1
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Ye D, Wang C, Xi J, Li W, Wang J, Miao E, Xing W, Yu B. Construction of sustainable and highly efficient fire-protective nanocoatings based on polydopamine and phosphorylated cellulose for flexible polyurethane foam. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 272:132639. [PMID: 38834116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly is an effective strategy for constructing fire-resistant coatings on flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF), while the efficiency of fire-resistant coatings remains limited. Therefore, this study proposes an in situ flame retardancy modification combined with LBL self-assembly technology to enhance the efficiency of flame retardant coatings for FPUF. Initially, polydopamine (PDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were employed to modify the FPUF skeleton, thereby augmenting the adhesion on the surface of the skeleton network. Then, the self-assembly of MXene and phosphorylated cellulose nanofibers (PCNFs) via the LBL technique on the foam skeleton network formed a novel, sustainable, and efficient flame retardant system. The final fire-protective coatings comprising PDA/PEI and MXenes/PCNF effectively prevented the collapse of the foam structure and suppressed the melt dripping of the FPUF during combustion. The peak heat release rate, the peak CO production rate and peak CO2 production rate were reduced by 68.6 %, 61.1 %, and 68.4 % only by applying a 10-bilayer coating. In addition, the smoke release rate and total smoke production were reduced by 83.3 % and 57.7 %, respectively. This work offers a surface modification approach for constructing highly efficient flame retardant coatings for flammable polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Chuanshen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Jianchao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Enqian Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China.
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Suzhou Key Laboratory of Urban Public Safety, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, PR China.
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2
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Nguyen TA, Vo DK, Nguyen KTD, Tran DQ, Nguyen DM, Nguyen NT, Vu TT, Nguyen VT, Hoang D. Lightweight Biobased Polyurethane Composites Derived from Liquefied Polyol Reinforced by Biomass Sources with High Mechanical Property and Enhanced Fire-Resistance Performance. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19182-19192. [PMID: 38708195 PMCID: PMC11064040 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Lightweight biobased insulation polyurethane (BPU) composite foams with high fire-resistance efficiency are interested in building effective energy and low environmental impact today. This study focuses on manufacturing lightweight BPU from liquefied bamboo polyols and biomass resources, including rice husk and wood flour. Then, they are combined with three flame retardant (FR) additives, such as aluminum diethyl phosphinate, aluminum trihydroxide, and diammonium phosphate, to improve their fire resistance performance. The physicochemical properties, microstructure, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and flame-retardant properties of the BPU composites are characterized to optimize their compromise properties. The results showed that composites with optimized FRs achieved UL94 V-0 and those with nonoptimized FRs reached UL94 HB. The limiting oxygen index exhibited that the fire resistance of BPU composites could increase up to 21-37% within FR additives. In addition, the thermal stability of BPU composites was significantly improved in a temperature range of 300-700 °C and the compressive strength of the BPU composites was also enhanced with the presence of FRs. The scanning electron microscopy observation showed an influence of FRs on the morphology and cell size of the BPU composites. The bio-PU-derived samples in this study showed significantly low thermal conductivity values, demonstrating their remarkable thermal insulation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan An Nguyen
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Khoa Vo
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Khoa T. D. Nguyen
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Doan Q. Tran
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Dang Mao Nguyen
- Université
de Lorraine, LERMAB, 186 Rue de Lorraine, Cosnes-et-Romain 54400, France
| | - Ngoc Thuy Nguyen
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tien Trung Vu
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Vy T. Nguyen
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh
City 700000, Vietnam
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3
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Yuan Y, Lin W, Xiao Y, Yu B, Wang W. Advancements in Flame-Retardant Systems for Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Molecules 2023; 28:7549. [PMID: 38005271 PMCID: PMC10673599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The amplified employment of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) has accentuated the importance of its flame-retardant properties in stimulating demand. Thus, a compelling research report is essential to scrutinize the recent progression in the field of the flame retardancy and smoke toxicity reduction of RPUF. This comprehensive analysis delves into the conventional and innovative trends in flame-retardant (FR) systems, comprising reactive-type FRs, additive-type FRs, inorganic nanoparticles, and protective coatings for flame resistance, and summarizes their impacts on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and smoke toxicity suppression of the resultant foams. Nevertheless, there are still several challenges that require attention, such as the migration of additives, the insufficient interfacial compatibility between flame-retardant polyols or flame retardants and the RPUF matrix, and the complexity of achieving both flame retardancy and mechanical properties simultaneously. Moreover, future research should focus on utilizing functionalized precursors and developing biodegradable RPUF to promote sustainability and to expand the applications of polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Weiliang Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yi Xiao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; (W.L.); (Y.X.)
