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Zhang F, Sun L, Lafferty MK, Margolick JB, Garzino-Demo A. Decreased MIP-3α Production from Antigen-Activated PBMCs in Symptomatic HIV-Infected Subjects. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010007. [PMID: 35055955 PMCID: PMC8778881 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ CCR6+ T cells are highly susceptible to HIV infection, and a high cytokine producing CCR6+ T cell subset is selectively lost during HIV infection. The CCR6 chemokine MIP-3α (CCL20) is produced at sites of infection in SIV animal models. Recently, we have shown that MIP-3α inhibits HIV replication. This inhibition of HIV infection is mediated by CCR6 signaling and eventuates in increased APOBEC3G expression. Since there are few existing reports on the role of MIP-3α in health or disease, we studied its production by PBMCs from HIV-seronegative and HIV+ subjects. We evaluated the ability of PBMCs to produce MIP-3α in response to antigen stimulation using cells obtained from two groups: one composed of HIV-seronegative subjects (n = 16) and the other composed of HIV+ subjects (n = 58), some asymptomatic and some with clinically defined AIDS. Antigens included fragment C of the tetanus toxin, Candida albicans, whole-inactivated HIV, and HIV p24. MIP-3α was detected by ELISA in tissue culture supernatants of antigen-stimulated PBMCs. MIP-3α production by antigen-stimulated PBMCs was readily measured for HIV-negative subjects and for HIV-seropositive asymptomatic subjects, but not for patients with AIDS. These results suggest that subversion of the MIP-3α-CCR6 axis by HIV during the course of infection contributes to the loss of immune function that eventually leads to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Zhang
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou No. 8 People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Mark K. Lafferty
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
| | - Joseph B. Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Laboratory of Virus-Host Interactions, Division of Virology, Pathogenesis, and Cancer, Institute of Human Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (F.Z.); (L.S.); (M.K.L.)
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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Different Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Response to HIV-1 Infection in Dendritic Cells Based on Their Maturation State. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01379-16. [PMID: 28148784 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01379-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells whose functions are dependent on their degree of differentiation. In their immature state, DCs capture pathogens and migrate to the lymph nodes. During this process, DCs become resident mature cells specialized in antigen presentation. DCs are characterized by a highly limiting environment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication due to the expression of restriction factors such as SAMHD1 and APOBEC3G. However, uninfected DCs capture and transfer viral particles to CD4 lymphocytes through a trans-enhancement mechanism in which chemokines are involved. We analyzed changes in gene expression with whole-genome microarrays when immature DCs (IDCs) or mature DCs (MDCs) were productively infected using Vpx-loaded HIV-1 particles. Whereas productive HIV infection of IDCs induced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), such induction was not produced in MDCs, in which a sharp decrease in ISG- and CXCR3-binding chemokines was observed, lessening trans-infection of CD4 lymphocytes. Similar patterns of gene expression were found when DCs were infected with HIV-2 that naturally expresses Vpx. Differences were also observed under conditions of restrictive HIV-1 infection, in the absence of Vpx. ISG expression was not modified in IDCs, whereas an increase of ISG- and CXCR3-binding chemokines was observed in MDCs. Overall these results suggest that sensing and restriction of HIV-1 infection are different in IDCs and MDCs. We propose that restrictive infection results in increased virulence through different mechanisms. In IDCs avoidance of sensing and induction of ISGs, whereas in MDCs increased production of CXCR3-binding chemokines, would result in lymphocyte attraction and enhanced infection at the immune synapse.IMPORTANCE In this work we describe for the first time the activation of a different genetic program during HIV-1 infection depending on the state of maturation of DCs. This represents a breakthrough in the understanding of the restriction to HIV-1 infection of DCs. The results show that infection of DCs by HIV-1 reprograms their gene expression pattern. In immature cells, productive HIV-1 infection activates interferon-related genes involved in the control of viral replication, thus inducing an antiviral state in surrounding cells. Paradoxically, restriction of HIV-1 by SAMHD1 would result in lack of sensing and IFN activation, thus favoring initial HIV-1 escape from the innate immune response. In mature DCs, restrictive infection results in HIV-1 sensing and induction of ISGs, in particular CXCR3-binding chemokines, which could favor the transmission of HIV to lymphocytes. Our data support the hypothesis that genetic DC reprograming by HIV-1 infection favors viral escape and dissemination, thus increasing HIV-1 virulence.
