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RUNX family: Oncogenes or tumor suppressors (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:3-19. [PMID: 31059069 PMCID: PMC6549079 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) proteins belong to a transcription factors family known as master regulators of important embryonic developmental programs. In the last decade, the whole family has been implicated in the regulation of different oncogenic processes and signaling pathways associated with cancer. Furthermore, a suppressor tumor function has been also reported, suggesting the RUNX family serves key role in all different types of cancer. In this review, the known biological characteristics, specific regulatory abilities and experimental evidence of RUNX proteins will be analyzed to demonstrate their oncogenic potential and tumor suppressor abilities during oncogenic processes, suggesting their importance as biomarkers of cancer. Additionally, the importance of continuing with the molecular studies of RUNX proteins' and its dual functions in cancer will be underlined in order to apply it in the future development of specific diagnostic methods and therapies against different types of cancer.
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Bahnassy AA, Helal TEA, El-Ghazawy IM, Samaan GF, Galal El-Din MM, Abdellateif MS, Desouky E, Zekri ARN. The role of E-cadherin and Runx3 in Helicobacter Pylori - Associated gastric carcinoma is achieved through regulating P21waf and P27 expression. Cancer Genet 2018; 228-229:64-72. [PMID: 30553475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the role of E-cadherin (CDH1), runt-related transcription factor 3, p21waf and p27 promoter methylation (PM) and protein expression in Helicobacter pylori (HP)-associated gastric carcinomas (GCs) and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues (ANNTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS 192 cases were assessed for PM and protein expression of CDH1, RUNX3, p21waf and p27 by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and immunohistochemistry. The CagA gene was also assessed. RESULTS In GCs, 66 (34.4%) and 84 (43.8%) cases showed CDH1-PM and reduced expression. It is significantly affected in GCs rather than in non-neoplastic groups (p < 0.001). In ANNTs, 108 (56.3%) cases showed CDH1-PM and all cases revealed preserved protein expression. RUNX3-PM was detected in 78 GCs (40.6%) and 69 ANNTs (35.9%), whereas reduced protein expression was detected in 99 (51.65%) GC compared to ANNTs 90 (46.9%). p21WAF and p27 showed PM in (48.4% and 45.3%) GCs and ANNTs; respectively. p21waf protein was reduced in 90 (46.9%) cases and 91 ANNTs (47.4%). p27 was reduced in 86 (44.8%) cases and 87 ANNTs (45.3%). CDH1 aberrations correlated with HP in tumors and ANNTs and with diffuse/intestinal tumors (p = 0.014, p = 0.014 and p = 0.02). RUNX3 aberrations associated with HP (p = 0.04), high grade (p = 0.04), and advanced stage (p = 032). Tumor grade associated with RUNX3-PM, CDH, p21 and p27 protein (p < 0.05 for all). Tumor stage associated significantly with PM and reduced protein expression of all markers. Positive lymph nodes associated significantly with p27PM (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HP plays an important role in the development and progression of GC through silencing of CDH1, RUNX3, p21WAF and p27 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer A Bahnassy
- Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics Unit, Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Thanaa El-A Helal
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Egypt
| | | | - Gamal F Samaan
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mataryia Teaching Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mona S Abdellateif
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Eman Desouky
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, NCI, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Rahman N Zekri
- Molecular Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the pros and cons of the notion that Runx3 is a major tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Inactivation of TSGs in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago it was suggested that RUNX3 is involved in gastric cancer development, a postulate extended later to other epithelial cancers portraying RUNX3 as a major TSG. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. In contrast, RUNX3 is overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumor cells in various human epithelial cancers and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promotes their migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential. Moreover, recent high-throughput quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models have unequivocally demonstrated that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Importantly, accumulating data demonstrated that RUNX3 functions in control of immunity and inflammation, thereby indirectly influencing epithelial tumor development.
