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de Almeida VHM, de Jesus RM, Santana GM, Khan S, Silva EFMS, da Cruz IS, Santos IDS, dos Anjos PNM. The Development of Biocomposite Filaments for 3D Printing by Utilizing a Polylactic Acid (PLA) Polymer Matrix Reinforced with Cocoa Husk Cellulose Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1757. [PMID: 39000613 PMCID: PMC11244059 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Vegetable fibers are increasingly used in biocomposites, but there is a need for further development in utilizing by-products like cocoa husks. Three-dimensional printing, through Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), is advancing rapidly and may be of great interest for applying biocomposite materials. This study focuses on developing innovative and fully biodegradable filaments for the FFF process. PLA filaments were prepared using cellulose fibers derived from cocoa husks (5% mass ratio). One set of filaments incorporated fibers from untreated husks (UCFFs), while another set utilized fibers from chemically treated husks (TCFFs). The fabricated materials were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques, and they were also tested for tensile strength. ANOVA reveals that both UCFFs and TCFFs significantly predict tensile strength, with the UCFFs demonstrating an impressive R2 value of 0.9981. The optimal tensile strength for the filament test specimens was 16.05 MPa for TCFF8 and 13.58 MPa for UCFF8, utilizing the same printing parameters: 70% infill and a layer thickness of 0.10 mm. Additionally, there was an 18% improvement in the tensile strength of the printed specimens using the filaments filled with chemically treated cocoa husk fibers compared to the filaments with untreated fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Martins de Almeida
- Department of Engineering and Computing, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (E.F.M.S.S.); (I.S.d.C.); (I.d.S.S.)
| | - Raildo Mota de Jesus
- Department of Exact Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (R.M.d.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.K.); (P.N.M.d.A.)
| | - Gregório Mateus Santana
- Department of Exact Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (R.M.d.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.K.); (P.N.M.d.A.)
| | - Sabir Khan
- Department of Exact Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (R.M.d.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.K.); (P.N.M.d.A.)
| | - Erickson Fabiano Moura Sousa Silva
- Department of Engineering and Computing, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (E.F.M.S.S.); (I.S.d.C.); (I.d.S.S.)
| | - Iago Silva da Cruz
- Department of Engineering and Computing, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (E.F.M.S.S.); (I.S.d.C.); (I.d.S.S.)
| | - Ian de Souza Santos
- Department of Engineering and Computing, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (E.F.M.S.S.); (I.S.d.C.); (I.d.S.S.)
| | - Paulo Neilson Marques dos Anjos
- Department of Exact Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilhéus 45662-900, Bahia, Brazil; (R.M.d.J.); (G.M.S.); (S.K.); (P.N.M.d.A.)
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Yu W, Li M, Lei W, Chen Y. FDM 3D Printing and Properties of PBAT/PLA Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1140. [PMID: 38675058 PMCID: PMC11054694 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. In order to improve its comprehensive properties in 3D printing, in this study, 0-40% content of polybutylene adipate terephthalate(PBAT) was selected to be blended with PLA in a twin-screw extruder; the resulting pellets were drawn into a homogeneous filament; then, PBAT/PLA samples were prepared by FDM 3D printing, and the effects of the dosage of PBAT on the mechanical properties, thermal behavior, surface wettability and melt flowability of the samples were investigated. The results showed that all the samples could be printed smoothly, and the ductility was slightly improved by the increase in the PBAT dosage; the thermal stability of PLA was enhanced by blending with PBAT, and the crystallinity increased monotonically with the increase in PBAT. After blending with PBAT, the surfaces of the samples were more hydrophilic and flowable. The important conclusion achieved in this work was that the PBAT/PLA blends, especially those containing 30%PBAT, showed great potential to replace petroleum-based plastics and are suitable for use in FDM 3D printing technologies for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu Province Precision Manufacturing Engineering and Technology Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengya Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yong Chen
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Anwajler B, Witek-Krowiak A. Three-Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Composites: Fabrication, Applications, and Biodegradability Assessment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7531. [PMID: 38138674 PMCID: PMC10744785 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, with its wide range of printable materials, and ability to minimize material usage, reduce labor costs, and minimize waste, has sparked a growing enthusiasm among researchers for the production of advanced multifunctional composites. This review evaluates recent reports on polymer composites used in 3D printing, and their printing techniques, with special emphasis on composites containing different types of additives (inorganic and biomass-derived) that support the structure of the prints. Possible applications for additive 3D printing have also been identified. The biodegradation potential of polymeric biocomposites was analyzed and possible pathways for testing in different environments (aqueous, soil, and compost) were identified, including different methods for evaluating the degree of degradation of samples. Guidelines for future research to ensure environmental safety were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Yu W, Sun L, Li M, Li M, Lei W, Wei C. FDM 3D Printing and Properties of PBS/PLA Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4305. [PMID: 37959985 PMCID: PMC10649279 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were chosen as raw materials and melt blended by a twin screw extruder and pelletized; then, the pellets were extruded into filaments; after that, various PBS/PLA blending samples were prepared by Fused Deposition Molding (FDM) 3D printing technology using the filaments obtained and the effect of the dosage of PBS on technological properties of 3D-printed specimens was investigated. For comparison, the PLA specimen was also prepared by FDM printing. The tensile strength, tensile modulus, thermal stability, and hydrophilicity became poorer with increasing the dosage of PBS, while the flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and crystallinity increased first and then decreased. The blend containing 10% PBS (10% PBS/PLA) had the greatest flexural strength of 60.12 MPa, tensile modulus of 2360.04 MPa, impact strength of 89.39 kJ/m2, and crystallinity of 7.4%, which were increased by 54.65%, 61.04%, 14.78%, and 51.02% compared to those of printed PLA, respectively; this blend also absorbed the least water than any other specimen when immersed in water. Different from the transparent PLA filament, 10% PBS/PLA filament presented a milky white appearance. The printed 10% PBS/PLA specimen had a smooth surface, while the surface of the printed PLA was rough. All the results indicated that the printed 10% PBS/PLA specimen had good comprehensive properties, including improved mechanical properties, crystallization performance, and surface quality than PLA, as well as proper wettability and water absorption. The prominent conclusion achieved in this work was that 10% PBS/PLA should be an ideal candidate for biodegradable feedstock among all the PBS/PLA blends for FDM 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mengya Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meihui Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chaohui Wei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Qi Y, Wang S, Liza AA, Li J, Yang G, Zhu W, Song J, Xiao H, Li H, Guo J. Controlling the nanocellulose morphology by preparation conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 319:121146. [PMID: 37567702 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) is the desired building block for novel biomaterials. The morphology of NC is one of the core parameters impacting the functionality and property of engineered functional materials. This work aims to reveal the relationship between the product morphology and sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions (including acid concentration, temperature and time), and to realize morphological regulation of obtained NC. Three representative products were obtained from microcrystalline cellulose via sulfuric acid hydrolysis, which are cellulose nanocrystals with broad size distribution (W-CNC, 383.9 ± 131.7 nm in length, 6 ± 2.1 nm in height) obtained by 61 % H2SO4, 55 °C and 90 min, cellulose nanospheres (CNS, 61.3 ± 15.9 nm in diameter) obtained by 64 % H2SO4, 35 °C and 75 min, and CNC with narrow size distribution (N-CNC, 276.1 ± 28.7 nm in length, 4.1 ± 0.6 nm in height), obtained by 64 % H2SO4, 45 °C and 45 min. The results showed that the crystallographic form of W-CNC and N-CNC are cellulose I, while cellulose I and II coexist in CNS. Only W-CNC and N-CNC can form chiral nematic structures through evaporation-induced self-assembly strategy and reflected light with specific wavelengths. In addition, the formation mechanism of CNS with cellulose I/II was proposed, which provided a better understanding of NC morphology regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungeng Qi
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shihao Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Afroza Akter Liza
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jimin Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Guihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenyuan Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Junlong Song
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huining Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Haiming Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Lignocellulose Chemistry and BioMaterials, Liaoning Collaborative Innovation Center for Lignocellulosic Biorefinery, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China.