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CCR6(-) regulatory T cells blunt the restoration of gut Th17 cells along the CCR6-CCL20 axis in treated HIV-1-infected individuals. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1137-50. [PMID: 26883727 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut CD4(+) T cells, particularly the T helper type 17 (Th17) subset, are not completely restored in most HIV-1-infected individuals despite combined antiretroviral therapy, when initiated at the chronic phase of infection. We show here that the CCR6-CCL20 chemotactic axis is altered, with reduced CCL20 production by small intestine epithelial cells in treated HIV-1-infected individuals. This leads to impaired CCR6(+)CD4(+) T-cell homing, particularly Th17 cells, to the small intestine mucosa. In contrast, the frequency of gut FoxP3(+) T regulatory (Treg) cells, specifically the CCR6(-) subset, was increased. The resulting imbalance in the Th17/CCR6(-) Treg ratio and the associated shift from interleukin (IL)-17 to IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) blunts CCL20 production by enterocytes, perpetuating a negative feedback for the recruitment of CCR6(+)CD4(+) T cells to the small intestine in treated HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Ponte R, Mehraj V, Ghali P, Couëdel-Courteille A, Cheynier R, Routy JP. Reversing Gut Damage in HIV Infection: Using Non-Human Primate Models to Instruct Clinical Research. EBioMedicine 2016; 4:40-9. [PMID: 26981570 PMCID: PMC4776249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to dramatic improvements in the lives of HIV-infected persons. However, residual immune activation, which persists despite ART, is associated with increased risk of non-AIDS morbidities. Accumulating evidence shows that disruption of the gut mucosal epithelium during SIV/HIV infections allows translocation of microbial products into the circulation, triggering immune activation. This disruption is due to immune, structural and microbial alterations. In this review, we highlighted the key findings of gut mucosa studies of SIV-infected macaques and HIV-infected humans that have revealed virus-induced changes of intestinal CD4, CD8 T cells, innate lymphoid cells, myeloid cells, and of the local cytokine/chemokine network in addition to epithelial injuries. We review the interplay between the host immune response and the intestinal microbiota, which also impacts disease progression. Collectively, these studies have instructed clinical research on early ART initiation, modifiers of microbiota composition, and recombinant cytokines for restoring gut barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Ponte
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vikram Mehraj
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter Ghali
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anne Couëdel-Courteille
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Diderot, Paris 75013, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris 75014, France; CNRS, UMR8104, Paris 75014, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris 75014, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Yang GB. Intestinal tract and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4304-4316. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i27.4304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is closely associated with the transmission, disease progression and the prevention and control of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It has been noticed early in AIDS research that a large percent of AIDS patients presented abnormalities in their intestinal tract, such as diarrhea. Now it is known that the intestinal tract has close and complex relationships with AIDS: (1) the intestinal tract is directly involved in the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1); (2) the damage of the intestinal barrier of HIV/AIDS patients directly promotes AIDS disease progression; and (3) most importantly, the intestinal tract is an important target for the treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. The author has previously reviewed the progress in understanding the roles of the intestinal tract in HIV-1 infection and the changes of the intestinal tract after HIV-1 infection. In the current review, I discuss the progress in understanding the roles of the damage of the intestinal mucosal immune system in AIDS disease progression, and the potential application value of the restoration of intestinal mucosal immunity in the treatment of AIDS.
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Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Choi YK, Fallert Junecko BA, Klamar CR, Reinhart TA. Characterization of cells expressing lymphatic marker LYVE-1 in macaque large intestine during simian immunodeficiency virus infection identifies a large population of nonvascular LYVE-1(+)/DC-SIGN(+) cells. Lymphat Res Biol 2013; 11:26-34. [PMID: 23531182 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2012.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract LYVE-1 is a marker expressed by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) that line the lymphatic endothelium. Through studies designed to examine potential changes in expression of LYVE-1 in cynomolgus macaque colon tissues during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, we discovered that LYVE-1 was expressed by heterogenous populations of cells. As revealed by in situ hybridization (ISH), LYVE-1 mRNA levels in colon were decreased in macaques with AIDS compared with acutely infected or uninfected macaques. In the submucosal layer of the colon, approximately half of the LYVE-1-expressing cells co-expressed the dendritic cell (DC) marker, DC-SIGN/CD209, and this percentage did not change appreciably during infection. Subsets of cells expressing LYVE-1 also co-expressed macrophage markers, such as CD68 and the macrophage mannose receptor (MMR)/CD206, in both the colon and lymph nodes. LECs, DCs, and macrophages that co-expressed LYVE-1 were observed in colon and lymph node from uninfected, healthy animals as well as in tissues with SIV-driven inflammation. These findings provide further definition of the phenotypic overlap between LECs and antigen presenting cells, reveal the heterogeneity within the population of cells expressing the lymphatic marker LYVE-1, and show that SIV modulates this population of cells in a mucosal surface across which the virus is acquired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kyu Choi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Abstract
HIV infection is associated with immune dysfunction, perturbation of immune-cell subsets and opportunistic infections. CD161++ CD8+ T cells are a tissue-infiltrating population that produce IL17A, IL22, IFN, and TNFα, cytokines important in mucosal immunity. In adults they dominantly express the semi-invariant TCR Vα7.2, the canonical feature of mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and have been recently implicated in host defense against pathogens. We analyzed the frequency and function of CD161++ /MAIT cells in peripheral blood and tissue from patients with early stage or chronic-stage HIV infection. We show that the CD161++ /MAIT cell population is significantly decreased in early HIV infection and fails to recover despite otherwise successful treatment. We provide evidence that CD161++ /MAIT cells are not preferentially infected but may be depleted through diverse mechanisms including accumulation in tissues and activation-induced cell death. This loss may impact mucosal defense and could be important in susceptibility to specific opportunistic infections in HIV.
