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Tufail M, Wu C. RANK pathway in cancer: underlying resistance and therapeutic approaches. J Chemother 2023; 35:369-382. [PMID: 36200617 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2022.2129752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the deadliest diseases despite advances in treatment. Metastatic cancers are the leading cause of death for advanced cancer patients. Those with advanced cancer with osteolytic-type bone metastases have a significantly lower quality of life. A novel treatment plan is needed now more than ever for breast cancer patients with bone metastases. There are shreds of evidence that cancer cells in the bloodstream interact with the bone microenvironment and that this interaction is a contributing component to breast cancer progression. Preventing any stage of this cycle can result in anti-metastasis effects. Since RANKL interacts with its receptor RANK and plays an important role in the vicious cycle, it has proven to be a successful therapeutic target in cancer treatment. As a result, we have presented a complete overview of the RANK pathway in cancer and discussed RANK signaling and tumor microenvironment, and potential therapeutic approaches in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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2
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Nirala BK, Yamamichi T, Yustein JT. Deciphering the Signaling Mechanisms of Osteosarcoma Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11367. [PMID: 37511127 PMCID: PMC10379831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the predominant primary bone tumor in the pediatric and adolescent populations. It has high metastatic potential, with the lungs being the most common site of metastasis. In contrast to many other sarcomas, OS lacks conserved translocations or genetic mutations; instead, it has heterogeneous abnormalities, including somatic DNA copy number alteration, ploidy, chromosomal amplification, and chromosomal loss and gain. Unfortunately, clinical outcomes have not significantly improved in over 30 years. Currently, no effective molecularly targeted therapies are available for this disease. Several genomic studies showed inactivation in the tumor suppressor genes, including p53, RB, and ATRX, and hyperactivation of the tumor promoter genes, including MYC and MDM2, in OS. Alterations in the major signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, NOTCH, Hedgehog/Gli, TGF-β, RTKs, RANK/RANKL, and NF-κB signaling pathways, have been identified in OS development and metastasis. Although OS treatment is currently based on surgical excision and systematic multiagent therapies, several potential targeted therapies are in development. This review focuses on the major signaling pathways of OS, and we propose a biological rationale to consider novel and targeted therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikesh K Nirala
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Taku Yamamichi
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jason T Yustein
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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3
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Panez-Toro I, Muñoz-García J, Vargas-Franco JW, Renodon-Cornière A, Heymann MF, Lézot F, Heymann D. Advances in Osteosarcoma. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2023:10.1007/s11914-023-00803-9. [PMID: 37329384 PMCID: PMC10393907 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article gives a brief overview of the most recent developments in osteosarcoma treatment, including targeting of signaling pathways, immune checkpoint inhibitors, drug delivery strategies as single or combined approaches, and the identification of new therapeutic targets to face this highly heterogeneous disease. RECENT FINDINGS Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and young adults, with a high risk of bone and lung metastases and a 5-year survival rate around 70% in the absence of metastases and 30% if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis. Despite the novel advances in neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the effective treatment for osteosarcoma has not improved in the last 4 decades. The emergence of immunotherapy has transformed the paradigm of treatment, focusing therapeutic strategies on the potential of immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the most recent clinical trials show a slight improvement over the conventional polychemotherapy scheme. The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma by controlling the tumor growth, the metastatic process and the drug resistance and paved the way of new therapeutic options that must be validated by accurate pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Panez-Toro
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Javier Muñoz-García
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Jorge W Vargas-Franco
- University of Antioquia, Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Axelle Renodon-Cornière
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR933, Hôpital Trousseau (AP-HP), 75012, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Nantes Université, CNRS, UMR6286, US2B, Biological Sciences and Biotechnologies unit, 44322, Nantes, France.
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Tumor Heterogeneity and Precision Medicine Laboratory, 44805, Saint-Herblain, France.
- University of Sheffield, Medical School, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK.
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4
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Reis IB, Tibo LHS, de Souza BR, Durán N, Fávaro WJ. OncoTherad® is an immunomodulator of biological response that downregulate RANK/RANKL signaling pathway and PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022:10.1007/s00432-022-04449-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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5
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Chen Q, Wu J, Zheng K, Xu M, Hou Z, Yu X. Successful limb salvage in progressive proximal tibia osteosarcoma following denosumab chemotherapy: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29812. [PMID: 35905210 PMCID: PMC9333532 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary malignant bone tumor that originates in the mesenchymal tissue. It is the most common type of pleomorphic tumor occurring in children and adolescents. Currently, there is no established systematic treatment for OS that progresses during standard preoperative chemotherapy. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES We describe a 14-year-old male patient with a 4-month history of pain in the upper right leg. Based on the results of percutaneous biopsy, a diagnosis of OS was made. After admission, the patient was treated with first-line chemotherapy agents. After a single course of treatment, the tumor progressed locally and no limb salvage was feasible. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES Intervention with denosumab combined with chemotherapy led to a significant reduction in tumor volume and ossification of soft tissue, which successfully resulted in limb salvage rather than amputation. The patient showed no evidence of recurrent or distant metastasis at 6-month follow-up. LESSONS Treatment with receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand inhibitor denosumab combined with standard chemotherapy is effective for advanced OS progressing after chemotherapy. We recommend denosumab therapy for successful limb salvage in patients with high-grade OS associated with osteolytic bone destruction and refractory to preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziwei Hou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuchun Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The 960th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army, Jinan, Shandong, China
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6
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EGCG regulated osteolytic microenvironment to enhance the antitumor effect of DOX on orthotopic osteosarcoma. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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The Roadmap of RANKL/RANK Pathway in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081978. [PMID: 34440747 PMCID: PMC8393235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of the nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling pathway was identified in the late 1990s and is the key mediator of bone remodeling. Targeting RANKL with the antibody denosumab is part of the standard of care for bone loss diseases, including bone metastases (BM). Over the last decade, evidence has implicated RANKL/RANK pathway in hormone and HER2-driven breast carcinogenesis and in the acquisition of molecular and phenotypic traits associated with breast cancer (BCa) aggressiveness and poor prognosis. This marked a new era in the research of the therapeutic use of RANKL inhibition in BCa. RANKL/RANK pathway is also an important immune mediator, with anti-RANKL therapy recently linked to improved response to immunotherapy in melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This review summarizes and discusses the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the relevance of the RANKL/RANK pathway in cancer biology and therapeutics, focusing on bone metastatic disease, BCa onset and progression, and immune modulation.
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Wu X, Zhang X, Feng W, Feng H, Ding Z, Zhao Q, Li X, Tang N, Zhang P, Li J, Wang J. A Targeted Erythrocyte Membrane-Encapsulated Drug-Delivery System with Anti-osteosarcoma and Anti-osteolytic Effects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:27920-27933. [PMID: 34125517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the main treatment methods for osteosarcoma. However, conventional chemotherapy lacks targeting properties, and its long-term and extensive use will have serious side effects on patients. For this reason, a multifunctional nanodrug system (V-RZCD) targeting osteosarcoma was developed in this study. V-RZCD consists of two parts: (1) the core (ZCD), wherein calcium ions (Ca2+) and zoledronic acid (ZA) form a metal-organic framework for loading doxorubicin (DOX), and (2) the shell (V-R), a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand-modified red blood cell membrane nanovesicle. By targeting the VEGF, V-RZCD can specifically bind to the VEGF receptors that are highly expressed on the surface of osteosarcoma cells. Importantly, compared with free ZA and DOX, V-RZCD not only clearly inhibits the proliferation of osteosarcoma but also significantly inhibits osteolysis induced by osteosarcoma. In summary, V-RZCD represents a new way to treat osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Wanjiang Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Haoming Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiyu Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xisheng Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, China
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Assi T, Watson S, Samra B, Rassy E, Le Cesne A, Italiano A, Mir O. Targeting the VEGF Pathway in Osteosarcoma. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051240. [PMID: 34069999 PMCID: PMC8157846 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary tumor of the bones affecting mainly young adults. Despite the advances in the field of systemic anticancer therapy, the prognosis of relapsed of metastatic osteosarcoma patients remain dismal with very short survival. However, the better understanding of the pathophysiology of this subtype of sarcoma has led to the identification of new targeted agents with significant activity. In fact, increased angiogenesis plays a major role in the tumor growth and survival of osteosarcoma patients. Several targeted agents have demonstrated a significant anti-tumor activity including multi-kinase inhibitors. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology, rationale, and role of targeting angiogenesis via the VEGF pathway in patients with osteosarcoma with emphasis on the published clinical trials and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Assi
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut 166830, Lebanon;
| | - Sarah Watson
- Department of Medical Oncology and INSERMU830, Curie Institute, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Bachar Samra
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Presbyterian Healthcare Services, Albuquerque, NM 87110, USA;
| | - Elie Rassy
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France;
| | - Axel Le Cesne
- Sarcoma Group, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.L.C.); (A.I.)
| | - Antoine Italiano
- Sarcoma Group, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.L.C.); (A.I.)
