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Valicente VM, Peng CH, Pacheco KN, Lin L, Kielb EI, Dawoodani E, Abdollahi A, Mattes RD. Ultraprocessed Foods and Obesity Risk: A Critical Review of Reported Mechanisms. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:718-738. [PMID: 37080461 PMCID: PMC10334162 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence supports a positive association between ultraprocessed food (UPF) consumption and body mass index. This has led to recommendations to avoid UPFs despite very limited evidence establishing causality. Many mechanisms have been proposed, and this review critically aimed to evaluate selected possibilities for specificity, clarity, and consistency related to food choice (i.e., low cost, shelf-life, food packaging, hyperpalatability, and stimulation of hunger/suppression of fullness); food composition (i.e., macronutrients, food texture, added sugar, fat and salt, energy density, low-calorie sweeteners, and additives); and digestive processes (i.e., oral processing/eating rate, gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal transit time, and microbiome). For some purported mechanisms (e.g., fiber content, texture, gastric emptying, and intestinal transit time), data directly contrasting the effects of UPF and non-UPF intake on the indices of appetite, food intake, and adiposity are available and do not support a unique contribution of UPFs. In other instances, data are not available (e.g., microbiome and food additives) or are insufficient (e.g., packaging, food cost, shelf-life, macronutrient intake, and appetite stimulation) to judge the benefits versus the risks of UPF avoidance. There are yet other evoked mechanisms in which the preponderance of evidence indicates ingredients in UPFs actually moderate body weight (e.g., low-calorie sweetener use for weight management; beverage consumption as it dilutes energy density; and higher fat content because it reduces glycemic responses). Because avoidance of UPFs holds potential adverse effects (e.g., reduced diet quality, increased risk of food poisoning, and food wastage), it is imprudent to make recommendations regarding their role in diets before causality and plausible mechanisms have been verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius M Valicente
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ching-Hsuan Peng
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kathryn N Pacheco
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Luotao Lin
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth I Kielb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Elina Dawoodani
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Richard D Mattes
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Effect of 8 weeks of supervised overfeeding on eating attitudes and behaviors, eating disorder symptoms, and body image: Results from the PROOF and EAT studies. Eat Behav 2021; 43:101570. [PMID: 34655863 PMCID: PMC8629842 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The physiological and metabolic effects of experimental overfeeding have been extensively studied, yet only few studies have assessed overfeeding effects on eating behaviors and psychological constructs. We analyzed two 8-week overfeeding studies, the PROOF Study (N = 25; 16 males; 16 African American; 24.1 years; 25.1 kg/m2, inpatient) and the EAT Study (N = 35; 29 males; 20 White; 26.7 years; 25.5 kg/m2, free-living). In both studies, participants were overfed 40% above baseline (daily) energy requirements for eight weeks, consuming all meals under direct supervision. We assessed eating attitudes and behaviors, eating disorder symptoms, and body image via validated questionnaires and visual analog scales at baseline, week (W) 4, and W8, and at two (PROOF: W16-Post, W24-Post) and three (EAT: W12-Post, W20-Post, W32-Post) follow-up visits, respectively. Hunger, desire to eat, and food cravings (carbohydrates, total cravings) decreased during overfeeding in both studies (all Cohen's d effect sizes ≥0.3, all p ≤ .048). Depressive symptoms and fear of fatness increased in both studies (all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, p ≤ .020), though they were still within normal limits (t-scores ~43-49). Body dissatisfaction increased in both studies during overfeeding (all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, all p ≤ .044) and remained increased during follow-up (PROOF: W16-Post, Cohen's d = 0.9, p = .004; EAT: W12-Post and W20-Post, all Cohen's d ≥ 0.4, all p ≤ .037). Overfeeding was associated with some deleterious effects, though most returned to baseline during follow-up. However, increases in body dissatisfaction remained up to three months post-overfeeding, highlighting the need to address body image disturbance among people who experience weight gain, even if much of the gained weight is subsequently lost. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The PROOF Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00565149); the EAT Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01672632).