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Ahmed Z, Czubala M, Blanchet F, Piguet V. HIV impairment of immune responses in dendritic cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 762:201-38. [PMID: 22975877 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4433-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells and their subsets are diverse populations of immune cells in the skin and mucous membranes that possess the ability to sense the presence of microbes and orchestrate an efficient and adapted immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) have the unique ability to act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune responses. These cells are composed of a number of subsets behaving with preferential and specific features depending on their location and surrounding environment. Langerhans cells (LC) or dermal DC (dDC) are readily present in mucosal areas. Other DC subsets such as plasmacytoid DC (pDC), myeloid DC (myDC), or monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) are thought to be recruited or differentiated in sites of pathogenic challenge. Upon HIV infection, DC and their subsets are likely among the very first immune cells to encounter incoming pathogens and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as evidenced during HIV infection, some pathogens have evolved subtle strategies to hijack key cellular machineries essential to generate efficient antiviral responses and subvert immune responses for spread and survival.In this chapter, we review recent research aimed at investigating the involvement of DC subtypes in HIV transmission at mucosal sites, concentrating on HIV impact on cellular signalling and trafficking pathways in DC leading to DC-mediated immune response alterations and viral immune evasion. We also address some aspects of DC functions during the chronic immune pathogenesis and conclude with an overview of the current and novel therapeutic and prophylactic strategies aimed at improving DC-mediated immune responses, thus to potentially tackle the early events of mucosal HIV infection and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology and Wound Healing, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Laforge M, Campillo-Gimenez L, Monceaux V, Cumont MC, Hurtrel B, Corbeil J, Zaunders J, Elbim C, Estaquier J. HIV/SIV infection primes monocytes and dendritic cells for apoptosis. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002087. [PMID: 21731488 PMCID: PMC3121878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subversion or exacerbation of antigen-presenting cells (APC) death modulates host/pathogen equilibrium. We demonstrated during in vitro differentiation of monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that HIV sensitizes the cells to undergo apoptosis in response to TRAIL and FasL, respectively. In addition, we found that HIV-1 increased the levels of pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak molecules and decreased the levels of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and FLIP proteins. To assess the relevance of these observations in the context of an experimental model of HIV infection, we investigated the death of APC during pathogenic SIV-infection in rhesus macaques (RMs). We demonstrated increased apoptosis, during the acute phase, of both peripheral blood DCs and monocytes (CD14+) from SIV+RMs, associated with a dysregulation in the balance of pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules. Caspase-inhibitor and death receptors antagonists prevented apoptosis of APCs from SIV+RMs. Furthermore, increased levels of FasL in the sera of pathogenic SIV+RMs were detected, compared to non-pathogenic SIV infection of African green monkey. We suggest that inappropriate apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells may contribute to dysregulation of cellular immunity early in the process of HIV/SIV infection. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are critical for both innate and adaptive immunity. They have a profound impact on the hosts' ability to combat microbes. Dysfunction and premature death by apoptosis of APCs may contribute to an abnormal immune response unable to clear pathogens. Circulating blood monocytes exhibit developmental plasticity, with the capability of differentiating into either macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs), and they represent important cellular targets for HIV-1. We report that HIV infection renders monocytes/macrophages and DCs in vitro more prone to undergo apoptosis and this heightened susceptibility is associated with changes in the expression of anti- and pro-apoptotic molecules. Our results show that during the acute phase of SIV-infection of rhesus macaques, monocytes and DCs are more prone to die by apoptosis. They express lower levels of Mcl-1 and FLIP proteins, two anti-apoptotic molecules, but higher expression of the active form of Bax and Bak, the gatekeepers of the mitochondria, major sensor of the apoptotic machinery. Because the early events are important in the pathogenesis of this disease, early death of APCs should play a major role leading to the defective immune response. Strategies aimed at preventing death of APCs could be beneficial in helping the immune response to fight HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valérie Monceaux
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
| | - John Zaunders
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Carole Elbim
- INSERM U955, Faculté Créteil Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Estaquier
- INSERM U955, Faculté Créteil Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Université Laval, Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Québec, Canada
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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[Roles of dendritic cell in disease progression of AIDS primate models]. DONG WU XUE YAN JIU = ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2010; 31:57-65. [PMID: 20446455 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1141.2010.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primate models are widely used in research of AIDS mechanism, transmission, vaccine and drugs. Dendritic cells (DC), as antigen presenting cells linking the innate immunity and acquired immunity, play a pivotal role in AIDS progression. Studies on the change of DC subsets number, phenotype and function in AIDS non-human primate models are important for revealing some mechanism of AIDS progression. This article reviews the progress in DC subsets of non-human primate AIDS models, which will provide an avenue for further study in AIDS.
