1
|
Yen CY, Wang PY, Chen KY, Tseng CC, Wu CC, Ou TT, Yen JH. HLA-DR genotypes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2023; 86:1060-1065. [PMID: 37801591 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR genotypes have been known to be associated with the risk of development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in different populations, although Lu et al. have reported previously that no correlation exists between the HLA-DR genotype and disease manifestation in SLE patients in Taiwan. We investigated the effects different HLA-DR genotypes had on SLE incidence in Taiwanese patients as to whether risk alleles were associated with different clinical manifestations, and the effects risk alleles had on the age of disease onset. METHODS Two hundred thirty-four SLE patients and 346 healthy controls were enrolled. HLA-DR genotyping was performed with the HLA FluoGene DRDQ kit for each subject. Chi-square tests and t tests were performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS HLA-DR2 was significantly more frequently found in SLE patients than in controls (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05, 95% CI, 1.44-2.92, p < 0.001). Notably, HLA-DR6 appeared to trend toward negative correlation with SLE, whereas HLA-DR8 appeared to trend toward positive correlation. HLA-DR2 patients had an earlier onset of disease as well as a higher prevalence of oral ulcer, avascular necrosis of bone, and renal involvement (lupus nephritis). CONCLUSION HLA-DR2 was associated with SLE susceptibility in this Taiwanese population as well as lower age of disease onset and more severe clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yi Yen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medical Informatics, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuan-Yu Chen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Chun Tseng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Chin Wu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsan-Teng Ou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jeng-Hsien Yen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pelletier RM, Layeghkhavidaki H, Seidah NG, Prat A, Vitale ML. PCSK9 Contributes to the Cholesterol, Glucose, and Insulin2 Homeostasis in Seminiferous Tubules and Maintenance of Immunotolerance in Testis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:889972. [PMID: 35586340 PMCID: PMC9108277 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.889972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The PCSK9 contribution to cholesterol and immunotolerance homeostasis and response to glucose, and insulin in testis and hypophysis were studied using Pcsk9-deficient (-/-) and transgenic [Tg (PCSK9)] mice, and diabetic, obese ob/ob and db/db mice. The spermatids/spermatozoa acrosome, peritubular vessels, and epididymal adipocytes were PCSK9- and LDL-R-positive. The pro-PCSK9/PCSK9 ratio was high in interstitial tissue-fractions (ITf) and spermatozoa and low in seminiferous tubule-fractions (STf) in normal adult mice. This ratio decreased in ITf in ob/ob and db/db mice but increased in tubules in ob/ob mice. Deleting pcsk9 lowered cholesterol in serum but increased testicular cholesterol. Furthermore, HMGCoA-red, ACAT-2 and LDL-R turnover increased whereas SR-BI decreased in ITf; in tubules, ABCA1 decreased and 160 kDa LDL-R increased in Pcsk9 -/- mice. Excess testicular cholesterol could result from increased cholesterol synthesis and uptake with reduction in SR-BI-mediated efflux in ITf and from the overload of apoptotic cells, lowered ABCA1-mediated efflux and stimulated LDL-R protein synthesis in tubules in Pcsk9 -/- mice. Concomitantly with the cholesterol accumulation, tubules showed infiltrates of immune cells, elevated IL-17A and IL-17RA, and changes in the immunotolerance homeostasis. PCSK9 deficiency decreased glucose in tubules and spermatozoa while increasing insulin2 in ITf and tubules not serum. Moreover, IR-α, and IR-β augmented in tubules but decreased in the anterior pituitary; IR-α increased whereas IR-β decreased in ITf. The histology and cholesterol levels were normal in Tg (PCSK9) mouse testis. The excess cholesterol creates a milieu favorable to the action of high IL-17A and IL-17RA, the development of inflammatory conditions and self-tolerance breakdown in testis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R.-Marc Pelletier
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hamed Layeghkhavidaki
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nabil G. Seidah
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Annik Prat
- Biochemical Neuroendocrinology Laboratory, Montreal Clinical Research Institute (IRCM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - María L. Vitale
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Metabolic control of T cell immune response through glycans in inflammatory bowel disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E4651-E4660. [PMID: 29720442 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720409115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
) exhibited increased susceptibility to severe forms of colitis and early-onset disease. Importantly, the treatment of these mice with GlcNAc reduced disease severity and suppressed disease progression due to a controlled T cell-mediated immune response at the intestinal mucosa. In conclusion, our human ex vivo and preclinical results demonstrate the targeted-specific immunomodulatory properties of this simple glycan, proposing a therapeutic approach for patients with UC.