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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4
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Feng X, Lin X, Deng K, Yang H, Yan C. Facile Ball Milling Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polymer Materials: An Overview. Molecules 2023; 28:5090. [PMID: 37446752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To meet the growing needs of public safety and sustainable development, it is highly desirable to develop flame-retardant polymer materials using a facile and low-cost method. Although conventional solution chemical synthesis has proven to be an efficient way of developing flame retardants, it often requires organic solvents and a complicated separation process. In this review, we summarize the progress made in utilizing simple ball milling (an important type of mechanochemical approach) to fabricate flame retardants and flame-retardant polymer composites. To elaborate, we first present a basic introduction to ball milling, and its crushing, exfoliating, modifying, and reacting actions, as used in the development of high-performance flame retardants. Then, we report the mixing action of ball milling, as used in the preparation of flame-retardant polymer composites, especially in the formation of multifunctional segregated structures. Hopefully, this review will provide a reference for the study of developing flame-retardant polymer materials in a facile and feasible way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaming Feng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Xiang Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiwen Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
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5
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Hu P, Li W, Huang S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Zhan W, Chen M, Kong Q. Effect of Layered Aminovanadic Oxalate Phosphate on Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083322. [PMID: 37110556 PMCID: PMC10142990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To alleviate the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), layered ammonium vanadium oxalate-phosphate (AVOPh) with the structural formula of (NH4)2[VO(HPO4)]2(C2O4)·5H2O is synthesized using the hydrothermal method and mixed into an EP matrix to prepare EP/AVOPh composites. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results show that AVOPh exhibits a similar thermal decomposition temperature to EP, which is suitable for flame retardancy for EP. The incorporation of AVOPh nanosheets greatly improves the thermal stability and residual yield of EP/AVOPh composites at high temperatures. The residue of pure EP is 15.3% at 700 °C. In comparison, the residue of EP/AVOPh composites is increased to 23.0% with 8 wt% AVOPh loading. Simultaneously, EP/6 wt% AVOPh composites reach UL-94 V1 rating (t1 + t2 =16 s) and LOI value of 32.8%. The improved flame retardancy of EP/ AVOPh composites is also proven by the cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results of CCT of EP/8 wt% AVOPh composites show that the peak heat release rate (PHHR), total smoke production (TSP), peak of CO production (PCOP), and peak of CO2 production (PCO2P) decrease by 32.7%, 20.4%, 37.1%, and 33.3% compared with those of EP, respectively. This can be attributed to the lamellar barrier, gas phase quenching effect of phosphorus-containing volatiles, the catalytic charring effect of transition metal vanadium, and the synergistic decomposition of oxalic acid structure and charring effect of phosphorus phase, which can insulate heat and inhibit smoke release. Based on the experimental data, AVOPh is expected to serve as a new high-efficiency flame retardant for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Hu
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weixi Li
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zongmian Zhang
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Wang Zhan
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mingyi Chen
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Qinghong Kong
- School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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6
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Comprehensive Review of Recent Research Advances on Flame-Retardant Coatings for Building Materials: Chemical Ingredients, Micromorphology, and Processing Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041842. [PMID: 36838828 PMCID: PMC9962387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing fire-retardant building materials is vital in reducing fire loss. The design and preparation of novel fire-retardant coatings merely require the adhesion of flame retardants with high fire-retardant characteristics on the surface, which is significantly more economical than adding excessive amounts of flame retardants into bulk building materials. Meanwhile, fire-retardant coating has excellent performance because it can block the self-sustaining mechanisms of heat and mass transfer over combustion interfaces. In recent years, research of fire-retardant coatings for building materials has been subject to rapid development, and a variety of novel environmentally benign fire-retardant coatings have been reported. Nonetheless, as the surface characteristics of various flammable building materials are contrastively different, selecting chemical ingredients and controlling the physical morphology of fire-retardant coatings for specific building materials is rather complicated. Thus, it is urgent to review the ideas and preparation methods for new fire-retardant coatings. This paper summarizes the latest research progress of fire-retardant building materials, focusing on the compositions and performances of fire-retardant coatings, as well as the principles of their bottom-up design and preparation methods on the surface of building materials.