- Department of Medical Oncology and INSERM U1218, Institut Bergonié, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Sarcoma Group, Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; (A.L.C.); (A.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-42114316
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10
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Zoledronic Acid Enhanced the Antitumor Effect of Cisplatin on Orthotopic Osteosarcoma by ROS-PI3K/AKT Signaling and Attenuated Osteolysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6661534. [PMID: 33859780 PMCID: PMC8026287 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6661534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts can interact with osteosarcoma to promote the growth of osteosarcoma. Cisplatin is common in adjuvant chemotherapy of osteosarcoma. However, due to chemoresistance, the efficacy is profoundly limited. Previous studies have found that zoledronic acid (ZA) has osteoclast activation inhibition and antitumor effect. However, the combined effect of ZA and cisplatin on osteosarcoma remains unclear. In vitro, the effects of ZA and cisplatin alone or in combination on 143B cell activity, proliferation, apoptosis, and ROS-PI3K/AKT signaling were detected. At the same time, the effect of ZA and cisplatin on osteoclast formation, survival, and activity was detected by TRAP staining and bone plate absorption test. These were further verified in mice. The results showed that in vitro, compared with the single treatment and control, the combination of ZA and cisplatin could significantly inhibit the activity and proliferation of 143B cells and induced their apoptosis and further promoted the generation of ROS and inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT. ROS scavenger and the agonist of the PI3K/AKT pathway could reverse these results. In addition, cisplatin in synergy with ZA could significantly inhibit osteoclast formation and survival to reduce bone plate absorption. In vivo, compared with the single group, the tumor volume and cell proliferation were significantly reduced, apoptosis and necrosis of tumor cells increased, and TRAP+ osteoclasts and osteolysis destruction decreased in the combined group. In conclusion, ZA enhanced the antitumor effect of cisplatin on osteosarcoma by ROS-PI3K/AKT signaling, reducing the chemoresistance and osteoclast activation to enhance chemotherapy and inhibit osteolysis. And this present study raised the possibility that combining ZA and cisplatin may represent a novel strategy against osteosarcoma.
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11
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Chua HH, Tuan Sharif SE, Wan Ismail WFN, Zawawi MSF, Abdullah S. Evaluation of the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL) Expression in Osteosarcoma and Its Association with the Clinicopathological Data. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:741-747. [PMID: 33773537 PMCID: PMC8286667 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.3.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is one of the key regulators of bone remodelling in bone oncology, including osteosarcoma. We assessed RANKL immunohistochemical expression in osteosarcoma, its association, and disease-free survival with the patients' clinicopathological characteristics. METHODS One hundred osteosarcoma cases from 2003 to 2018 in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia were retrieved. The tissue samples were stained for RANKL, and the association with the clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated. Staining was interpreted in a semiquantitative scoring system and classified into negative and positive expressions. Results: Eighty-two cases had a positive expression of RANKL in which 56 and 26 patients were classified as low expression and high expression, respectively. The positive expression of RANKL did not show a significant association with clinicopathological characteristics. However, Kaplan Meier survival analysis showed a significant improvement in the disease-free survival patients who underwent limb salvage surgery (LSS) than amputated patients (p-value 0.002), whereas poorer survival was observed among conventional osteosarcomas compared to non-conventional osteosarcoma (p-value 0.01). CONCLUSION Limb salvage surgery had proven to improve osteosarcoma patients' survival compared to amputation, which could improve overall quality of life in osteosarcoma patients. However, our data did not show a significant association between positive RANKL immunohistochemistry with any of the clinicopathological characteristics and patients' final survival. Further studies may be acquired to understand the suitability of using RANKL immunohistochemistry as prognostication in the management of osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Heng Chua
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Emilia Tuan Sharif
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Faisham Nu'man Wan Ismail
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Orthopaedic, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Syahrul Fitri Zawawi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Orthopaedic, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sarimah Abdullah
- Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
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Hernandez Tejada FN, Zamudio A, Marques-Piubelli ML, Cuglievan B, Harrison D. Advances in the Management of Pediatric Sarcomas. Curr Oncol Rep 2020; 23:3. [PMID: 33196879 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-020-00995-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The prognosis of pediatric patients who present with metastatic or recurrent sarcomas remains poor. In this review, we summarize the advances in the management of metastatic and relapsed pediatric sarcoma by highlighting recent and future clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Research into the identification of novel therapies for refractory pediatric sarcomas continues to advance. Outcomes have not improved in several decades underlying a need for improved understanding of the biology behind these tumors and the identification of novel therapeutic molecular targets that can be exploited pharmacologically. Multiple challenges remain for novel therapy in sarcomas such as the selection of effective targets, management of toxicities, and the tumor microenvironment. Many unique challenges remain in the treatment of patients with refractory pediatric sarcomas. Multiple strategies and targets are under investigation that hold promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorela N Hernandez Tejada
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alejandro Zamudio
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mario L Marques-Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Branko Cuglievan
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Douglas Harrison
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Czarnecka AM, Synoradzki K, Firlej W, Bartnik E, Sobczuk P, Fiedorowicz M, Grieb P, Rutkowski P. Molecular Biology of Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2130. [PMID: 32751922 PMCID: PMC7463657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most frequent primary bone cancer in children and adolescents and the third most frequent in adults. Many inherited germline mutations are responsible for syndromes that predispose to osteosarcomas including Li Fraumeni syndrome, retinoblastoma syndrome, Werner syndrome, Bloom syndrome or Diamond-Blackfan anemia. TP53 is the most frequently altered gene in osteosarcoma. Among other genes mutated in more than 10% of OS cases, c-Myc plays a role in OS development and promotes cell invasion by activating MEK-ERK pathways. Several genomic studies showed frequent alterations in the RB gene in pediatric OS patients. Osteosarcoma driver mutations have been reported in NOTCH1, FOS, NF2, WIF1, BRCA2, APC, PTCH1 and PRKAR1A genes. Some miRNAs such as miR-21, -34a, -143, -148a, -195a, -199a-3p and -382 regulate the pathogenic activity of MAPK and PI3K/Akt-signaling pathways in osteosarcoma. CD133+ osteosarcoma cells have been shown to exhibit stem-like gene expression and can be tumor-initiating cells and play a role in metastasis and development of drug resistance. Although currently osteosarcoma treatment is based on adriamycin chemoregimens and surgery, there are several potential targeted therapies in development. First of all, activity and safety of cabozantinib in osteosarcoma were studied, as well as sorafenib and pazopanib. Finally, novel bifunctional molecules, of potential imaging and osteosarcoma targeting applications may be used in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Firlej
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Sobczuk
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Small Animal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Interinstitute Laboratory of New Diagnostic Applications of MRI, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rutkowski
- Department of Soft Tissue/Bone Sarcoma and Melanoma, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