Collapse
|
4
|
de Oliveira GLV, Ferreira AF, Gasparotto EPL, Kashima S, Covas DT, Guerreiro CT, Brum DG, Barreira AA, Voltarelli JC, Simões BP, Oliveira MC, de Castro FA, Malmegrim KCR. Defective expression of apoptosis-related molecules in multiple sclerosis patients is normalized early after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:383-398. [PMID: 28008595 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective apoptosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). We evaluated apoptosis-related molecules in MS patients before and after autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) using BCNU, Etoposide, AraC and Melphalan (BEAM) or cyclophosphamide (CY)-based conditioning regimens. Patients were followed for clinical and immunological parameters for 2 years after AHSCT. At baseline, MS patients had decreased proapoptotic BAD, BAX and FASL and increased A1 gene expression when compared with healthy counterparts. In the BEAM group, BAK, BIK, BIMEL , FAS, FASL, A1, BCL2, BCLXL , CFLIPL and CIAP2 genes were up-regulated after AHSCT. With the exception of BIK, BIMEL and A1, all genes reached levels similar to controls at day + 720 post-transplantation. Furthermore, in these patients, we observed increased CD8+ Fas+ T cell frequencies after AHSCT when compared to baseline. In the CY group, we observed increased BAX, BCLW, CFLIPL and CIAP1 and decreased BIK and BID gene expressions after transplantation. At day + 720 post-AHSCT, the expression of BAX, FAS, FASL, BCL2, BCLXL and CIAP1 was similar to that of controls. Protein analyses showed increased Bcl-2 expression before transplantation. At 1 year post-AHSCT, expression of Bak, Bim, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and cFlip-L was decreased when compared to baseline values. In summary, our findings suggest that normalization of apoptosis-related molecules is associated with the early therapeutic effects of AHSCT in MS patients. These mechanisms may be involved in the re-establishment of immune tolerance during the first 2 years post-transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G L V de Oliveira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Ferreira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E P L Gasparotto
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Kashima
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D T Covas
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T Guerreiro
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Brum
- Department of Neurology, Psicology and Psiquiatry, School of Medicine of Botucatu, University of State of São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu
| | - A A Barreira
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J C Voltarelli
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B P Simões
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C Oliveira
- Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F A de Castro
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - K C R Malmegrim
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Center for Cell-Based Research, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gazha AK, Zaporozhets TS, Kuznetsova TA, Zvyaguintseva TN, Besednova NN. Effect of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Brown Algae on Apoptosis of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:617-9. [PMID: 26459478 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-3028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We studied the influence of fucoidans from brown algae Fucus evanescens, Laminaria cichorioides and Laminaria japonica on apoptosis of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. It was demonstrated that fucoidans induced lymphocyte apoptosis, increased the proportion of cells with low mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and inhibit expression of Bcl-xL gene in blood lymphocytes. These findings suggest that lymphocyte apoptosis induced by the analyzed sulfated polysaccharides is mediated by mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Gazha
- G. P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia.
