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Ahmad F, Tabassum N. Preliminary phytochemical, acute oral toxicity and antihepatotoxic study of roots of Paeonia officinalis Linn. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:64-8. [PMID: 23570019 PMCID: PMC3609391 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To carry out a preliminary phytochemical, acute oral toxicity and antihepatotoxic study of the roots of Paeonia officinalis (P. officinalis) L. METHODS Preliminary phytochemical investigation was done as per standard procedures. Acute oral toxicity study was conducted as per OECD 425 guidelines. The antihepatotoxic activity of aqueous extract of root of P. officinalis was evaluated against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. Aqueous extract of P. officinalis at the dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight was administered daily for 14 d in experimental animals. Liver injury was induced chemically, by CCl4 administration (1 mL/kg i.p.). The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), serum alkaline phosphatase (SALP), total bilirubin and total protein (TP) along with histopathological studies. RESULT Phytochemical screening revealed that the roots of P. officinalis contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids and proteins. The aqueous extract did not cause any mortality up to 2 000 mg/kg. In rats that had received the root extract at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, the substantially elevated AST, ALT, SALP, total bilirubin levels were significantly lowered, respectively, in a dose dependent manner, along with CCl4 while TP levels were elevated in these groups. Histopathology revealed regeneration of the livers in extract treated groups while Silymarin treated rats were almost normal. CONCLUSIONS The aqueous extract of P. officinalis is safe and possesses antihepatotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feroz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, J&K, India
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Abstract
1. Blood and liver concentrations of carbon tetrachloride were measured, at intervals after an oral dose, in rats given stock and protein-free diets. The values did not correlate with the resistance to poisoning found in the rats on protein-free diets. 2. The metabolism of carbon tetrachloride to carbon dioxide in vivo and in liver microsomal preparations was depressed in animals given protein-free diets. 3. Rats given a single dose of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] were highly sensitive to carbon tetrachloride poisoning. The livers of such animals had an increased microsomal protein content and greatly increased microsomal activity in the demethylation of Pyramidon (aminopyrine) and in the conversion of (14)CCl(4) into (14)CO(2). 4. The incorporation of [(14)C]leucine into protein by liver slices was depressed by carbon tetrachloride. This effect was decreased by addition of SKF525A (2-diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenyl-2-propylacetate) and in slices from rats given protein-free diets. It is suggested that the toxicity of carbon tetrachloride is closely linked to its metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Seawright
- Toxicology Research Unit, Medical Research Council Laboratories, Carshalton, Surrey
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Liu H, Subramony C, Nowicki M. Posttranslational activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:613-9. [PMID: 18317400 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31816d9146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nitric Oxide (NO) can be cytotoxic or cytoprotective depending on amount and location of its generation. eNOS is important in modulating blood flow and is allosterically regulated. Inducible NOS (iNOS) tends to produce large quantities of NO leading to cell injury. We studied the role and regulation of NOS in carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in newborn rats. eNOS was expressed before birth, significantly increased on day of life (DOL) 2 reaching a maximum at DOL-20. iNOS was absent at all ages. CCl(4) treatment resulted in hepatic injury in newborn rats and damage was intensified by co-administration of a general NOS inhibitor. CCl(4) treatment increased eNOS activity without change in mRNA or protein levels. Administration of CCl(4) resulted in an increase in phosphorylation of threonine protein kinase (Akt) and eNOS, associated with an increase in eNOS activity. Administration of wortmannin (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3 K, inhibitor) attenuated the phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS and reduced eNOS activity. Co-administration of CCl(4) and wortmannin potentiated the degree of hepatic injury. iNOS was not detectable in CCl(4)-treated rats. This data indicates a protective role for eNOS in CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity in newborn rats with protection accomplished by activation of eNOS via posttranslational modification of the PI3 K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 36216, USA