| | - Jiaqi Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China.
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Sola A, Trinchi A. Recycling as a Key Enabler for Sustainable Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Composites: A Critical Perspective on Fused Filament Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4219. [PMID: 37959900 PMCID: PMC10649055 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM, aka 3D printing) is generally acknowledged as a "green" technology. However, its wider uptake in industry largely relies on the development of composite feedstock for imparting superior mechanical properties and bespoke functionality. Composite materials are especially needed in polymer AM, given the otherwise poor performance of most polymer parts in load-bearing applications. As a drawback, the shift from mono-material to composite feedstock may worsen the environmental footprint of polymer AM. This perspective aims to discuss this chasm between the advantage of embedding advanced functionality, and the disadvantage of causing harm to the environment. Fused filament fabrication (FFF, aka fused deposition modelling, FDM) is analysed here as a case study on account of its unparalleled popularity. FFF, which belongs to the material extrusion (MEX) family, is presently the most widespread polymer AM technique for industrial, educational, and recreational applications. On the one hand, the FFF of composite materials has already transitioned "from lab to fab" and finally to community, with far-reaching implications for its sustainability. On the other hand, feedstock materials for FFF are thermoplastic-based, and hence highly amenable to recycling. The literature shows that recycled thermoplastic materials such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET, or its glycol-modified form PETG) can be used for printing by FFF, and FFF printed objects can be recycled when they are at the end of life. Reinforcements/fillers can also be obtained from recycled materials, which may help valorise waste materials and by-products from a wide range of industries (for example, paper, food, furniture) and from agriculture. Increasing attention is being paid to the recovery of carbon fibres (for example, from aviation), and to the reuse of glass fibre-reinforced polymers (for example, from end-of-life wind turbines). Although technical challenges and economical constraints remain, the adoption of recycling strategies appears to be essential for limiting the environmental impact of composite feedstock in FFF by reducing the depletion of natural resources, cutting down the volume of waste materials, and mitigating the dependency on petrochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Sola
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Adrian Trinchi
- Advanced Materials and Processing, Manufacturing Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3169, Australia
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Liu H, Chen S, Li C, Chen X, Li J, Chen P, Xie F, Jian H, Huang X, Liu L. Preparation and Characterization of Polycarbonate-Based Blend System with Favorable Mechanical Properties and 3D Printing Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4066. [PMID: 37896309 PMCID: PMC10610018 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing technology has attracted extensive attention. However, some high-performance thermoplastic polymer resins, such as polycarbonate (PC), cannot be processed by conventional MEX printing equipment due to poor processing performance. In order to develop new PC-based printing materials suitable for MEX, PC/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) blends were prepared using a simple polymer blending technique. It was found that the addition of PBAT component significantly improved processing performance of the PC, making the blends processable at 250 °C. More importantly, the PC was completely compatible with the PBAT, and the PBAT effectively reduced the Tg of the blends, endowing the blends with essential 3D printing performance. Furthermore, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (MBS) was introduced into the PC/PBAT blends to improve toughness. SEM observations demonstrated that MBS particles, as stress concentration points, triggered shear yielding of polymer matrix and absorbed impact energy substantially. In addition, the MBS had little effect on the 3D printing performance of the blends. Thus, a PC/PBAT/MBS blend system with favorable comprehensive mechanical properties and 3D printing performance was achieved. This work can provide guidance for the development of novel MEX printing materials and is of great significance for expanding the variety of MEX printing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chengdi Li
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinyu University, Xinyu 338004, China
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Benini KCCDC, de Bomfim ASC, Voorwald HJC. Cellulose-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites for Three-Dimensional Printing Using Polyethylene Glycol as an Additive: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3960. [PMID: 37836009 PMCID: PMC10574915 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns about environmental issues and global warming have garnered increased attention in recent decades. Consequently, the use of materials sourced from renewable and biodegradable origins, produced sustainably, has piqued the interest of scientific researchers. Biodegradable and naturally derived polymers, such as cellulose and polylactic acid (PLA), have consistently been the focus of scientific investigation. The objective is to develop novel materials that could potentially replace conventional petroleum-based polymers, offering specific properties tailored for diverse applications while upholding principles of sustainability and technology as well as economic viability. Against this backdrop, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in research concerning the use of polylactic acid (PLA) and the incorporation of cellulose as a reinforcing agent within this polymeric matrix, alongside the application of 3D printing technology. Additionally, a pivotal additive in the combination of PLA and cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), is explored. A systematic review of the existing literature related to the combination of these materials (PLA, cellulose, and PEG) and 3D printing was conducted using the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The outcomes of this search are presented through a comparative analysis of diverse studies, encompassing aspects such as the scale and cellulose amount added into the PLA matrix, modifications applied to cellulose surfaces, the incorporation of additives or compatibilizing agents, variations in molecular weight and in the quantity of PEG introduced into the PLA/cellulose (nano)composites, and the resulting impact of these variables on the properties of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cristina Coelho de Carvalho Benini
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá, São Paulo 12516-410, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (H.J.C.V.)