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Tavakoli A, Mirzababaei A, Mirzaei K. Association between low carbohydrate diet (LCD) and sleep quality by mediating role of inflammatory factors in women with overweight and obesity: A cross-sectional study. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6252-6261. [PMID: 34760255 PMCID: PMC8565210 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor sleep quality can lead to increased obesity. Low carbohydrate diet (LCD) is considered as an approach for sleep quality and obesity improvement. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the relationship between LCD and sleep quality with the mediatory effect of inflammatory markers including transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), total antioxidant capacity: In our cross-sectional study, 304 obese women aged from 19 to 50 years were enrolled. Body mass index (BMI) in these women ranged from 25.2 to 48.3 kg/m2. LCD score was assessed by a 147- item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess the sleep quality. FFQ and PSQI questionnaires are completed simultaneously by the participants. Biochemical indicators (inflammatory markers) were measured and anthropometric components were evaluated. The relationship between sleep quality and LCD with quantitative variables was assessed by independent sample t-test and with qualitative variables by chi-square test. Binary logistic regression was used to estimate confounding variables including age, job, stress, weight to investigate the relationship between LCD and sleep. Following of LCD had a significant negative relationship with PSQI score. It can be said that with increasing LCD adherence, the possibility of poor sleep quality decrease (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.19-0.94,p = .03). It was also showed, hs-CRP (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.3-1.21, p = .16) and TAC (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.25-1.4, p = 0.24), eliminated the significance of the association and it is possible that they play a mediating role in this relationship Following the LCD can have a positive effect on improving PSQI scores by reduction in inflammatory markers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Tavakoli
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)TehranIran
| | - Atieh Mirzababaei
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)TehranIran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community NutritionSchool of Nutritional Sciences and DieteticsTehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS)TehranIran
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Yang CL, Tucker RM. Beneficial effects of a high protein breakfast on fullness disappear after a night of short sleep in nonobese, premenopausal women. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Bray GA, Bouchard C. The biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review. Obes Rev 2020; 21:e13040. [PMID: 32515127 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review has examined more than 300 original papers dealing with the biology of overfeeding. Studies have varied from 1 day to 6 months. Overfeeding produced weight gain in adolescents, adult men and women and in older men. In longer term studies, there was a clear and highly significant relationship between energy ingested and weight gain and fat storage with limited individual differences. There is some evidence for a contribution of a genetic component to this response variability. The response to overfeeding was affected by the baseline state of the groups being compared: those with insulin resistance versus insulin sensitivity; those prone to obesity versus those resistant to obesity; and those with metabolically abnormal obesity versus those with metabolically normal obesity. Dietary components, such as total fat, polyunsaturated fat and carbohydrate influenced the patterns of adipose tissue distribution as did the history of low or normal birth weight. Overfeeding affected the endocrine system with increased circulating concentrations of insulin and triiodothyronine frequently present. Growth hormone, in contrast, was rapidly suppressed. Changes in plasma lipids were influenced by diet, exercise and the magnitude of weight gain. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle morphology and metabolism are substantially altered by chronic overfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Turicchi J, O’Driscoll R, Horgan G, Duarte C, Palmeira AL, Larsen SC, Heitmann BL, Stubbs J. Weekly, seasonal and holiday body weight fluctuation patterns among individuals engaged in a European multi-centre behavioural weight loss maintenance intervention. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232152. [PMID: 32353079 PMCID: PMC7192384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Technological advances in remote monitoring offer new opportunities to quantify body weight patterns in free-living populations. This paper describes body weight fluctuation patterns in response to weekly, holiday (Christmas) and seasonal time periods in a large group of individuals engaged in a weight loss maintenance intervention. METHODS Data was collected as part The NoHoW Project which was a pan-European weight loss maintenance trial. Three eligible groups were defined for weekly, holiday and seasonal analyses, resulting in inclusion of 1,421, 1,062 and 1,242 participants, respectively. Relative weight patterns were modelled on a time series following removal of trends and grouped by gender, country, BMI and age. RESULTS Within-week fluctuations of 0.35% were observed, characterised by weekend weight gain and weekday reduction which differed between all groups. Over the Christmas period, weight increased by a mean 1.35% and was not fully compensated for in following months, with some differences between countries observed. Seasonal patterns were primarily characterised by the effect of Christmas weight gain and generally not different between groups. CONCLUSIONS This evidence may improve current understanding of regular body weight fluctuation patterns and help target future weight management interventions towards periods, and in groups, where weight gain is anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Turicchi
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ruairi O’Driscoll
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Horgan
- Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Cristiana Duarte
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sofus C. Larsen
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit L. Heitmann
- Research Unit for Dietary Studies, The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition and Eating disorder, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Public Health, Section for General Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - James Stubbs
- Appetite Control and Energy Balance Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Maddahi NS, Yarizadeh H, Setayesh L, Nasir Y, Alizadeh S, Mirzaei K. Association between dietary energy density with mental health and sleep quality in women with overweight/obesity. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:189. [PMID: 32228677 PMCID: PMC7106572 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Mental health, sleep quality, and dietary intake are interlinked. Impairment of mental health and low sleep quality may contribute to obesity through the consumption of diets high in energy density. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether dietary energy density (DED) influences mental health. This study aimed to examine the association of DED with mental health indices, including depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep quality in women with overweight/obesity. Results There was a decreasing trajectory in serum triglyceride across quartiles of DED (from Q1 to Q4) in the crude analysis and also after adjustment for age, BMI, and physical activity After adjustment for age, BMI, and physical activity, subjects in the highest quartile of DED had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure. DED was significantly associated with increased odds of stress in the crude (OR = 2.15, 95% CI 1.01–4.56, p = 0.04) and adjusted model for age, BMI, and physical activity (OR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.13–5.79, p = 0.02). No significant relationship was observed between DED and depression, anxiety and sleep quality. In conclusion, current study shows preliminary evidence of an association between DED and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Sadat Maddahi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Yarizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Setayesh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasaman Nasir
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Mirzaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), P.O. Box: 14155-6117, Tehran, Iran.
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Bray GA. The pain of weight gain: self-experimentation with overfeeding. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:17-20. [PMID: 31637411 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vermont overfeeding studies were published 50 y ago and began a change in the acceptance of obesity as a bona fide area of academic interest. This article chronicles the experience of the author with acute weight gain while overfeeding, in the context of current obesity research, and presents a glimpse of things to come. The pain associated with acute overeating is illustrated by the firsthand experience of the author. The rapid return to normal weight contrasts with the difficulty that almost all people with obesity experience when they attempt to lose and maintain weight loss. Contrasting the response to overfeeding of individuals who are "resistant" to obesity with those who are obesity prone provides an avenue for unraveling the difficulties people with obesity face when they try to lose weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Martin CK, Johnson WD, Myers CA, Apolzan JW, Earnest CP, Thomas DM, Rood JC, Johannsen NM, Tudor-Locke C, Harris M, Hsia DS, Church TS. Effect of different doses of supervised exercise on food intake, metabolism, and non-exercise physical activity: The E-MECHANIC randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:583-592. [PMID: 31172175 PMCID: PMC6735935 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is recommended for weight management, yet exercise produces less weight loss than expected, which is called weight compensation. The mechanisms for weight compensation are unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the mechanisms responsible for compensation. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial conducted at an academic research center, adults (n = 198) with overweight or obesity were randomized for 24 wk to a no-exercise control group or 1 of 2 supervised exercise groups: 8 kcal/kg of body weight/wk (KKW) or 20 KKW. Outcome assessment occurred at weeks 0 and 24. Energy intake, activity, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured with doubly labeled water (DLW; with and without adjustments for change in RMR), armband accelerometers, and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Appetite and compensatory health beliefs were measured by self-report. RESULTS A per-protocol analysis included 171 participants (72.5% women; mean ± SD baseline body mass index: 31.5 ± 4.7 kg/m2). Significant (P < 0.01) compensation occurred in the 8 KKW (mean: 1.5 kg; 95% CI: 0.9, 2.2 kg) and 20 KKW (mean: 2.7 kg; 95% CI: 2.0, 3.5 kg) groups, and compensation differed significantly between the exercise groups (P = 0.01). Energy intake by adjusted DLW increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the 8 KKW (mean: 90.7 kcal/d; 95% CI: 35.1, 146.4 kcal/d) and 20 KKW (mean: 123.6 kcal/d; 95% CI: 64.5, 182.7 kcal/d) groups compared with control (mean: -2.3 kcal/d; 95% CI: -58.0, 53.5 kcal/d). Results were similar without DLW adjustment. RMR and physical activity (excluding structured exercise) did not differentially change among the 3 groups. Participants with higher compared with lower compensation reported increased appetite ratings and beliefs that healthy behaviors can compensate for unhealthy behaviors. Furthermore, they increased craving for sweet foods, increased sleep disturbance, and had worsening bodily pain. CONCLUSIONS Compensation resulted from increased energy intake and concomitant increases in appetite, which can be treated with dietary or pharmacological interventions. Compensation was not due to activity or metabolic changes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01264406.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,Address correspondence to CKM (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neil M Johannsen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Catrine Tudor-Locke
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA,University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
| | | | - Daniel S Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
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Roberts SB, Das SK, Suen VMM, Pihlajamäki J, Kuriyan R, Steiner-Asiedu M, Taetzsch A, Anderson AK, Silver RE, Barger K, Krauss A, Karhunen L, Zhang X, Hambly C, Schwab U, Triffoni-Melo ADT, Taylor SF, Economos C, Kurpad AV, Speakman JR. Measured energy content of frequently purchased restaurant meals: multi-country cross sectional study. BMJ 2018; 363:k4864. [PMID: 30541752 PMCID: PMC6290458 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k4864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the energy content of frequently ordered meals from full service and fast food restaurants in five countries and compare values with US data. DESIGN Cross sectional survey. SETTING 223 meals from 111 randomly selected full service and fast food restaurants serving popular cuisines in Brazil, China, Finland, Ghana, and India were the primary sampling unit; 10 meals from five worksite canteens were also studied in Finland. The observational unit was frequently ordered meals in selected restaurants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Meal energy content, measured by bomb calorimetry. RESULTS Compared with the US, weighted mean energy of restaurant meals was lower only in China (719 (95% confidence interval 646 to 799) kcal versus 1088 (1002 to 1181) kcal; P<0.001). In analysis of variance models, fast food contained 33% less energy than full service meals (P<0.001). In Finland, worksite canteens provided 25% less energy than full service and fast food restaurants (mean 880 (SD 156) versus 1166 (298); P=0.009). Country, restaurant type, number of meal components, and meal weight predicted meal energy in a factorial analysis of variance (R2=0.62, P<0.001). Ninety four per cent of full service meals and 72% of fast food meals contained at least 600 kcal. Modeling indicated that, except in China, consuming current servings of a full service and a fast food meal daily would supply between 70% and 120% of the daily energy requirements for a sedentary woman, without additional meals, drinks, snacks, appetizers, or desserts. CONCLUSION Very high dietary energy content of both full service and fast food restaurant meals is a widespread phenomenon that is probably supporting global obesity and provides a valid intervention target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Rebecca Kuriyan
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560034, India
| | | | - Amy Taetzsch
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alex K Anderson
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Rachel E Silver
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Kathryn Barger
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Amy Krauss
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PRC
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, PRC
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andresa de Toledo Triffoni-Melo