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Murali B, Korrapati MC, Warbritton A, Latendresse JR, Mehendale HM. Tolerance of aged Fischer 344 rats against chlordecone-amplified carbon tetrachloride toxicity. Mech Ageing Dev 2004; 125:421-35. [PMID: 15178132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of chlordecone 1(CD)+CCl4 combination in adult (3 months), middle aged (14 months), and old aged (24 months) male Fischer 344 (F344) rats. After a non-toxic dietary regimen of CD (10 ppm) or normal powdered diet for 15 days, rats received a single non-toxic dose of CCl4 (100 microl/kg, i.p., 1:4 in corn oil) or corn oil (500 microl/kg, i.p.) alone on day 16. Liver injury was assessed by plasma ALT, AST, and histopathology during a time course of 0-96 h. Liver tissue repair was measured by [3H-CH3]-thymidine (3H-T) incorporation into hepatic nuclear DNA and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemistry. Hepatomicrosomal CYP2E1 protein, enzyme activity, and covalent binding of 14CCl4-derived radiolabel were measured in normal and CD fed rats. Exposure to CCl4 alone caused modest liver injury only in 14- and 24-month-old rats but neither progression of injury nor mortality. The CD+CCl4 combination led to 100% mortality in 3-month-old rats by 72 h, whereas none of the 14- and 24-month-old rats died. Both 3- and 14-month-old rats exposed to CD+Cl4 had identical liver injury up to 36 h indicating that bioactivation-mediated CCl4 injury was the same in the two age groups. Thereafter, liver injury escalated only in 3-month-old while it declined in 14-month-old rats. In 24-month-old rats initial liver injury at 6 h was similar to the 3- and 14-month-old rats and thereafter did not develop to the level of the other two age groups, recovering from injury by 96 h as in the 14-month-old rats. Neither hepatomicrosomal CYP2E1 protein nor the associated p-nitrophenol hydroxylase activity or covalent binding of 14CCl4-derived radiolabel to liver tissue differed between the age groups or diet regimens 2 h after the administration of 14CCl4. Compensatory liver tissue repair (3H-T, PCNA) was prompt and robust soon after CCl4 liver injury in the 14- and 24-month-old rats. In stark contrast, in the 3-month-old rats it failed allowing unabated progression of liver injury. These findings suggest that stimulation of early onset and robust liver tissue repair rescue the 14- and 24-month-old F344 rats from the lethal effect of the CD+CCl4 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Murali
- Department of Toxicology, Sugar Hall #306, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, The University of Louisiana at Monroe, 700 University Avenue, Monroe, LA 71209, USA
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Dalu A, Mehendale HM. Efficient tissue repair underlies the resiliency of postnatally developing rats to chlordecone + CCl4 hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 1996; 111:29-42. [PMID: 8711744 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(96)03391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that at a younger age populations are at higher risk of toxic effects from exposure to toxic chemicals. Recent studies have demonstrated that neonate and postnatally developing rats are resilient to a wide variety of structurally and mechanistically dissimilar hepatotoxicants such as galactosamine, acetaminophen, allyl alcohol, and CCl4. Most interestingly, young rats survive exposure to the lethal combination of chlordecone (CD) + CCl4 known to cause 100% mortality in adult male and female rats. In a study where postnatally developing (20- and 45-day), and adult (60-day) male Sprague Dawley rats were used, administration of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg, i.p.) alone resulted in transient liver injury regardless of age as indicated by plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) levels and histopathological lesions. In CD-pretreated rats, CCl4-induced toxicity progressed with time culminating in 25 and 100% mortality by 72 h after CCl4 in 45- and 60-day rats, respectively, in contrast to regression of CCl4-induced toxicity and 0% mortality in 20-day rats. [3H]Thymidine (3H-T) incorporation and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) studies revealed an association between delayed and diminished DNA synthesis, unrestrained