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Shacklett BL, Anton PA. HIV Infection and Gut Mucosal Immune Function: Updates on Pathogenesis with Implications for Management and Intervention. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2010; 12:19-27. [PMID: 20174448 PMCID: PMC2821616 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-009-0072-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV is primarily a sexually transmitted infection. However, given that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) houses most of the body’s lymphocytes, including activated memory CD4+ T cells that are preferential targets for HIV, recent research has focused on the role of the GIT in transmission and pathogenesis. In health, the GIT maintains a balance between immune tolerance and rapid responsiveness. A complex network of innate and adaptive responses maintains this balance, which is severely perturbed in HIV infection. Recent studies have focused on mechanisms of GIT CD4+ T-cell depletion and epithelial disruption in HIV infection, the role of inflammation in accelerating viral dissemination, the kinetics of the adaptive response following transmission, and the extent of T-cell reconstitution following antiretroviral therapy. This review summarizes the results of recent investigations that may have important implications for the development of vaccines, microbicides, and therapeutic interventions for HIV and other mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Shacklett
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, UC Davis School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8645 USA
| | - Peter A. Anton
- Department of Medicine, Center for HIV Prevention Research, UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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Venkatachari NJ, Alber S, Watkins SC, Ayyavoo V. HIV-1 infection of DC: evidence for the acquisition of virus particles from infected T cells by antigen uptake mechanism. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7470. [PMID: 19829715 PMCID: PMC2759578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a pivotal role in transmission and dissemination of HIV-1. Earlier studies reported that DC present at the site of infection trap virus particles via DC-SIGN and transfer the virus to the interacting naïve T cells. This prompted us to ask the question whether DC could acquire virus from infected T cells during DC-T cell interaction. To address this, we investigated the likely transfer of virus from HIV-1 infected T cells to DC and the underlying mechanisms involved. Results indicate that DC acquire virus from infected T cells via antigen uptake mechanism and this results in infection of DC with expression of proteins directed by viral DNA. Further studies with HIV-1 lacking the Env protein also resulted in infection of DC. The use of antibodies against DC-SIGN and DC-SIGN-R ruled out a role for receptor in the infection of DC. Additional data show that DC infection is directly correlated with the ability of DC to take up antigen from infected T cells. Overall, these studies provide evidence to suggest that HIV-1, besides infecting immune cells, also utilizes immunological mechanism(s) to acquire and disseminate virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimhan J. Venkatachari
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sean Alber
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cerovic V, McDonald V, Nassar MA, Paulin SM, Macpherson GG, Milling SWF. New insights into the roles of dendritic cells in intestinal immunity and tolerance. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2009; 272:33-105. [PMID: 19121816 DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical key role in the initiation of immune responses to pathogens. Paradoxically, they also prevent potentially damaging immune responses being directed against the multitude of harmless antigens, to which the body is exposed daily. These roles are particularly important in the intestine, where only a single layer of epithelial cells provides a barrier against billions of commensal microorganisms, pathogens, and food antigens, over a huge surface area. In the intestine, therefore, DCs are required to perform their dual roles very efficiently to protect the body from the dual threats of invading pathogens and unwanted inflammatory reactions. In this review, we first describe the biology of DCs and their interactions with other cells types, paying particular attention to intestinal DCs. We, then, examine the ways in which this biology may become misdirected, resulting in inflammatory bowel disease. Finally, we discuss how DCs potentiate immune responses against viral, bacterial, parasitic infections, and their importance in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. We, therefore, provide an overview of the complex cellular interactions that affect intestinal DCs and control the balance between immunity and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vuk Cerovic
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Chemokines are small chemoattractant cytokines involved in homeostatic and inflammatory immune cell migration. These small proteins have multiple functional properties that extend beyond their most recognized role in controlling cellular migration. The complex immunobiology of chemokines, coupled with the use of subsets of chemokine receptors as HIV-1 and SIV entry co-receptors, suggests that these immunomodulators could play important roles in the pathogenesis associated with infection by HIV-1 or SIV. This review provides an overview of the effects of pathogenic infection on chemokine expression in the SIV/macaque model system, and outlines potential mechanisms by which changes in these expression profiles could contribute to development of disease. Key challenges faced in studying chemokine function in vivo and new opportunities for further study and development of therapeutic interventions are discussed. Continued growth in our understanding of the effects of pathogenic SIV infection on chemokine expression and function and the continuing development of chemokine receptor targeted therapeutics will provide the tools and the systems necessary for future studies of the roles of chemokines in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
