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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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2
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De Hoyos-Martinez PL, Mendez SB, Martinez EC, Wang DY, Labidi J. Elaboration of Thermally Performing Polyurethane Foams, Based on Biopolyols, with Thermal Insulating Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:258. [PMID: 38257057 PMCID: PMC10821512 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, biobased rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs) were developed with the aim of achieving thermal and fireproofing properties that can compete with those of the commercially available products. First, the synthesis of a biopolyol from a wood residue by means of a scaled-up process with suitable yield and reaction conditions was carried out. This biopolyol was able to substitute completely the synthetic polyols that are typically employed within a polyurethane formulation. Different formulations were developed to assess the effect of two flame retardants, namely, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) and amino polyphosphate (APP), in terms of their thermal properties and degradation and their fireproofing mechanism. The structure and the thermal degradation of the different formulations was evaluated via Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Likewise, the performance of the different PUF formulations was studied and compared to that of an industrial PUF. From these results, it can be highlighted that the addition of the flame retardants into the formulation showed an improvement in the results of the UL-94 vertical burning test and the LOI. Moreover, the fireproofing performance of the biobased formulations was comparable to that of the industrial one. In addition to that, it can be remarked that the biobased formulations displayed an excellent performance as thermal insulators (0.02371-0.02149 W·m-1·K-1), which was even slightly higher than that of the industrial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Luis De Hoyos-Martinez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Sebastian Barriga Mendez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Eriz Corro Martinez
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Otaola Etorbidea 29, 20600 Eibar, Spain;
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Spain;
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1800, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jalel Labidi
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of the Basque Country, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
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3
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Li X, Liu C, An X, Niu L, Feng J, Liu Z. Bio-Based Alkali Lignin Cooperative Systems for Improving the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4709. [PMID: 38139960 PMCID: PMC10747791 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine-formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3 were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Li
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Xinyu An
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Li Niu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
| | - Jacko Feng
- Aulin College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Zhiming Liu
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; (X.L.); (C.L.); (X.A.); (L.N.)
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4
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Yang R, Gu G, Li M, Li J. Preparation of flame‐retardant rigid polyurethane foam with bio‐based phosphorus‐containing polyols and expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Guozhang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Mengdi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Jinchun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
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5
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Yang X, Liu W, Liu J, Liu X, Xie X. Effect of diphenyl methyl phosphonate and clay as additives on the mechanical and flame retardancy of crosslinked polyurethane. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Institute of Noise and Vibration Naval University of Engineering Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory on Ship Vibration and Noise Naval University of Engineering Wuhan China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Jiyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education Jianghan University Wuhan China
| | - Xianqi Xie
- Institute of Blasting Materials Jianghan University Wuhan China
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6
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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7
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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Wang H, Xu Z, Yang Y, Liu M, Yang S, Wang B, Deng D, Liu X, Tang G. Iron tailing/ammonium polyphosphate system in
RPUF
composites to enhancing fire safety: a novel strategy for utilization of metallurgical solid waste. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Energy Conservation & Environmental Protection Research Institute, Huatian Engineering & Technology Corporation MCC, Ma'anshan Anhui 243005 China
| | - Zicheng Xu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
| | - Sujie Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road Hefei Anhui 230026 PR China
| | - Dan Deng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, 59 Hudong Road, Ma'anshan Anhui 243002 China
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9
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Zhang H, LYU X, Huang Z, Yan Y. Acoustic Performance and Flame Retardancy of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Diethyl Ethylphosphonate Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:420. [PMID: 35160410 PMCID: PMC8838030 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant water-blown rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) were synthesized by a one-pot free-rising method. We performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression strength tests, acoustic absorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as limited oxygen index, vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests to investigate the mechanical properties, acoustic performance and flame retardancy of the foams. SEM confirmed that the open-cell structures of the foams were successfully constructed with the introduction of a cell-opening agent. Upon using 20 php APP, the average acoustic absorption coefficient of the foam reached 0.535 in an acoustic frequency range of 1500-5000 Hz. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of APP and DEEP can effectively restrain mass loss of RPUFs during pyrolysis. In particular, the compressive strength of a foam composite containing 5 php APP and 15 php DEEP increased to 188.77 kPa and the LOI value reached 24.9%. In a vertical burning test and a cone calorimeter test, the joint use of APP and DEEP endowed RPUFs with a V-0 rating and they attained a THR value of 23.43 MJ/m2. Moreover, the addition of APP improved the acoustic absorption performance of the foam, verified by acoustic absorption measurements. Considering potential applications, the formulation containing 15 php APP and 5 php DEEP could be used in the preparation of a new flame-retardant acoustic absorption rigid polyurethane foam.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ying Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Product Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; (H.Z.); (X.L.); (Z.H.)
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10
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A facile method to prepare high-performance thermal insulation and flame retardant materials from amine-linked porous organic polymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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11
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Zemła M, Prociak A, Michałowski S. Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010102. [PMID: 35012126 PMCID: PMC8747242 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical-mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.