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Kim EJ, Chung WC, Kim DB, Kim YJ, Lee JM, Jung JH, Lee YK. Long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1 methylation level as a molecular marker of early gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2016; 48:1093-7. [PMID: 27375206 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study was performed to examine the state of long interspersed nuclear element (LINE)-1 methylation level in gastric epithelial dysplasias (GEDs) and evaluate as a molecular marker for gastric carcinogenesis when it was compared with RUNX3 expression. METHODS We examined 89 patients with GEDs subcategorized by the Vienna classification - 41 category 3 (low grade) and 48 category 4 (high grade/intramucosal carcinoma) lesion. All tissue samples were evaluated for RUNX3 immunohistochemical staining and the level of LINE-1 methylation. RESULTS The rate of negative expression of RUNX3 in category 4 lesion was significant higher than category 3 (P<0.01). LINE-1 methylation level was statistically different between category 3 and category 4 lesion (P<0.01). Between positive and negative expression of RUNX3 in GEDs, there was a significant difference of LINE-1 methylation level (P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of LINE-1 methylation level for diagnosis of category 4 lesion was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.76-1.00). CONCLUSIONS LINE-1 methylation level was well correlated with the Vienna classification of GED and it had a close relationship with the negative expression of RUNX3 in category 4 lesion. LINE-1 methylation level could be a good candidate for a molecular marker of early gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Chul Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dae Bum Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon-Ji Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Han Jung
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, the College of Medicine, the Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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He SY, Jiang RF, Jiang J, Xiang YS, Wang L. Investigation of methylation and protein expression of the Runx3 gene in colon carcinogenesis. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:687-690. [PMID: 26405546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the methylation and protein expression of the runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) gene was detected in sporadic colorectal cancer, colonic adenoma and normal colon tissue to evaluate their clinical significance in colorectal carcinogenesis. A total of 34 colonic cancer specimens, 34 colonic adenoma specimens and 34 normal colonic tissue specimens were used in the study. The CpG island methylation status of the Runx3 gene was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression of Runx3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rates of methylation of the Runx3 gene in colonic cancer and colonic adenomas were significantly higher than that in the normal colonic tissue (23.5, 20.6 vs. 0.0%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the percentage of methylation of the Runx3 gene between colonic adenoma and colonic cancer (P>0.05). The positive percentage of Runx3 protein expression was significantly lower in colonic cancer compared with colonic adenoma and normal tissue (17.7 vs. 61.8, 76.5%; P<0.05). Methylation of the promoter CpG islands of the Runx3 gene is an important genetic event of colon carcinogenesis and may be associated with an altered protein level of Runx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ya He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Fa Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Chongqing Sixth People's Hospital, Chongqing 404100, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Sheng Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Bauer O, Hantisteanu S, Dicken J, Groner Y. Runx3 at the interface of immunity, inflammation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:131-43. [PMID: 25641675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago claims arose that the RUNX3 member of the RUNX transcription factor family is a major TSG inactivated in gastric cancer, a postulate extended later to other cancers. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. Here we critically re-appraise this paradigm in light of recent high-throughput, quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models. Collectively, these studies unequivocally demonstrate that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Accordingly, RUNX3 is not recognized as a TSG and is not included among the 2000 cancer genes listed in the "Cancer Gene Census" or "Network for Cancer Genes" repositories. In contrast, RUNX3 does play important functions in immunity and inflammation and may thereby indirectly influence epithelial tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Omri Bauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Chung WC, Jung SH, Joo KR, Kim MJ, Youn GJ, Kim Y, Lee JS, Lee H, Jung JH, Lee YK. An inverse relationship between the expression of the gastric tumor suppressor RUNX3 and infection with Helicobacter pylori in gastric epithelial dysplasia. Gut Liver 2013; 7:688-95. [PMID: 24312710 PMCID: PMC3848534 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.6.688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS This study was performed to determine the association between RUNX3 expression and Helicobacter pylori infection in premalignant gastric lesions. METHODS We examined 107 patients with gastric epithelial dysplasia who had undergone endoscopic mucosal resection or submucosal dissection. All tissue samples were evaluated by RUNX3 staining and subclassified by immunophenotype. H. pylori infection in dysplastic lesions and the normal surrounding tissue was examined by silver staining, and cagA status was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The