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Yearley JH, Kanagy S, Anderson DC, Dalecki K, Pauley DR, Suwyn C, Donahoe RM, McClure HM, O'Neil SP. Tissue-specific reduction in DC-SIGN expression correlates with progression of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1510-1521. [PMID: 18606180 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies were undertaken to determine whether previously described reductions in splenic DC-SIGN expression in simian acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are limited to pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. DC-SIGN expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in lymphoid tissues from AIDS-susceptible Asian macaque monkeys as compared with AIDS-resistant sooty mangabey monkeys in the presence and absence of SIV infection. The phenotype of DC-SIGN+ cells in susceptible and resistant species was identical and most consistent with macrophage identity. Significantly lower levels of DC-SIGN expression were identified in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, and bone marrow of macaques with AIDS (P<0.05). Reduced levels of splenic DC-SIGN correlated significantly with CD4T cell depletion in long-term pathogenic infection of macaques (P<0.01), whereas SIV-infected mangabeys retained high levels of DC-SIGN expression in spleen despite persistent infection. Reduced expression of DC-SIGN in spleen specifically characterizes pathogenic forms of SIV infection, correlates with disease progression, and may contribute to SIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Yearley
- Division of Comparative Pathology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, One Pine Hill Dr. P.O. Box 9102, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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17
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Pegu A, Flynn JL, Reinhart TA. Afferent and efferent interfaces of lymph nodes are distinguished by expression of lymphatic endothelial markers and chemokines. Lymphat Res Biol 2007; 5:91-103. [PMID: 17935477 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2007.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymph nodes (LNs) are important sites of connection between the sampled peripheral tissues, the many cells of the immune system, and the blood. The organization of the interface between the afferent and efferent lymphatic vasculature and LN parenchyma is incompletely understood, and obtaining a better understanding of these tissue microenvironments will contribute to an improved understanding of overall lymphatic function. METHODS AND RESULTS We used histologic approaches to define the distributions of cells expressing lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) markers in LNs from healthy, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected, or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected cynomolgus macaques. Cells at the afferent and efferent interfaces of LNs from all animals showed differential expression of LEC markers, with podoplanin, Prox-1, and VEGFR3 expressed in both microenvironments, but with LYVE-1 expressed only at the efferent interface. The chemokine CCL20 was uniquely expressed at the afferent interface by cells co-expressing podoplanin, and this expression was increased during SIV or M. tuberculosis infection. In contrast, only a small proportion of cells expressing the CCR7 ligand CCL21 co-expressed podoplanin. Treatment of model LECs with the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) or gamma-irradiated M. tuberculosis increased production of CCL20 without altering CCL21 or LEC marker expression. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive mapping of the organization of the lymphatic endothelial network entering and exiting LNs in health and in chronic infectious diseases in a nonhuman primate model. The differences we have defined between the afferent and efferent interfaces of LNs could inform the future design of vaccines and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarendra Pegu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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18
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Petrovas C, Price DA, Mattapallil J, Ambrozak DR, Geldmacher C, Cecchinato V, Vaccari M, Tryniszewska E, Gostick E, Roederer M, Douek DC, Morgan SH, Davis SJ, Franchini G, Koup RA. SIV-specific CD8+ T cells express high levels of PD1 and cytokines but have impaired proliferative capacity in acute and chronic SIVmac251 infection. Blood 2007; 110:928-36. [PMID: 17440051 PMCID: PMC1924769 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-069112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a critical mediator of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Here, we examined the expression of PD-1 on simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells and its possible involvement in regulation of cytokine production, proliferation, and survival of these cells. The majority of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells expressed a PD-1(high) phenotype, independent of their differentiation status, in all tissues tested. PD-1 expression gradually declined on CD8+ T cells specific for SIV-derived epitopes that had undergone mutational escape, indicating that antigen-specific TCR stimulation is the primary determinant of PD-1 expression. SIV-specific PD-1(high)CD8+ T cells produced IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 under cognate peptide stimulation. While CD8+ T cells that proliferated in response to antigen had a PD-1(high) phenotype, it was determined that there was a reduced proliferative capacity of PD-1(high) compared with PD-1(low) SIV-specific CD8+ T cells. PD-1(high) SIV-specific CD8+ T cells were highly susceptible to cell death leading to loss of such cells after in vitro stimulation. Thus, PD-1 is a negative regulator of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells, operating predominantly through the induction of cell death. Manipulation of the interaction of PD-1 with its ligands could thus potentially restore the CD8+ T-cell responses in SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Petrovas