progression of liver injury, and animal death. Time-course studies revealed that the loss of resiliency in the two higher age groups might be due to inability to repair the injured liver rather than due to infliction of higher injury. Intervention of cell division in 45-day CD rats by colchicine (CLC, 1 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 h after CCl4 challenge increased mortality from 25 to 85%, confirming the importance of stimulated tissue repair in animal survival. In contrast, efficient and substantial DNA synthesis observed in 20-day rats allows them to limit further progression of liver injury, thereby leading to full recovery of this age group with 0% mortality. Examination of growth factors and proto-oncogene expression revealed a 3- and 3.5-fold increase in transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and H-ras mRNA expressions, respectively, coinciding with maximal hepatocyte DNA synthesis in 20-day normal diet (ND) rats, as opposed to only 2- and 2.5-fold increases observed in 60-day ND rats, respectively. Increased expression of c-fos (10-fold) in 20-day rats occurred 1 h after CCl4 compared to less than a 2-fold increase in 60-day rats. These findings suggest that prompt stimulation of tissue repair permits efficient recovery from injury during early postnatal development of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalu
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe 71209-0470, USA
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Dalu A, Cronin GM, Lyn-Cook BD, Mehendale HM. Age-related differences in TGF-alpha and proto-oncogenes expression in rat liver after a low dose of carbon tetrachloride. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY 1995; 10:259-264. [PMID: 8847708 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.2570100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The resiliency of rats during early post-natal development to CCl4 or to an interactive hepatotoxicity of chlordecone (CD) + CCl4 has been shown to be due to an efficient stimulation of tissue repair. The objective of the current study was to investigate if this is due to efficient expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and proto-oncogenes. Postnatally developing (20 day old) and adult (60 day old) male Sprague-Dawley rats were challenged with a single low dose of CCl4 (100 microL/kg, ip) or corn oil. Liver samples were collected during a time course (0-96 h) after the administration of CCl4 and used to examine TGF-alpha and early (c-fos) and late (H-ras and K-ras) proto-oncogenes mRNA expressions. Significant increases in TGF-alpha, H-ras, and K-ras gene expressions were evident as early as 12 hours after CCl4 and peaked between 24 and 48 hours in an age-dependent manner as detected by slot-blot analysis. Results of the study revealed three- and twofold increases in TGF-alpha gene expression in 20 and 60 day old rats, respectively, after CCl4. There were 3.5- and 2.5-fold increases in H-ras and 4.4- and 3.4-fold increases in K-ras in 20 and 60 day old rats, respectively. In contrast, a 10-fold increase in c-fos mRNA expression was evident in 20 day old rats 1 hour after CCl4 treatment, returning to the baseline value by 3 hours, whereas in 60 day old rats, this increase was less than twofold. The overall findings of this study indicate that TGF-alpha and the early and late proto-oncogene mRNA expressions were enhanced in an age- and time-dependent manner in response to a low dose of CCl4. These results further strengthen the view that the remarkable resiliency of rats to hepatotoxicants during early postnatal development is due to substantial increases in stimulation of hepatocellular regeneration and tissue repair mechanisms, leading to regression of liver injury and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalu
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe 71209-0470, USA
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Yang FL, David EA, DiSilvestro RA. Neonatal rat liver contains low concentrations of Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase protein and mRNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1156:232-4. [PMID: 8427881 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(93)90141-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) distribution among organs and among individual proteins can differ sharply between neonates and adults. The present study found low mRNA and protein levels for neonate rat liver cytosolic Cu-zinc (Zn) superoxide dismutase (SOD), normally among the largest single copper pools in adult rats. Thus, regulation of Cu-Zn SOD mRNA levels contribute to life stage differences in copper distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Yang
