytoplankton of the surface freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters, especially reservoirs for drinking water, by human activity has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of concern due to their ability to produce taste and odors compounds, a wide range of toxins, which have a hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, cytotoxic and dermatotoxic behavior, being dangerous to animal and human health. Therefore, the removal of cyanobacteria, without cell lysis, and releasing of intracellular metabolites, would significantly reduce the concentration of these metabolites in the finished drinking water, as a specific aim of the water treatment processes. This review summarizes the existing data on characteristics of the cyanotoxins, their productions in environment and effective treatment processes to remove these toxins from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Pantelić
- University of Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms in rio de la plata estuary, Argentina: field study and data analysis. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:373618. [PMID: 22523486 PMCID: PMC3317209 DOI: 10.1155/2012/373618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Water samples were collected during 3 years (2004–2007) at three sampling sites in the Rio de la Plata estuary. Thirteen biological, physical, and chemical parameters were determined on the water samples. The presence of microcystin-LR in the reservoir samples, and also in domestic water samples, was confirmed and quantified. Microcystin-LR concentration ranged between 0.02 and 8.6 μg.L−1. Principal components analysis was used to identify the factors promoting cyanobacteria growth. The proliferation of cyanobacteria was accompanied by the presence of high total and fecal coliforms bacteria (>1500 MNP/100 mL), temperature ≥25°C, and total phosphorus content ≥1.24 mg·L−1. The observed fluctuating patterns of Microcystis aeruginosa, total coliforms, and Microcystin-LR were also described by probabilistic models based on the log-normal and extreme value distributions. The sampling sites were compared in terms of the distribution parameters and the probability of observing high concentrations for Microcystis aeruginosa, total coliforms, and microcystin-LR concentration.
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Krüger T, Hölzel N, Luckas B. Influence of cultivation parameters on growth and microcystin production of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophyceae) isolated from Lake Chao (China). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:199-209. [PMID: 21710225 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa isolated in 2005 from the shallow eutrophic Lake Chao (Anhui, China) was investigated in terms of growth parameters and microcystin production under varying nutrient concentrations (P, N) and pH values (abiotic factors) as well as under the influence of spent medium of the non-toxic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. (biotic factors). Stimulating effects on growth were observed at the alkaline pH value (10.5), whereas toxin production was significantly increased under phosphate-P limitation (0.6 mg L(-1) medium). Within a broad range of nitrate-N concentrations (41.2-247.2 mg L(-1) medium), no significant influence on cell growth and microcystin production was observed; however, N-starvation resulted in a typical decrease of growth and toxicity. In addition, cryopreservation of M. aeruginosa evidenced the decrease of toxin production by time-dependent exposure with the cryoprotectant dimethyl sulfoxide under thawing conditions without affecting the growth of the cyanobacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Krüger
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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Jungmann D, Ludwichowski KU, Faltin V, Benndorf J. A Field Study to Investigate Environmental Factors that Could Effect Microcystin Synthesis of a Microcystis Population in the Bautzen Reservoir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/iroh.19960810402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Valério E, Chaves S, Tenreiro R. Diversity and impact of prokaryotic toxins on aquatic environments: a review. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:2359-410. [PMID: 22069558 PMCID: PMC3153167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in all habitats and are recognized by their metabolic versatility and ability to produce many bioactive compounds, including toxins. Some of the most common toxins present in water are produced by several cyanobacterial species. As a result, their blooms create major threats to animal and human health, tourism, recreation and aquaculture. Quite a few cyanobacterial toxins have been described, including hepatotoxins, neurotoxins, cytotoxins and dermatotoxins. These toxins are secondary metabolites, presenting a vast diversity of structures and variants. Most of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites are peptides or have peptidic substructures and are assumed to be synthesized by non-ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), involving peptide synthetases, or NRPS/PKS, involving peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases hybrid pathways. Besides cyanobacteria, other bacteria associated with aquatic environments are recognized as significant toxin producers, representing important issues in food safety, public health, and human and animal well being. Vibrio species are one of the most representative groups of aquatic toxin producers, commonly associated with seafood-born infections. Some enterotoxins and hemolysins have been identified as fundamental for V. cholerae and V. vulnificus pathogenesis, but there is evidence for the existence of other potential toxins. Campylobacter spp. and Escherichia coli are also water contaminants and are