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Anwajler B, Zdybel E, Tomaszewska-Ciosk E. Innovative Polymer Composites with Natural Fillers Produced by Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)-A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37688160 PMCID: PMC10489793 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plastics recycling has become one of the leading environmental and waste management issues. Along with the main advantage of plastics, which is undoubtedly their long life, the problem of managing their waste has arisen. Recycling is recognised as the preferred option for waste management, with the aim of reusing them to create new products using 3D printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging and evolving rapid tooling technology. With 3D printing, it is possible to achieve lightweight structures with high dimensional accuracy and reduce manufacturing costs for non-standard geometries. Currently, 3D printing research is moving towards the production of materials not only of pure polymers but also their composites. Bioplastics, especially those that are biodegradable and compostable, have emerged as an alternative for human development. This article provides a brief overview of the possibilities of using thermoplastic waste materials through the application of 3D printing, creating innovative materials from recycled and naturally derived materials, i.e., biomass (natural reinforcing fibres) in 3D printing. The materials produced from them are ecological, widely available and cost-effective. Research activities related to the production of bio-based materials have gradually increased over the last two decades, with the aim of reducing environmental problems. This article summarises the efforts made by researchers to discover new innovative materials for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zdybel
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska-Ciosk
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
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Kumar MS, Farooq MU, Ross NS, Yang CH, Kavimani V, Adediran AA. Achieving effective interlayer bonding of PLA parts during the material extrusion process with enhanced mechanical properties. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6800. [PMID: 37100933 PMCID: PMC10133452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technique of material extrusion has challenge of excessive process defects and not achieving the desired mechanical properties. The industry is trying to develop certification to better control variations in mechanical attributes. The current study is a progress towards understanding the evolution of processing defects and the correlation of mechanical behavior with the process parameters. Modeling of the 3D printing process parameters such as layer thickness, printing speed, and printing temperature is carried out through L27 orthogonal array using Taguchi approach. In addition, CRITIC embedded WASPAS is adopted to optimize the parts' mechanical attributes and overcome the defects. Flexural and tensile poly-lactic acid specimens are printed according to ASTM standards D790 and D638, respectively, and thoroughly analyzed based on the surface morphological analysis to characterize defects. The parametric significance analysis is carried out to explore process science where the layer thickness, print speed, and temperature significantly control the quality and strength of the parts. Mathematical optimization results based on composite desirability show that layer thickness of 0.1 mm, printing speed of 60 mm/s, and printing temperature of 200 °C produce significantly desirable results. The validation experiments yielded the maximum flexural strength of 78.52 MPa, the maximum ultimate tensile strength of 45.52 MPa, and maximum impact strength of 6.21 kJ/m2. It is established that multiple fused layers restricted the propagation of cracks with minimum thickness due to enhanced diffusion between the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saravana Kumar
- Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan.
| | | | - Nimel Sworna Ross
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Che-Hua Yang
- Graduate Institute of Manufacturing Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - V Kavimani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641021, India
| | - Adeolu A Adediran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Landmark University, P.M.B. 1001, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Salunkhe S, Murali AP, Mohammed Abdel Moneam H, Naranje V, Shanmugam R. 3D printing of plant fiber reinforced polymer composites (PFRC’s): an insight into methods, challenges and opportunities. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2133612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Salunkhe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Arun Prasad Murali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | - Hussein Mohammed Abdel Moneam
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Mechanical Engineering Department, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo, Egypt
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Ragavanantham Shanmugam
- Advanced Manufacturing Engineering Technology, School of Engineering, Mathematics and Technology, Navajo Technical University, Crownpoint, New Mexico, USA
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12
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Nazir MH, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ahmed W, Zaneldin E. The potential of adopting natural fibers reinforcements for fused deposition modeling: Characterization and implications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15023. [PMID: 37089374 PMCID: PMC10113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers or their derivatives have gained significant attention as green fillers or reinforcement materials due to their abundant availability, environment-friendly nature and biodegradability for sustainable development. Despite the availability of modern alternatives such as concrete, glass-fiber/resin composites, steel, and plastics, there is still considerable demand for naturally occurring based materials for different applications due to their low cost, durability, strength, heat, sound, and fire-resistance characteristics. 3D printing has provided a novel approach to the development and advancement of natural fiber-based composite materials, as well as an important platform for the advancement of biomass materials toward intelligentization and industrialization. The features of 3D printing, particularly fast prototyping and small start-up, allow the easy fabrication of materials for a wide range of applications. This review highlights the current progress and potential commercial applications of 3D printed composites reinforced with natural fibers or biomass. This study discussed that 3D printing technology can be effectively utilized for different applications, including producing electroactive papers, fuel cell membranes, adhesives, wastewater treatment, biosensors, and its potential applications in the automobile, building, and construction industries. The research in the literature showed that even if the field of 3D printing has advanced significantly, problems still need to be solved, such as material incompatibility and material cost. Further studies could be conducted to improve and adapt the methods to work with various materials. More effort should be put into developing affordable printer technologies and materials that work with these printers to broaden the applications for 3D printed objects.
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Fabrication of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone Nanocomposites with Favorable Thermo-Responsive Cyclic Shape Memory Effects, and Crystallization and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061533. [PMID: 36987315 PMCID: PMC10053012 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanocomposites with favorable thermo-responsive cyclic shape memory effects (SMEs) and crystallization and mechanical properties were fabricated using a two-step method. First, an isocyanate-terminated PCL diol (PCL-NCO) was synthesized through the reaction between isocyanate groups of hexamethylene diisocyanate and active hydroxyl groups of PCL diol, and its physicochemical properties were characterized. A PLA/PCL blend with a PCL content of 50 wt% was fabricated via fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing, and the influence of the PCL-NCO on the SME of the PLA/PCL blend was studied. The results indicated that the PCL-NCO significantly improved the cyclic shape memory performance of 3D printed PLA/PCL blends and was proved to be an effective interface compatibilizer for the blend system. Subsequently, the structure and properties of 3D printed PLA/PCL nanocomposites were investigated in detail by adding cellulose nanocrystal-organic montmorillonite (CNC-OMMT) hybrid nanofillers with different contents. It was found that the hybrid nanofillers greatly enhanced crystallization and mechanical properties of the nanocomposites due to adequate dispersion. The modification of the PLA/PCL blend and the preparation of the 3D printed nanocomposite can not only prolong the service life of a shape memory polymer product, but also broaden its application scope in advanced fields.
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Degradation Behavior of 3D-Printed Residue of Astragalus Particle/Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites under Soil Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061477. [PMID: 36987257 PMCID: PMC10058707 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragalus is widely cultivated in China, and the residue of Astragalus particles (ARP) can be used as reinforcements in fused filament-fabricated (FFF) natural fiber/Poly(lactic acid)(PLA) biocomposites. To clarify the degradation behavior of such biocomposites, 3D-printed 11 wt% ARP/PLA samples were buried in soil, and the effects of soil burial duration on the physical appearance, weight, flexural properties, morphology, thermal stability, melting, and crystallization properties were investigated. At the same time, 3D-printed PLA was chosen as a reference. The results showed that, with prolonged soil burial, the transparency of PLA decreased (but not obviously), while the surface photographs of ARP/PLA became gray with some black spots and crevices; especially after 60 days, the color of the samples became extremely heterogeneous. After soil burial, the weight, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the printed samples all reduced, and greater losses happened to ARP/PLA pieces than pure PLA. With an increase in soil burial time, the glass transition, cold crystallization, and melting temperatures, as well as the thermal stability of PLA and ARP/PLA samples, all increased gradually. Additionally, soil burial had a greater effect on the thermal properties of ARP/PLA. The results showed that the degradation behavior of ARP/PLA was more significantly affected by soil burial than the behavior of PLA. Additionally, ARP/PLA more easily degraded in soil than PLA.