- Human Nutrition, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Cambon-Gros C, Deltour P, Boigegrain RA, Fernandez Y, Mitjavila S. Radical activation of carbon tetrachloride in foetal and maternal rat liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:2041-4. [PMID: 3013208 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(86)90739-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Green EC, Hunter A. Toxicity of carbon disulfide in developing rats: LD50 values and effects on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 78:130-8. [PMID: 4035665 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The 24-hr LD50 values of carbon disulfide (CS2) were estimated in 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-day-old rats. CS2 was least toxic to 20-day-old rats (LD50 1545 mg/kg, ip) and most toxic to 1-day-old rats (LD50 583 mg/kg, ip). Twenty-four hours after administration of CS2 (375 mg/kg, ip) to 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-day-old rats, significant inhibition of cytochrome P-450 and aniline hydroxylation was observed in rats of all ages studied except the 1-day-old rats. Following incubation of hepatic microsomes isolated from 1-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-day-old rats with CS2, decreases in activity of the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system and/or concentration of cytochrome P-450 were observed when an NADPH-generating system was present during incubation. When hepatic microsomes isolated from rats of all ages studied were incubated with C35S2, 35S was covalently bound to microsomal protein in the presence of an NADPH-generating system. Also, more 35S than 14C was covalently bound to microsomal membranes after incubation of microsomes isolated from rats of all ages studied with C35S2 or 14CS2 in the presence of an NADPH-generating system. The results of this research demonstrated the LD50 of CS2, the effects of CS2 on the hepatic mixed-function oxidase enzyme system, and that the conversion of CS2 to a covalently binding sulfur-containing biotransformation product varied with age in developing rats.
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Frenzel H, Heidenreich T, Gellert J, Teschke R. Protective effect of CO2-induced hyperventilation on the hepatotoxicity elicited by carbon tetrachloride. LIVER 1982; 2:376-84. [PMID: 6820107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1982.tb00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following oral intake or inhalation, halogenated hydrocarbons are metabolized to hepatotoxic intermediates in the liver to only a small extent, the major part being eliminated via the lungs without biochemical transformation. Following intoxication, increased pulmonary elimination of hydrocarbons can be achieved in patients by treatment with CO2-induced hyperventilation. To investigate the efficacy of this new therapy under exact experimental conditions, female Wistar rats received 2.5 ml CCl4/kg BW by gastric intubation and were then treated with CO2-induced hyperventilation. In comparison to untreated animals, hyperventilated rats showed only a few signs of hepatic injury by histological evaluation, whereas massive centrolobular necroses and fatty infiltrations were observed in non-hyperventilated animals. By biochemical assessment, significant decreases of GOT, GPT and GDH activity were observed in the serum, when hyperventilated rats were compared to untreated animals. Moreover, the LD50 for CCl4 was almost trebled after hyperventilation compared to the non-hyperventilated animals. The increased LD50, and the biochemical and histological results therefore substantiate the usefulness of CO2-induced hyperventilation therapy in the treatment of intoxications by hydrocarbons under standardized experimental conditions.
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Kast A, Nishikawa J, Yabe T. Decrease of carbon tetrachloride liver toxicity in rats given dipyridamole. EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1982; 21:123-33. [PMID: 7095079 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-1513(82)80061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Dipyridamole on acute hepatotoxicity has been studied in male SD-JCL rats doses with carbon tetrachloride. High single oral doses of Dipyridamole lowered the serum enzyme activity and reduced significantly the area % of hepatic necrosis and hydropic degeneration, but not of steatosis. Dipyridamole was effective from 1 hr before through 6 hrs after the oral administration of CCl4. Doses below 1,000 mg/kg Dipyridamole were less effective. No delay in the onset of CCl4-induced liver damages was observed. Dipyridamole was also effective when CCl4 toxicity was enhanced by isopropanol.