| | - T S Zaporozhets
- G. P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T A Kuznetsova
- G. P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - T N Zvyaguintseva
- G. B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - N N Besednova
- G. P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zeng C, Yi X, Zipris D, Liu H, Zhang L, Zheng Q, Krishnamurthy M, Jin G, Zhou A. RNase L contributes to experimentally induced type 1 diabetes onset in mice. J Endocrinol 2014; 223:277-87. [PMID: 25287058 PMCID: PMC4225003 DOI: 10.1530/joe-14-0509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cause of type 1 diabetes continues to be a focus of investigation. Studies have revealed that interferon α (IFNα) in pancreatic islets after viral infection or treatment with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a mimic of viral infection, is associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes. However, how IFNα contributes to the onset of type 1 diabetes is obscure. In this study, we found that 2-5A-dependent RNase L (RNase L), an IFNα-inducible enzyme that functions in the antiviral and antiproliferative activities of IFN, played an important role in dsRNA-induced onset of type 1 diabetes. Using RNase L-deficient, rat insulin promoter-B7.1 transgenic mice, which are more vulnerable to harmful environmental factors such as viral infection, we demonstrated that deficiency of RNase L in mice resulted in a significant delay of diabetes onset induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a type of synthetic dsRNA, and streptozotocin, a drug which can artificially induce type 1-like diabetes in experimental animals. Immunohistochemical staining results indicated that the population of infiltrated CD8(+)T cells was remarkably reduced in the islets of RNase L-deficient mice, indicating that RNase L may contribute to type 1 diabetes onset through regulating immune responses. Furthermore, RNase L was responsible for the expression of certain proinflammatory genes in the pancreas under induced conditions. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism underlying β-cell destruction and may indicate novel therapeutic strategies for treatment and prevention of the disease based on the selective regulation and inhibition of RNase L.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Endoribonucleases/deficiency
- Endoribonucleases/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/genetics
- Obesity/metabolism
- Poly I-C
- RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
- Rats
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zeng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Xin Yi
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Danny Zipris
- Barbara Davis Center of Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Hongli Liu
- Central Laboratory, the Eighth Hospital of Xi'an, 2 East Zhangba Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Qiaoyun Zheng
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | | | - Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Aimin Zhou
- Clinical Chemistry Program, Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Diseases, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH 44195
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gómez-Cabañas L, Delgado-Martín C, López-Cotarelo P, Escribano-Diaz C, Alonso-C LM, Riol-Blanco L, Rodríguez-Fernández JL. Detecting apoptosis of leukocytes in mouse lymph nodes. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1102-12. [PMID: 24743418 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although there are multiple methods for analyzing apoptosis in cultured cells, methodologies for analyzing apoptosis in vivo are sparse. In this protocol, we describe how to detect apoptosis of leukocytes in mouse lymph nodes (LNs) via the detection of apoptotic caspases. We have previously used this protocol to study factors that modulate dendritic cell (DC) survival in LNs; however, it can also be used to analyze other leukocytes that migrate to the LNs. DCs labeled with a fluorescent cell tracker are subcutaneously injected in the posterior footpads of mice. Once the labeled DCs reach the popliteal LN (PLN), the animals are intravenously injected with FLIVO, a permeant fluorescent reagent that selectively marks active caspases and consequently apoptotic cells. Explanted PLNs are then examined under a two-photon microscope to look for the presence of apoptotic cells among the DCs injected. The protocol requires 6-6.5 h for preparation and analysis plus an additional 34-40 h to allow apoptosis of the injected DCs in the PLN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gómez-Cabañas
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain. [2]
| | - Cristina Delgado-Martín
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain. [2]
| | - Pilar López-Cotarelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Escribano-Diaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alonso-C
- Centro de Microscopía y Citometría, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Riol-Blanco
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain. [2]
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cid LP, Roa-Rojas HA, Niemeyer MI, González W, Araki M, Araki K, Sepúlveda FV. TASK-2: a K2P K(+) channel with complex regulation and diverse physiological functions. Front Physiol 2013; 4:198. [PMID: 23908634 PMCID: PMC3725403 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TASK-2 (K2P5.1) is a two-pore domain K(+) channel belonging to the TALK subgroup of the K2P family of proteins. TASK-2 has been shown to be activated by extra- and intracellular alkalinization. Extra- and intracellular pH-sensors reside at arginine 224 and lysine 245 and might affect separate selectivity filter and inner gates respectively. TASK-2 is modulated by changes in cell volume and a regulation by direct G-protein interaction has also been proposed. Activation by extracellular alkalinization has been associated with a role of TASK-2 in kidney proximal tubule bicarbonate reabsorption, whilst