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Xu D, Shi J, Qiu R, Lei W, Yu W. Comparative Investigations on Properties of Three Kinds of FDM 3D-Printed Natural Plant Powder/Poly(lactic acid) Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030557. [PMID: 36771858 PMCID: PMC9921445 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to further explore the feasibility of the application of the residue of Chinese herbal medicine in FDM 3D technology and enrich the kinds of printing materials, Astragalus residue powder(ARP)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposite was FDM 3D-printed, meanwhile, two traditional biocomposites, i.e., wood flour (WF)/PLA and rice straw powder (RSP)/PLA, were prepared by the same method, and the properties of the biocomposites were comparatively investigated. The results showed that, the tensile and flexural strengths of ARP/PLA were 28.33 MPa and 97.60 MPa, respectively, which were 2.85% and 10.89% smaller than those of WF/PLA, while 15.73% and 7.04% greater than those of RSP/PLA. WF/PLA showed typical brittle fracture characteristics, ARP/PLA and RSP/PLA both showed ductile fracture, but not obviously. Among the three kinds of biocomposites, ARP/PLA was the most thermally stable, followed by WF/PLA and RSP/PLA in turn. The incorporation of natural plant powder had no significant effect on the glassy transition, melting, and cold-crystallization behaviors of PLA, but the crystallinity of PLA could be increased from 0.3% to 2.0% and 1.9%, respectively, by adding ARP and WF. At 20 °C, the storage modulus of ARP/PLA, WF/PLA and RSP/PLA was 2759.4 MPa, 3361.3 MPa, and 2691.5 MPa, respectively, indicating that WF/PLA has the greatest stiffness, and the stiffness of RSP/PLA was the least. In addition to these, all the biocomposites were hydrophilic, the contact angle of the distilled water on the surface of ARP/PLA, WF/PLA or RSP/PLA was correspondingly 73.5°, 77.6° and 71.2°. Overall, it can be concluded that ARP/PLA has moderate strengths, stiffness and wettability, meanwhile, it is the most thermal stable among the three biocomposites, and can be processed at a temperature close to that of PLA. ARP/PLA is suitable as a new kind of feedstock material for FDM 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Xu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Organization Department of the Party Committee, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8542-7621 (W.L.); +86-25-8542-7621 (W.Y.)
| | - Wangwang Yu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (W.Y.); Tel.: +86-25-8542-7621 (W.L.); +86-25-8542-7621 (W.Y.)
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16
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Yu W, Shi J, Sun L, Lei W. Effects of Printing Parameters on Properties of FDM 3D Printed Residue of Astragalus/Polylactic Acid Biomass Composites. Molecules 2022; 27:7373. [PMID: 36364199 PMCID: PMC9656025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to develop a new kind of filament material for the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, the residue of Astragalus (ROA), one of the most important Chinese herbal medicines, and polylactic acid were chosen as the raw materials to FDM 3D print biomass composite specimens, the effects of the printing parameters on the properties of the specimens were investigated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the printed specimen were affected obviously by the parameters while the melting and crystallization behavior of the specimens were little affected. For the wettability, it was also little affected by the printing parameter except for the printing speed. Increasing the printing temperature and the filling density or reducing the printing speed and the layer thickness could improve both the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the FDM 3D printed PLA/ROA composite specimen; reducing the deposition angle could also improve the mechanical properties while having little effect on the thermal stability of the specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianan Shi
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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17
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Agaliotis EM, Ake-Concha BD, May-Pat A, Morales-Arias JP, Bernal C, Valadez-Gonzalez A, Herrera-Franco PJ, Proust G, Koh-Dzul JF, Carrillo JG, Flores-Johnson EA. Tensile Behavior of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Composites Reinforced with Natural Fiber. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193976. [PMID: 36235924 PMCID: PMC9570513 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber-reinforced composite (NFRC) filaments for 3D printing were fabricated using polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with 1–5 wt% henequen flour comprising particles with sizes between 90–250 μm. The flour was obtained from natural henequen fibers. NFRCs and pristine PLA specimens were printed with a 0° raster angle for tension tests. The results showed that the NFRCs’ measured density, porosity, and degree of crystallinity increased with flour content. The tensile tests showed that the NFRC Young’s modulus was lower than that of the printed pristine PLA. For 1 wt% flour content, the NFRCs’ maximum stress and strain to failure were higher than those of the printed PLA, which was attributed to the henequen fibers acting as reinforcement and delaying crack growth. However, for 2 wt% and higher flour contents, the NFRCs’ maximum stress was lower than that of the printed PLA. Microscopic characterization after testing showed an increase in voids and defects, with the increase in flour content attributed to particle agglomeration. For 1 wt% flour content, the NFRCs were also printed with raster angles of ±45° and 90° for comparison; the highest tensile properties were obtained with a 0° raster angle. Finally, adding 3 wt% content of maleic anhydride to the NFRC with 1 wt% flour content slightly increased the maximum stress. The results presented herein warrant further research to fully understand the mechanical properties of printed NFRCs made of PLA reinforced with natural henequen fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M. Agaliotis
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Las Heras 2214, Buenos Aires C1127AAR, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), Av. Las Heras 2214, Buenos Aires C1127AAR, Argentina
| | - Baltazar D. Ake-Concha
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Alejandro May-Pat
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Juan P. Morales-Arias
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad ECCI, Bogotá 111321, Localidad de Teusaquillo, Colombia
| | - Celina Bernal
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Las Heras 2214, Buenos Aires C1127AAR, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Tecnología en Polímeros y Nanotecnología (ITPN), Av. Las Heras 2214, Buenos Aires C1127AAR, Argentina
| | - Alex Valadez-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pedro J. Herrera-Franco
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gwénaëlle Proust
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sydney Manufacturing Hub, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J. Francisco Koh-Dzul
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jose G. Carrillo
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 No. 130 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
| | - Emmanuel A. Flores-Johnson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence: (J.G.C.); (E.A.F.-J.)