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Ugazio G, Danni O, Milillo P, Burdino E, Congiu AM. Mechanism of protection against carbon tetrachloride toxicity. I. Prevention of lethal effects by partial surgical hepatectomy. Drug Chem Toxicol 1982; 5:115-24. [PMID: 7128474 DOI: 10.3109/01480548209017773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Both partial surgical hepatectomy and a challenge with a small dose of CCl4 depress the metabolism of xenobiotics in the liver. In fact, hepatocytes become provided with metabolic activity rates which are peculiar of either embryo or newborn rat liver. These experiments have shown that partial surgical hepatectomy prevents rats from death caused by otherwise lethal doses of CCl4. At the same time, sham-operated animals survive to a limited extent after a large dose of the halogen compound. Investigations carried out on the metabolic efficiency of liver microsomes, both in vito and in vivo, clearly demonstrate that the preventive effect against CCl4 depends mainly on the impaired metabolic activity of endoplasmic reticulum.
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el-Dessoukey EA, Tahani HM, Awadallah R, Zinat HA, Kotb NA. Effect of phenobarbitone and propionyl-promazine on serum enzymes in carbon-tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1978; 17:159-68. [PMID: 695749 DOI: 10.1007/bf02020906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of phenobarbitone givenin ten repeated doses simultaneously with small doses of CCl4 on serum enzymes was investigated in albino rats. The same experiment was repeated to investigate the influence of propionyl-promazine (phenothiazine derivative). The results proved that SGPT is a more specific and sensitive index than SGOT of hepato-cellular injury. The activity ratio between serum GOT and GPT in the normal control group was 2.44. The activity of SGPT increased nearly 6.1 fold after CCl4 administration and thus the activity ratio between GOT and GPT is sharply reduced to 0.56. The activity of serum GPT when CCl4 and phenobarbitone were administered together showed value of about 1/2 of the value when CCl4 was administered alone, while it remained high when CCl4 administration was combined with propionyl-promazine. Serum GOT and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly in all the groups. Regarding the pathological examination of the liver it was found that marked fatty necrosis could be demonstrated when high values of SGPT was found, which is not the case with serum GOT. It is concluded that in the present experimental conditions phenobarbitone protected the liver from the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, while propionyl-promazine did not.
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Mikhail H, Awadallah R, el-Dessoukey EA. Effect of drugs affecting microsomal enzymes on serum protein pattern and fat content of the liver. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ERNAHRUNGSWISSENSCHAFT 1978; 17:180-7. [PMID: 695750 DOI: 10.1007/bf02020908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Uehleke H, Werner T. A comparative study on the irreversible binding of labeled halothane trichlorofluoromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride to hepatic protein and lipids in vitro and in vivo. Arch Toxicol 1975; 34:289-308. [PMID: 3152 DOI: 10.1007/bf00353849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
1) After intraperitoneal injection of labeled CCl4, CHCl3, and halothane in mice, 14C is preferentially bound to liver endoplasmic protein and lipid. A considerable activity is also associated with mitochondrial constituents. Maximal protein binding (nmol/mg): CCl4: 2.8 (0.5 hrs); CHCl3: 11.5 (6 hrs); halothane: 5 (6 hrs). Lipid binding: CCl4: 6.4 (5 min); CHCl3: 8 (4 hrs); halothane: 13.5 (2 hrs). The form of the binding curves in microsomal and mitochondrial protein and lipid differed with the individual haloalkanes. 2) The irreversible (covalent) binding of 14C from labeled haloalkanes in anaerobic suspensions of isolated rabbit liver microsomes and NADPH after 30 min was for protein (lipid) (nmol/mg): CCl4: 15 (58); CHCl3: 3.4 (3.2); halothane: 2.3 (10); trichlorofluoromethane: 6.5 (30). Anerobic incubation favored dehalogenation, but CHCl3 metabolism and irreversible binding requires oxygen. The greatest differences in the in vitro "covalent" binding rates were observed with CHCl3 in rat, mouse, and rabbit. 3) Altered microsomal cytochrome P-450 concentrations in newborn animals, or produced by pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), or CoCl2 effected similar, but not proportional changes in the rates of irreversible protein and lipid binding. Upon addition of CCl4 the difference of light absorption of reduced liver microsomes from MC-pretreated rats containing cytochrome P-448 appeared at 452 nm. The irreversible binding rate in these microsomes was also increased. The small accleration in irreversible binding in liver microsomes from rats pretreated with isopropanol is not proportional to the high increase of CCl4 toxicity. 4) Practically no binding to added, soluble albumin or RNA was observed in microsomal incubates. However, 14C is bound to the nicotine-adenine dinucleotides of the NADPH system. All haloalkanes produced a similar increase of NADPH oxidation in incubates of rabbit liver microsomes and NADPH.