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Deligiorgi MV, Panayiotidis MI, Griniatsos J, Trafalis DT. Harnessing the versatile role of OPG in bone oncology: counterbalancing RANKL and TRAIL signaling and beyond. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:13-30. [PMID: 31578655 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More than 2 decades ago, the discovery of osteoprotegerin (OPG) as inhibitor of the receptor of activator of nuclear factor Kb (RANK) ligand (RANKL) revolutionized our understanding of bone biology and oncology. Besides acting as decoy receptor for RANKL, OPG acts as decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). OPG, RANKL, and TRAIL are ubiquitously expressed, stimulating per se pivotal signaling cascades implicated in cancer. In the context of cancer cell-bone cell interactions, cancer cells skew the OPG/RANKL/RANK (RANKL cognate receptor) balance towards bone destruction and tumor growth through favoring the RANKL/RANK interface, circumventing OPG. Numerous preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate the dual role of OPG in cancer: antitumor and tumor-promoting. OPG potentially conveys an antitumor signal through inhibiting the tumor-promoting RANKL signaling-both the osteoclast-dependent and the osteoclast-independent-and the tumor-promoting TRAIL signaling. On the other hand, the presumed tumor-promoting functions of OPG are: (i) abrogation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis of cancer cells; (ii) abrogation of RANKL-induced antitumor immunity; and (iii) stimulation of oncogenic and prometastatic signaling cascades downstream of the interaction of OPG with diverse proteins. The present review dissects the role of OPG in bone oncology. It presents the available preclinical and clinical data sustaining the dual role of OPG in cancer and focuses on the imbalanced RANKL/RANK/OPG interplay in the landmark "vicious cycle" of skeletal metastatic disease, osteosarcoma, and multiple myeloma. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives in exploiting OPG signaling in bone oncology therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Deligiorgi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Room A516, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - John Griniatsos
- 1st Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 17 Agiou Thoma Str, Goudi, 115-27, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios T Trafalis
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Str, Goudi, 11527, Athens, Greece
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15
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Li SQ, Tu C, Wan L, Chen RQ, Duan ZX, Ren XL, Li ZH. FGF-induced LHX9 regulates the progression and metastasis of osteosarcoma via FRS2/TGF-β/β-catenin pathway. Cell Div 2019; 14:13. [PMID: 31788020 PMCID: PMC6876112 DOI: 10.1186/s13008-019-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and tumor growth factor-β (TGFβ) have emerged as pivotal regulators during the progression of osteosarcoma (OS). LHX9 is one crucial transcription factor controlled by FGF, however, its function in OS has not been investigated yet. Methods The expression of LHX9, FRS2, BMP4, TGF-beta R1, SMAD2, beta-catenin and metastasis-related proteins was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were employed to determine the proliferation of OS cells, while scratch wound healing assay and transwell assay were used to evaluate their migration and invasion, respectively. In vivo tumor growth and metastasis were determined by subcutaneous or intravenous injection of OS cells into nude mice. Results LHX9 expression was evidently up-regulated in OS tumor tissues and cell lines. Knockdown of LHX9 impaired the proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of OS cells. Mechanistically, LHX9 silencing led to the down-regulation of BMP-4, β-catenin and metastasis-related proteins, which was also observed in beta-catenin knockdown OS cells. By contrast, FRS2 knockdown conduced to the up-regulation of LHX9, BMP4, β-catenin and TGF-βR1, while TGF-beta inhibition repressed the expression of LHX9 and metastasis-related proteins. Additionally, let-7c modulates LHX9 and metastasis-related proteins by suppressing TGF-beta R1 expression on transcriptional level. Conclusions This study revealed LHX9 was essential for the proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis of OS cells via FGF and TGF-β/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Li
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Tu
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wan
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qi Chen
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xi Duan
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ren
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Orthopaedics, Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, No. 139 Renming Road, Changsha, 410010 Hunan People's Republic of China
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16
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The contribution of immune infiltrates and the local microenvironment in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. Cell Immunol 2019; 343:103711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Kroschwald LM, Tauer JT, Kroschwald SI, Suttorp M, Wiedenfeld A, Beissert S, Bauer A, Rauner M. Imatinib mesylate and nilotinib decrease synthesis of bone matrix in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2102-2108. [PMID: 31423283 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as imatinib (IMA) and nilotinib (NIL), are the cornerstone of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment via the blockade of the oncogenic BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. However, skeletal side effects are commonly observed in pediatric patients receiving long-term treatment with IMA. Additionally, in vitro studies have shown that IMA and NIL alter vitamin D metabolism, which may further impair bone metabolism. To determine whether TKIs directly affect bone cell function, the present study treated the human osteoblastic cell line SaOS-2 with IMA or NIL and assessed effects on their mineralization capacity as well as mRNA expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), two cytokines that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Both TKIs significantly inhibited mineralization and downregulated osteoblast marker genes, including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osterix, as well as genes associated with the pro-osteogenic Wnt signaling pathway; NIL was more potent than IMA. In addition, both TKIs increased the RANKL/OPG ratio, which is known to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. The present results suggested that the TKIs IMA and NIL directly inhibited osteoblast differentiation and directly promoted a pro-osteoclastogenic environment through the RANKL-OPG signaling axis. Thus, we propose that future work is required to determine whether the bone health of CML patients undergoing TKI-treatment should be routinely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysann Michaela Kroschwald
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Translational Bone, Joint and Soft Tissue Research, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Josephine Tabea Tauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill University, Montreal QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - Sonja Ingrid Kroschwald
- Simon Alberti Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Meinolf Suttorp
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anne Wiedenfeld
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Beissert
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Medical Faculty, Technical University Dresden, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Navet B, Ando K, Vargas-Franco JW, Brion R, Amiaud J, Mori K, Yagita H, Mueller CG, Verrecchia F, Dumars C, Heymann MF, Heymann D, Lézot F. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Implications of RANKL/RANK Signaling in Osteosarcoma: From Tumor Initiation to Lung Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110398. [PMID: 30355966 PMCID: PMC6265790 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is the most frequent form of malignant pediatric bone tumor. Despite the current therapeutic arsenal, patient life-expectancy remains low if metastases are detected at the time of diagnosis, justifying research into better knowledge at all stages of osteosarcoma ontogenesis and identification of new therapeutic targets. Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB (RANK)expression has been reported in osteosarcoma cells, raising the question of Receptor Activator of Nuclear factor κB Ligand (RANKL)/RANK signaling implications in these tumor cells (intrinsic), in addition to previously reported implications through osteoclast activation in the tumor microenvironment (extrinsic). Methods: Based on in vitro and in vivo experimentations using human and mouse osteosarcoma cell lines, the consequences on the main cellular processes of RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells were analyzed. Results: The results revealed that RANK expression had no impact on cell proliferation and tumor growth, but stimulated cellular differentiation and, in an immune-compromised environment, increased the number of lung metastases. The analysis of RANKL, RANK and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expressions in biopsies of a cohort of patients revealed that while RANK expression in osteosarcoma cells was not significantly different between patients with or without metastases at the time of diagnosis, the OPG/RANK ratio decreased significantly. Conclusion: Altogether, these results are in favor of RANKL-RANK signaling inhibition as an adjuvant for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kosei Ando
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Jorge William Vargas-Franco
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia.
| | - Régis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Franck Verrecchia
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Clotilde Dumars
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Hôtel Dieu, F-44035 Nantes, France.
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, LEA Sarcoma Research Unit, Department of Oncology and Human Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
- INSERM, UMR 1232, LabCT, Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, site René Gauducheau, F-44805 Saint-Herblain, France.
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR 1238, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, F-44035 Nantes, France.