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7
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Aydoğan B, Usta N. Effects of dolomite and intumescent flame retardant additions on thermal and combustion behaviors of rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aydoğan
- Ship Construction Department, Maritime Vocational High School Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Balıkesir Turkey
| | - Nazim Usta
- Energy Division, Mechanical Engineering Department Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
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8
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Chi J, Zhang Y, Tu F, Sun J, Zhi H, Yang J. The synergistic flame-retardant behaviors of soybean oil phosphate-based polyols and modified ammonium polyphosphate in polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Wu J, Zhang X, Qin Z, Zhang W, Yang R. Inorganic/organic phosphorus‐based flame retardants synergistic flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiazi Wu
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaolu Qin
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
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10
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Nazrul S, Behera L, Singh RK, Biswal A, Swain SK. Combined Effect of Layered Double Hydroxides and Nano silver on Bacterial Inhibition and Gas Barrier Properties of Chitosan Grafted Polyacrylonitrile Nanocomposites. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2086814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaikh Nazrul
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, India
| | - Lingaraj Behera
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India
| | - Rajesh K. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada, India
| | - Anuradha Biswal
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, India
| | - Sarat K. Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Sambalpur, India
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11
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Yang Z, Kang X, Lu S, Wang Z, Fang X, Li J, Liu B, Ding T, Xu Y. Synergistic effects of molybdenum disulfide on a novel intumescent flame retardant polyformaldehyde system. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xinglong Kang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Shike Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Xiaomin Fang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Jiantong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Tao Ding
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Flame Retardant and Functional Materials Henan University Kaifeng China
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12
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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13
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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14
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Zhang B, Yang S, Liu X, Zou Y, Kan Y, Deng D, Zong Z, Tang G. Rigid polyurethane foam composites based on bivalent metal phytate: thermal stability, flame retardancy, and fire toxicity. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2039192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zou
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Zong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Ma’anshan, P.R. China
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15
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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16
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Biomineralization of Carbonates Induced by Mucilaginibacter gossypii HFF1: Significant Role of Biochemical Parameters. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12050614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the precipitation of carbonate minerals induced by various bacteria is widely studied, the changes in the biochemical parameters, and their significant role in the biomineralization processes, still need further exploration. In this study, Mucilaginibacter gossypii HFF1 was isolated, identified, and used to induce carbonate minerals at various Mg/Ca ratios. The biochemical parameters were determined in order to explore the biomineralization mechanisms, including cell concentration, pH, ammonia, carbonic anhydrase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity. The characteristics of extracellular minerals and intracellular inclusions were both analyzed. In addition, the amino acid composition of the extracellular polymeric substance was also tested. Results show that the biochemical parameters provide an alkaline environment for precipitation, due to the combined effect of ammonia, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase. Biotic minerals are characterized by preferred orientation, specific shape, and better crystalline and better thermal stability, indicating their biogenesis. Most of the amino acids in the extracellular polymeric substance are negatived charged, and facilitate the binding of magnesium and calcium ions. The particles with weak crystalline structure in the EPS prove that it acts as a nucleation site. Intracellular analyses prove the presence of the intracellular amorphous inclusions. Our results suggest that the changes in the biochemical parameters caused by bacteria are beneficial to biomineralization, and play a necessary role in its process. This offers new insight into understanding the biomineralization mechanism of the bacteria HFF1.