loss of RUNX3 expression was observed in 62 cases (57.9%), and an association with H. pylori infection was found in 54 cases (50.5%). The infection rate with the cagA-positive H. pylori strain was 63.0%. In RUNX3-negative lesions, the rate of H. pylori infection (p=0.03) and the frequency of category 4 lesions (according to the revised Vienna classification) were high (p=0.02). In addition, the gastric mucin phenotype was predominant. In RUNX3-negative category 4 lesions, the rate of cagA-positive H. pylori infection rate was high but not significantly increased (p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS Infection with H. pylori is associated with inactivation of RUNX3 in early gastric carcinogenesis. This mechanism was prominent in gastric cancer with a gastric mucin phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Chul Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Voronov D, Gromova A, Liu D, Zoukhri D, Medvinsky A, Meech R, Makarenkova HP. Transcription factors Runx1 to 3 are expressed in the lacrimal gland epithelium and are involved in regulation of gland morphogenesis and regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:3115-25. [PMID: 23532528 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lacrimal gland (LG) morphogenesis and repair are regulated by a complex interplay of intrinsic factors (e.g., transcription factors) and extrinsic signals (e.g., soluble growth/signaling factors). Many of these interconnections remain poorly characterized. Runt-related (Runx) factors belong to a small family of heterodimeric transcription factors known to regulate lineage-specific proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. The purpose of this study was to define the expression pattern and the role of Runx proteins in LG development and regeneration. METHODS Expression of epithelial-restricted transcription factors in murine LG was examined using immunostaining, qRT-PCR, and RT(2)Profiler PCR microarrays. The role of Runx transcription factors in LG morphogenesis was studied using siRNA and ex vivo LG cultures. Expression of Runx transcription factors during LG regeneration was assessed using in vivo model of LG regeneration. RESULTS We found that Runx factors are expressed in the epithelial compartment of the LG; in particular, Runx1 was restricted to the epithelium with highest level of expression in ductal and centroacinar cells. Downregulation of Runx1 to 3 expression using Runx-specific siRNAs abolished LG growth and branching and our data suggest that Runx1, 2, and 3 are partially redundant in LG development. In siRNA-treated LG, reduction of branching correlated with reduction of epithelial proliferation, as well as expression of cyclin D1 and the putative epithelial progenitor cell marker cytokeratin-5. Runx1, Runx3, and cytokeratin-5 expression increased significantly in regenerating LG and there was modest increase in Runx2 expression during LG differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Runx1 and 2 are new markers of the LG epithelial lineage and Runx factors are important for normal LG morphogenesis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Voronov
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Zhang YW, Eom SY, Yim DH, Song YJ, Yun HY, Park JS, Youn SJ, Kim BS, Kim YD, Kim H. Evaluation of the relationship between dietary factors, CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori infection, and RUNX3 promoter hypermethylation in gastric cancer tissue. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:1778-1787. [PMID: 23555166 PMCID: PMC3607754 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i11.1778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the relationship among Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, CagA status, and dietary factors with RUNX3 promoter hypermethylation.
METHODS: Gastric cancer tissue samples were collected from 184 South Korean patients. All patients were interviewed following a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The average frequencies of intake and portion sizes of 89 common food items were documented, and total intakes of calories, nutrients, vitamins, and minerals were calculated for each subject. DNA was extracted from gastric cancer tissue samples, and amplification of the HSP60 gene was performed to detect H. pylori infection. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the presence of the CagA gene. RUNX3 gene expression was measured by reverse transcription-PCR, and RUNX3 methylation status was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95%CI associated with RUNX3 promoter hypermethylation status were estimated for each of the food groups, lifestyle factors, and the interaction between dietary and lifestyle factors with CagA status of H. pylori infection.
RESULTS: Overall, 164 patients (89.1%) were positive for H. pylori DNA, with the CagA gene detected in 59 (36%) of these H. pylori-positive samples. In all, 106 (57.6%) patients with gastric cancer demonstrated CpG island hypermethylation at the RUNX3 promoter. RUNX3 expression was undetectable in 52 (43.7%) of the 119 gastric cancer tissues sampled. A high consumption of eggs may increase the risk of RUNX3 methylation in gastric cancer patients, having a mean OR of 2.15 (range, 1.14-4.08). A significantly increased OR of 4.28 (range, 1.19-15.49) was observed with a high consumption of nuts in patients with CagA-positive H. pylori infection. High intakes of carbohydrate, vitamin B1, and vitamin E may decrease the risk of RUNX3 methylation in gastric cancer tissue, particularly in CagA- or H. pylori-negative infection, with OR of 0.41 (0.19-0.90), 0.42 (0.20-0.89), and 0.29 (0.13-0.62), respectively. A high consumption of fruits may protect against RUNX3 methylation.
CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the CagA status of H. pylori infection may be a modifier of dietary effects on RUNX3 methylation in gastric cancer tissue.