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19
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G, Lombardi G. Sodium butyrate has anti-proliferative, pro-differentiating, and immunomodulatory effects in osteosarcoma cells and counteracts the TNFα-induced low-grade inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2018; 32:394632017752240. [PMID: 29363375 PMCID: PMC5849245 DOI: 10.1177/0394632017752240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, an essential factor for colonocytes and regulator in the development of
colon cancer, is partially absorbed by the gut. It influences the proliferation
and differentiation of several cell types including osteoblasts. We evaluated
the effects of different doses of butyrate on differentiation and functionality
of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and the expression of a pro-inflammatory
phenotype in a normal or inflammatory environment. SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells
were induced to differentiate and contemporarily treated for 24 h, 48 h, or
7 days with sodium butyrate 10−4, 5 × 10−4, or
10−3 M in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor alpha
(TNFα) 1 ng/mL, a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Despite the mild effects on
proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity, butyrate dose- and
time-dependently induced the expression of a differentiated phenotype (RUNX2,
COL1A1 gene expression, and osteopontin gene and protein expression). This was
associated with a partial inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)
activation and the induction of histone deacetylase 1 expression. The net effect
was the expression of an anti-inflammatory phenotype and the increase in the
osteoprotegerin-to-receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)
ratio. Moreover, butyrate, especially at the highest dose, counteracted the
effects of the pro-inflammatory stimulus of TNFα 1 ng/mL. Butyrate affects
osteosarcoma cell metabolism by anticipating the expression of a differentiated
phenotype and by inducing the expression of anti-inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Banfi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy.,2 Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- 1 Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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20
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Cabozantinib Affects Osteosarcoma Growth Through A Direct Effect On Tumor Cells and Modifications In Bone Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29520051 PMCID: PMC5843583 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant tumor of the bone. Due to its high heterogeneity and to survival signals from bone microenvironment, OS can resist to standard treatments, therefore novel therapies are needed. c-MET oncogene, a tyrosine-kinase receptor, plays a crucial role in OS initiation and progression. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of c-MET inhibitor cabozantinib (CBZ) on OS both directly and through its action on bone microenvironment. We tested different doses of CBZ in in vitro models of OS alone or in co-culture with bone cells in order to reproduce OS-tumor microenvironment interactions. CBZ is able to decrease proliferation and migration of OS cells, inhibiting ERK and AKT signaling pathways. Furthermore, CBZ leads to the inhibition of the proliferation of OS cells expressing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), due to its effect on bone microenvironment, where it causes an overproduction of osteoprotegerin and a decrease of production of RANK ligand by osteoblasts. Overall, our data demonstrate that CBZ might represent a new potential treatment against OS, affecting both OS cells and their microenvironment. In this scenario, RANK expression in OS cells could represent a predictive factor of better response to CBZ treatment.
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21
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Harrison DJ, Geller DS, Gill JD, Lewis VO, Gorlick R. Current and future therapeutic approaches for osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2017; 18:39-50. [PMID: 29210294 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1413939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current treatment of osteosarcoma includes surgical resection of all gross disease in conjunction with systemic chemotherapy to control micro-metastatic disease. This yields a 5-year event free survival (EFS) of approximately 70% for patients with localized osteosarcoma while patients with metastatic or recurrent disease fare poorly with overall survival rates of less than 20%. Areas covered: This review outlines the current and future approach towards the treatment of osteosarcoma. A literature search was performed utilizing PubMed. Several recent clinical trials are reviewed in detail, as is innovative research evaluating novel agents and surgical techniques which hold promise. Expert commentary: The outcome for patients with osteosarcoma has not changed in several decades. This plateau in survival rates highlights the need for a novel approach towards research. There remains a great deal of interest in utilizing the very high risk population of recurrent osteosarcoma patients to rapidly and sequentially evaluate novel agents to determine if any of these agents hold promise. Several phase II studies are ongoing or in development that offer hope based on intriguing preclinical data. Furthermore, initiatives in obtaining specimens to further explore the genetic and immunological profile behind osteosarcoma will be essential towards identifying novel pathways and targets to exploit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Harrison
- a Department of Pediatrics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - David S Geller
- b Montefiore Medical Center and the Children's Hospital at Montefiore , The University Hospital for Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Jonathan D Gill
- a Department of Pediatrics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Valerae O Lewis
- a Department of Pediatrics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- a Department of Pediatrics , The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
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22
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Kushlinskii NE, Gershtein ES, Solov’ev YN, Timofeev YS, Babkina IV, Dolinkin AO, Zuev AA, Kostyleva OI. Receptor Activator of Nuclear Transcription Factor NF-κB (RANK), Its Ligand RANKL, and Natural Inhibitor of RANKL Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the Blood Serum of Patients with Primary Bone Tumors. Bull Exp Biol Med 2017; 163:478-481. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-017-3832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Heymann MF, Brown HK, Heymann D. Drugs in early clinical development for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1265-1280. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1237503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Heymann
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSERM, UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hannah K. Brown
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- INSERM, UMR 957, Pathophysiology of Bone Resorption and Therapy of Primary Bone Tumours, Equipe Ligue 2012, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
- European Associated Laboratory, Sarcoma Research Unit, Medical School, INSERM-University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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24
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Chen Y, Di Grappa MA, Molyneux SD, McKee TD, Waterhouse P, Penninger JM, Khokha R. RANKL blockade prevents and treats aggressive osteosarcomas. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:317ra197. [PMID: 26659571 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone cancer, which occurs primarily in children and adolescents, severely affecting survivors' quality of life. Despite its chemosensitivity and treatment advances, long-term survival rates for OS patients have stagnated over the last 20 years. Thus, it is necessary to develop new molecularly targeted therapies for this metastatic bone cancer. Mutations in TP53 and RB are linked to OS predisposition and to the evolution of spontaneous OS. We established receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as a therapeutic target for suppression and prevention of OS. Combined conditional osteoblast-specific deletions of Rb, p53, and the protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit Prkar1α genes in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) generate aggressive osteosarcomas, characterized by PKA, RANKL, and osteoclast hyperactivity. Whole-body Rankl deletion completely abrogates tumorigenesis. Although osteoblastic Rank deletion has little effect, osteoclastic Rank deletion delays tumorigenesis and prolongs life span. The latter is associated with inactivation of osteoclastogenesis and up-regulation of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Further, we use these GEMMs as preclinical platforms to show that RANKL blockade with RANK-Fc arrests tumor progression and improves survival and also inhibits lung metastasis. Moreover, preemptive administration of RANK-Fc completely prevents tumorigenesis in mice highly predisposed to this aggressive cancer. Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against RANKL, is currently used to treat patients with osteoporosis or bone metastases. Our studies provide a strong rationale to consider RANKL blockade for the treatment and prevention of aggressive RANKL-overexpressing OS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Marco A Di Grappa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Sam D Molyneux
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trevor D McKee
- Spatio-Temporal Targeting and Amplification of Radiation Response (STTARR) Program, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Josef M Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre/Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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25
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Adamopoulos C, Gargalionis AN, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG. Recent Advances in Mechanobiology of Osteosarcoma. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:232-236. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Antonios N. Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens 11527 Greece
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26
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Abstract
Oncogenic events combined with a favourable environment are the two main factors in the oncological process. The tumour microenvironment is composed of a complex, interconnected network of protagonists, including soluble factors such as cytokines, extracellular matrix components, interacting with fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and various specific cell types depending on the location of the cancer cells (e.g. pulmonary epithelium, osteoblasts). This diversity defines specific "niches" (e.g. vascular, immune, bone niches) involved in tumour growth and the metastatic process. These actors communicate together by direct intercellular communications and/or in an autocrine/paracrine/endocrine manner involving cytokines and growth factors. Among these glycoproteins, RANKL (receptor activator nuclear factor-κB ligand) and its receptor RANK (receptor activator nuclear factor), members of the TNF and TNFR superfamilies, have stimulated the interest of the scientific community. RANK is frequently expressed by cancer cells in contrast with RANKL which is frequently detected in the tumour microenvironment and together they participate in every step in cancer development. Their activities are markedly regulated by osteoprotegerin (OPG, a soluble decoy receptor) and its ligands, and by LGR4, a membrane receptor able to bind RANKL. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the functional implication of the RANK/RANKL system in cancer development, and to underline the most recent clinical studies.
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Adamopoulos C, Gargalionis AN, Basdra EK, Papavassiliou AG. Deciphering signaling networks in osteosarcoma pathobiology. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1296-305. [PMID: 27190271 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216648806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of primary bone tumors among children and adolescents. During the past years, little progress has been made regarding prognosis of osteosarcoma patients, especially for those with metastatic disease. Genomic instability and gene alterations are common, but current data do not reveal a consistent and repeatable pattern of osteosarcoma development, thus paralleling the tumor's high heterogeneity. Critical signal transduction pathways have been implicated in osteosarcoma pathobiology and are being evaluated as therapeutic targets, including receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB (RANK), Wnt, Notch, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin, and mechanotransduction pathways. Herein, we recapitulate and discuss recent advances in the context of molecular mechanisms and signaling networks that contribute to osteosarcoma progression and metastasis, towards patient-tailored and novel-targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Antonios N Gargalionis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Efthimia K Basdra
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Shaikh AB, Li F, Li M, He B, He X, Chen G, Guo B, Li D, Jiang F, Dang L, Zheng S, Liang C, Liu J, Lu C, Liu B, Lu J, Wang L, Lu A, Zhang G. Present Advances and Future Perspectives of Molecular Targeted Therapy for Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:506. [PMID: 27058531 PMCID: PMC4848962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone cancer mostly occurring in pediatric population. Current treatment regime of surgery and intensive chemotherapy could cure about 60%-75% patients with primary osteosarcoma, however only 15% to 30% can be cured when pulmonary metastasis or relapse has taken place. Hence, novel precise OS-targeting therapies are being developed with the hope of addressing this issue. This review summarizes the current development of molecular mechanisms and targets for osteosarcoma. Therapies that target these mechanisms with updated information on clinical trials are also reviewed. Meanwhile, we further discuss novel therapeutic targets and OS-targeting drug delivery systems. In conclusion, a full insight in OS pathogenesis and OS-targeting strategies would help us explore novel targeted therapies for metastatic osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atik Badshah Shaikh
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Fangfei Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, China.