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Das PK, Chopra P, Nayak NC. Hepatocellular tolerance to carbon tetrachloride induced injury in the rat: a study of its nature and possible mode of evolution. Exp Mol Pathol 1974; 21:218-36. [PMID: 4370063 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(74)90091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rechnagel RO, Glende EA. Carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity: an example of lethal cleavage. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN TOXICOLOGY 1973; 2:263-97. [PMID: 4357489 DOI: 10.3109/10408447309082019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cawthorne MA, Palmer ED, Green J. [Effect of 6-ethoxy 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (ethoxyquin) on carbon tetrachloride metabolism in the rat]. Biochem Pharmacol 1973; 22:783-8. [PMID: 4692645 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(73)90356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Stenger RJ, Miller RA, Williamson JN. Effects of phenobarbital pretreatment on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride. Exp Mol Pathol 1970; 13:242-52. [PMID: 5470814 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(70)90009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Normaktivit�ten von GOT, GPT und Histidase im Leberhomogenat und Serum sowie Ver�nderungen der Enzymaktivit�ten nach Tetrachlorkohlenstoff-Applikation bei unterschiedlich alten Ratten. Arch Toxicol 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00312372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Glende EA, Recknagel RO. Biochemical basis for the in vitro pro-oxidant action of carbon tetrachloride. Exp Mol Pathol 1969; 11:172-85. [PMID: 4390501 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(69)90006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Luthman J, Jonson G. The Metabolic Response to Norepinephrine in Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoned Sheep. Acta Vet Scand 1969. [DOI: 10.1186/bf03548287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Petrelli M, Stenger RJ. The effect of trypan blue on the hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in the rat. Exp Mol Pathol 1969; 10:115-28. [PMID: 5777795 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4800(69)90034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Garner RC, McLean AE. Increased susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride poisoning in the rat after pretreatment with oral phenobarbitone. Biochem Pharmacol 1969; 18:645-50. [PMID: 5772594 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(69)90089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Suicid durch einmalige Inhalation von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff (CCl4) mit Leukoencephalopathie. Arch Toxicol 1969. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00577320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sasame HA, Castro JA, Gillette JR. Studies on the destruction of liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by carbon tetrachloride administration. Biochem Pharmacol 1968; 17:1759-68. [PMID: 5688264 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(68)90091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Alpers DH, Isselbacher KJ. Biochemical effects of CCl-4 on rat intestinal mucosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 158:414-24. [PMID: 5665253 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Slater TF. The inhibitory effects in vitro of phenothiazines and other drugs on lipid-peroxidation systems in rat liver microsomes, and their relationship to the liver necrosis produced by carbon tetrachloride. Biochem J 1968; 106:155-60. [PMID: 4388686 PMCID: PMC1198481 DOI: 10.1042/bj1060155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The effects of several phenothiazine derivatives on lipid-peroxidation systems in rat liver microsomes were studied and the results are considered in relation to the hepatotoxic action of carbon tetrachloride. 2. The lipid-peroxidation system coupled to NADPH(2) oxidation and stimulated by an ADP-Fe(2+) mixture is strongly inhibited in vitro by promethazine (50% inhibition at 29mum). Chlorpromazine and Stelazine also inhibit the peroxidation system but are less effective than promethazine. 3. The effects of promethazine on three other systems involving oxygen uptake (sulphite oxidation, orcinol oxidation and mitochondrial succinate oxidation) were also studied. Promethazine does not inhibit these systems to the same extent as it does the NADPH(2)-ADP-Fe(2+) lipid-peroxidation system. 4. Promethazine also produces an inhibition of the NADPH(2)-ADP-Fe(2+) system in liver microsomes after administration in vivo. It is concluded that the inhibition involves the interaction of the drug (or a metabolite of it) with the microsomal electron-transport chain. 5. Several other compounds known to protect the rat against liver necrosis after the administration of carbon tetrachloride were tested for inhibitory action on the NADPH(2)-ADP-Fe(2+) system. No clear correlation was observed between effectiveness in vivo as a protective agent and inhibitory effects on the NADPH(2)-ADP-Fe(2+) system in vitro. 6. Promethazine was found to inhibit the stimulation of lipid peroxidation produced in rat liver microsomes by low concentrations of carbon tetrachloride. This effect occurs at a concentration similar to that observed in vivo after administration of a normal clinical dose.
