1
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Holz E, Darwish M, Tesar DB, Shatz-Binder W. A Review of Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates: Past, Present, and Future. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020600. [PMID: 36839922 PMCID: PMC9959917 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the complexity of molecular entities being advanced for therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the perpetual mandate within the pharmaceutical industry to meet the needs of novel disease areas and/or delivery challenges. As new mechanisms of action are uncovered, and as our understanding of existing mechanisms grows, the properties that are required and/or leveraged to enable therapeutic development continue to expand. One rapidly evolving area of interest is that of chemically enhanced peptide and protein therapeutics. While a variety of conjugate molecules such as antibody-drug conjugates, peptide/protein-PEG conjugates, and protein conjugate vaccines are already well established, others, such as antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and peptide/protein conjugates using non-PEG polymers, are newer to clinical development. This review will evaluate the current development landscape of protein-based chemical conjugates with special attention to considerations such as modulation of pharmacokinetics, safety/tolerability, and entry into difficult to access targets, as well as bioavailability. Furthermore, for the purpose of this review, the types of molecules discussed are divided into two categories: (1) therapeutics that are enhanced by protein or peptide bioconjugation, and (2) protein and peptide therapeutics that require chemical modifications. Overall, the breadth of novel peptide- or protein-based therapeutics moving through the pipeline each year supports a path forward for the pursuit of even more complex therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Holz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Martine Darwish
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Devin B. Tesar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Whitney Shatz-Binder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
- Correspondence:
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2
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Cheng-Sánchez I, Moya-Utrera F, Porras-Alcalá C, López-Romero JM, Sarabia F. Antibody-Drug Conjugates Containing Payloads from Marine Origin. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080494. [PMID: 36005497 PMCID: PMC9410405 DOI: 10.3390/md20080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are an important class of therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Structurally, an ADC comprises an antibody, which serves as the delivery system, a payload drug that is a potent cytotoxin that kills cancer cells, and a chemical linker that connects the payload with the antibody. Unlike conventional chemotherapy methods, an ADC couples the selective targeting and pharmacokinetic characteristics related to the antibody with the potent cytotoxicity of the payload. This results in high specificity and potency by reducing off-target toxicities in patients by limiting the exposure of healthy tissues to the cytotoxic drug. As a consequence of these outstanding features, significant research efforts have been devoted to the design, synthesis, and development of ADCs, and several ADCs have been approved for clinical use. The ADC field not only relies upon biology and biochemistry (antibody) but also upon organic chemistry (linker and payload). In the latter, total synthesis of natural and designed cytotoxic compounds, together with the development of novel synthetic strategies, have been key aspects of the consecution of clinical ADCs. In the case of payloads from marine origin, impressive structural architectures and biological properties are observed, thus making them prime targets for chemical synthesis and the development of ADCs. In this review, we explore the molecular and biological diversity of ADCs, with particular emphasis on those containing marine cytotoxic drugs as the payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Cheng-Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Moya-Utrera
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Cristina Porras-Alcalá
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Juan M. López-Romero
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
| | - Francisco Sarabia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (F.M.-U.); (C.P.-A.); (J.M.L.-R.); (F.S.)
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3
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Mohan T, Kleinschek KS, Kargl R. Polysaccharide peptide conjugates: Chemistry, properties and applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 280:118875. [PMID: 35027118 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The intention of this publication is to give an overview on research related to conjugates of polysaccharides and peptides. Dextran, chitosan, and alginate were selected, to cover four of the most often encountered functional groups known to be present in polysaccharides. These groups are the hydroxyl, the amine, the carboxyl, and the acetal functionality. A collection of the commonly used chemical reactions for conjugation is provided. Conjugation results into distinct properties compared to the parent polysaccharide, and a number of these characteristics are highlighted. This review aims at demonstrating the applicability of said conjugates with a strong emphasis on biomedical applications, drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Some suggestions are made for more rigorous chemistries and analytics that could be investigated. Finally, an outlook is given into which direction the field could be developed further. We hope that this survey provides the reader with a comprehensive summary and contributes to the progress of works that aim at synthetically combining two of the main building blocks of life into supramolecular structures with unprecedented biological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems (IBIOSYS), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Stana Kleinschek
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems (IBIOSYS), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Biobased Systems (IBIOSYS), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria; Institute for Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
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4
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Forsythe NL, Tan MF, Maynard HD. Diazido Macrocyclic Sulfates as a Platform for the Synthesis of Sequence-Defined Polymers for Antibody Drug Conjugates. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3888-3893. [PMID: 35432892 PMCID: PMC8966716 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06242e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), there has been significant focus on increasing the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) in order to deliver more payload. However, due to the...