| | - Bing He
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaojuan He
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Guofen Chen
- Orthopaedic Surgery Department, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Baosheng Guo
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Defang Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Feng Jiang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Lei Dang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Shaowei Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the First Hospital of Huizhou, Huizhou 516000, China.
| | - Chao Liang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Biao Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Luyao Wang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand induces cell adhesion and integrin α2 expression via NF-κB in head and neck cancers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23545. [PMID: 27009236 PMCID: PMC4806381 DOI: 10.1038/srep23545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix play critical roles in tumor progression. We previously reported that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) specifically facilitates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression in vivo. Here, we report a novel role for RANKL in the regulation of cell adhesion. Among the major type I collagen receptors, integrin α2 was significantly upregulated in RANKL-expressing cells, and its knockdown suppressed cell adhesion. The mRNA abundance of integrin α2 positively correlated with that of RANKL in human HNSCC tissues. We also revealed that RANK-NF-κB signaling mediated integrin α2 expression in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Interestingly, the amount of active integrin β1 on the cell surface was increased in RANKL-expressing cells through the upregulation of integrin α2 and endocytosis. Moreover, the RANK-integrin α2 pathway contributed to RANKL-dependent enhanced survival in a collagen gel and inhibited apoptosis in a xenograft model, demonstrating an important role for RANKL-mediated cell adhesion in three-dimensional environments.
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González-Suárez E, Sanz-Moreno A. RANK as a therapeutic target in cancer. FEBS J 2016; 283:2018-33. [PMID: 26749530 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The RANK signaling pathway has emerged as a new target in breast cancer as receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK mediate the pro-tumorigenic role of progesterone in the mammary gland. Thousands of cancer patients worldwide are already taking RANKL inhibitors for the management of bone metastasis, given the relevance of this pathway in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. RANK signaling also has multiple divergent effects in immunity and inflammation, both in the generation of active immune responses and in the induction of tolerance: it is required for lymph node organogenesis, thymic medullary epithelial development and self-tolerance, and regulates activation of several immune cells and inflammatory processes. The RANK pathway interferes with mammary epithelial differentiation and mediates the major proliferative response of mammary epithelium to progesterone and progesterone-driven expansion of mammary stem cells; it also controls hair follicle and epidermal stem cell homeostasis, pointing to RANK as a key regulator of epithelial stemness. Here we revisit the main functions of RANK signaling in bone remodeling, immune cells and epithelial differentiation. We also discuss the mechanistic evidence that supports its pleiotropic effects on cancer: from bone metastasis to immune and cancer-cell-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva González-Suárez
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Moreno
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Golden D, Saria EA, Hansen MF. Regulation of Osteoblast Migration Involving Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B (RANK) Signaling. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:2951-60. [PMID: 25893522 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling requires osteoclast activation, resorption, and reversal, prior to osteoblast migration into the bone pit. The Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK) signaling pathway plays an important role in bone remodeling. Two components of the RANK signaling pathway, RANK Ligand (RANKL) and the decoy receptor Osteoprotegerin (OPG), are expressed predominantly on the surface of osteoblasts, while RANK is principally expressed on the surface of osteoclasts. However, RANK has also been reported to be expressed on the surface of osteoblasts and osteosarcoma tumor cells. Treatment with soluble RANKL (sRANKL) of both normal osteoblasts and osteosarcoma tumor cells activated phosphorylation of ERK, p38(MAPK) , Akt, and p65(NF-κB). However, modified Boyden chamber assays and wound repair assays showed differential response to sRANKL-induced chemotactic migration in normal osteoblasts and osteosarcoma tumor cells. In contrast to previously published results, both normal osteoblasts and osteosarcoma tumor cells responded to sRANKL-induced chemotactic migration but the normal osteoblasts did so only in the presence of an ERK pathway inhibitor. For both normal and tumor cells, the chemotactic response could be blocked by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt or p65(NF-κB) pathway. Response to sRANKL in normal and tumor cells suggests a role for RANK/ERK-mediated signaling in normal osteoblasts chemotactic migration during bone remodeling that is altered or lost during osteosarcoma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Golden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Elizabeth A Saria
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Marc F Hansen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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Marley K, Bracha S, Seguin B. Osteoprotegerin activates osteosarcoma cells that co-express RANK and RANKL. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:32-8. [PMID: 26254896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is an aggressive and often fatal cancer that afflicts over 1000 humans and 10,000 dogs per year in the United States. Recent evidence suggests deregulation in the signaling triad, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), its activating ligand (RANKL), and the RANKL inhibitor, osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OS. This study investigated the expression of RANK and RANKL in osteosarcoma tumors and cell lines and describes an activating effect of OPG on OS cells in vitro. RESULTS Canine OS tumors and cell lines co-express mRNA for both RANK and RANKL. Expression of these proteins in OS cell lines was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence microscopy. Expression of the soluble form of RANKL was not detected in media from OS cells. OPG-Fc incubation increased the phosphorylation status of ERK, AKT and the p65 subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and induced NFκB translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in canine OS cells. OPG increased proliferation in both canine and human derived OS cell lines. CONCLUSION RANKL is produced by OS tumors and cell lines that also express RANK. This data provides preliminary evidence for a potential autocrine and or paracrine activation pathway in canine OS. An activating effect of exogenous OPG on signal transduction proteins, NFκB and proliferation in OS is described. These data provide new information concerning aberrant signaling in OS and could be important to those considering OPG as a therapeutic agent for osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Marley
- Department of Clinical Sciences Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Shay Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences Oregon State University, 105 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Bernard Seguin
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA.