intracellular pH-sensitivity might be the mechanism for its participation in central chemosensitive neurons. In addition to these functions TASK-2 has been proposed to play a part in apoptotic volume decrease in kidney cells and in volume regulation of glial cells and T-lymphocytes. TASK-2 is present in chondrocytes of hyaline cartilage, where it is proposed to play a central role in stabilizing the membrane potential. Additional sites of expression are dorsal root ganglion neurons, endocrine and exocrine pancreas and intestinal smooth muscle cells. TASK-2 has been associated with the regulation of proliferation of breast cancer cells and could become target for breast cancer therapeutics. Further work in native tissues and cells together with genetic modification will no doubt reveal the details of TASK-2 functions that we are only starting to suspect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pablo Cid
- Centro de Estudios Científicos Valdivia, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghazi-Visser L, Laman JD, Nagel S, van Meurs M, van Riel D, Tzankov A, Frank S, Adams H, Wolk K, Terracciano L, Melief MJ, Sabat R, Günthert U. CD44 variant isoforms control experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by affecting the lifespan of the pathogenic T cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:3683-701. [PMID: 23752202 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
CD44 variant (CD44(v)) isoforms play important roles in the development of autoimmune disorders, including colitis and arthritis, but their role in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been explored only to a limited extent. We determined the functional relevance of CD44(v) isoforms in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Genetic ablation of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) isoforms significantly reduced the clinical EAE burden, as well as the number of inflammatory infiltrates. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression on both memory T and antigen-presenting cells, participated in the development of adoptive transfer EAE. Significantly reduced mRNA expression of Th1 signature genes was detected in the brains of CD44(v10-/-) mice compared with those of CD44(WT) mice. Furthermore, forkhead transcription factor 3 (Foxp3), Bcl-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels were reduced in CD44(v10-/-) brains, whereas active caspase-3 was elevated. Brain-infiltrating CD4(hi)CD44(v10+) T cells preceded EAE onset and paralleled disease severity in wild-type but not in CD44(v7-/-) and CD44(v10-/-) mice. CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) expression contributed to EAE by increasing the longevity of autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells. Accordingly, the absence of CD44(v7) and CD44(v10) led to increased apoptosis in the inflammatory infiltrates and reduced Th1 responses, resulting in marked disease reduction. Although absent in noninflamed human brains, we detected CD44(v3), CD44(v7), and CD44(v10) isoforms on glial cells and on perivascular infiltrating cells of MS lesions. We conclude that CD44(v7) and CD44(v10), expressed on autoreactive CD4(hi)panCD44(hi) T cells, are critically involved in the pathogenesis of classic EAE by increasing their life span. Targeting these short CD44(v) isoform regions may reduce inflammatory processes and clinical symptoms in MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizette Ghazi-Visser
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guma M, Firestein GS. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase in Inflammation and Rheumatic Diseases. Open Rheumatol J 2012; 6:220-31. [PMID: 23028407 PMCID: PMC3460413 DOI: 10.2174/1874312901206010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and are activated by environmental stress. JNK is also activated by proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and IL-1, and Toll-like receptor ligands. This pathway, therefore, can act as a critical convergence point in immune system signaling for both adaptive and innate responses. Like other MAPKs, the JNKs are activated via the sequential activation of protein kinases that includes two dual-specificity MAP kinase kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) and multiple MAP kinase kinase kinases. MAPKs, including JNKs, can be deactivated by a specialized group of phosphatases, called MAP kinase phosphatases. JNK phosphorylates and regulates the activity of transcription factors other than c-Jun, including ATF2, Elk-1, p53 and c-Myc and non-transcription factors, such as members of the Bcl-2 family. The pathway plays a critical role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and migration. In this review, an overview of the functions that are related to rheumatic diseases is presented. In addition, some diseases in which JNK participates will be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Guma
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim JH, Lee ER, Jeon K, Choi HY, Lim H, Kim SJ, Chae HJ, Park SH, Kim S, Seo YR, Kim JH, Cho SG. Role of BI-1 (TEGT)-mediated ERK1/2 activation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and splenomegaly in BI-1 transgenic mice. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:876-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Hsieh AH, Jhou YJ, Liang CT, Chang M, Wang SL. Fragment of tegument protein pp65 of human cytomegalovirus induces autoantibodies in BALB/c mice. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R162. [PMID: 21989080 PMCID: PMC3308095 DOI: 10.1186/ar3481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previously we reported that HCMV phosphoprotein 65 (pp65) could induce early onset of autoantibody and glomerulonephritis on lupus-prone NZB/W mice. This study further examined whether the B cell epitope(s) in pp65 is able to drive the development of autoantibody. Methods Sera from SLE patients or HCMVpp65-immunized mice were analyzed for anti-nuclear antibody by immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescent stain and Crithidia luciliae stain. The deposition of immunoglobulin to the kidney was also examined by immunofluorescent stain. The interactions between pp65 sub-fragment to cellular proteins were revealed by yeast two-hybrid analyses. Results Our results showed that most SLE patients possessed antibodies to the C-terminal half of the HCMVpp65 antigen. Of these positive sera, 73% were also positive to the pp65336-439 sub-fragment. The immunization of pp65336-439 induced formation of multiple anti-nuclear antibodies, including anti-chromatin, anti-centriole, anti-mitotic spindle type I/II (MSA I/II) and a significant elevation of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies on BALB/c mice. Yeast two-hybrid analyses revealed the binding of pp65336-439 sub-fragment to cellular proteins. Immunoglobulin deposition on glomeruli was also detected on pp65336-439-immunized mice. Conclusions Our data suggested that HCMVpp65336-439 sub-fragment may induce cross-reactive antibodies to several nuclear antigens, which could contribute to the development of autoimmunity in genetic-suspected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao-Ho Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Science, Tzu-Chi University, No. 701, Sec. 3, Zhongyang Rd., Hualien City, Hualien County 970, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Flores CA, Cid LP, Niemeyer MI, Sepúlveda FV. B lymphocytes taken to task: a role for a background conductance K2P K+ channel in B cells. Focus on "Expression of TASK-2 and its upregulation by B cell receptor stimulation in WEHI-231 mouse immature B cells". Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C976-8. [PMID: 21389277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00050.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
14
|
Engel P, Gómez-Puerta JA, Ramos-Casals M, Lozano F, Bosch X. Therapeutic targeting of B cells for rheumatic autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:127-56. [PMID: 21245206 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive B cells are characterized by their ability to secrete autoantibodies directed against self-peptides. During the last decade, it has become increasingly apparent that B lymphocytes not only produce autoantibodies but also exert important regulatory roles independent of their function as antibody-producing cells. This is especially relevant in the context of autoimmunity, because autoreactive B cells have been shown to possess the ability to activate pathogenic T cells, to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, and to promote the formation of tertiary lymphoid tissue in target organs. The production of monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-surface molecules has facilitated the characterization of several distinct B lymphocyte subsets. These cell-surface molecules have not only served as useful cell differentiation markers but have also helped to unravel the important biological functions of these cells. Some of these molecules, all of which are expressed on the cell surface, have proven to be effective therapeutic targets. In both animal models and in clinical assays, the efficient elimination of B lymphocytes has been shown to be useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases. The treatment of most rheumatic autoimmune diseases relies mainly on the use of cytotoxic immunosuppressants and corticosteroids. Although this has resulted in improved disease survival, patients may nonetheless suffer severe adverse events and, in some cases, their relapse rate remains high. The increasing need for safer and more effective drugs along with burgeoning new insights into the pathogenesis of these disorders has fueled interest in biological agents; clinical trials involving the B-cell depletion agent rituximab have been especially promising. This article reviews the current knowledge of B-cell biology and pathogenesis as well as the modern therapeutic approaches for rheumatic autoimmune diseases focusing in particular on the targeting of B-cell-specific surface molecules and on the blocking of B-cell activation and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mondini M, Costa S, Sponza S, Gugliesi F, Gariglio M, Landolfo S. The interferon-inducible HIN-200 gene family in apoptosis and inflammation: implication for autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:226-31. [PMID: 20187706 DOI: 10.3109/08916930903510922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Ifi-200/HIN-200 gene family encodes highly homologous human (IFI16, myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen, absent in melanoma 2, and IFIX) and murine proteins (Ifi202a, Ifi202b, Ifi203, Ifi204, Ifi205, and Ifi206), which are induced by type I and II interferons (IFN). These proteins have been described as regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation and, more recently, several reports have suggested their involvement in both apoptotic and inflammatory processes. The relevance of HIN-200 proteins in human disease is beginning to be clarified, and emerging experimental data indicate their role in autoimmunity. Autoimmune disorders are sustained by perpetual activation of inflammatory process and a link between autoimmunity and apoptosis has been clearly established. Moreover, the interferon system is now considered as a key player in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythemathosus, systemic sclerosis, and Sjögren's syndrome, and it is therefore conceivable to hypothesize that HIN-200 may be among the pivotal mediators of IFN activity in autoimmune disease. In particular, the participation of HIN-200 proteins in apoptosis and inflammation could support their potential role in autoimmunity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chvanov M, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV. Pharmacologically directed cell disposal: labeling damaged cells for phagocytosis as a strategy against acute pancreatitis. Mol Interv 2010; 10:80-5. [PMID: 20368368 DOI: 10.1124/mi.10.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chvanov