- Immunology Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, 40 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Yearley JH, Pearson C, Shannon RP, Mansfield KG. Phenotypic variation in myocardial macrophage populations suggests a role for macrophage activation in SIV-associated cardiac disease. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2007; 23:515-24. [PMID: 17506608 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac abnormalities are common in HIV-infected individuals, and have been especially well documented as contributors to mortality in HIV-infected children. Underlying pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for myocardial disease in HIV-infection remain imperfectly understood. SIV-infected rhesus monkeys develop a spectrum of cardiac lesions similar to those seen in HIV-infected people, providing an important model for pathogenesis studies. Retrospective analysis of cardiac tissue collected at necropsy from SIV-infected rhesus monkeys was performed to evaluate myocardial macrophage and dendritic cell populations as a function of previously quantitated lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrates and cardiomyocyte degeneration or necrosis. Variations in the size and phenotype of macrophage and dendritic cell populations were examined as possible contributors to the pathogenesis of SIV-associated inflammatory lesions. Macrophages labeling immunohistochemically for CD163 differed substantially from macrophages labeling for HAM56 in overall number, distribution across groups, involvement in inflammatory clusters, correlation with the DC-SIGN(+) subpopulation of macrophages, and correlation with numbers of SIV-infected cells. CD163(+) macrophages occurred in significantly higher numbers in uninflamed hearts from SIV-infected animals than in hearts from SIV-infected animals with myocarditis or uninfected controls (p < 0.01). Numbers of CD163(+) cells correlated positively with numbers of SIV-infected cells (p < 0.05) suggesting that the CD163(+) population was associated with decreased inflammatory infiltration and reduced control of virus within the heart. As CD163 has been associated with nonclassical macrophage activation and an antiinflammatory phenotype, these results suggest that a balance between classical and nonclassical activation may affect levels of inflammatory infiltration and of myocardial virus burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Yearley
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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20
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Groot F, Kuijpers TW, Berkhout B, de Jong EC. Dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission to T cells of LAD-1 patients is impaired due to the defect in LFA-1. Retrovirology 2006; 3:75. [PMID: 17078873 PMCID: PMC1635562 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DC) have been proposed to mediate sexual HIV-1 transmission by capturing the virus in the mucosa and subsequently presenting it to CD4+ T cells. We have demonstrated before that DC subsets expressing higher levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are better HIV-1 transmitters. ICAM-1 binds leukocyte function-associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) on T cells, an integrin responsible for adhesion and signaling at the immunological synapse. To corroborate the importance of the ICAM-1- LFA-1 interaction, we performed transmission experiments to LFA-1 negative leukocytes from Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) patients. RESULTS We clearly show that DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission to LAD-1 T cells is impaired in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, HIV-1 transmission to T cells from a unique LAD-1 patient with a well characterized LFA-1 activation defect was impaired as well, demonstrating that activation of LFA-1 is crucial for efficient transmission. Decreased cell adhesion between DC and LAD-1 T cells could also be illustrated by significantly smaller DC-T cell clusters after HIV-1 transmission. CONCLUSION By making use of LFA-1 defect cells from unique patients, this study provides more insight into the mechanism of HIV-1 transmission by DC. This may offer new treatment options to reduce sexual transmission of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedde Groot
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present address: The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Groot F, van Capel TMM, Schuitemaker JHN, Berkhout B, de Jong EC. Differential susceptibility of naïve, central memory and effector memory T cells to dendritic cell-mediated HIV-1 transmission. Retrovirology 2006; 3:52. [PMID: 16916447 PMCID: PMC1562438 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DC) have been proposed to facilitate sexual transmission of HIV-1 by capture of the virus in the mucosa and subsequent transmission to CD4+ T cells. Several T cell subsets can be identified in humans: naïve T cells (TN) that initiate an immune response to new antigens, and memory T cells that respond to previously encountered pathogens. The memory T cell pool comprises central memory (TCM) and effector memory cells (TEM), which are characterized by distinct homing and effector