- University of Ribeirao Preto (UNAERP), Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, 14 049 900, Brazil
| | - Salima F Taylor
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Christina Economos
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Anura V Kurpad
- Division of Nutrition, St John's Research Institute, Bengaluru, 560034, India
| | - John R Speakman
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PRC
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PRC
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Abdollahi M, Salehi F, Kalantari N, Asadilari M, Khoshfetrat MR, Ajami M. A comparison of food pattern, macro- and some micronutrients density of the diet across different socio-economic zones of Tehran. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2016; 30:340. [PMID: 27390710 PMCID: PMC4898859 DOI: pmid/27390710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The consumption of low quality foods is common in low socioeconomic areas; and
according to epidemiological studies, the density of nutrients often proves the quality of diet. This
study aimed to compare the density of macronutrients and micronutrients in various parts of Tehran.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study performed from September to December 2007 in all the
22 districts of the municipality of Tehran including 1,807 households. Experienced interviewers
completed a 24-hour recall questionnaire. To estimate the nutrient densities, nutrient intake (grams or
milligrams) was calculated per 1,000 kcal energy intake. To calculate the density of energy intake,
energy intake (kcal) was divided by 100 g of foodstuff. The 22 districts of Tehran were divided into
five zones of north, center, east, west and south. ANOVA and Tukey tests were used.
Results: The highest density of protein and fat intake was observed in the north of Tehran, while
carbohydrate density was highest in the west, east and south zones, and energy density was highest in
the south zone (p<0.05). Calcium and vitamin C had the highest density in the north of Tehran, and
vitamin A and riboflavin had the highest density in the north and center of Tehran, and the lowest
level in the south of Tehran (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Despite the high density of energy in the south of Tehran, a deficiency of micronutrient
intake was obvious, reflecting the importance of the impact of socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Abdollahi
- MD, MPH, Associate Professor, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Forouzan Salehi
- MD, MPH, Community Nutrition Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Naser Kalantari
- MD, Associate Professor, Department of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Asadilari
- PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Oncopathology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Khoshfetrat
- MSc, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Marjan Ajami
- PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Aburto TC, Cantoral A, Hernández-Barrera L, Carriquiry AL, Rivera JA. Usual Dietary Energy Density Distribution Is Positively Associated with Excess Body Weight in Mexican Children. J Nutr 2015; 145:1524-30. [PMID: 25926409 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.206359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest a positive association between dietary energy density (DED) and body weight in adults, but evidence in children is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare usual DED distributions of nonoverweight vs. overweight or obese (OW/O) Mexican children. METHODS The study used 24-h recall (24HR) data from 2367 children aged 5-11 y from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012). Repeated 24HR measures were obtained in a random sample (∼10%) to estimate usual intake distributions by using the Iowa State University (PC-Side) method. Implausible dietary reports were identified. Multivariate linear regression models were used to evaluate the relation between DED and body mass index status and to compare results with and without PC-Side adjustment and restriction to plausible reporters. RESULTS A total of 35.1% of the children in the sample were OW/O. The usual DED mean was ∼175 kcal/100 g in both the complete sample and the plausible reporters subsample. Regression models adjusted by PC-Side and for potential confounders showed higher DED in OW/O relative to nonoverweight children for both plausible reporters (9.7 kcal/100 g; n = 1452, P < 0.0001) and the complete sample (7.9 kcal/100 g; n = 2367, P < 0.0001). The DED difference in plausible reporters translates into 88 additional kilocalories in daily energy intake of OW/O children. In the absence of PC-side adjustment, the difference was significant for plausible reporters (P < 0.05) but not for the complete sample (P > 0.10). CONCLUSIONS A positive association between usual DED and OW/O was found in Mexican children. The association was stronger when only plausible reporters were considered. This suggests that there is a need for strategies to reduce energy density in the diet of Mexican children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania C Aburto
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; and
| | - Alejandra Cantoral
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; and
| | - Lucia Hernández-Barrera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; and