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17
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Li JL, Gao CT, Sun X, Peng SG, Wang YW, Qin SH. Synergistic Flame-Retardant Effect of Aluminum Diethyl Phosphinate in PP/IFR System and the Flame-Retardant Mechanism. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Synergistic flame-retardant effect of aluminum diethyl phosphinate (AlPi) in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene (PP/IFR) system and the flame-retardant mechanism were investigated. The flame retardancy of PP/IFR/AlPi (the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1) was the best, which was proved by the results of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test ( CCT) test. Here, the LOI value of the sample was as high as 34% and passed the V–0 rating in UL–94 test. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 92.57%, the total heat release (THR) reduced by 90.52%. Thermogravimetric (TGA) data showed that the introduction of AlPi improved thermal stability and changed the thermal degradation behavior of PP/IFR composites. Interestingly, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) proved that PP/IFR/AlPi had formed more residual carbon, but the flame retardancy was worse than PP/IFR/AlPi. This is because when the mass ratio of IFR to AlPi is 2 : 1, the synergy between IFR and AlPi was significant, gas-phase flame retardant and condensed-phase flame retardant reached a balance and obtained the best flame retardant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-L. Li
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - C.-T. Gao
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - X. Sun
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - S.-G. Peng
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
| | - Y.-W. Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
| | - S.-H. Qin
- College of Materials Science and Metallurgy Engineering, Guizhou University , Guiyang , PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials , Guiyang , PRC
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18
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Akar A, Kızılcan N, Yivlik Y, Önen D. Alendronic acid bearing ketone‐formaldehyde resin and clay nanocomposites for fire‐retardant polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Akar
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Nilgün Kızılcan
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology Maslak Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Chemistry Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology Maslak Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yusuf Yivlik
- Flokser Chemicals, Department of Research and Devolopment, Hadımköy Mah. Ürgüplü cad. No. 7 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Derya Önen
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Istanbul Technical University, Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology Maslak Istanbul Turkey
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19
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Zeng J, Luo W, An J, Xie X. Carbon dioxide adducts from
DOPO
‐grafted polyethylenimines as both blowing agents and flame retardants for polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zeng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jianing An
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xingyi Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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20
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Bhoite SP, Kim J, Jo W, Bhoite PH, Mali SS, Park KH, Hong CK. Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2662. [PMID: 34451203 PMCID: PMC8398555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram P. Bhoite
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jonghyuck Kim
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Wan Jo
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Pravin H. Bhoite
- Department of Chemistry, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai 412803, India;
| | - Sawanta S. Mali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Chang-Kook Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
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21
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Xu Q, Wu L, Yan X, Zhang S, Dong L, Su Z, Zhong T, Jiang C, Chen Y, Jiang M, Liu P. Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polypropylene Fibers with Modified Intumescent Flame Retardant: Preparation, Characterization, Properties and Mode of Action. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152553. [PMID: 34372156 PMCID: PMC8347993 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR) agent designated as Dohor-6000A has been used to prepare halogen-free flame retardant polypropylene (PP) fibers via melting spinning. Before being blended with PP resin, a surface modification of Dohor-6000A was carried out to improve its compatibility with the PP matrix. The rheological behavior of flame retardant Dohor-6000A/PP resin, the structure, morphology, mechanical properties, flammability of the Dohor-6000A/PP fibers were studied in detail, as well as the action mode of flame retardant. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the addition of Dohor-6000A did not damage the crystal as well as the orientation structure of PP matrix, which was helpful to the maintenance of mechanical properties. The presence of the IFR significantly improved the flame retardant performance and thermal stability of PP fibers. When the content of Dohor-6000A reached 25%, the fibers displayed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 29.1% and good melt-drop resistance. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) from microscale combustion colorimetry (MCC) tests were decreased by 26.0% and 16.0% in comparison with the same conditions for pure PP fibers. In the condensed phase, the IFR promoted a carbonization process and promoted the formation of a glassy or stable foam protective layer on the surface of the polymer matrix. In addition, the IFR decomposed endothermically to release of non-combustible gases such as NH3 and CO2 which dilutes the combustible gases in the combustion zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Xu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Xiang Yan
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Shengchang Zhang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Linan Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Metrology and Quality Inspection, Chongqing 401120, China;
| | - Zexi Su
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Tianhaoyue Zhong
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Mengjin Jiang
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Pengqing Liu
- College of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (Q.X.); (L.W.); (X.Y.); (S.Z.); (Z.S.); (T.Z.); (C.J.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-8546-2013
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22