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Ver�nderungen der Biotransformation von Phenazon, Aminophenazon und Kodein als Zeichen der Fr�hsch�digung der Rattenleber nach Tetrachlorkohlenstoffapplikation. Arch Toxicol 1968. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00577393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vincenzi L, Meldolesi J, Morini MT, Bassan P. Protective effect of phenobarbital and SKF 525a on the acute ethanol-induced fatty liver. Biochem Pharmacol 1967; 16:2431-2. [PMID: 6075400 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(67)90228-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Freston JW, Bouchier IA. Potentiation of carbon tetrachloride toxicity by dimethyl sulphoxide. Nature 1967; 214:734-5. [PMID: 6049096 DOI: 10.1038/214734a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Slater TF. Necrogenic action of carbon tetrachloride in the rat: a speculative mechanism based on activation. Nature 1966; 209:36-40. [PMID: 5925327 DOI: 10.1038/209036a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Weldon PR, Rubenstein B, Rubinstein D. The direct action of CCL-4 on the metabolism of liver slices. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1965; 43:647-59. [PMID: 5840438 DOI: 10.1139/o65-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of glucose, galactose, leucine, acetate, and palmitate by rat liver slices incubated in the presence of varying amounts of CCl4was studied. Carbon tetrachloride, 1 to 9 μl, introduced into the side arm of a Warburg vessel, produced concentrations in the slices of 0.4 to 3.3 mg/g liver. At these concentrations the CCl4produced a decrease in C14O2production from succinate-2,3-C14and glucose-6-C14, but not from glucose-1-C14. The presence of CCl4did not appreciably affect CO2production from glucose-U-C14or galactose-1-C14but stimulated the incorporation of the monosaccharides into glycogen at the lower concentrations (1 mg CCl4/g liver). Higher concentrations of CCl4(2 mg/g liver) inhibited glycogen synthesis; the activities of glycogen synthetase and phosphorylase were decreased, but amylase activity and the level of glucose-6-phosphate in the liver slices remained unchanged. The oxidation of palmitate-1-C14and acetate-1-C14to C14O2is decreased at the higher concentrations of CCl4, while lipogenesis from acetate is stimulated by lower concentrations of CCl4. Esterification of palmitate is not affected by the presence of CCl4. It is concluded that the function of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is altered by CCl4and that acetate may be shunted into fatty acids. The oxidation of leucine-1-C14and the incorporation of the amino acid into protein were diminished in the presence of low concentrations of CCl4. These findings and the changes observed after CCl4administration in vivo are compared, and support is found for the view that CCl4affects hepatic metabolism in vivo directly.
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Slater TF, Sträuli UD, Sawyer BC. Changes in liver nucleotide concentrations in experimental liver injury. 1. Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. Biochem J 1964; 93:260-6. [PMID: 4378747 PMCID: PMC1206285 DOI: 10.1042/bj0930260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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BACCINO FM, SATTA G, MAMELI L. Distribution of CCl4 among liver cell fractions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1964; 90:606-8. [PMID: 14237869 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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