| | | | - Juan A Rivera
- Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico; and
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Apolzan JW, Bray GA, Smith SR, de Jonge L, Rood J, Han H, Redman LM, Martin CK. Effects of weight gain induced by controlled overfeeding on physical activity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1030-7. [PMID: 25294214 PMCID: PMC4254990 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00386.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether physical activity changes following long-term overfeeding and in response to different dietary protein intakes. Twenty-five (16 males, 9 females) healthy adults (18-35 yr) with BMI ranging from 19 to 30 kg/m(2) enrolled in this inpatient study. In a parallel group design, participants were fed 140% of energy needs, with 5, 15, or 25% of energy from protein, for 56 days. Participants wore an RT3 accelerometer for at least 59 days throughout baseline and during overfeeding and completed 24-h whole room metabolic chamber assessments at baseline and on days 1, 14, and 56 of overfeeding and on day 57, when the baseline energy intake was consumed, to measure percent of time active and spontaneous physical activity (SPA; kcal/day). Changes in activity were also assessed by doubly labeled water (DLW). From accelerometry, vector magnitude (VM), a weight-independent measure of activity, and activity energy expenditure (AEE) increased with weight gain during overfeeding. AEE remained increased after adjusting for changes in body composition. Activity-related energy expenditure (AREE) from DLW and percent activity and SPA in the metabolic chamber increased with overfeeding, but SPA was no longer significant after adjusting for change in body composition. Change in VM and AEE were positively correlated with weight gain; however, change in activity was not affected by protein intake. Overfeeding produces an increase in physical activity and in energy expended in physical activity after adjusting for changes in body composition, suggesting that increased activity in response to weight gain might be one mechanism to support adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - George A Bray
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Steven R Smith
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Lilian de Jonge
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Hongmei Han
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To highlight recent research developments relating to the effects of, and interactions between, hormones and diet, as well as underlying mechanisms, on appetite, energy intake and body weight. For this purpose, clinically relevant English language articles were reviewed from October 2012 to April 2014. RECENT FINDINGS The mechanisms underlying nutrient-induced energy intake suppression differ between dietary protein and lipid. High-fat, energy-dense diets compromise the satiating effects of gut hormones, and, therefore, promote further overconsumption. These effects are mediated by changes in the signalling in both peripheral and central pathways, and may only be partially reversible by dietary restriction. Additional factors, including probiotics, meal-related factors (e.g., eating speed and frequency), circadian influences and gene polymorphisms, also modify energy intake and eating behaviour. SUMMARY Research continues to unravel the pathways and mechanisms underlying the nutrient-induced and diet-induced regulation of energy intake, as well as the changes, both peripherally and in the central nervous system, brought about by the consumption of high-fat, energy-dense diets. Much further work is required to translate this knowledge into novel, and effective, approaches for the management and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Feinle-Bisset
- National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Royal Adelaide Hospital, University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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McAninch EA, Bianco AC. Thyroid hormone signaling in energy homeostasis and energy metabolism. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1311:77-87. [PMID: 24697152 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a significant role in diverse processes related to growth, development, differentiation, and metabolism. TH signaling modulates energy expenditure through both central and peripheral pathways. At the cellular level, the TH exerts its effects after concerted mechanisms facilitate binding to the TH receptor. In the hypothalamus, signals from a range of metabolic pathways, including appetite, temperature, afferent stimuli via the autonomic nervous system, availability of energy substrates, hormones, and other biologically active molecules, converge to maintain plasma TH at the appropriate level to preserve energy homeostasis. At the tissue level, TH actions on metabolism are controlled by transmembrane transporters, deiodinases, and TH receptors. In the modern environment, humans are susceptible to an energy surplus, which has resulted in an obesity epidemic and, thus, understanding the contribution of the TH to cellular and organism metabolism is increasingly relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A McAninch
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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