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Quattrini I, Pollino S, Pazzaglia L, Conti A, Novello C, Ferrari C, Pignotti E, Picci P, Benassi MS. Prognostic role of nuclear factor/IB and bone remodeling proteins in metastatic giant cell tumor of bone: A retrospective study. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1205-11. [PMID: 25764026 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTb) represents 5% of bone tumors, and although considered benign, 5% metastasize to the lung. The expression of proteins directly or indirectly associated with osteolysis and tumor growth was studied on 163 samples of GCTb. Of these, 33 patients developed lung metastasis during follow-up. The impact of tumor-host interaction on clinical aspects was evaluated with the aim of finding specific markers for new biological therapies, thus improving clinical management of GCTb. Protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis on Tissue Microarray. The majority of GCTb samples from patients with metastatic disease were strongly positive to RANKL and its receptor RANK as well as to CAII and MMP-2 and to pro-survival proteins NFIB and c-Fos. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a significant difference in metastasis free survival curves based on protein staining. Interestingly, the statistical correlation established a strong association between all variables studied with a higher τ coefficient for RANK/RANKL, RANK/NFIB, and RANKL/NFIB pairs. At multivariate analysis co-overexpression of NFIB, RANK and RANKL significantly increased the risk of metastasis with an odds ratio of 13.59 (95%CI 4.12-44.82; p < 0.0005). In conclusion, the interconnection between matrix remodeling and tumor cell activity may identify tumor-host endpoints for new biological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Quattrini
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Pollino
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Amalia Conti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Novello
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Ferrari
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elettra Pignotti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Rivera-Valentin RK, Zhu L, Hughes DPM. Bone Sarcomas in Pediatrics: Progress in Our Understanding of Tumor Biology and Implications for Therapy. Paediatr Drugs 2015; 17:257-71. [PMID: 26002157 PMCID: PMC4516866 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-015-0134-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pediatric bone sarcomas osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma represent a tremendous challenge for the clinician. Though less common than acute lymphoblastic leukemia or brain tumors, these aggressive cancers account for a disproportionate amount of the cancer morbidity and mortality in children, and have seen few advances in survival in the past decade, despite many large, complicated, and expensive trials of various chemotherapy combinations. To improve the outcomes of children with bone sarcomas, a better understanding of the biology of these cancers is needed, together with informed use of targeted therapies that exploit the unique biology of each disease. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the contribution of receptor tyrosine kinases, intracellular signaling pathways, bone biology and physiology, the immune system, and the tumor microenvironment in promoting and maintaining the malignant phenotype. These observations are coupled with a review of the therapies that target each of these mechanisms, focusing on recent or ongoing clinical trials if such information is available. It is our hope that, by better understanding the biology of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, rational combination therapies can be designed and systematically tested, leading to improved outcomes for a group of children who desperately need them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio K. Rivera-Valentin
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Limin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Dennis P. M. Hughes
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The Children’s Cancer Hospital at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Unit 853, MOD 1.021d, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Branstetter D, Rohrbach K, Huang LY, Soriano R, Tometsko M, Blake M, Jacob AP, Dougall WC. RANK and RANK ligand expression in primary human osteosarcoma. J Bone Oncol 2015; 4:59-68. [PMID: 27556008 PMCID: PMC4986823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) is an essential mediator of osteoclast formation, function and survival. In patients with solid tumor metastasis to the bone, targeting the bone microenvironment by inhibition of RANKL using denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific to RANKL, has been demonstrated to prevent tumor-induced osteolysis and subsequent skeletal complications. Recently, a prominent functional role for the RANKL pathway has emerged in the primary bone tumor giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB). Expression of both RANKL and RANK is extremely high in GCTB tumors and denosumab treatment was associated with tumor regression and reduced tumor-associated bone lysis in GCTB patients. In order to address the potential role of the RANKL pathway in another primary bone tumor, this study assessed human RANKL and RANK expression in human primary osteosarcoma (OS) using specific mAbs, validated and optimized for immunohistochemistry (IHC) or flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate RANKL expression was observed in the tumor element in 68% of human OS using IHC. However, the staining intensity was relatively low and only 37% (29/79) of samples exhibited≥10% RANKL positive tumor cells. RANK expression was not observed in OS tumor cells. In contrast, RANK expression was clearly observed in other cells within OS samples, including the myeloid osteoclast precursor compartment, osteoclasts and in giant osteoclast cells. The intensity and frequency of RANKL and RANK staining in OS samples were substantially less than that observed in GCTB samples. The observation that RANKL is expressed in OS cells themselves suggests that these tumors may mediate an osteoclastic response, and anti-RANKL therapy may potentially be protective against bone pathologies in OS. However, the absence of RANK expression in primary human OS cells suggests that any autocrine RANKL/RANK signaling in human OS tumor cells is not operative, and anti-RANKL therapy would not directly affect the tumor.
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Key Words
- APC, allophycocyanin
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Antibodies
- ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FFPE, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
- GCTB, giant cell tumor of bone
- Human osteosarcoma
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- IgG1, immunoglobulin G1
- Immunohistochemistry
- LN, lymph node
- OS, osteosarcoma
- Protein expression
- RANK
- RANK, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B
- RANKL
- RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- RT-PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li-Ya Huang
- Department of Pathology, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mark Tometsko
- Therapeutic Innovation Unit, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michelle Blake
- Department of Hematology/Oncology Research, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
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Rzepka R, Dołęgowska B, Sałata D, Rajewska A, Budkowska M, Domański L, Kwiatkowski S, Mikołajek-Bedner W, Torbé A. Soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand serum levels as markers of premature labor. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:134. [PMID: 26059227 PMCID: PMC4461927 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to determine the relationships between secretory and endogenous secretory receptors for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE, esRAGE), sRANKL, osteoprotegerin and the interval from diagnosis of threatened premature labor or premature rupture of the fetal membranes to delivery, and to evaluate the prognostic values of the assessed parameters for preterm birth. Methods Ninety women between 22 and 36 weeks’ gestation were included and divided into two groups: group A comprised 41 women at 22 to 36 weeks’ gestation who were suffering from threatened premature labor; and group B comprised 49 women at 22 to 36 weeks’ gestation with preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Levels of sRAGE, esRAGE, sRANKL, and osteoprotegerin were measured. The Mann–Whitney test was used to assess differences in parameters between the groups. For statistical analysis of relationships, correlation coefficients were estimated using Spearman’s test. Receiver operating characteristics were used to determine the cut-off point and predictive values. Results In group A, sRAGE and sRANKL levels were correlated with the latent time from symptoms until delivery (r = 0.422; r = −0.341, respectively). The sensitivities of sRANKL and sRAGE levels for predicting preterm delivery were 0.895 and 0.929 with a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.857 and 0.929, respectively. In group B, sRAGE and sRANKL levels were correlated with the latent time from pPROM until delivery (r = 0.381; r = −0.439). The sensitivity of sRANKL and sRAGE for predicting delivery within 24 h after pPROM was 0.682 and 0.318, with NPVs of 0.741 and 0.625, respectively. Levels of esRAGE and sRANKL were lower in group A than in group B (median = 490.2 vs 541.1 pg/mL; median = 6425.0 vs 11362.5 pg/mL, respectively). Conclusions Correlations between sRAGE, sRANKL, and pregnancy duration after the onset of symptoms suggest their role in preterm delivery. The high prognostic values of these biomarkers indicate their usefulness in diagnosis of pregnancies with threatened premature labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Rzepka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Daria Sałata
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Rajewska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Molecular Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Leszek Domański
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Wioletta Mikołajek-Bedner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Torbé
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland.
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Lézot F, Chesneau J, Navet B, Gobin B, Amiaud J, Choi Y, Yagita H, Castaneda B, Berdal A, Mueller CG, Rédini F, Heymann D. Skeletal consequences of RANKL-blocking antibody (IK22-5) injections during growth: mouse strain disparities and synergic effect with zoledronic acid. Bone 2015; 73:51-9. [PMID: 25532478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
High doses of bone resorption inhibitors are currently under evaluation in pediatric oncology. Previous works have evidenced transient arrest in long bone and skull bone growth and tooth eruption blockage when mice were treated with zoledronic acid (ZOL). The question of potential similar effects with a RANKL-blocking antibody (IK22.5) was raised. Sensitivity disparities in these inhibitors between mouse strains and synergic effects of zoledronic acid and a RANKL-blocking antibody were subsidiary questions. In order to answer these questions, newborn C57BL/6J and CD1 mice were injected every two or three days (4 injections in total so 7 or 10 days of treatment length) with high doses of a RANKL-blocking antibody. The consequences on the tibia, craniofacial bones and teeth were analyzed by μCT and histology at the end of the treatment and one, two and three months later. The results obtained showed that RANKL-blocking antibody injections induced a transient arrest of tibia and skull bone growth and an irreversible blockage of tooth eruption in C57BL/6J mice. In CD1 mice, tooth eruption defects were also present but only at much higher doses. Similar mouse strain differences were obtained with zoledronic acid. Finally, a synergic effect of the two inhibitors was evidenced. In conclusion as previously observed for bisphosphonates (ZOL), a RANKL-blocking antibody induced a transient arrest in long bone and skull bone growth and a blockage of tooth eruption with however disparities between mouse strains with regard to this last effect. A synergic effect of both bone resorption inhibitors was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France.
| | - Julie Chesneau
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Benjamin Navet
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Bérengère Gobin
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Jérome Amiaud
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - YongWon Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Beatriz Castaneda
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris F-75006 France; Department of Basic Studies, Faculty of Odontology, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
| | - Ariane Berdal
- INSERM, UMR-1138, Equipe 5, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris F-75006 France
| | - Christopher G Mueller
- CNRS, UPR-9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Laboratoire Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67084, France
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR-957, Equipe Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Laboratoire de physiopathologie de la résorption osseuse et thérapie des tumeurs osseuses primitives, Nantes F-44035, France
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Abstract
The receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) signalling pathway represents a promising target for the therapy of bone-related tumours. In the present study we evaluated the impact of the expression of RANK and its ligand (RANKL) on survival and response to chemotherapy in osteosarcoma patients.Expression of RANK and RANKL was examined in 91 human osteosarcomas by immunohistochemistry using formalin fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tumour samples. Results of the stainings were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival.Sixty-three osteosarcomas (69.2%) expressed RANK, whereas only eight cases (8.8%) showed expression of RANKL. Expression of RANK was significantly associated with shorter disease-free survival by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p=0.031). We further observed worse response to chemotherapy in RANK expressing tumours, which was statistically not significant (p=0.099). RANKL expression was significantly more frequent in osteosarcoma of the lower extremity than in any other location. Analysis of RANKL expression did not reveal any statistically significant correlation with disease-free or osteosarcoma-specific survival.In our study, we identified RANK expression as a negative prognostic factor regarding disease-free survival in osteosarcoma. Moreover, RANK might modulate response of human osteosarcoma to chemotherapy. Therefore, RANK signalling cascade is likely to provide a novel alternative to targeted therapy of osteosarcoma and deserves further investigation.