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Ma Z, Liu X, Xu X, Liu L, Yu B, Maluk C, Huang G, Wang H, Song P. Bioinspired, Highly Adhesive, Nanostructured Polymeric Coatings for Superhydrophobic Fire-Extinguishing Thermal Insulation Foam. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11667-11680. [PMID: 34170679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight polymeric foam is highly attractive as thermal insulation materials for energy-saving buildings but is plagued by its inherent flammability. Fire-retardant coatings are suggested as an effective means to solve this problem. However, most of the existing fire-retardant coatings suffer from poor interfacial adhesion to polymeric foam during use. In nature, snails and tree frogs exhibit strong adhesion to a variety of surfaces by interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking, respectively. Inspired by their adhesion mechanisms, we herein rationally design fire-retardant polymeric coatings with phase-separated micro/nanostructures via a facile radical copolymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and sodium vinylsulfonate (VS). The resultant waterborne poly(VS-co-HEA) copolymers exhibit strong interfacial adhesion to rigid polyurethane (PU) foam and other substrates, better than most of the current adhesives because of the combination of interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking. Besides a superhydrophobic feature, the poly(VS-co-HEA)-coated PU foam can self-extinguish a flame, exhibiting a desired V-0 rating during vertical burning and low heat and smoke release due to its high charring capability, which is superior to its previous counterparts. Moreover, the foam thermal insulation is well-preserved and agrees well with theoretical calculations. This work offers a facile biomimetic strategy for creating advanced adhesive fire-retardant polymeric coatings for many flammable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- College of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cristian Maluk
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
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23
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Yang S, Zhang B, Liu M, Yang Y, Liu X, Chen D, Wang B, Tang G, Liu X. Fire performance of piperazine phytate modified rigid polyurethane foam composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Depeng Chen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
- Nanjing Gongda Kaiyuan Environmental Protection Technology (Chuzhou) Co., Ltd. Chuzhou China
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24
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Ding Y, Su Y, Huang J, Wang T, Li MY, Li W. Flame Retardancy Behaviors of Flexible Polyurethane Foam Based on Reactive Dihydroxy P-N-containing Flame Retardants. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:16410-16418. [PMID: 34235312 PMCID: PMC8246474 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Green and environment-friendly high-efficiency flame retardants (FRs) are crucial to polymer FR modification. Here, a green FR 2-((bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane 2-oxide (HAMPP) was synthesized. The HAMPP was incorporated with a cyclic phosphorus structure, which will readily carbonize to inhibit or prevent further combustion. Moreover, the HAMPP contains dihydroxy reactive groups that can be used as a monomer in the polymerization reaction to obtain the main chain containing phosphorus polymer. Research studies on FRs were based on flexible polyurethane foam (PU-HAMPPs). The limiting oxygen index value of PU foam with 10% HAMPP could reach 23.7%, passing a UL-94 V-0 rating together. With the addition of HAMPP, the peak heat release rate of PU foam decreased significantly, the decomposition temperature increased, the heat release capacity reduced by 31%, and the char yield increased by 42%. The chemical composition and morphology of the char residual have been studied and analyzed thoroughly. We find that HAMPP forms a molten viscous protective layer uniformly on the material surface and releases some incombustible gases. These indicated that the FR exploited both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. Besides, the addition of FRs improved the mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Ding
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yumiao Su
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiajing Huang
- College
of Chemistry and Material Science, Fujian
Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min-Yu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Materials, Ningde Normal
University, Ningde 352100, China
| | - Wenmu Li
- Key
Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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25
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Xu W, Zhong D, Chen R, Cheng Z, Qiao M. Boron phenolic resin/silica sol coating gives rigid polyurethane foam excellent and long‐lasting flame‐retardant properties. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Chen
- Bengbu Tianyu High Temperature Resin Material Co., Ltd Bengbu People's Republic of China
| | - Zihao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Qiao
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Anhui Jianzhu University Hefei People's Republic of China
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26
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Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
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27
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Phosphorus/phosphorus-nitrogen flame retardants applied to polyurethane/rice husk eco-composites: thermal behavior, flame retardancy, and physico-mechanical properties. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03237-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Sykam K, Harika P, Donempudi S. Flame‐retardant, phosphorous‐based polyurethane triazoles via
solvent‐free
and
catalyst‐free azide–alkyne
cycloaddition and their cure kinetics. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesavarao Sykam
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
| | - Pothireddy Harika
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Shailaja Donempudi
- Polymers & Functional Materials Division CSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) New Delhi India
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29
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Li Y, Qu Z, Wu K, Lv P, Meng H, Zheng H, Shi J, Lu M, Huang X. A bio-derived char-forming strategy for surface fireproofing: Functionalization of UV-curing flame-retardant coating with vinyl-modified tannic acid. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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30
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Yu Z, Liu J, He H, Ma S, Yao J. Flame-retardant PNIPAAm/sodium alginate/polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels used for fire-fighting application: Preparation and characteristic evaluations. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 255:117485. [PMID: 33436245 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel fire-preventing triple-network (TN) hydrogel was prepared and laminated on cotton fabric to improve fire-resistant performance of cellulose fabric. The TN hydrogel composed of Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)/sodium alginate (SA)/ Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) exhibited excellent swelling ratio, swelling-deswelling behavior and antibacterial property. Results indicated that introduction of SA could improve water retention capabilities of TN hydrogels. Thermogravimetric experiments showed that the thermal stability of hydrogels was best at a SA: PVA ratio of 2:1. Furthermore, the obtained hydrogel-cotton fabric laminates displayed efficient flame retardancy. Compared to original fabric, hydrogel-fabric laminates were nearly undamaged when exposed to fire for 12 s. This result is attributed to energy absorption as water is heated and evaporates in the hydrogel. The present work provides a new concept to prepare fire-resistant polymer fabric, which may be used in fire-protective clothing to protect the skin from burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Jinru Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Hualing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China; Key Laboratory of High Performance Fibers & Products, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, 312000, China.