functions. The TEM cell subset, which can be further divided into effector Th1 and Th2 cells, has been shown to be the prime target for viral replication after HIV-1 infection, and is abundantly present in mucosal tissues. Results We determined the susceptibility of TN, TCM and TEM cells to DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission and found that co-receptor expression on the respective T cell subsets is a decisive factor for transmission. Accordingly, CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 was most efficiently transmitted to TEM cells, and CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 was preferentially transmitted to TN cells. Conclusion The highly efficient R5 transfer to TEM cells suggests that mucosal T cells are an important target for DC-mediated transmission. This may contribute to the initial burst of virus replication that is observed in these cells. TN cells, which are the prime target for DC-mediated X4 virus transmission in our study, are considered to inefficiently support HIV-1 replication. Our results thus indicate that DC may play a decisive role in the susceptibility of TN cells to X4 tropic HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedde Groot
- Dept. of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Toni MM van Capel
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost HN Schuitemaker
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Dept. of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Naarding MA, Ludwig IS, Groot F, Berkhout B, Geijtenbeek TBH, Pollakis G, Paxton WA. Lewis X component in human milk binds DC-SIGN and inhibits HIV-1 transfer to CD4+ T lymphocytes. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3256-64. [PMID: 16239964 PMCID: PMC1257537 DOI: 10.1172/jci25105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-specific ICAM3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN), which is expressed on DCs, can interact with a variety of pathogens such as HIV-1, hepatitis C, Ebola, cytomegalovirus, Dengue virus, Mycobacterium, Leishmania, and Candida albicans. We demonstrate that human milk can inhibit the DC-SIGN-mediated transfer of HIV-1 to CD4+ T lymphocytes as well as viral transfer by both immature and mature DCs. The inhibitory factor directly interacted with DC-SIGN and prevented the HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein from binding to the receptor. The human milk proteins lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, lysozyme, beta-casein, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor did not bind DC-SIGN or demonstrate inhibition of viral transfer. The inhibitory effect could be fully alleviated with an Ab recognizing the Lewis X (LeX) sugar epitope, commonly found in human milk. LeX in polymeric form or conjugated to protein could mimic the inhibitory activity, whereas free LeX sugar epitopes could not. We reveal that a LeX motif present in human milk can bind to DC-SIGN and thereby prevent the capture and subsequent transfer of HIV-1 to CD4+ T lymphocytes. The presence of such a DC-SIGN-binding molecule in human milk may both influence antigenic presentation and interfere with pathogen transfer in breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes A Naarding
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Gurney KB, Elliott J, Nassanian H, Song C, Soilleux E, McGowan I, Anton PA, Lee B. Binding and transfer of human immunodeficiency virus by DC-SIGN+ cells in human rectal mucosa. J Virol 2005; 79:5762-73. [PMID: 15827191 PMCID: PMC1082722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5762-5773.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of DC-SIGN on human rectal mucosal dendritic cells is unknown. Using highly purified human rectal mucosal DC-SIGN+ cells and an ultrasensitive real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay to quantify virus binding, we found that HLA-DR+/DC-SIGN+ cells can bind and transfer more virus than the HLA-DR+/DC-SIGN- cells. Greater than 90% of the virus bound to total mucosal mononuclear cells (MMCs) was accounted for by the DC-SIGN+ cells, which comprise only 1 to 5% of total MMCs. Significantly, anti-DC-SIGN antibodies blocked 90% of the virus binding when more-physiologic amounts of virus inoculum were used. DC-SIGN expression in the rectal mucosa was significantly correlated with the interleukin-10 (IL-10)/IL-12 ratio (r = 0.58, P < 0.002; n = 26) among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Ex vivo and in vitro data implicate the role of IL-10 in upregulating DC-SIGN expression and downregulating expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86. Dendritic cells derived from monocytes (MDDCs) in the presence of IL-10 render the MDDCs less responsive to maturation stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and migration to the CCR7 ligand macrophage inflammatory protein 3beta. Thus, an increased IL-10 environment could render DC-SIGN(+) cells less immunostimulatory and migratory, thereby dampening an effective immune response. DC-SIGN and the IL-10/IL-12 axis may play significant roles in the mucosal transmission and pathogenesis of HIV type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Gurney
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 2734 MRL, 675 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7019, USA
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24