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Groner Y. The False Paradigm of RUNX3 Function as Tumor Suppressor in Gastric Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.41a003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lim J, Duong T, Do N, Do P, Kim J, Kim H, El-Rifai W, Ruley HE, Jo D. Antitumor activity of cell-permeable RUNX3 protein in gastric cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 19:680-90. [PMID: 23230322 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Limited therapeutic options highlight the need to understand the molecular changes responsible for the disease and to develop therapies based on this understanding. The goal of this study was to develop cell-permeable (CP-) forms of the RUNT-related transcription factor 3, RUNX3-a candidate tumor suppressor implicated in gastric and other epithelial cancers-to study the therapeutic potential of RUNX3 in the treatment of gastric cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed novel macromolecule transduction domains (MTD) which were tested for the ability to promote protein uptake by mammalian cells and tissues and used to deliver of biologically active RUNX3 into human gastric cancer cells. The therapeutic potential CP-RUNX3 was tested in the NCI-N87 human tumor xenograft animal model. RESULTS RUNX3 fusion proteins, HM(57)R and HM(85)R, containing hydrophobic MTDs enter gastric cancer cells and suppress cell phenotypes (e.g., cell-cycle progression, wounded monolayer healing, and survival) and induce changes in biomarker expression (e.g., p21(Waf1) and VEGF) consistent with previously described effects of RUNX3 on TGF-β signaling. CP-RUNX3 also suppressed the growth of subcutaneous human gastric tumor xenografts. The therapeutic response was comparable with studies augmenting RUNX3 gene expression in tumor cell lines; however, the protein was most active when administered locally, rather than systemically (i.e., intravenously). CONCLUSIONS These results provide further evidence that RUNX3 can function as a tumor suppressor and suggest that practical methods to augment RUNX3 function could be useful in treating of some types of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lim
- ProCell R&D Institute, ProCell Therapeutics, Inc., Seoul, Korea
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12
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Author reply to: RUNX3 is expressed in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. EMBO Mol Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3407941 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Lee K, Shim J, Bae J, Kim YJ, Lee J. Stabilization of RNT-1 protein, runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) protein homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans, by oxidative stress through mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:10444-10452. [PMID: 22308034 PMCID: PMC3323012 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.314146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX proteins are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors known to be involved in various developmental processes. Here we report a new role for a RUNX protein: a role in stress response. We show that RNT-1, the Caenorhabditis elegans RUNX homolog, is constantly produced and degraded by the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway in the intestine of the nematode. RNT-1 was rapidly stabilized by oxidative stress, and the rnt-1-mutant animals were more sensitive to oxidative stress, indicating that rapid RNT-1 stabilization is a defense response against the oxidative stress. The MAP kinase pathway is required for RNT-1 stabilization, and RNT-1 was phosphorylated by SEK-1/PMK-1 in vitro. ChIP-sequencing analysis revealed a feedback loop mechanism of the MAP kinase pathway by the VHP-1 phosphatase in the RNT-1-mediated oxidative stress response. We propose that rnt-1 is regulated at the protein level for its role in the immediate response to environmental challenges in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Lee
- Research Center for Cellulomics, Department of Biological Sciences, World Class University (WCU) Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea and
| | - Jiwon Shim
- Research Center for Cellulomics, Department of Biological Sciences, World Class University (WCU) Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea and
| | - Jaebum Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Research Center for Cellulomics, Department of Biological Sciences, World Class University (WCU) Department of Biophysics and Chemical Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea and.