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18
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Nano-fibrillated cellulose-based scaffolds for enzyme (co)-immobilization: Application to natural product glycosylation by Leloir glycosyltransferases. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:217-227. [PMID: 36165869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide-based scaffolds are promising carriers for enzyme immobilization. Here, we demonstrate a porous scaffold prepared by direct-ink-writing 3D printing of an ink consisting of nanofibrillated cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and citric acid for immobilization application. Negative surface charge introduced by the components made the scaffold amenable for an affinity-like immobilization via the cationic protein module Zbasic2. Zbasic2 fusions of two sugar nucleotide-dependent glycosyltransferases (C-glycosyltransferase, Z-CGT; sucrose synthase, Z-SuSy) were immobilized individually, or co-immobilized, and applied to synthesize the natural C-glycoside nothofagin. The cascade reaction involved β-C-glycosylation of phloretin (10 mM, ~90 % conversion) from UDP-glucose, provided from sucrose and catalytic amounts of UDP (1.0 mM). Enzymes were co-immobilized at ~65 mg protein/g carrier to receive activities of 9.5 U/g (Z-CGT) and 4.5 U/g (Z-SuSy) in 22-33 % yield (protein) and an effectiveness of 23 % (Z-CGT) and 13 % (Z-SuSy). The scaffold-bound enzymes were recyclable for 5 consecutive reactions.
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Eversmann P, Ochs J, Heise J, Akbar Z, Böhm S. Additive Timber Manufacturing: A Novel, Wood-Based Filament and Its Additive Robotic Fabrication Techniques for Large-Scale, Material-Efficient Construction. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2022; 9:161-176. [PMID: 36655205 PMCID: PMC9586245 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), as resource-efficient fabrication processes, could also be used in the dimensions of the construction industry, as a variety of experimental projects using concrete and steel demonstrate. In timber construction, currently few additive technologies have been developed having the potential to be used in large scale. Currently known AM processes use wood in pulverized form, losing its inherent structural and mechanical properties. This research proposes a new material that maintains a complete wood structure with continuous and strong fibers, and that can be fabricated from fast-growing locally harvested plants. We describe the material technology to create a solid and continuous filament made of willow twigs and investigate binding and robotic AM methods for flat, curved, lamination, and hollow layering geometric typologies. The resulting willow filament and composite material are characterized for structural capacity and fabrication constraints. We discuss our technology in comparison with veneer-based lamination, existing wood filament printing, and fiber-based AM in terms of fabrication, material capacity, and sustainability. We conclude by showing possible applications in the construction industry and future research possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Eversmann
- Department of Experimental and Digital Design and Construction and Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Julian Ochs
- Department of Experimental and Digital Design and Construction and Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jannis Heise
- Department of Separating and Joining Manufacturing Processes, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Zuardin Akbar
- Department of Experimental and Digital Design and Construction and Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Stefan Böhm
- Department of Separating and Joining Manufacturing Processes, Universität Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Yu W, Li M, Lei W, Pu Y, Sun K, Ma Y. Effects of Wood Flour (WF) Pretreatment and the Addition of a Toughening Agent on the Properties of FDM 3D-Printed WF/Poly(lactic acid) Biocomposites. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092985. [PMID: 35566335 PMCID: PMC9103208 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the properties of wood flour (WF)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 3D-printed composites, WF was treated with a silane coupling agent (KH550) and acetic anhydride (Ac2O), respectively. The effects of WF modification and the addition of acrylicester resin (ACR) as a toughening agent on the flowability of WF/PLA composite filament and the mechanical, thermal, dynamic mechanical thermal and water absorption properties of fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D-printed WF/PLA specimens were investigated. The results indicated that the melt index (MI) of the specimens decreased after WF pretreatment or the addition of ACR, while the die swell ratio increased; KH550-modified WF/PLA had greater tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact strength, while Ac2O-modified WF/PLA had greater tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength than unmodified WF/PLA; after the addition of ACR, all the strengths and moduli of WF/PLA could be improved; after WF pretreatment or the addition of ACR, the thermal decomposition temperature, storage modulus and glass transition temperature of WF/PLA were all increased, and water absorption was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengqian Li
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7621
| | - Yongzhe Pu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Kangjun Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yilong Ma
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (M.L.); (Y.P.); (K.S.); (Y.M.)
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Stepanova M, Korzhikova-Vlakh E. Modification of Cellulose Micro- and Nanomaterials to Improve Properties of Aliphatic Polyesters/Cellulose Composites: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071477. [PMID: 35406349 PMCID: PMC9003142 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters/cellulose composites have attracted a lot attention due to the perspectives of their application in biomedicine and the production of disposable materials, food packaging, etc. Both aliphatic polyesters and cellulose are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, which makes them highly promising for the production of “green” composite materials. However, the main challenge in obtaining composites with favorable properties is the poor compatibility of these polymers. Unlike cellulose, which is very hydrophilic, aliphatic polyesters exhibit strong hydrophobic properties. In recent times, the modification of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials is widely considered as a tool to enhance interfacial biocompatibility with aliphatic polyesters and, consequently, improve the properties of composites. This review summarizes the main types and properties of cellulose micro- and nanomaterials as well as aliphatic polyesters used to produce composites with cellulose. In addition, the methods for noncovalent and covalent modification of cellulose materials with small molecules, polymers and nanoparticles have been comprehensively overviewed and discussed. Composite fabrication techniques, as well as the effect of cellulose modification on the mechanical and thermal properties, rate of degradation, and biological compatibility have been also analyzed.
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22
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Gao G, Xu F, Xu J, Tang G, Liu Z. A Survey of the Influence of Process Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling Parts. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040553. [PMID: 35457856 PMCID: PMC9029895 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to the availability of materials and low cost for production, fused deposition modeling is becoming the most widely used additive manufacturing (AM) technology. However, the reasonable choice of process parameters for FDM is a significant task that directly affects the performance of the printed part. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influences of various process parameters on the quality characteristics of the components. The objectives of this study are to thoroughly review the current state of research that characterizes, estimates the effects of process parameters on mechanical properties, and summarizes the conclusions of existing works. In addition, some general issues of the presented research are summarized, and the need for future development is also emphasized. Finally, the research proposes several areas that deserve further study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Gao
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (F.X.); (J.X.); (G.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fan Xu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (F.X.); (J.X.); (G.T.)
| | - Jiangmin Xu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (F.X.); (J.X.); (G.T.)
| | - Guanghai Tang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (F.X.); (J.X.); (G.T.)
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China;
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Qin D, Sang L, Zhang Z, Lai S, Zhao Y. Compression Performance and Deformation Behavior of 3D-Printed PLA-Based Lattice Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14051062. [PMID: 35267883 PMCID: PMC8914831 DOI: 10.3390/polym14051062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to fabricate biodegradable PLA-based composite filaments for 3D printing to manufacture bear-loading lattice structures. First, CaCO3 and TCP as inorganic fillers were incorporated into a PLA matrix to fabricate a series of composite filaments. The material compositions, mechanical properties, and rheology behavior of the PLA/CaCO3 and PLA/TCP filaments were evaluated. Then, two lattice structures, cubic and Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces-Diamond (TPMS-D), were geometrically designed and 3D-printed into fine samples. The axial compression results indicated that the addition of CaCO3 and TCP effectively enhances the compressive modulus and strength of lattice structures. In particular, the TPMS-D structure showed superior load-carrying capacity and specific energy absorption compared to those of its cubic counterparts. Furthermore, the deformation behavior of these two lattice structures was examined by image recording during compression and computed tomography (CT) scanning of samples after compression. It was observed that pore structure could be well held in TPMS-D, while that in cubic structure was destroyed due to the fracture of vertical struts. Therefore, this paper highlights promising 3D-printed biodegradable lattice structures with excellent energy-absorption capacity and high structural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Qin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; (D.Q.); (S.L.)
| | - Lin Sang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zihui Zhang
- School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (L.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Shengyuan Lai
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; (D.Q.); (S.L.)