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil L Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Mikayla F Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California Los Angeles California 90095-1569 USA
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5
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Schneider H, Englert S, Macarrón Palacios A, Lerma Romero JA, Ali A, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Synthetic Integrin-Targeting Dextran-Fc Hybrids Efficiently Inhibit Tumor Proliferation In Vitro. Front Chem 2021; 9:693097. [PMID: 34368077 PMCID: PMC8339797 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.693097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel integrin-targeting molecular hybrids combining RGD peptides and a potent cytotoxin presented on dextran polysaccharides. Based on an aglycosylated Fc as a centerpiece, endosomal-cleavable cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) and dextran as multimerization site were covalently connected by two bioorthogonal enzyme-mediated reactions site-specifically. Decoration of dextran with cyclic RGD peptides, introduced by copper “click” reaction, resulted in the final constructs with the potential to kill integrin-overexpressing tumor cells. We found that these modifications had little impact on the stability of the Fc scaffold and the RGD-bearing construct showed good binding properties of αvβ3-expressing U87MG cells. Furthermore, the construct showed a remarkable antiproliferative activity. These results demonstrate the general capability of our design to provoke receptor-mediated endocytosis upon binding to the cellular surface, followed by endosomal cleavage of the linkage between Fc-dextran and MMAE and its subsequent release. Our approach opens new avenues to transcribe small molecule binders into tailor-made multimeric molecular hybrids with antitumor potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schneider
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Englert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ataurehman Ali
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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6
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Forsythe NL, Maynard HD. Synthesis of Disulfide-Bridging Trehalose Polymers for Antibody and Fab Conjugation Using a Bis-Sulfone ATRP Initiator. Polym Chem 2021; 12:1217-1223. [PMID: 34211593 PMCID: PMC8240515 DOI: 10.1039/d0py01579b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies and antigen binding fragments (FABs) are widely used as therapeutics and conjugated polymers can enhance the properties of these important biomolecules. However, limitations to the selectivity and stability of current conjugation methodologies can inhibit the exploration of new antibody-polymer conjugates. Herein, we describe a new strategy for the synthesis of these conjugates that forms a stable thioether bond and can be directly incorporated into an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. Specifically, a bis-sulfone alkyl bromide initiator was synthesized and utilized in the activators generated by electron transfer (AGET) ATRP of ethylene glycol methacrylate and trehalose methacrylate to form the respective polymers. The trehalose polymer was then irreversibly inserted into the disulfide bonds of Herceptin and Herceptin FAB after mild reduction to form the conjugates with quantitative conversions as verified by Western Blot and mass spectrometry after cleavage of the polymer. The binding of the Herceptin and Herceptin Fab conjugates to the receptor was investigated by indirect ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and the EC50's were 0.90 and 2.74 nM, respectively, compared to Herceptin (0.26 nM) and the Fab (0.56 nM). The conjugates were subjected to heating studies at a constant 75 °C, the temperature determined in a heat ramp to be the threshold of stability for the antibody and FAB; the trehalose polymer was found to considerably increase the thermal stability of both Herceptin and Herceptin Fab. This work provides a new way to prepare polymer-antibody/Fab conjugates utilizing bis-sulfone end groups installed by atom transfer radical polymerization of the functionalized initiators and a way to stabilize these important molecules by conjugation to trehalose polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil L. Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
California NanoSystems Institute, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and
California NanoSystems Institute, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, University of
California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569
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7
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Walsh SJ, Bargh JD, Dannheim FM, Hanby AR, Seki H, Counsell AJ, Ou X, Fowler E, Ashman N, Takada Y, Isidro-Llobet A, Parker JS, Carroll JS, Spring DR. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:1305-1353. [PMID: 33290462 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) harness the highly specific targeting capabilities of an antibody to deliver a cytotoxic payload to specific cell types. They have garnered widespread interest in drug discovery, particularly in oncology, as discrimination between healthy and malignant tissues or cells can be achieved. Nine ADCs have received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration and more than 80 others are currently undergoing clinical investigations for a range of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Extensive research over the past decade has highlighted the critical nature of the linkage strategy adopted to attach the payload to the antibody. Whilst early generation ADCs were primarily synthesised as heterogeneous mixtures, these were found to have sub-optimal pharmacokinetics, stability, tolerability and/or efficacy. Efforts have now shifted towards generating homogeneous constructs with precise drug loading and predetermined, controlled sites of attachment. Homogeneous ADCs have repeatedly demonstrated superior overall pharmacological profiles compared to their heterogeneous counterparts. A wide range of methods have been developed in the pursuit of homogeneity, comprising chemical or enzymatic methods or a combination thereof to afford precise modification of specific amino acid or sugar residues. In this review, we discuss advances in chemical and enzymatic methods for site-specific antibody modification that result in the generation of homogeneous ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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8