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Yu GP, Ji Y, Chen GQ, Huang B, Shen K, Wu S, Shen ZY. Application of RUNX3 gene promoter methylation in the diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:159-162. [PMID: 22740873 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to detect the methylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue and to explore the association of this methylation with clinical features of NSCLC. In 58 samples of NSCLC tissue and normal adjacent tissue, methylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter was measured by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics was assessed. The results demonstrated that RUNX3 gene promoter methylation was present in 26/58 (44.8%) of NSCLC tissue samples and 10/58 (17.2%) of normal tissue samples, and that the difference was statistically significant between the two groups (χ(2)=10.311, p=0.001). Significantly, methylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and the degree of differentiation (p<0.05) but not with age, gender, smoking history and pathological type (p>0.05). In conclusion, methylation of the RUNX3 gene promoter had a high relevance ratio in NSCLC tissue and correlated with clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and degree of differentiation; thus, this association may have clinical significance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ping Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jangyin People's Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu 214400, P.R. China
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Kudo Y, Tsunematsu T, Takata T. Oncogenic role of RUNX3 in head and neck cancer. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:387-93. [PMID: 21268058 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cumulative evidences show that Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) has a tumor suppressive role in various cancers. In particular, RUNX3 appears to be an important component of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced tumor suppression pathway. Contrary to reports on this tumor suppressive role of RUNX3, RUNX3 can also function as an oncogene when overexpressed. Recently, we found that RUNX3 overexpression was frequently observed and was well correlated with malignant behaviors in head and neck cancer, which is one of the most common types of human cancer. Moreover, it has been revealed that RUNX3 overexpression promoted cell growth and inhibited apoptosis in head and neck cancer cells. This review introduces the oncogenic role of RUNX3 in certain types of cancer including head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasusei Kudo
- Division of Frontier Medical Science, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Suzuki M, Suzuki H, Minegishi Y, Ito K, Nishizawa T, Hibi T. H. pylori-Eradication Therapy Increases RUNX3 Expression in the Glandular Epithelial Cells in Enlarged-Fold Gastritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 46:259-64. [PMID: 20490322 PMCID: PMC2872232 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.09-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP)-eradication therapy increases Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) expression in the glandular epithelial cells in enlarged-fold gastritis. The aim of this study is to evaluate expression of the RUNX3 protein, the product of a gastric tumor suppression gene, and mutagenic oxidative stress in human gastric mucosal specimens obtained from patients with HP-induced enlarged-fold gastritis. Methods. RUNX3 expression was immunohistochemically scored and the degree of the mucosal oxidative stress was directly measured by the chemiluminescense (ChL) assay in the biopsy specimens. Results. RUNX3 expression was detected in the gastric epithelial cells. HP-eradication significantly increased RUNX3 expression in the glandular epithelium of the corpus, however, no change was observed in those of the antrum. A fourfold higher mucosal ChL value was observed in the corpus as compared with that in the antrum. HP-eradication significantly decreased the mucosal ChL values in both portions of the stomach to nearly undetectable levels. Conclusion. The glandular epithelium is exposed to a high level of carcinogenic oxidative stress and shows low levels of expression of the tumor suppressive molecule, RUNX3; however, this expression was restored after HP-eradication, suggesting the high risk of carcinogenesis associated with HP-induced enlarged-fold gastritis of the corpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8902, Japan
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Levanon D, Groner Y. Runx3-deficient mouse strains circa 2008: Resemblance and dissimilarity. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 43:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Pande S, Ali SA, Dowdy C, Zaidi SK, Ito K, Ito Y, Montecino MA, Lian JB, Stein JL, van Wijnen AJ, Stein GS. Subnuclear targeting of the Runx3 tumor suppressor and its epigenetic association with mitotic chromosomes. J Cell Physiol 2009; 218:473-9. [PMID: 19006109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Runx proteins are tissue-specific transcriptional scaffolds that organize and assemble regulatory complexes at strategic sites of target gene promoters and at intranuclear foci to govern activation or repression. During interphase, fidelity of intranuclear targeting supports the biological activity of Runx1 and Runx2 proteins. Both factors regulate genes involved in cell cycle control and cell growth (e.g., rRNA genes), as well as lineage commitment. Here, we have examined the subcellular regulatory properties of the third Runx member, the tumor suppressor protein Runx3, during interphase and mitosis. Using in situ cellular and biochemical approaches we delineated a subnuclear targeting signal that directs Runx3 to discrete transcriptional foci that are nuclear matrix associated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results show that Runx3 occupies rRNA promoters during interphase. We also find that Runx3 remains associated with chromosomes during mitosis and localizes with nucleolar organizing regions (NORs), reflecting an interaction with epigenetic potential. Taken together, our study establishes that common mechanisms control the subnuclear distribution and activities of Runx1, Runx2, and Runx3 proteins to support RNA polymerase I and II mediated gene expression during interphase and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Pande