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China; (D.Q.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Akbar I, El Hadrouz M, El Mansori M, Lagoudas D. Toward enabling manufacturing paradigm of 4D printing of Shape Memory Materials: Open literature review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Čanji-Panić J, Todorović N, Stjepanović A, Lalić-Popović M. The potential of natural products use in fused deposition modeling 3D printing of pharmaceutical dosage forms. ARHIV ZA FARMACIJU 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/arhfarm72-40155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in 3D printing of medicines has increased due to many advantages of this technology, such as flexibility of the dose and dosage form of the printed product. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular 3D printing technologies in the pharmaceutical field, due to its low cost and simplicity. The subject of this review is the potential use of natural products as biodegradable and biocompatible materials with good safety profiles in FDM 3D printing of pharmaceuticals. Natural products such as alginate, chitosan and starch have already been employed as excipients in FDM 3D printed pharmaceutical dosage forms, while others like shellac and zein show the potential, but haven't yet been part of 3D printed pharmaceutical formulations. These excipients have different roles in the formulation of filaments for FDM 3D printing, for example as fillers, matrix carriers or drug-release modifiers. In addition, the possibility of incorporating active pharmaceutical ingredients of natural origin in filaments for FDM 3D printing was reviewed. High printing temperatures limit the use of natural products in FDM 3D printing. However, adequate selection of thermoplastic material and printing parameters can widen the use of natural products in FDM 3D printing of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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Liu H, Zhang B, Zhou L, Li J, Zhang J, Chen X, Xu S, He H. Synergistic effects of cellulose nanocrystals‐organic montmorillonite as hybrid nanofillers for enhancing mechanical, crystallization, and heat‐resistant properties of three‐dimensional printed poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Laihong Zhou
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Jinbo Li
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Shunjian Xu
- Xinyu Key Laboratory of Materials Technology and Application for Intelligent Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Xinyu University Xinyu China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Mandala R, Bannoth AP, Akella S, Rangari VK, Kodali D. A short review on fused deposition modeling
3D
printing of bio‐based polymer nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Mandala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Vignan Institute of Technology & Science Deshmukhi Hyderabad India
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad India
| | - Anjaneya Prasad Bannoth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad India
| | - Suresh Akella
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sreyas Institute of Engineering and Technology Hyderabad India
| | - Vijaya K. Rangari
- Department of Materials Science Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee USA
| | - Deepa Kodali
- Department of Materials Science Engineering Tuskegee University Tuskegee USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Christian Brothers University Memphis USA
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Pal AK, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Additive manufacturing technology of polymeric materials for customized products: recent developments and future prospective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36398-36438. [PMID: 35494368 PMCID: PMC9043570 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide demand for additive manufacturing (AM) is increasing due to its ability to produce more challenging customized objects based on the process parameters for engineering applications. The processing of conventional materials by AM processes is a critically demanded research stream, which has generated a path-breaking scenario in the rapid manufacturing and upcycling of plastics. The exponential growth of AM in the worldwide polymer market is expected to exceed 20 billion US dollars by 2021 in areas of automotive, medical, aerospace, energy and customized consumer products. The development of functional polymers and composites by 3D printing-based technologies has been explored significantly due to its cost-effective, easier integration into customized geometries, higher efficacy, higher precision, freedom of material utilization as compared to traditional injection molding, and thermoforming techniques. Since polymers are the most explored class of materials in AM to overcome the limitations, this review describes the latest research conducted on petroleum-based polymers and their composites using various AM techniques such as fused filament fabrication (FFF), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) related to 3D printing in engineering applications such as biomedical, automotive, aerospace and electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilesh Kumar Pal
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building, 50 Stone Road East Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
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Deng Q, Liu H, Zhou Y, Luo Z, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Yang R. N-doped three-dimensional porous carbon materials derived from bagasse biomass as an anode material for K-ion batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rajendran Royan NR, Leong JS, Chan WN, Tan JR, Shamsuddin ZSB. Current State and Challenges of Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites as Feeder in FDM-Based 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142289. [PMID: 34301046 PMCID: PMC8309324 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years. This review attempts to summarise the current approaches of using NFRC as a feeder for AM. The effects of fibre treatments, composite preparation methods and addition of compatibilizer agents were analysed and discussed. Additionally, current methods of producing feeders from NFRCs were reviewed and discussed. Mechanical property of printed part was also dependent on the printing parameters, and thus the effects of printing temperature, layer height, infill and raster angle were discussed, and the best parameters reported by other researchers were identified. Following that, an overview of the mechanical properties of these composites as reported by various researchers was provided. Next, the use of optimisation techniques for NFRCs was discussed and analysed. Lastly, the review provided a critical discussion on the overall topic, identified all research gaps present in the use of NFRC for AM processes, and to overcome future challenges.
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Figueroa-Velarde V, Diaz-Vidal T, Cisneros-López EO, Robledo-Ortiz JR, López-Naranjo EJ, Ortega-Gudiño P, Rosales-Rivera LC. Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of 3D-Printed Agave Fibers/Poly(lactic) Acid Biocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113111. [PMID: 34198954 PMCID: PMC8201365 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to provide a second economic life to agave fibers, an important waste material from the production of tequila, filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) were filled with agave fibers (0, 3, 5, 10 wt%), and further utilized to produce biocomposites by fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based 3D printing at two raster angles (−45°/45° and 0°/90°). Differential scanning calorimetry, water uptake, density variation, morphology, and composting of the biocomposites were studied. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites (tensile, flexural, and Charpy impact properties) were determined following ASTM international norms. The addition of agave fibers to the filaments increased the crystallinity value from 23.7 to 44.1%. However, the fibers generated porous structures with a higher content of open cells and lower apparent densities than neat PLA pieces. The printing angle had a low significant effect on flexural and tensile properties, but directly affected the morphology of the printed biocomposites, positively influenced the impact strength, and slightly improved the absorption values for biocomposites printed at −45°/45°. Overall, increasing the concentrations of agave fibers had a detrimental effect on the mechanical properties of the biocomposites. The disintegration of the biocomposites under simulated composting conditions was slowed 1.6-fold with the addition of agave fibers, compared to neat PLA.