| | - Shengnan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Jinyin Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing & Finishing, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
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31
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Nguyen HT, Kang SJ, Kim J, Lee PC, Hoang D. Comprehensive Investigation of the Behavior of Polyurethane Foams Based on Conventional Polyol and Oligo-Ester-Ether-Diol from Waste Poly(ethylene terephthalate): Fireproof Performances, Thermal Stabilities, and Physicomechanical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33053-33063. [PMID: 33403267 PMCID: PMC7774065 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The chemical recycling of postconsumer poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles to produce highly thermally stable polyurethane foam (r-PUF) with excellent flame-retardant (FR) performance could be applied on an industrial scale to create a sustainable recycling industry. The advantage of oligo-ester-ether-diol obtained from waste PET glycolysis is its application in r-PUF, generating a durable foam with excellent fire resistance at rather low loadings of phosphorus-nitrogen FRs (P-N FRs), especially in high moisture environments. Compared to polyurethane foam from commercial polyol (c-PUF), r-PUF is notably more thermally stable and efficient in terms of flame retardancy, even without adding FRs. By incorporating 15 php diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a P-N FR, r-PUF/DAP self-extinguished 5 s after the removal of the 2nd flame application with a limited oxygen index value of 24%. However, for c-PUF, a much higher DAP (30 php) loading did not exhibit any rating in the vertical burning test. The aromatic moiety in the oligo-ester-ether-diol structure strongly enhanced the compressive strength and thermal stability. The positive outcomes of this study also confirmed that the r-PUF/DAP prepared from oligo-ester-ether-diol not only satisfied the fire safety requirements of polymer applications but also contained a high percentage of postconsumer PET, which could help reduce the amount of recycled polymer materials and improve waste management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hien T.T. Nguyen
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Soo-Jung Kang
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Pyoung-Chan Lee
- Lightweight
Materials R&D Center, Korea Automotive
Technology Institute, Cheonan 31214, Chungnam, Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- Department
of Polymer and Composite Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and
Technology, University of Science, Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi
Minh 700000, Vietnam
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32
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Xu W, Wu X, Wen Q, Li S, Song Y, Shi B. Effects of collagen fiber addition on the combustion and thermal stability of natural rubber. JOURNAL OF LEATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s42825-020-00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Collagen fiber (CF) and silane coupling agent-modified collagen fiber (MCF) were used as flame retardant filler for natural rubber (NR) modification. The combustion phenomena and properties of composites blended with different dosages of CF or MCF were compared to elucidate the flame retardant mechanism of the composites. The flame retardancy of NR can be enhanced effectively by increasing nitrogen content (the nitrogen content of CF is about 18%), creating air pockets, and structuring the flame retardant network in the composites. MCF failed to structure a flame retardant network in the composite, indicating that its modification effects of MCF are weaker than those of CF. When CF dosage was 30 wt%, the composite can achieve the best flame retardancy, with limited oxygen index of 29.4% and without smoke and dripping during burning. This study demonstrated a new method for the flame retardant modification of NR.