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Liu W, Zhang X. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin system in bone and other tissues (review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:3212-8. [PMID: 25572286 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of nuclear factor‑κB ligand (RANKL)/RANK/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system was identified in the late 1990s, ending the search for the specific factors expressed by osteoblasts and stromal cells in order to regulate osteoclastogenesis. The identification of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system was a breakthrough in bone biology; however, the system not only works as a dominant mediator in osteoclast activation, formation and survival, but also functions in other tissues, including the mammary glands, brain and lymph nodes. Evidence has indicated that the existence of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in these tissues suggests that it may have specific functions beyond those in bone. Disorders of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system are associated with certain human diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), bone tumors and certain bone metastatic tumors. Genetic studies have indicated that the RANKL/RANK/OPG system may be a key regulator in the formation of lymph nodes and in the autoimmune disease RA, which further suggests that the immune system may interact with the RANKL/RANK/OPG system. The present review aimed to provide an overview of the role of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system in osteoclastogenesis, bone disease and tissues beyond bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xianlong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Nagaoka Y, Kajiya H, Ozeki S, Ikebe T, Okabe K. Mevalonates restore zoledronic acid-induced osteoclastogenesis inhibition. J Dent Res 2014; 94:594-601. [PMID: 25535203 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514564187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is likely to be caused by continuous imperfection of bone healing after surgical treatments in patients with long-term administration of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (NBPs). NBPs inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption by impairing the mevalonic acid sterol pathway in osteoclasts. Thus, we hypothesized that exogenous mevalonic acid metabolites restore the inhibitory effects of NBPs on osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. To clarify the effects of mevalonic acid metabolites, especially geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) and geranylgeranyl transferase substrate geranylgeranyl acid (GGOH), we examined the effects of zoledronic acid with or without GGOH or GGPP on osteoclast differentiation, multinucleation, and bone mineral deposition in tooth-extracted sockets. Zoledronic acid decreased the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cells derived from mouse osteoclast precursors treated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Zoledronic acid simultaneously suppressed not only the expressions of osteoclastic differentiation-related molecules such as TRAP, cathepsin K, calcitonin receptor, and vacuolar H-ATPase but also those of multinucleation-related molecules such as dendrocyte-expressed 7 transmembrane proteins and osteoclast stimulatory transmembrane protein. Treatment with GGOH or GGPP, but not farnesyl acid, restored the zoledronic acid-inhibited number of TRAP-positive multinuclear cells together with the expressions of these molecules. Although intraperitoneal administration of zoledronic acid and lipopolysaccharide into mice appeared to induce BRONJ-like lesions with empty bone lacunae and decreased mineral deposition in tooth-extracted socket, both GGOH and GGPP partially restored the inhibitory effects on zoledronic acid-related mineral deposition. These results suggest the potential of mevalonic acid metabolites as therapeutic agents for BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagaoka
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - H Kajiya
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Ozeki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Ikebe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - K Okabe
- Department of Physiological Science and Molecular Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
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Wang J, Sun X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Li Y. MPA influences tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion induced by RANKL through PRB involving the MAPK pathway in endometrial cancer. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:799-809. [PMID: 25483570 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) is being increasingly investigated as a potential therapeutic strategy in several types of cancers. However, the exact function and mechanism of RANKL in human endometrial cancer (EC), particularly in progesterone-resistant and aggressive EC, remain unclear. We evaluated whether targeting of RANKL might be an efficient therapeutic strategy in EC. In the present study, we performed the first investigation of the relationship between RANK/RANKL expression in EC tissues and clinicopathological features. In the present study, we showed that RANK/RANKL was aberrantly overexpressed in human EC tissues. The higher RANK expression in human EC was associated with myometrial invasion, lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular space involvement. Additionally, we discovered that RANK/RANKL promoted EC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, which was correlated with the activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Moreover, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-mediated progesterone receptor B (PRB) was found to significantly inhibit the EC cell behavior induced by RANKL in vitro. Furthermore, MPA efficiently inhibited the tumorigenicity in an in vivo xenograft model. Collectively, RANKL is a common tumor promoter, which activates MAPK signaling in EC cells. MPA-mediated PRB plays important roles in inhibiting the growth, migratory and invasive capacities of EC cells induced by RANKL. Targeting of RANKL may be useful in the treatment of EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Laboratory for Gynecologic Oncology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Biobank, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Wang
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Department of Gynecology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, P.R. China
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Kukita A, Kukita T. Multifunctional properties of RANKL/RANK in cell differentiation, proliferation and metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 9:1609-22. [DOI: 10.2217/fon.13.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that there are close relationships between bone destruction and tumor growth in bone metastasis. RANKL is a central factor in bone metastasis, inducing osteoclastogenesis mediated by its receptor RANK. Recent reports demonstrate that RANKL has important roles in organogenesis stimulating proliferation and differentiation of epithelial and stroma cells. RANKL is induced not only by cytokines and hormones but also by UV-irradiation, inflammation and carcinogens. Expression of RANK and RANKL is found in several human cancer cell lines, and RANK signaling stimulates proliferation, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of cancer cells, which may be involved in metastasis via an autocrine/paracrine mechanism. RANKL regulates the number of Tregs that produce RANKL, which may affect cancer metastasis. In this review we discuss the multifunctional roles of RANKL/RANK in osteoclastogenesis, organogenesis, and the metastasis and tumorigenesis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Kukita
- Molecular Cell Biology & Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Fukuoka, Japan
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Casimiro S, Alho I, Bettencourt M, Pires R, Lipton A, Costa L. RANKL enhances the effect of an antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) in RANK-positive breast cancer cells. J Bone Oncol 2013; 2:116-22. [PMID: 26909281 PMCID: PMC4723389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Between 65% and 75% of patients with metastatic breast cancer will have decreased 5-year survival and increased morbidity due to cancer relapse in bone. At this stage of disease treatment is palliative, but tumor-targeted compounds could add to the benefits of anti-resorptive agents, improving clinical outcome. Inhibitor-of-apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are overexpressed in many tumors and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) mimetics have been designed to antagonize IAPs. In this work we explored the use of AT-406, a Smac mimetic, to target the tumor compartment of bone metastases. Methods Effect of AT-406 on cancer cells apoptosis, expression of IAPs and osteogenic potential was addressed in vitro using the RANK-positive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. Effect of AT-406 on osteoclastogenesis was determined by inducing the differentiation of the RAW 264.7 mouse monocytic cell line. Osteoclastogenesis was measured by TRAP staining and TRACP 5b quantification. Results AT-406 increased apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in vitro, and activation of RANK-pathway improved this effect. RANKL stimuli induced a strong increase in c-IAP2. AT-406 increased osteoclast differentiation and activity, by up-regulating the osteogenic transcription factor Nfatc1, but also increased the apoptosis of mature osteoclasts in the absence of RANKL. Conclusions Our results indicate that despite the anti-tumoral effect of AT-406, its use in the context of bone metastatic disease needs to be carefully monitored for the induction of increased bone resorption. We also hypothesize that the combination of AT-406 with anti-RANKL directed therapies could have a beneficial effect, especially in RANK-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casimiro
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - I Alho
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Bettencourt
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Pires
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Lipton
- Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - L Costa
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal; Oncology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