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Zhu Z, Li J, Peng H, Liu D. Nature-Inspired Structures Applied in Heat Transfer Enhancement and Drag Reduction. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12060656. [PMID: 34204899 PMCID: PMC8227078 DOI: 10.3390/mi12060656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Heat exchangers are general equipment for energy exchange in the industrial field. Enhancing the heat transfer of a heat exchanger with low pump energy consumption is beneficial to the maximum utilization of energy. The optimization design for enhanced heat transfer structure is an effective method to improve the heat transfer coefficient. Present research shows that the biomimetic structures applied in different equipment could enhance heat transfer and reduce flow resistance significantly. Firstly, six biomimetic structures including the fractal-tree-like structure, conical column structure, hybrid wetting structure, scale structure, concave-convex structure and superhydrophobic micro-nano structure were summarized in this paper. The biomimetic structure characteristics and heat transfer enhancement and drag reduction mechanisms were analyzed. Secondly, four processing methods including photolithography, nanoimprinting, femtosecond laser processing and 3D printing were introduced as the reference of biomimetic structure machining. Finally, according to the systemic summary of the research review, the prospect of biomimetic heat transfer structure optimization was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangyu Zhu
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
| | - Juan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Pu Zhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China;
| | - Dongren Liu
- Mechanical Engineering College, Yangzhou University, 88 South University Ave., Yangzhou 225009, China;
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Yu W, Dong L, Lei W, Zhou Y, Pu Y, Zhang X. Effects of Rice Straw Powder (RSP) Size and Pretreatment on Properties of FDM 3D-Printed RSP/Poly(Lactic Acid) Biocomposites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113234. [PMID: 34072204 PMCID: PMC8197895 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a new kind of environment-friendly composite filament for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, rice straw powder (RSP)/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites were FDM-3D-printed, and the effects of the particle size and pretreatment of RSP on the properties of RSP/PLA biocomposites were investigated. The results indicated that the 120-mesh RSP/PLA biocomposites (named 120#RSP/PLA) showed better performance than RSP/PLA biocomposites prepared with other RSP sizes. Infrared results showed that pretreatment of RSP by different methods was successful, and scanning electron microscopy indicated that composites prepared after pretreatment exhibited good interfacial compatibility due to a preferable binding force between fiber and matrix. When RSP was synergistically pretreated by alkaline and ultrasound, the composite exhibited a high tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of 58.59, 568.68, 90.32, and 3218.12 MPa, respectively, reflecting an increase of 31.19%, 16.48%, 18.75%, and 25.27%, respectively, compared with unmodified 120#RSP/PLA. Pretreatment of RSP also improved the thermal stability and hydrophobic properties, while reducing the water absorption of 120#RSP/PLA. This work is believed to provide highlights of the development of cost-effective biocomposite filaments and improvement of the properties of FDM parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangwang Yu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Dong
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wen Lei
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-8542-7621
| | - Yuhan Zhou
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yongzhe Pu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (W.Y.); (L.D.); (Y.Z.); (Y.P.); (X.Z.)
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Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is the most widely used raw material in extrusion-based three-dimensional (3D) printing (fused deposition modeling, FDM approach) in many areas since it is biodegradable and environmentally friendly, however its utilization is limited due to some of its disadvantages such as mechanical weakness, water solubility rate, etc. FDM is a simple and more cost-effective fabrication process compared to other 3D printing techniques. Unfortunately, there are deficiencies of the FDM approach, such as mechanical weakness of the FDM parts compared to the parts produced by the conventional injection and compression molding methods. Preparation of PLA composites with suitable additives is the most useful technique to improve the properties of the 3D-printed PLA parts obtained by the FDM method. In the last decade, newly developed PLA composites find large usage areas both in academic and industrial circles. This review focuses on the chemistry and properties of pure PLA and also the preparation methods of the PLA composites which will be used as a raw material in 3D printers. The main drawbacks of the pure PLA filaments and the necessity for the preparation of PLA composites which will be employed in the FDM-based 3D printing applications is also discussed in the first part. The current methods to obtain PLA composites as raw materials to be used as filaments in the extrusion-based 3D printing are given in the second part. The applications of the novel PLA composites by utilizing the FDM-based 3D printing technology in the fields of biomedical, tissue engineering, human bone repair, antibacterial, bioprinting, electrical conductivity, electromagnetic, sensor, battery, automotive, aviation, four-dimensional (4D) printing, smart textile, environmental, and luminescence applications are presented and critically discussed in the third part of this review.
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Morales MA, Atencio Martinez CL, Maranon A, Hernandez C, Michaud V, Porras A. Development and Characterization of Rice Husk and Recycled Polypropylene Composite Filaments for 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1067. [PMID: 33800605 PMCID: PMC8037629 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays the use of natural fiber composites has gained significant interest due to their low density, high availability, and low cost. The present study explores the development of sustainable 3D printing filaments based on rice husk (RH), an agricultural residue, and recycled polypropylene (rPP) and the influence of fiber weight ratio on physical, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of 3D printing parts. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the composite's degradation process started earlier than for the neat rPP due to the lignocellulosic fiber components. Mechanical tests showed that tensile strength increased when using a raster angle of 0° than specimens printed at 90°, due to the weaker inter-layer bonding compared to in-layer. Furthermore, inter layer bonding tensile strength was similar for all tested materials. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed the limited interaction between the untreated fiber and matrix, which led to reduced tensile properties. However, during the printing process, composites presented lower warping than printed neat rPP. Thus, 3D printable ecofriendly natural fiber composite filaments with low density and low cost can be developed and used for 3D printing applications, contributing to reduce the impact of plastic and agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Morales
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
| | - Cindy L. Atencio Martinez
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
| | - Alejandro Maranon
- Structural Integrity Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia;
| | - Camilo Hernandez
- Sustainable Design in Mechanical Engineering Research Group (DSIM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Colombiana de Ingenieria Julio Graravito, Autopista Norte AK 45 205 59, Bogotá 111166, Colombia;
| | - Veronique Michaud
- Laboratory for Processing for Advanced Composited (LPAC), Institute of Materials, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-IMX-LPAC, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Alicia Porras
- Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos (GDPP), Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, CR 1 18a 12, Bogotá 111711, Colombia; (M.A.M.); (C.L.A.M.)