Graphical abstract
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33
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Kong Q, Zhu H, Fan J, Zheng G, Zhang C, Wang Y, Zhang J. Boosting flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites through incorporating ultrathin nickel phenylphosphate nanosheets. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong Kong
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Jinsong Fan
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Guolin Zheng
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Caijiao Zhang
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of the Environment and safety Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang China
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34
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Wang S, Shi M, Yang W, Yan H, Zhang C, An Y, Zhang F. Experimental investigation of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of
APP
/
EG
/
TPU
multilayer composites prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiwen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Meinong Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Hua Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Ying An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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35
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Acuña P, Lin X, Calvo MS, Shao Z, Pérez N, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Wang DY. Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and phenylphosphonic-aniline salt on flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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36
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Chen Y, Li L, Wu X. Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Linshan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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37
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Wang N, Liu H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Fang Q, Wang D. Synergistic effect of graphene oxide and boron-nitrogen structure on flame retardancy of natural rubber/IFR composites. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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38
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The Synergistic Effect of Ionic Liquid-Modified Expandable Graphite and Intumescent Flame-Retardant on Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13143095. [PMID: 32664380 PMCID: PMC7411720 DOI: 10.3390/ma13143095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a nitrogen–phosphorus intumescent flame-retardant 3-(N-diphenyl phosphate) amino propyl triethoxy silane (DPES), the ionic liquid (IL) of 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole phosphate, and a phosphorous-containing ionic liquid-modified expandable graphite (IL-EG), were synthesized, and their molecular structures were characterized. The flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were compounded with synergistic flame-retardant IL-EG/DPES to study the effects of the combination IL-EG and DPES on the pore structure, mechanical properties, thermal decomposition behavior and thermal decomposition mechanism of RPUF. The results showed that IL-EG/DPES had good thermal stability, and an excellent expansibility and char yield. The flame-retardant RPUF, modified with IL-EG and DPES at the ratio of 1:1, had a relatively uniform pore size, the highest compressive strength, and an excellent flame-retardant performance due to the form interwoven hydrogen bonds between IL-EG and DPES, as well as the new synergistic flame-retardant coating on the RPUF surface to restrict the transfer of gas or heat into the PU matrix.
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39
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Cheng J, Niu S, Ma D, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Qu W, Wang D, Li S, Zhang X, Chen X. Effects of ammonium polyphosphate microencapsulated on flame retardant and mechanical properties of the rigid polyurethane foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Cheng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoshuai Niu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Dan Ma
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Wenjuan Qu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Shaoxiang Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Marine Environment Corrosion and Safety Protection Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
- Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center for Advanced Coating Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Xinlong Zhang
- Shangdong Inter City Rail Transit Technology Co., Ltd Jining China
| | - Xianqun Chen
- Shangdong Inter City Rail Transit Technology Co., Ltd Jining China
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40
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Zilke O, Plohl D, Opwis K, Mayer-Gall T, Gutmann JS. A Flame-Retardant Phytic-Acid-Based LbL-Coating for Cotton Using Polyvinylamine. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1202. [PMID: 32466250 PMCID: PMC7284457 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytic acid (PA), as a natural source of phosphorus, was immobilized on cotton (CO) in a layer-by-layer (LbL) approach with polyvinylamine (PVAm) as the oppositely charged electrolyte to create a partly bio-based flame-retardant finish. PVAm was employed as a synthetic nitrogen source with the highest density of amine groups of all polymers. Vertical flame tests revealed a flame-retardant behavior with no afterflame and afterglow time for a coating of 15 bilayers (BL) containing 2% phosphorus and 1.4% nitrogen. The coating achieved a molar P:N ratio of 3:5. Microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC) analyses affirmed the flame test findings by a decrease in peak heat release rate (pkHRR) by more than 60% relative to unfinished CO. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and MCC measurements exhibited a shifted CO peak to lower temperatures indicating proceeding reactions to form an isolating char on the surface. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) coupled online with a TGA system, allowed the identification of a decreased amount of acrolein, methanol, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde during sample pyrolysis and a higher amount of released water. Thereby the toxicity of released volatiles was reduced. Our results prove that PA enables a different reaction by catalyzing cellulosic dehydration, which results in the formation of a protective char on the surface of the burned fabric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Zilke
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Dennis Plohl
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Klaus Opwis
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
| | - Thomas Mayer-Gall
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Stefan Gutmann
- Deutsches Textilforschungszentrum Nord-West gGmbH, Adlerstrasse 1, D-47798 Krefeld, Germany; (D.P.); (K.O.); (T.M.-G.)
