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Engbers S, Klein JEMN. Understanding the Surprising Oxidation Chemistry of Au-OH Complexes. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200475. [PMID: 36104296 PMCID: PMC10091708 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Au is known to be fairly redox inactive (in catalysis) and bind oxygen adducts only quite weakly. It is thus rather surprising that stable Au-OH complexes can be synthesized and used as oxidants for both one- and two-electron oxidations. A charged AuIII -OH complex has been shown to cleave C-H and O-H bonds homolytically, resulting in a one-electron reduction of the metal center. Contrasting this, a neutral AuIII -OH complex performs oxygen atom transfer to phosphines, resulting in a two-electron reduction of the hydroxide proton to form a AuIII -H rather than causing a change in oxidation state of the metal. We explore the details of these two examples and draw comparisons to the more conventional reactivity exhibited by AuI -OH. Although the current scope of known Au-OH oxidation chemistry is still in its infancy, the current literature exemplifies the unique properties of Au chemistry and shows promise for future findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silène Engbers
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes E M N Klein
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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2
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García-Domínguez P. Synthesis of L–Au(I)–CF 2H Complexes and Their Application as Transmetalation Shuttles to the Difluoromethylation of Aryl Iodides. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Vanden Broeck SMP, Nelson DJ, Collado A, Falivene L, Cavallo L, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Van Hecke K, Nahra F, Cazin CSJ, Nolan SP. Synthesis of Gold(I)-Trifluoromethyl Complexes and their Role in Generating Spectroscopic Evidence for a Gold(I)-Difluorocarbene Species. Chemistry 2021; 27:8461-8467. [PMID: 33822412 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Readily prepared and bench-stable [Au(CF3 )(NHC)] compounds were synthesized by using new methods, starting from [Au(OH)(NHC)], [Au(Cl)(NHC)] or [Au(L)(NHC)]HF2 precursors (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene). The mechanism of formation of these species was investigated. Consequently, a new and straightforward strategy for the mild and selective cleavage of a single carbon/fluorine bond from [Au(CF3 )(NHC)] complexes was attempted and found to be reversible in the presence of an additional nucleophilic fluoride source. This straightforward technique has led to the unprecedented spectroscopic observation of a gold(I)-NHC difluorocarbene species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M P Vanden Broeck
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - David J Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, Scotland
| | - Alba Collado
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Falivene
- Universita' di Salerno, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, 84100, Fisiciano, SA, Italia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Universita' di Salerno, Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Via Papa Paolo Giovanni II, 84100, Fisiciano, SA, Italia
| | - David B Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Fady Nahra
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium.,Separation and Conversion Technology Unit, VITO (Flemish Institute for Technological Research), Boeretang 200, B-2400, Mol, Belgium
| | - Catherine S J Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S3, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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4
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Fricke C, Reid WB, Schoenebeck F. A Review on Oxidative Gold‐Catalyzed C‐H Arylation of Arenes – Challenges and Opportunities. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - William B. Reid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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5
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Fricke C, Dahiya A, Reid WB, Schoenebeck F. Gold-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization with Aryl Germanes. ACS Catal 2019; 9:9231-9236. [PMID: 31608162 PMCID: PMC6781487 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The development of orthogonal Csp2 -Csp2 coupling regimes to the omnipresent Pd-catalysis class would enable an additional dimension of modularity in the construction of densely functionalized biaryl motifs. In this context, the identification of potent functional groups for selective transformations is in high demand. Although organogermanium compounds are generally believed to be of low reactivity in homogenous catalysis, this report discloses the highly efficient and orthogonal reactivity of aryl germanes with arenes under gold catalysis. The method is characterized by mildness, the employment of an air- and moisture-stable gold catalyst, and robustness. Our mechanistic studies show that aryl germanes are highly reactive with Au(I) and Au(III). Our computational data suggest that the origin of this reactivity primarily lies in the relatively low bond dissociation energy and as such low distortion energy to reach the key bond activating transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fricke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - William B. Reid
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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7
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Liu L, Wei J, Chi Y, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Structure and Reaction Chemistry of Magnesium Organocuprates Derived from Magnesiacyclopentadienes and Copper(I) Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS); Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry; Peking University; Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Shanghai 200032 China
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8
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Liu L, Wei J, Chi Y, Zhang W, Xi Z. Structure and Reaction Chemistry of Magnesium Organocuprates Derived from Magnesiacyclopentadienes and Copper(I) Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14762-14765. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education College of Chemistry Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 China
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9
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Falivene L, Nelson DJ, Dupuy S, Nolan SP, Poater A, Cavallo L. Mechanism of the Transmetalation of Organosilanes to Gold. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:60-4. [PMID: 27308213 PMCID: PMC4906480 DOI: 10.1002/open.201500172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to study the reaction mechanism of the first transmetalation of organosilanes to gold as a cheap fluoride‐free process. The versatile gold(I) complex [Au(OH)(IPr)] permits very straightforward access to a series of aryl‐, vinyl‐, and alkylgold silanolates by reaction with the appropriate silane reagent. These silanolate compounds are key intermediates in a fluoride‐free process that results in the net transmetalation of organosilanes to gold, rather than the classic activation of silanes as silicates using external fluoride sources. However, here we propose that the gold silanolate is not the active species (as proposed during experimental studies) but is, in fact, a resting state during the transmetalation process, as a concerted step is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falivene
- KAUST Catalysis Center Physical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - David J Nelson
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Thomas Graham Building 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Stéphanie Dupuy
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St. Andrews North Haugh St. Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Steven P Nolan
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St. Andrews North Haugh St. Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK; Chemistry Department College of Science King Saud University P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center Physical Sciences and Engineering Division King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
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10
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Gómez-Suárez A, Oonishi Y, Martin AR, Vummaleti SVC, Nelson DJ, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Cavallo L, Nolan SP, Poater A. On the Mechanism of the Digold(I)-Hydroxide-Catalysed Hydrophenoxylation of Alkynes. Chemistry 2015; 22:1125-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Yoshihiro Oonishi
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0812 Japan
| | - Anthony R. Martin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; UMR 7272; Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice cedex 2 France
| | - Sai V. C. Vummaleti
- KAUST Catalysis Center; Physical Sciences and Engineering Division; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - David J. Nelson
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
- WestCHEM Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry; University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Alexandra M. Z. Slawin
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry; University of St. Andrews; North Haugh St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center; Physical Sciences and Engineering Division; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Chemistry Department; College of Science; King Saud University; P.O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; Campus Montilivi 17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
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