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Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Geng Y, He H, Liu H, Jing H. Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(lactic acid) with improved printability and processability for fused deposition modeling. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Geng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Tianhe District, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Tianhe District, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Tianhe District, Guangzhou Guangdong China
| | - Huaishuai Jing
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Tianhe District, Guangzhou Guangdong China
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Lamm ME, Wang L, Kishore V, Tekinalp H, Kunc V, Wang J, Gardner DJ, Ozcan S. Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing of Wood and Lignocellulosic Filled Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2115. [PMID: 32957494 PMCID: PMC7569778 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Wood and lignocellulosic-based material components are explored in this review as functional additives and reinforcements in composites for extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. The motivation for using these sustainable alternatives in 3D printing includes enhancing material properties of the resulting printed parts, while providing a green alternative to carbon or glass filled polymer matrices, all at reduced material costs. Previous review articles on this topic have focused only on introducing the use of natural fillers with material extrusion AM and discussion of their subsequent material properties. This review not only discusses the present state of materials extrusion AM using natural filler-based composites but will also fill in the knowledge gap regarding state-of-the-art applications of these materials. Emphasis will also be placed on addressing the challenges associated with 3D printing using these materials, including use with large-scale manufacturing, while providing insight to overcome these issues in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E. Lamm
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; (V.K.); (H.T.); (V.K.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (L.W.); (D.J.G.)
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Vidya Kishore
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; (V.K.); (H.T.); (V.K.)
| | - Halil Tekinalp
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; (V.K.); (H.T.); (V.K.)
| | - Vlastimil Kunc
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; (V.K.); (H.T.); (V.K.)
| | - Jinwu Wang
- Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, 1 Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726, USA;
| | - Douglas J. Gardner
- Advanced Structures and Composites Center, University of Maine, 35 Flagstaff Road, Orono, ME 04469, USA; (L.W.); (D.J.G.)
| | - Soydan Ozcan
- Manufacturing Demonstration Facility, Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2350 Cherahala Boulevard, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA; (V.K.); (H.T.); (V.K.)
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Ahmed W, Alnajjar F, Zaneldin E, Al-Marzouqi AH, Gochoo M, Khalid S. Implementing FDM 3D Printing Strategies Using Natural Fibers to Produce Biomass Composite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4065. [PMID: 32933194 PMCID: PMC7560413 DOI: 10.3390/ma13184065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental concerns have led to a search of more environmentally friendly manufacturing methods; thus, natural fibers have gained attention in the 3D printing industry to be used as bio-filters along with thermoplastics. The utilization of natural fibers is very convenient as they are easily available, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and biodegradable. Using natural fibers rather than synthetic fibers in the production of the 3D printing filaments will reduce gas emissions associated with the production of the synthetic fibers that would add to the current pollution problem. As a matter of fact, natural fibers have a reinforcing effect on plastics. This review analyzes how the properties of the different polymers vary when natural fibers processed to produce filaments for 3D Printing are added. The results of using natural fibers for 3D Printing are presented in this study and appeared to be satisfactory, while a few studies have reported some issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Ahmed
- ERU and Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE
| | - Fady Alnajjar
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE; (F.A.); (M.G.); (S.K.)
- RIKEN, Center for Brain Science (CBS), Nagoya 463-0003, Japan
| | - Essam Zaneldin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
| | - Ali H. Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE;
| | - Munkhjargal Gochoo
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE; (F.A.); (M.G.); (S.K.)
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sumayya Khalid
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE; (F.A.); (M.G.); (S.K.)
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40
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Liu H, He H, Huang B. Cellulose
nanocrystals‐organic
montmorillonite nanohybrid material by electrostatic self‐assembly. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Bai Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Huang B, He H, Liu H, Zhang Y, Peng X, Wang B. Multi-type cellulose nanocrystals from sugarcane bagasse and their nanohybrids constructed with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 227:115368. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Antibacterial Activities of Aliphatic Polyester Nanocomposites with Silver Nanoparticles and/or Graphene Oxide Sheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1102. [PMID: 31374855 PMCID: PMC6724040 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) copolymers have been widely used as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications including: bone fixation devices, bone scaffolds, and wound dressings in orthopedics. However, biodegradable aliphatic polyesters are prone to bacterial infections due to the lack of antibacterial moieties in their macromolecular chains. In this respect, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), graphene oxide (GO) sheets and AgNPs-GO hybrids can be used as reinforcing nanofillers for aliphatic polyesters in forming antimicrobial nanocomposites. However, polymeric matrix materials immobilize nanofillers to a large extent so that they cannot penetrate bacterial membrane into cytoplasm as in the case of colloidal nanoparticles or nanosheets. Accordingly, loaded GO sheets of aliphatic polyester nanocomposites have lost their antibacterial functions such as nanoknife cutting, blanket wrapping and membrane phospholipid extraction. In contrast, AgNPs fillers of polyester nanocomposites can release silver ions for destroying bacterial cells. Thus, AgNPs fillers are more effective than loaded GO sheets of polyester nanocomposiites in inhibiting bacterial infections. Aliphatic polyester nanocomposites with AgNPs and AgNPs-GO fillers are effective to kill multi-drug resistant bacteria that cause medical device-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Mazzanti V, Malagutti L, Mollica F. FDM 3D Printing of Polymers Containing Natural Fillers: A Review of their Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071094. [PMID: 31261607 PMCID: PMC6680682 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As biodegradable thermoplastics are more and more penetrating the market of filaments for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, fillers in the form of natural fibers are convenient: They have the clear advantage of reducing cost, yet retaining the filament biodegradability characteristics. In plastics that are processed through standard techniques (e.g., extrusion or injection molding), natural fibers have a mild reinforcing function, improving stiffness and strength, it is thus interesting to evaluate whether the same holds true also in the case of FDM produced components. The results analyzed in this review show that the mechanical properties of the most common materials, i.e., acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and PLA, do not benefit from biofillers, while other less widely used polymers, such as the polyolefins, are found to become more performant. Much research has been devoted to studying the effect of additive formulation and processing parameters on the mechanical properties of biofilled 3D printed specimens. The results look promising due to the relevant number of articles published in this field in the last few years. This notwithstanding, not all aspects have been explored and more could potentially be obtained through modifications of the usual FDM techniques and the devices that have been used so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Mazzanti
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malagutti
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy
| | - Francesco Mollica
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy.
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Harris M, Potgieter J, Archer R, Arif KM. Effect of Material and Process Specific Factors on the Strength of Printed Parts in Fused Filament Fabrication: A Review of Recent Developments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E1664. [PMID: 31121858 PMCID: PMC6566369 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly evolving as the most comprehensive tool to manufacture products ranging from prototypes to various end-user applications. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is the most widely used AM technique due to its ability to manufacture complex and relatively high strength parts from many low-cost materials. Generally, the high strength of the printed parts in FFF is attributed to the research in materials and respective process factors (process variables, physical setup, and ambient temperature). However, these factors have not been rigorously reviewed for analyzing their effects on the strength and ductility of different classes of materials. This review systematically elaborates the relationship between materials and the corresponding process factors. The main focus is on the strength and ductility. A hierarchical approach is used to analyze the materials, process parameters, and void control before identifying existing research gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Harris
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Johan Potgieter
- Massey Agritech Partnership Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Richard Archer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand.
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