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
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Song HJ, Shim KN, Joo YH, Kim SE, Jung SA, Yoo K. Methylation of the Tumor Suppressor Gene RUNX3 in Human Gastric Carcinoma. Gut Liver 2008; 2:119-25. [PMID: 20485621 DOI: 10.5009/gnl.2008.2.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS RUNX3 (PEBP2alphaC/CBFA3/AML2) is a novel tumor suppressor gene in the human gastric carcinoma. The aims of this study were to determine the methylation of RUNX3 promoter and the association between RUNX3 methylation and the clinicopathological characteristics of patients with gastric carcinoma. METHODS Seventy-nine patients with gastric carcinoma were studied prospectively from April 2005 to May 2007. The methylations of RUNX3 promoter on the gastric carcinoma specimens and the corresponding nonneoplastic mucosa were evaluated by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Comparison of the results with the clinicopathological characteristics identified RUNX3 monoallelic methylation in 32.9% (26/79) of the gastric carcinoma patients and in 11.4% (9/79) of those with nonneoplastic mucosa (p=0.053). The monoallelic methylated gastric carcinoma specimens predominantly consisted of well- and moderately differentiated carcinomas (44.7%), with the unmethylated group constituting 22.0% of them (p=0.031). Among the 48 patients (60.8%) who underwent gastrectomy, there was no correlation between the two groups with regard to Lauren's classification (p=0.235), depth of invasion (p=0.990), nodal status (p=0.601), stage (p=0.900), lymphatic invasion (p=0.537), and vascular invasion (p=0.815). CONCLUSIONS Methylation of the tumor suppressor gene RUNX3 might be one of the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Abstract
Over the past year Helicobacter pylori has been confirmed as the most important risk factor for non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas. Eradication therapy has been proven to be beneficial when given prior to the development of intestinal metaplasia, but is less efficacious when administered later. However, the best data from clinical trials indicate that H. pylori eradication alone will have only a moderate effect on gastric cancer incidence worldwide. The mechanisms responsible for H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis continue to be dissected. Accumulating evidence suggests that some H. pylori may be able to invade through the gastric epithelial barrier, though pro-carcinogenic effects may also be related to the complex and evolving pathways of altering signal transduction pathways within gastric epithelial cells that are stimulated by adherence and translocation of H. pylori products through its type IV secretory system. Determinants of the host response to H. pylori infection continue to focus on polymorphisms in genes related to the innate and acquired immune responses, including NOD2, COX-2, and TLR-4. H. pylori eradication is indicated for low-grade gastric B-cell MALT lymphoma and may even provide "cure" in some apparently H. pylori-negative cases. How and why does H. pylori promote lymphomagenesis? Some evidence from human and murine models points to specific chromosomal translocations and host genetic polymorphisms as relating to the outcome of infection. Finally, Helicobacter hepaticus infection has been linked to both intestinal and breast tumorigenesis in susceptible strains of female mice - a provocative and novel finding warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Moss
- Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Chen W, Salto-Tellez M, Palanisamy N, Ganesan K, Hou Q, Tan LK, Sii LH, Ito K, Tan B, Wu J, Tay A, Tan KC, Ang E, Tan BK, Tan PH, Ito Y, Tan P. Targets of genome copy number reduction in primary breast cancers identified by integrative genomics. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2007; 46:288-301. [PMID: 17171680 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of specific oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in regions of recurrent aneuploidy is a major challenge of molecular cancer research. Using both oligonucleotide single-nucleotide polymorphism and mRNA expression arrays, we integrated genomic and transcriptional information to identify and prioritize candidate cancer genes in regions of increased and decreased chromosomal copy number in a cohort of primary breast cancers. Confirming the validity of this approach, several regions of previously-known copy number (CN) alterations in breast cancer could be successfully reidentified. Focusing on regions of decreased CN, we defined a prioritized list of eighteen candidate genes, which included ARPIN, FBN1, and LZTS1, previously shown to be associated with cancers in breast or other tissue types, and novel genes such as P29, MORF4L1, and TBC1D5. One such gene, the RUNX3 transcription factor, was selected for further study. We show that RUNX3 is present at reduced CNs in proportion to the rest of the tumor genome and that RUNX3 CN reductions can also be observed in a breast cancer series from a different center. Using tissue microarrays, we demonstrate in an independent cohort of over 120 breast tissues that RUNX3 protein is expressed in normal breast epithelium but not fat and stromal tissue, and widely down-regulated in the majority of breast cancers (>85%). In vitro, RUNX3 overexpression suppressed the invasive potential of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a matrigel assay. Our results demonstrate the utility of integrative genomic approaches to identify novel potential cancer-related genes in primary tumors. This article contains Supplementary Material available at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/1045-2257/suppmat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Agenica Research, Singapore 169610, Republic of Singapore
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