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Yu J, Gao Y, Sun D. Effect of fluoride and low versus high levels of dietary calcium on mRNA expression of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand in the bone of rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:387-95. [PMID: 23456427 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9633-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ratio of osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) determines the delicate balance between bone resorption and synthesis. The main objective of the present study is to investigate the possible role of OPGL and OPG in the bone metabolism of rats exposed to fluoride and the protective or aggravating effect of calcium (Ca). In a 6-month study, 270 weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 70 and 90 g were divided randomly into six groups of 45 rats in each group. Three groups (groups I, III, and V)served as controls and drank deionized water and were fed purified rodent diets containing either 1,000 mg Ca/kg (low Ca), 5,000 mg Ca/kg (normal Ca), or 20,000 mg Ca/kg (high Ca). The three experimental groups (groups II, IV, and VI) were given the same diets but they drank water containing 100 mg F ion/L (from NaF). Every 2 months 15 rats were randomly selected from each group and sacrificed for the study. The ratio of OPGL mRNA to OPG mRNA was significantly increased by the sixth month in the distal femur joints of the F-exposed rats. Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity and serum calcitonin activity in the F-exposed groups was increased, although changes were not apparent in the serum alkaline phosphatase or Gla-containing proteins, especially in the low calcium and high calcium diet F-exposed groups. The results indicated that OPG and OPGL may play important roles in skeletal fluorosis, and that fluoride may enhance osteoclast formation and induce osteoclastic bone destruction. A high Ca diet did not play a protective role, but rather may aggravate the damage of fluoride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China
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45
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Gorlick R, Janeway K, Lessnick S, Randall RL, Marina N. Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: bone tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1009-15. [PMID: 23255238 PMCID: PMC4610028 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the US, approximately 650 children are diagnosed with osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma (ES) each year. Five-year survival ranges from 65% to 75% for localized disease and <30% for patients with metastases. Recent findings include interval-compressed five drug chemotherapy improves survival with localized ES. In osteosarcoma a large international trial investigating the addition of ifosfamide/etoposide or interferon to standard therapy has completed accrual. For ES an ongoing trial explores the addition of cyclophosphamide/topotecan to interval-compressed chemotherapy. Trials planned by the Children's Oncology Group will investigate new target(s) including IGF-1R and mTOR in ES, and RANKL and GD2 in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gorlick
- The Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | - Katherine Janeway
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Children’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen Lessnick
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Center for Children’s Cancer Research at Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - R. Lor Randall
- Orthopaedics Huntsman Cancer Institute & Primary Children’s Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Neyssa Marina
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital & Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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46
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Lee HJ, Lee CH. Transglutaminase-2 Is Involved in Expression of Osteoprotegerin in MG-63 Osteosarcoma Cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:204-9. [PMID: 24265865 PMCID: PMC3830118 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted glycoprotein and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. It usually functions in bone remodeling, by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis through interaction with a receptor activator of the nuclear factor κB (RANKL). Transglutaminases-2 (Tgase-2) is a group of multifunctional enzymes that plays a role in cancer cell metastasis and bone formation. However, relationship between OPG and Tgase-2 is not studied. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate in the expression of OPG in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Interleukin-1β time-dependently induced OPG and Tgase-2 expression in cell lysates and media of the MG-63 cells by a Western blot. Additional 110 kda band was found in the media of MG-63 cells. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate also induced OPG and Tgase-2 expression. However, an 110 kda band was not found in TPA-treated media of MG-63 cells. Cystamine, a Tgase-2 inhibitor, dose-dependently suppressed the expression of OPG in MG-63 cells. Gene silencing of Tgase-2 also signifi cantly suppressed the expression of OPG in MG-63 cells. Next, we examined whether a band of 110 kda of OPG contains an isopeptide bond, an indication of Tgase-2 action, by monoclonal antibody specifi c for the isopeptide bond. However, we could not fi nd the isopeptide bond at 110 kda but 77 kda, which is believed to be the band position of Tgase-2. This suggested that 110 kda is not the direct product of Tgase-2’s action. All together, OPG and Tgase-2 is induced by IL-1β or TPA in MG-63 cells and Tgase-2 is involved in OPG expression in MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ja Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Republic of Korea
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47
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Ando K, Heymann MF, Stresing V, Mori K, Rédini F, Heymann D. Current therapeutic strategies and novel approaches in osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:591-616. [PMID: 24216993 PMCID: PMC3730336 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent malignant primary bone tumor and a main cause of cancer-related death in children and adolescents. Although long-term survival in localized osteosarcoma has improved to about 60% during the 1960s and 1970s, long-term survival in both localized and metastatic osteosarcoma has stagnated in the past several decades. Thus, current conventional therapy consists of multi-agent chemotherapy, surgery and radiation, which is not fully adequate for osteosarcoma treatment. Innovative drugs and approaches are needed to further improve outcome in osteosarcoma patients. This review describes the current management of osteosarcoma as well as potential new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Ando
- INSERM, UMR 957, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (M.-F.H.); (V.S.); (F.R.); (D.H.)
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Therapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue 2012, Nantes, 44035 France
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +33-(0)-240-412-895; Fax: +33-(0)-272-641-132
| | - Marie-Françoise Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (M.-F.H.); (V.S.); (F.R.); (D.H.)
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Therapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue 2012, Nantes, 44035 France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Verena Stresing
- INSERM, UMR 957, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (M.-F.H.); (V.S.); (F.R.); (D.H.)
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Therapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Kanji Mori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Françoise Rédini
- INSERM, UMR 957, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (M.-F.H.); (V.S.); (F.R.); (D.H.)
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Therapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue 2012, Nantes, 44035 France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes 44035, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France; E-Mails: (M.-F.H.); (V.S.); (F.R.); (D.H.)
- Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Therapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, 1 Rue Gaston Veil, 44035 Nantes, France
- Equipe Labellisee Ligue 2012, Nantes, 44035 France
- Nantes University Hospital, Nantes 44035, France
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Casimiro S, Mohammad KS, Pires R, Tato-Costa J, Alho I, Teixeira R, Carvalho A, Ribeiro S, Lipton A, Guise TA, Costa L. RANKL/RANK/MMP-1 molecular triad contributes to the metastatic phenotype of breast and prostate cancer cells in vitro. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63153. [PMID: 23696795 PMCID: PMC3656033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteolytic nature of bone metastasis results from a tumor-driven increased bone resorption. Bone remodeling is orchestrated by the molecular triad RANK-RANKL-OPG. This process is dysregulated in bone metastases, mostly via induction of RANKL by tumor-derived factors. These factors increase expression of RANKL, which induce osteoclast formation, function, and survival, thereby increasing bone resorption. RANK is unexpectedly expressed by cancer cells, and the activation of RANKL-RANK pathway correlates with an increased invasive phenotype. To investigate the interaction between RANK expression in human breast and prostate cancer cells and their pro-metastatic phenotype we analyzed the activation of RANKL-RANK pathway and its effects on cell migration, invasion, gene expression in vitro, and osteolysis-inducing ability in vivo. RANKL activates kinase signaling pathways, stimulates cell migration, increases cell invasion, and up-regulates MMP-1 expression. In vivo, MMP-1 knockdown resulted in smaller x-ray osteolytic lesions and osteoclastogenesis, and decreased tumor burden. Therefore, RANKL inhibition in bone metastatic disease may decrease the levels of the osteoclastogenesis inducer MMP-1, contributing to a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Casimiro
- Clinical and Translational Oncology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Janeway KA, Maki RG. New Strategies in Sarcoma Therapy: Linking Biology and Novel Agents. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5837-44. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The role of osteoclasts and tumour-associated macrophages in osteosarcoma metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:434-42. [PMID: 22846337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumour in the paediatric age group. Treatment-refractory pulmonary metastasis continues to be the major complication of OS, reducing the 5-year survival rate for these patients to 10-20%. The mechanisms underlying the metastatic process in OS are still unclear, but undoubtedly, a greater understanding of the factors and interactions involved in its regulation will open new and much needed opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Recent published data have identified a new role for bone-specific macrophages (osteoclasts) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs), in OS metastasis. In this review we discuss the contribution of TAMs and osteoclasts in the establishment and maintenance of secondary metastatic lesions, and their novel role in the prevention of metastatic disease in a primary bone cancer such as osteosarcoma.
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