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Becker B, Englert S, Schneider H, Yanakieva D, Hofmann S, Dombrowsky C, Macarrón Palacios A, Bitsch S, Elter A, Meckel T, Kugler B, Schirmacher A, Avrutina O, Diederichsen U, Kolmar H. Multivalent dextran hybrids for efficient cytosolic delivery of biomolecular cargoes. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3298. [PMID: 33458922 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biotherapeutics based on peptides and proteins is often limited to extracellular targets, because these molecules are not able to reach the cytosol. In recent years, several approaches were proposed to overcome this limitation. A plethora of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was developed for cytoplasmic delivery of cell-impermeable cargo molecules. For many CPPs, multimerization or multicopy arrangement on a scaffold resulted in improved delivery but also higher cytotoxicity. Recently, we introduced dextran as multivalent, hydrophilic polysaccharide scaffold for multimerization of cell-targeting cargoes. Here, we investigated covalent conjugation of a CPP to dextran in multiple copies and assessed the ability of resulted molecular hybrid to enter the cytoplasm of mammalian cells without largely compromising cell viability. As a CPP, we used a novel, low-toxic cationic amphiphilic peptide L17E derived from M-lycotoxin. Here, we show that cell-penetrating properties of L17E are retained upon multivalent covalent linkage to dextran. Dextran-L17E efficiently mediated cytoplasmic translocation of an attached functional peptide and a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). Moreover, a synthetic route was established to mask the lysine side chains of L17E with a photolabile protecting group thus opening avenues for light-triggered activation of cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Becker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Simon Englert
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schneider
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Carolin Dombrowsky
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón Palacios
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany.,Merck Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Merck Lab, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kugler
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Anastasyia Schirmacher
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
| | - Ulf Diederichsen
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, Darmstadt, 64287, Germany
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9
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. An overview of process development for antibody-drug conjugates produced by chemical conjugation technology. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 21:963-975. [PMID: 33141625 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1846714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We discuss chemical conjugation strategies for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) from an industrial perspective and compare three promising chemical conjugation technologies to produce site-specific ADCs.Areas covered: Currently, nine ADCs are commercially approved and all are produced by chemical conjugation technology. However, seven of these ADCs contain a relatively broad drug distribution, potentially limiting their therapeutic indices. In 2019, the first site-specific ADC was launched on the market by Daiichi-Sankyo. This achievement, and an analysis of clinical trials over the last decade, indicates that current industrial interest in the ADC field is shifting toward site-specific conjugation technologies. From an industrial point of view, we aim to provide guidance regarding established conjugation methodologies that have already been applied to scale-up stages. With an emphasis on highly productive, scalable, and synthetic process robustness, conjugation methodologies for ADC production is discussed herein.Expert opinion: All three chemical conjugation technologies described in this review have various advantages and disadvantages, therefore drug developers can utilize these depending on their biological and/or protein targets. The future landscape of the ADC field is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsuda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-8681, Japan
| | - Brian A Mendelsohn
- Process Development & Tech Transfer, Ajinomoto Bio-Pharma Services, 11040 Roselle Street, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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10