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Groot F, Geijtenbeek TBH, Sanders RW, Baldwin CE, Sanchez-Hernandez M, Floris R, van Kooyk Y, de Jong EC, Berkhout B. Lactoferrin prevents dendritic cell-mediated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission by blocking the DC-SIGN--gp120 interaction. J Virol 2005; 79:3009-15. [PMID: 15709021 PMCID: PMC548463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3009-3015.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the cell types first encountered by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) following sexual transmission are dendritic cells (DC). DC capture HIV-1 through C-type lectin receptors, of which the best studied example is DC-SIGN, which mediates HIV-1 internalization. DC can keep the virus infectious for several days and are able to transmit HIV-1 to CD4(+) T cells. We tested proteins from milk and serum for their ability to block DC-mediated HIV-1 transmission, of which bovine lactoferrin (bLF) is the most potent inhibitor. bLF binds strongly to DC-SIGN, thus preventing virus capture and subsequent transmission. Interestingly, bLF is a much more efficient inhibitor of transmission than human lactoferrin. Since bLF is nontoxic and easy to purify in large quantities, it is an interesting candidate microbicide against HIV-1. Another advantage of bLF is its ability to block HIV-1 replication in T cells. DC-mediated capture of a bLF-resistant HIV-1 variant that was selected during long-term culturing in T cells could still be blocked by bLF. This underscores the usefulness of bLF as a microbicide drug to prevent HIV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedde Groot
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Wilflingseder D, Banki Z, Dierich MP, Stoiber H. Mechanisms promoting dendritic cell-mediated transmission of HIV. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:229-37. [PMID: 15488610 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) survey epithelial or mucosal surfaces for antigens, take them up via their endocytic or phagocytic receptors, process the captured antigens and migrate to the lymphatic tissues. In the draining lymph nodes they present the immunogenic peptides to T cells thereby inducing antigen-specific immune responses. HIV-1 in turn seems to have developed mechanisms to exploit the natural trafficking of DC to establish infection in its primary targets, the CD4+ T cells. This review discusses several aspects of DC-HIV interactions with a main focus on the attachment, internalisation and transmission of the virus by DC to cells, susceptible for infection with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Street 3, Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for AIDS Research, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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26
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Zhang H, Fayad R, Wang X, Quinn D, Qiao L. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag-specific mucosal immunity after oral immunization with papillomavirus pseudoviruses encoding gag. J Virol 2004; 78:10249-57. [PMID: 15367590 PMCID: PMC516374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10249-10257.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the primary portals for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Because systemic immunization, in general, does not induce effective mucosal immune responses, a mucosal HIV vaccine is urgently needed. For this study, we developed papillomavirus pseudoviruses that express HIV-1 Gag. The pseudoviruses are synthetic, nonreplicating viruses, yet they can produce antigens for a long time in the immune system. Here we show that oral immunization of mice by the use of papillomavirus pseudoviruses encoding Gag generated mucosal and systemic Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that effectively lysed Gag-expressing target cells. Furthermore, the pseudoviruses generated Gag-specific gamma interferon-producing T cells and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and mucosal IgA. In contrast, oral immunization with plasmid DNA encoding HIV-1 Gag did not induce specific immune responses. Importantly, oral immunization with the pseudoviruses induced Gag-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protected mice against a rectal mucosal challenge with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag. Thus, papillomavirus pseudoviruses encoding Gag are a promising mucosal vaccine against AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunologic Memory
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Ovary/virology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomaviridae/growth & development
- Papillomaviridae/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Vaccinia virus/pathogenicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Medical Center, 2160 South First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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27
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Kimata JT, Wilson JM, Patel PG. The increased replicative capacity of a late-stage simian immunodeficiency virus mne variant is evident in macrophage- or dendritic cell-T-cell cocultures. Virology 2004; 327:307-17. [PMID: 15351218 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV) may co-opt antigen capture and presentation functions of antigen presenting cells (APCs) to facilitate infection of CD4+ T-cells. To address whether the replicative capacity of SIV in the host may be associated with the extent of viral replication in response to APC-T-cell interactions, we compared the replicative phenotypes of cloned early and late-stage SIVmne variants of known pathogenicity. Here, we show that the highly pathogenic late variant SIVmne027 replicates more efficiently in both macrophage- and dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell cocultures than the minimally pathogenic early virus SIVmneCl8. Contact between either macrophages or DC and T-cells increases replication of SIVmne027. Our analysis also demonstrates that mutations in pol and nef contribute to the greater replicative capacity of SIVmne027 in DC- or macrophage-T-cell cocultures. Together, these data suggest that variant viruses that evolve to replicate vigorously in response to APC-T-cell interactions may have increased replicative capacity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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