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hwang SM, Li J, Koo NY, Choi SY, Lee SJ, Oh SB, Castro R, Kim JS, Park K. Role of purinergic receptor in alpha fodrin degradation in Par C5 cells. J Dent Res 2009; 88:927-32. [PMID: 19783801 DOI: 10.1177/0022034509342227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies specific for alpha-fodrin fragments are found in the tissues of persons afflicted with Sjögren's syndrome (SS). However, the mechanism for alpha-fodrin degradation remains elusive. The following experiments utilized Par C5 cells to examine the role of P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in apoptosis, particularly in the cleavage and release of alpha-fodrin, an apparent SS autoantigen. Five mM ATP stimulation induced apoptotic cell death with a sustained Ca2+ influx, which was mimicked in HEK cells transfected with P2X7R. ATP also induced cleavage of alpha-fodrin mediated by caspase-3 and calpain, releasing alpha-fodrin fragments through membrane blebs. However, both apoptotic cell death and alpha-fodrin cleavage were inhibited in the presence of 300 microM oxidized-ATP (ox-ATP), an irreversible blocker of P2X7R, or in Ca(2+)-free solution. We concluded that P2X7R plays an important role in apoptosis and alpha-fodrin degradation in salivary epithelial cells, providing an important clue elucidating the presence of alpha-fodrin fragments in SS tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-M Hwang
- Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University and Dental Research Institute, Yeongeon Dong 28, Chongno Ku, Seoul 110-749, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Walters E, Rider V, Abdou NI, Greenwell C, Svojanovsky S, Smith P, Kimler BF. Estradiol targets T cell signaling pathways in human systemic lupus. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:428-36. [PMID: 19793680 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The major risk factor for developing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is being female. The present study utilized gene profiles of activated T cells from females with SLE and healthy controls to identify signaling pathways uniquely regulated by estradiol that could contribute to SLE pathogenesis. Selected downstream pathway genes (+/- estradiol) were measured by real time polymerase chain amplification. Estradiol uniquely upregulated six pathways in SLE T cells that control T cell function including interferon-alpha signaling. Measurement of interferon-alpha pathway target gene expression revealed significant differences (p= 0.043) in DRIP150 (+/- estradiol) in SLE T cell samples while IFIT1 expression was bimodal and correlated moderately (r= 0.55) with disease activity. The results indicate that estradiol alters signaling pathways in activated SLE T cells that control T cell function. Differential expression of transcriptional coactivators could influence estrogen-dependent gene regulation in T cell signaling and contribute to SLE onset and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Walters
- Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hosszu KK, Santiago-Schwarz F, Peerschke EIB, Ghebrehiwet B. Evidence that a C1q/C1qR system regulates monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation at the interface of innate and acquired immunity. Innate Immun 2009; 16:115-27. [PMID: 19710097 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that C1q modulates the growth and function of cells committed to the monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) lineage. Because C1q regulates both innate and acquired immune responses, we postulated that C1q modulates the transition from monocytes to DCs, i.e. the interface between innate and acquired immunity. Human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with soluble C1q and DC growth factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor + Interleukin-4) failed to down-regulate monocyte-associated (CD14, CD16) and up-regulate DC-associated (CD83, CD86) markers. Impaired DC differentiation was not due to apoptosis; further analysis revealed the development of CD14(hi)CD11c(hi)CD16 (+/-) cells that have previously been associated with both innate and acquired immunity. Monocyte-DC precursors expressed gC1qR, the receptor for globular heads of C1q, from the outset, while cC1qR, the receptor for the collagen tails of C1q, was expressed at low levels. Notably, the binding pattern of monoclonal antibodies specific to the globular heads of C1q indicated that C1q is bound to monocytes via globular heads, presumably through gC1qR. Moreover, gC1qR levels decreased, while cC1qR levels were dramatically amplified as monocytes differentiated into immature DC. Thus, specific C1q/C1q receptor (R) interactions may control the transition from the monocyte state (innate immunity) toward the professional antigen-presenting cell state (adaptive immunity).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
SERPINB3 (Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen, SCCA1) is a member of the ov-serpins, a serine protease inhibitors family expressed in many cell types including normal epithelium, leukocytes, tumors of epithelial origin and primary liver cancer. Several studies, carried out in vitro and in vivo, have documented an important role of SERPINB3 in the modulation of programmed cell death by different mechanisms, both in inflammatory processes and in cancer. SERPINB3 significantly attenuates apoptosis by contrasting cytochrome c release from the mitochondria and by antichemotactic effect for NK cells. Mechanisms involved in apoptosis induction and regulation play a key role in the balance between cell proliferation and death. Imbalance of this equilibrium may contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases, as defective apoptosis of immune cells leads to deregulated autoreactive cell proliferation. Since defective programmed cell death represents a critical feature of autoimmunity, the involvement of SERPINB3 in this pathological field deserves further studies.