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Baalmann M, Neises L, Bitsch S, Schneider H, Deweid L, Werther P, Ilkenhans N, Wolfring M, Ziegler MJ, Wilhelm J, Kolmar H, Wombacher R. A Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry Toolbox for Targeted Synthesis of Branched and Well-Defined Protein-Protein Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12885-12893. [PMID: 32342666 PMCID: PMC7496671 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal chemistry holds great potential to generate difficult-to-access protein-protein conjugate architectures. Current applications are hampered by challenging protein expression systems, slow conjugation chemistry, use of undesirable catalysts, or often do not result in quantitative product formation. Here we present a highly efficient technology for protein functionalization with commonly used bioorthogonal motifs for Diels-Alder cycloaddition with inverse electron demand (DAinv ). With the aim of precisely generating branched protein chimeras, we systematically assessed the reactivity, stability and side product formation of various bioorthogonal chemistries directly at the protein level. We demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of our conjugation platform using different functional proteins and the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab. This technology enables fast and routine access to tailored and hitherto inaccessible protein chimeras useful for a variety of scientific disciplines. We expect our work to substantially enhance antibody applications such as immunodetection and protein toxin-based targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Baalmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Laura Neises
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Hendrik Schneider
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Philipp Werther
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Nadja Ilkenhans
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Martin Wolfring
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael J. Ziegler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jonas Wilhelm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and BiochemistryTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
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11
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Hinz SC, Elter A, Rammo O, Schwämmle A, Ali A, Zielonka S, Herget T, Kolmar H. A Generic Procedure for the Isolation of pH- and Magnesium-Responsive Chicken scFvs for Downstream Purification of Human Antibodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:688. [PMID: 32656201 PMCID: PMC7324474 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity chromatography provides an excellent platform for protein purification, which is a key step in the large scale downstream processing of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Protein A chromatography constitutes the gold standard for Mab purification. However, the required acidic conditions (2.8–3.5) for elution from the affinity matrix limit their applicability, particularly for next generation antibodies and antibody fusion proteins, since denaturation and irreversible aggregation can occur due to the acidic buffer conditions. Here we describe a generic procedure for the generation of antigen-specific chromatography ligands with tailor-made elution conditions. To this end, we generated a scFv-library based on mRNA from a chicken immunized with human Fc. The antibody repertoire was displayed on yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae screened via FACS toward pH- and magnesium-responsive scFvs which specifically recognize human IgG antibodies. Isolated scFvs were reformatted, produced in Escherichia coli and immobilized on NHS-agarose columns. Several scFvs were identified that mediated antibody binding at neutral pH and antibody recovery at pH values of 4.5 and higher or even at neutral pH upon MgCl2 exposure. The iterative screening methodology established here is generally amenable to the straightforward isolation of stimulus-responsive antibodies that may become valuable tools for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen C Hinz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adrian Elter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Oliver Rammo
- Life Science Division, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Ataurehman Ali
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas Herget
- Strategy und Transformation, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Merck Lab @ Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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12
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Baalmann M, Neises L, Bitsch S, Schneider H, Deweid L, Werther P, Ilkenhans N, Wolfring M, Ziegler MJ, Wilhelm J, Kolmar H, Wombacher R. A Bioorthogonal Click Chemistry Toolbox for Targeted Synthesis of Branched and Well‐Defined Protein–Protein Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Baalmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Laura Neises
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sebastian Bitsch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Hendrik Schneider
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Philipp Werther
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nadja Ilkenhans
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Wolfring
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael J. Ziegler
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jonas Wilhelm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Richard Wombacher
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Recent progress in transglutaminase-mediated assembly of antibody-drug conjugates. Anal Biochem 2020; 595:113615. [PMID: 32035039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are hybrid molecules intended to overcome the drawbacks of conventional small molecule chemotherapy and therapeutic antibodies by merging beneficial characteristics of both molecule classes to develop more efficient and patient-friendly options for cancer treatment. During the last decades a versatile bioconjugation toolbox that comprises numerous chemical and enzymatic technologies have been developed to covalently attach a cytotoxic cargo to a tumor-targeting antibody. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) that catalyzes isopeptide bond formation between proteinaceous or peptidic glutamines and lysines, provides many favorable properties that are beneficial for the manufacturing of these conjugates. However, to efficiently utilize the enzyme for the constructions of ADCs, different drawbacks had to be overcome that originate from the enzyme's insufficiently understood substrate specificity. Within this review, pioneering methodologies, recent achievements and remaining limitations of mTG-assisted assembly of ADCs will be highlighted.