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12
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Pang XY, Meng YF, Xin YP, Chang R, Xu JZ. Synergistic Effect between Modified Graphene Oxide and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Combustion Performance, Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid. INT POLYM PROC 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2020-4028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To improve the thermal stability, ZF-GO (graphene oxide (GO) modified by zinc ferrite (ZF)) is prepared. In view of the anti-dripping function of ZF-GO and flame retardant effect of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), the influence of ZF-GO, APP, mixture of ZF-GO and APP on combustion performance, thermal stability and mechanical properties of polylactic acid (PLA) is investigated. Results show that the modification of GO by ZF significantly improves the residue of ZFGO by 34.7%. The char-forming capability and unique network structure of ZF-GO prevent the melt dripping of PLA. Although APP can increase the limiting oxygen index of PLA, there is still melt dripping. The combination of ZF-GO and APP improves the residual yield of 94PLA/3ZF-GO/3APP by 4.3 times relative to pure PLA, and the UL-94 level reaches V-0. The two additives show synergistic char-forming effect, and there is both physical carbonization and chemical carbonization. The incorporated fillers can decrease the total heat release (THR) of PLA composites. Specifically, the THR and peak value of heat release rate of 94PLA/3ZF-GO/3APP decrease by 21.2% and 53.9%, respectively. For the PLA/ZF-GO/APP system, plenty of residues and the anti-dripping network structure are key factors to get good flame retardancy. Addition of ZFGO and APP reduces the tensile strength, but the tensile elongation of the modified PLA composites is improved. 94PLA/ 3ZF-GO/3APP shows good integrated performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
| | - Y.-F. Meng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
| | - Y.-P. Xin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
| | - J.-Z. Xu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province; Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province , Hebei University , Baoding , PRC
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Yang S, Zhang B, Liu M, Yang Y, Liu X, Chen D, Wang B, Tang G, Liu X. Fire performance of piperazine phytate modified rigid polyurethane foam composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sujie Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Mengru Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Yadong Yang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Depeng Chen
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Gang Tang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
| | - Xiuyu Liu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Anhui University of Technology Ma'anshan China
- Nanjing Gongda Kaiyuan Environmental Protection Technology (Chuzhou) Co., Ltd. Chuzhou China
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14
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15
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Chen Y, Li L, Wu X. Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Linshan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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16
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Zhou W, Hao SJ, Feng GD, Jia PY, Ren XL, Zhang M, Zhou YH. Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Modified by Tung Oil-Based Polyol and Flame-Retardant Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E119. [PMID: 31948034 PMCID: PMC7023429 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tung oil is renewable, with an abundant production and low price in China, and it is used to synthesize different polyols for rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), it remains a challenge to improve the properties of RPUF by redesigning the formula. Therefore, we propose four novel compounds to strengthen the properties of RPUF, such as the catalyst-free synthesis of tung oil-based polyol (PTOK), aluminum phosphate micro-capsule (AM), silica micro-capsule (SiM), and grafted epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil on the surface of SiO2 (SiE), which were designed and introduced into the RPUF. Because of the PTOK with a catalytic function, the foaming process of some RPUF samples was catalyst-free. The results show that the incorporation of AM, SiM, and SiE, respectively, endow RPUF with a better thermal stability at a high temperature, and the T5%, Tmax1, and Tmax2 of RPUF appeared to be reduced, however, the Tmax3 and residue rate at 800 °C were improved, which may have a positive effect on the extension of the rescue time in case of fire, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 22.6%. The formula, containing 25% PTOK made the RPUF environment-friendly. The results were obtained by comparing the pore size and mechanical properties of the RPUF-the AM had a better dispersion in the foam, and the foam obtained a better mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Shu-Jie Hao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Guo-Dong Feng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pu-You Jia
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- Key Lab of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Yong-Hong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
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17
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Dong H, Yuan B, Qi C, Li K, Shang S, Sun Y, Chen G, Zhang H, Chen X. Preparation of piperazine cyanurate by hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reaction and its application in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Dong
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Bihe Yuan
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral ResourcesWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Congrui Qi
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Kaiyuan Li
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Sheng Shang
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Yaru Sun
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gongqing Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Efficient Utilization and Agglomeration of Metallurgic Mineral ResourcesWuhan University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
- School of Chemical EngineeringJiangsu Ocean University Lianyungang China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Safety Science and Emergency ManagementWuhan University of Technology Wuhan China
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Incorporation of Comonomer exo-5-(Diphenylphosphato)Isosorbide-2- endo-Acrylate to Generate Flame Retardant Poly(Styrene). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122038. [PMID: 31835304 PMCID: PMC6960599 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A phosphorus containing acrylate monomer has been constructed from isosorbide, a renewable biomaterial. Treatment of isosorbide with diphenylchlorophosphate generates a mixture of phosphorus esters from which exo-5-(diphenylphosphato)isosorbide-2-endo-ol may be isolated using column chromatography. Conversion of the alcohol to the corresponding acrylate by treatment with acroyl chloride provides a reactive acryloyl monomer containing a diphenylphosphato unit. Copolymerization of this monomer, at levels to provide 1% or 2% phosphorus incorporation, with styrene generates a polymer with substantially diminished flammability compared to that for styrene homopolymer.
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