Collapse
|
21
|
Pelletier RM, Yoon SR, Akpovi CD, Silvas E, Vitale ML. Defects in the regulatory clearance mechanisms favor the breakdown of self-tolerance during spontaneous autoimmune orchitis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 296:R743-62. [PMID: 19052317 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90751.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We identified aberrations leading to spontaneous autoimmune orchitis (AIO) in mink, a seasonal breeder and natural model for autoimmunity. This study provides evidence favoring the view that a malfunction of the clearance mechanisms for apoptotic cell debris arising from imbalances in phagocyte receptors or cytokines acting on Sertoli cells constitutes a major factor leading to breakdown of self-tolerance during spontaneous AIO. Serum anti-sperm antibody titers measured by ELISA reflected spermatogenic activity without causing immune inflammatory responses. Orchitic mink showed excess antibody production accompanied by spermatogenic arrest, testicular leukocyte infiltration, and infertility. AIO serum labeled the postacrosomal region, the mid and end piece of mink sperm, whereas normal mink serum did not. Normal serum labeled plasma membranes, whereas AIO serum reacted with germ cell nuclei. Western blot analyses revealed that AIO serum reacted specifically to a 23- and 50-kDa protein. The number of apostain-labeled apoptotic cells was significantly higher in orchitic compared with normal tubules. However, apoptosis levels measured by ELISA in seminiferous tubular fractions (STf) were not significantly different in normal and orchitic tubules. The levels of CD36, TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha RI, IL-6, and Fas but not Fas-ligand (L), and ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1 were changed in AIO STf. TNF-alpha and IL-6 serum levels were increased during AIO. Fas localized to germ cells, Sertoli cells, and the lamina propria of the tubules and Fas-L, to germ cells. Fas colocalized with Fas-L in residual bodies in normal testis and in giant cells and infiltrating leukocytes in orchitic tubules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R-Marc Pelletier
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Université de Montréal, QC,Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocytes proliferation and programmed cell death in demyelinating diseases. Clin Immunol 2008; 129:509-17. [PMID: 18930441 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A dynamic equilibrium between proliferation and programmed cell death (PCD) of auto-reactive T lymphocytes plays a pivotal role in the prevention of autoimmune diseases. We analyzed T lymphocytes myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific PCD and proliferation in demyelinating diseases. Results showed that MBP-specific PCD was significantly decreased in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), not determined leukoencephalopathy (NDLE), and acute MS (AMS) patients compared to patients with stable MS (SMS) and healthy controls. MBP-specific proliferation/PCD rates were high in CD4+ T lymphocytes of PML, NDLE, and AMS patients, and in CD8+ T cells of PML and AMS individuals alone. Alterations of the balance between MBP-specific proliferation and PCD are present in demyelinating diseases and could play a major role in the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Collapse
|
23
|
A role for actin in regulating apoptosis/programmed cell death: evidence spanning yeast, plants and animals. Biochem J 2008; 413:389-404. [PMID: 18613816 DOI: 10.1042/bj20080320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Achieving an understanding of how apoptosis/PCD (programmed cell death) is integrated within cellular responses to environmental and intracellular signals is a daunting task. From the sensation of a stimulus to the point of no return, a programme of cell death must engage specific pro-death components, whose effects can in turn be enhanced or repressed by downstream regulatory factors. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of how components involved in these processes function. We now know that some of the factors involved in PCD networks have ancient origins that pre-date multicellularity and, indeed, eukaryotes themselves. A subject attracting much attention is the role that the actin cytoskeleton, itself a cellular component with ancient origins, plays in cell death regulation. Actin, a key cellular component, has an established role as a cellular sensor, with reorganization and alterations in actin dynamics being a well known consequence of signalling. A range of studies have revealed that actin also plays a key role in apoptosis/PCD regulation. Evidence implicating actin as a regulator of eukaryotic cell death has emerged from studies from the Animal, Plant and Fungal Kingdoms. Here we review recent data that provide evidence for an active, functional role for actin in determining whether PCD is triggered and executed, and discuss these findings within the context of regulation of actin dynamics.
Collapse
|
24
|
Herrington CS, Hall PA. Molecular and cellular themes in inflammation and immunology. J Pathol 2008; 214:123-5. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|