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Antibody Conjugates-Recent Advances and Future Innovations. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9010002. [PMID: 31936270 PMCID: PMC7148502 DOI: 10.3390/antib9010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have evolved from research tools to powerful therapeutics in the past 30 years. Clinical success rates of antibodies have exceeded expectations, resulting in heavy investment in biologics discovery and development in addition to traditional small molecules across the industry. However, protein therapeutics cannot drug targets intracellularly and are limited to soluble and cell-surface antigens. Tremendous strides have been made in antibody discovery, protein engineering, formulation, and delivery devices. These advances continue to push the boundaries of biologics to enable antibody conjugates to take advantage of the target specificity and long half-life from an antibody, while delivering highly potent small molecule drugs. While the "magic bullet" concept produced the first wave of antibody conjugates, these entities were met with limited clinical success. This review summarizes the advances and challenges in the field to date with emphasis on antibody conjugation, linker-payload chemistry, novel payload classes, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and product developability. We discuss lessons learned in the development of oncology antibody conjugates and look towards future innovations enabling other therapeutic indications.
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15
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Schneider H, Yanakieva D, Macarrón A, Deweid L, Becker B, Englert S, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. TRAIL‐Inspired Multivalent Dextran Conjugates Efficiently Induce Apoptosis upon DR5 Receptor Clustering. Chembiochem 2019; 20:3006-3012. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schneider
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Arturo Macarrón
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Bastian Becker
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Simon Englert
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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16
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Schneider H, Deweid L, Pirzer T, Yanakieva D, Englert S, Becker B, Avrutina O, Kolmar H. Dextramabs: A Novel Format of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Featuring a Multivalent Polysaccharide Scaffold. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:354-357. [PMID: 30976476 PMCID: PMC6437811 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are multicomponent biomolecules that have emerged as a powerful tool for targeted tumor therapy. Combining specific binding of an immunoglobulin with toxic properties of a payload, they however often suffer from poor hydrophilicity when loaded with a high amount of toxins. To address these issues simultaneously, we developed dextramabs, a novel class of hybrid antibody-drug conjugates. In these architectures, the therapeutic antibody trastuzumab is equipped with a multivalent dextran polysaccharide that enables efficient loading with a potent toxin in a controllable fashion. Our modular chemoenzymatic approach provides an access to synthetic dextramabs bearing monomethyl auristatin as releasable cytotoxic cargo. They possess high drug-to-antibody ratios, remarkable hydrophilicity, and high toxicity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schneider
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Lukas Deweid
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Thomas Pirzer
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Desislava Yanakieva
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Simon Englert
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Bastian Becker
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Olga Avrutina
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Clemens-Schöpf-Institut für Organische Chemie und BiochemieTechnische Universität DarmstadtAlarich-Weiss-Straße 464287DarmstadtGermany
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