- Physical Chemistry & CENIDE, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, D-45117 Essen, Germany
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41
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Effect of Different Phosphate Glass Compositions on the Process-Induced Macromolecular Dynamics of Polyamide 66. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051179. [PMID: 32455602 PMCID: PMC7285008 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provides a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of action of special new phosphate glass (P-glass) systems, having different glass transition temperatures (Tg), in polyamide 66 (PA66). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that the Tg of PA66/low Tg P-glass (ILT-1) was significantly shifted to a lower Tg (65 °C), and another transition appeared at high temperature (166 °C). This was supported by a drop in the melting point and the crystallinity of the PA66/ILT-1 hybrid material as detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The dielectric spectroscopic investigation on the networks’ molecular level structural variations (Tg and sub-Tg relaxations) agreed very well with the DMA and DSC findings. Contrary to intermediate Tg(IIT-3) and high Tg P-glass (IHT-1) based materials, the PA66/ILT-1 hybrid material showed an evidence of splitting the PA66 Tg relaxations into two peaks, thus confirming a strong interaction between PA66 and ILT-1 (low Tg P-glass). Nevertheless, the three different P-glass compositions did not show any effect on the PA66 sub-Tg relaxations (related to the –NH2 and –OH chain end groups’ motion).
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42
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Yu H, Xia Y, Xu X, Zarshad N, Wu M, Ni H. Preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent flame retardant with phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon and its flame retardant effect for epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haihua Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yunfei Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Xiuhang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Nighat Zarshad
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Min Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Henmei Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing China
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43
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Lu F, Liu Y, Wang F, Mai Y, Li D. Effect of Organo‐Modified Montmorillonite on the Morphology and Properties of SEBS/TPU Nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Yang Liu
- Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Fang Wang
- Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Yu‐liang Mai
- Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Guangzhou 510665 China
| | - Dai‐yuan Li
- Guangdong Research Institute of Petrochemical and Fine Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Industrial Surfactant Guangzhou 510665 China
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44
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Sim M, Shim J, Lee J, Cha S. Preparation of a novel phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardant and its effects on the flame retardancy and physical properties of polyketone. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Ji Sim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyonggi University Yeongtong‐gu, Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Shim
- Department of ChemistryKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Hyosung R&DB Labs Dongan‐gu, Anyang‐Si Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Chan Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sang‐Ho Cha
- Department of Chemical EngineeringKyonggi University Yeongtong‐gu, Suwon Republic of Korea
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45
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Zhang Z, Li D, Xu M, Li B. Synthesis of a novel phosphorus and nitrogen-containing flame retardant and its application in rigid polyurethane foam with expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Jiao C, Shao Q, Wu M, Zheng B, Guo Z, Yi J, Zhang J, Lin J, Wu S, Dong M, Guo Z. 2-(3,4-Epoxy) ethyltriethoxysilane-modified waterborne acrylic resin: Preparation and property analysis. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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47
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Beran R, Zarybnicka L, Machova D. Recycling of rigid polyurethane foam: Micro‐milled powder used as active filler in polyurethane adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Beran
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Materials, Faculty of Chemical TechnologyUniversity of Pardubice Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Zarybnicka
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Telc Praha 9 Czech Republic
| | - Dita Machova
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Centre Telc Praha 9 Czech Republic
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48
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Polyphosphazene microspheres modified with transition metal hydroxystannate for enhancing the flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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49
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Pham CT, Nguyen BT, Phan HTQ, Pham LH, Hoang CN, Nguyen NN, Lee P, Kang S, Kim J, Hoang D. Highly efficient fire retardant behavior, thermal stability, and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam based on recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chi T. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huong T. Q. Phan
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Lam H. Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Cuong N. Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Nguyen N. Nguyen
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Korea
| | - Pyoung‐Chan Lee
- Lightweight Materials R&D CenterKorea Automotive Technology Institute Chungnam Korea
| | - Soo‐Jung Kang
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - Jinhwan Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
| | - DongQuy Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Department of Polymer Science and EngineeringSungkyunkwan University Suwon Korea
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50
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Wu J, He Y, Yu Z. Failure mechanism of rigid polyurethane foam under high temperature vibration condition by experimental and finite element method. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Wu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yannan He
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials ScienceFudan University Shanghai 200433 China
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