able to produce important toxins after infecting their hosts. Other bacteria associated with aquatic environments are emerging as toxin producers, namely Legionella pneumophila and Aeromonas hydrophila, described as responsible for the synthesis of several exotoxins, enterotoxins and cytotoxins. Furthermore, several Clostridium species can produce potent neurotoxins. Although not considered aquatic microorganisms, they are ubiquitous in the environment and can easily contaminate drinking and irrigation water. Clostridium members are also spore-forming bacteria and can persist in hostile environmental conditions for long periods of time, contributing to their hazard grade. Similarly, Pseudomonas species are widespread in the environment. Since P. aeruginosa is an emergent opportunistic pathogen, its toxins may represent new hazards for humans and animals. This review presents an overview of the diversity of toxins produced by prokaryotic microorganisms associated with aquatic habitats and their impact on environment, life and health of humans and other animals. Moreover, important issues like the availability of these toxins in the environment, contamination sources and pathways, genes involved in their biosynthesis and molecular mechanisms of some representative toxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Valério
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Sandra Chaves
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rogério Tenreiro
- Centro de Biodiversidade, Genómica Integrativa e Funcional (BioFIG), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Edificio ICAT, Campus da FCUL, Campo Grande, 1740-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
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Neurotoxic cyanobacterial toxins. Toxicon 2010; 56:813-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Merel S, Clément M, Thomas O. State of the art on cyanotoxins in water and their behaviour towards chlorine. Toxicon 2010; 55:677-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago-Martinez A, Vasconcelos V. Production of anatoxin-a by cyanobacterial strains isolated from Portuguese fresh water systems. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2009; 18:1110-5. [PMID: 19618268 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of anatoxin-a in several freshwater systems in Portugal and its production by Portuguese cyanobacterial strains, after cultivation in laboratory, were studied. Surface water samples from 9 water bodies, for recreational and human consumption usage, were surveyed for anatoxin-a presence and for obtaining cultures of pure cyanobacterial strains. Anatoxin-a analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (FLD) followed by Mass Spectrometry (MS) confirmation. No anatoxin-a was detected in all the natural water samples (limit of detection (LOD) = 25 ng l(-1)) but among the 22 isolated cyanobacterial strains, 13 could produce anatoxin-a in laboratory conditions (LOD = 3 ng g(-1) dw). This proportion of anatoxin-a producing strains (59.1%) in laboratory is discussed considering the hypothesis that anatoxin-a is a more frequent metabolite in cyanobacteria than it was thought before and making its occurrence in Portuguese freshwaters almost certain. Therefore, health and ecological risks caused by anatoxin-a in Portugal, should be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR-U.P.), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
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Rastogi RP, Sinha RP. Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:521-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Osswald J, Carvalho AP, Claro J, Vasconcelos V. Effects of cyanobacterial extracts containing anatoxin-a and of pure anatoxin-a on early developmental stages of carp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:473-8. [PMID: 18640721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the effects of pure anatoxin-a and cyanobacterial extracts of an anatoxin-a producing strain on early stages of development of carp. Carp eggs were exposed from 2:30 h to 4 days post-fertilization to different ecologically relevant concentrations of anatoxin-a, provided as pure toxin or contained in the cyanobacterial extracts. Data on time to mortality, mortality rate, time to hatching, hatching rate, skeletal malformations rate, and larval standard length were registered until 8 days post-fertilization. At any tested concentration of anatoxin-a, the pure toxin was almost harmless to carp early stages of development, contrarily to cell extracts that were highly toxic. Only an adverse effect on the larval length was found at the highest concentration of pure toxin, while increasing concentrations of cell extracts caused increasing adverse effects in all the analyzed parameters. Anatoxin-a producing cyanobacteria should be regarded as putative modulators of aquatic ecosystems communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIMAR/CIIMAR), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Funari E, Testai E. Human Health Risk Assessment Related to Cyanotoxins Exposure. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:97-125. [DOI: 10.1080/10408440701749454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Uptake and depuration of anatoxin-a by the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) under laboratory conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:1235-41. [PMID: 18565566 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms tend to be more common in warm and nutrient-enriched waters and are increasing in many aquatic water bodies due to eutrophication. The aim of this work is to study the accumulation and depuration of anatoxin-a by Mytilus galloprovincialis a widespread distributed mussel living in estuarine and coastal waters and recognized worldwide as a bioindicator (e.g. Mussel Watch programs). Research on the distribution and biological effects of anatoxin-a in M. galloprovincialis is important. Nevertheless, the risk of human intoxication due to the consumption of contaminated bivalves should also be considered. A toxic bloom was simulated in an aquarium with 5 x 10(5) cell ml(-1) of Anabaena sp. (ANA 37), an anatoxin-a producing strain. Mussels were exposed to Anabaena for 15 days and then 15 days of depuration followed. Three or more animals were sampled every 24h for total toxin quantification and distribution in soft tissues (edible parts). Water samples were also taken every 24h in order to calculate total dissolved and particulate anatoxin-a concentrations. Anatoxin-a was quantified by HPLC with fluorescence detection. No deaths occurred during accumulation and depuration periods. One day after the beginning of depuration, the toxin could not be detected in the animals. Anatoxin-a is distributed in the digestive tract, muscles and foot and is probably actively detoxified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto, Portugal
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Toxicology and detection methods of the alkaloid neurotoxin produced by cyanobacteria, anatoxin-a. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:1070-89. [PMID: 17673293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater resources are under stress due to naturally occurring conditions and human impacts. One of the consequences is the proliferation of cyanobacteria, microphytoplankton organisms that are capable to produce toxins called cyanotoxins. Anatoxin-a is one of the main cyanotoxins. It is a very potent neurotoxin that was already responsible for some animal fatalities. In this review we endeavor to divulgate much of the internationally published information about toxicology, occurrence and detection methods of anatoxin-a. Cyanobacteria generalities, anatoxin-a occurrence and production as well as anatoxin-a toxicology and its methods of detection are the aspects focused in this review. Remediation of anatoxin-a occurrence will be addressed with a public health perspective. Final remarks call the attention for some important gaps in the knowledge about this neurotoxin and its implication to public health. Alterations of aquatic ecosystems caused by anatoxin-a is also addressed. Although anatoxin-a is not the more frequent cyanotoxin worldwide, it has to be regarded as a health risk that can be fatal to terrestrial and aquatic organisms because of its high toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal.
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Rellán S, Osswald J, Vasconcelos V, Gago-Martinez A. Analysis of anatoxin-a in biological samples using liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after solid phase extraction and solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1156:134-40. [PMID: 17210160 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Anatoxin-a is a naturally occurring, potent neurotoxin produced by some species of cyanobacteria in freshwaters. This toxin, which is a potential health hazard, especially to animals, has been determined in different biological matrices such as several cyanobacterial cultures and water samples and carps and mussels tissue using a sensitive High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence detection method. Sonication was the technique selected for the extraction of intracellular anatoxin-a and solid phase extraction using weak cation exchange was used for the concentration and purification of the samples. 4-Fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) was used to convert anatoxin into a highly fluorescent derivative. Recovery experiments were performed for each type of matrix used in this work, and adequate values were obtained (71-87%). Limits of detection for anatoxin-a were estimated to be in the ng/L and ng/g level for water and cyanobacterial samples, respectively. The results obtained were also compared with those obtained after using solid phase microextraction, as an alternative for the extraction and purification of the samples. Advantages and disadvantages regarding to the efficiency for impurities removal, simplicity and rapidity and the potential for concentration enhancement of using both methodologies have been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rellán
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Facultad de Química, Edificio de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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50
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Osswald J, Rellán S, Carvalho AP, Gago A, Vasconcelos V. Acute effects of an anatoxin-a producing cyanobacterium on juvenile fish—Cyprinus carpio L. Toxicon 2007; 49:693-8. [PMID: 17196237 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide increase of eutrophication in fresh water bodies has caused cyanobacterial blooms to be more frequent. Anatoxin-a is a potent neurotoxin known to be produced by several genera of cyanobacteria including Anabaena. In this work, we exposed juvenile carps to freeze-dried cells of a toxic strain of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. during a 4-day period. Two different cell density--10(5) and 10(7) cell ml(-1)--were assayed. Lethality and anatoxin-a concentration in the whole fish were determined. In the higher cell density, all fish died between 26 and 29 h after exposure to toxin, whereas in the 10(5) cell ml(-1) density no deaths were observed. Levels of anatoxin-a in the whole fish ranged between 0.031 microg g(-1)d.w. at the 10(5) cell ml(-1) concentration and 0.768 microg g(-1)d.w. at 10(7) cell ml(-1). Minor uptake of anatoxin-a occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Osswald
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR-Laboratório Associado, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050 123 Porto, Portugal
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