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Zaib S, Areeba, Khan I. Purinergic Signaling and its Role in the Stem Cell Differentiation. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:863-883. [PMID: 37828668 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575261206231003151416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a mechanism in which extracellular purines and pyrimidines interact with specialized cell surface receptors known as purinergic receptors. These receptors are divided into two families of P1 and P2 receptors, each responding to different nucleosides and nucleotides. P1 receptors are activated by adenosine, while P2 receptors are activated by pyrimidine and purines. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channels, including seven subunits (P2X1-7). However, P2Y receptors are the G-protein coupled receptors comprising eight subtypes (P2Y1/2/4/6/11/12/13/14). The disorder in purinergic signaling leads to various health-related issues and diseases. In various aspects, it influences the activity of non-neuronal cells and neurons. The molecular mechanism of purinergic signaling provides insight into treating various human diseases. On the contrary, stem cells have been investigated for therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has shown promising effect in stem cell engraftment. The immune system promotes the autocrine and paracrine mechanisms and releases the significant factors essential for successful stem cell therapy. Each subtype of purinergic receptor exerts a beneficial effect on the damaged tissue. The most common effect caused by purinergic signaling is the proliferation and differentiation that treat different health-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Areeba
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
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2
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Sudakov NP, Chang HM, Renn TY, Klimenkov IV. Degenerative and Regenerative Actin Cytoskeleton Rearrangements, Cell Death, and Paradoxical Proliferation in the Gills of Pearl Gourami ( Trichogaster leerii) Exposed to Suspended Soot Microparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15146. [PMID: 37894826 PMCID: PMC10607021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect is studied of water-suspended soot microparticles on the actin cytoskeleton, apoptosis, and proliferation in the gill epithelium of pearl gourami. To this end, the fish are kept in aquariums with 0.005 g/L of soot for 5 and 14 days. Laser confocal microscopy is used to find that at the analyzed times of exposure to the pollutant zones appear in the gill epithelium, where the actin framework of adhesion belts dissociates and F-actin either forms clumps or concentrates perinuclearly. It is shown that the exposure to soot microparticles enhances apoptosis. On day 5, suppression of the proliferation of cells occurs, but the proliferation increases to the control values on day 14. Such a paradoxical increase in proliferation may be a compensatory process, maintaining the necessary level of gill function under the exposure to toxic soot. This process may occur until the gills' recovery reserve is exhausted. In general, soot microparticles cause profound changes in the actin cytoskeleton in gill cells, greatly enhance cell death, and influence cell proliferation as described. Together, these processes may cause gill dysfunction and affect the viability of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay P. Sudakov
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia;
| | - Hung-Ming Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Yi Renn
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan;
| | - Igor V. Klimenkov
- Department of Cell Ultrastructure, Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia;
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3
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Brouns I, Adriaensen D, Timmermans JP. The pulmonary neuroepithelial body microenvironment represents an underestimated multimodal component in airway sensory pathways. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36808710 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Exciting new imaging and molecular tools, combined with state-of-the-art genetically modified mouse models, have recently boosted interest in pulmonary (vagal) sensory pathway investigations. In addition to the identification of diverse sensory neuronal subtypes, visualization of intrapulmonary projection patterns attracted renewed attention on morphologically identified sensory receptor end-organs, such as the pulmonary neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) that have been our area of expertise for the past four decades. The current review aims at providing an overview of the cellular and neuronal components of the pulmonary NEB microenvironment (NEB ME) in mice, underpinning the role of these complexly organized structures in the mechano- and chemosensory potential of airways and lungs. Interestingly, the pulmonary NEB ME additionally harbors different types of stem cells, and emerging evidence suggests that the signal transduction pathways that are active in the NEB ME during lung development and repair also determine the origin of small cell lung carcinoma. Although documented for many years that NEBs appear to be affected in several pulmonary diseases, the current intriguing knowledge on the NEB ME seems to encourage researchers that are new to the field to explore the possibility that these versatile sensor-effector units may be involved in lung pathogenesis or pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology (CBH), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Centre for Advanced Microscopy (ACAM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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4
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The Fight against Cancer by Microgravity: The Multicellular Spheroid as a Metastasis Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063073. [PMID: 35328492 PMCID: PMC8953941 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease exhibiting uncontrollable cell growth and spreading to other parts of the organism. It is a heavy, worldwide burden for mankind with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, groundbreaking research and innovations are necessary. Research in space under microgravity (µg) conditions is a novel approach with the potential to fight cancer and develop future cancer therapies. Space travel is accompanied by adverse effects on our health, and there is a need to counteract these health problems. On the cellular level, studies have shown that real (r-) and simulated (s-) µg impact survival, apoptosis, proliferation, migration, and adhesion as well as the cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, focal adhesion, and growth factors in cancer cells. Moreover, the µg-environment induces in vitro 3D tumor models (multicellular spheroids and organoids) with a high potential for preclinical drug targeting, cancer drug development, and studying the processes of cancer progression and metastasis on a molecular level. This review focuses on the effects of r- and s-µg on different types of cells deriving from thyroid, breast, lung, skin, and prostate cancer, as well as tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge of the impact of µg on cancerous stem cells. The information demonstrates that µg has become an important new technology for increasing current knowledge of cancer biology.
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Xie T, Lynn H, Parks WC, Stripp B, Chen P, Jiang D, Noble PW. Abnormal respiratory progenitors in fibrotic lung injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:64. [PMID: 35130980 PMCID: PMC8822870 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and epithelium lineage labeling have yielded identification of multiple abnormal epithelial progenitor populations during alveolar type 2 (ATII) cell differentiation into alveolar type 1 (ATI) cells during regenerative lung post-fibrotic injury. These abnormal cells include basaloid/basal-like cells, ATII transition cells, and persistent epithelial progenitors (PEPs). These cells occurred and accumulated during the regeneration of distal airway and alveoli in response to both chronic and acute pulmonary injury. Among the alveolar epithelial progenitors, PEPs express a distinct Krt8+ phenotype that is rarely found in intact alveoli. However, post-injury, the Krt8+ phenotype is seen in dysplastic epithelial cells. Fully understanding the characteristics and functions of these newly found, injury-induced abnormal behavioral epithelial progenitors and the signaling pathways regulating their phenotype could potentially point the way to unique therapeutic targets for fibrosing lung diseases. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding these epithelial progenitors as they relate to uncovering regenerative mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Heather Lynn
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William C Parks
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Barry Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paul W Noble
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Tonti OR, Larson H, Lipp SN, Luetkemeyer CM, Makam M, Vargas D, Wilcox SM, Calve S. Tissue-specific parameters for the design of ECM-mimetic biomaterials. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:83-102. [PMID: 33878474 PMCID: PMC8434955 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that mechanically and biochemically directs cell behavior and is crucial for maintaining tissue function and health. The heterogeneous organization and composition of the ECM varies within and between tissue types, directing mechanics, aiding in cell-cell communication, and facilitating tissue assembly and reassembly during development, injury and disease. As technologies like 3D printing rapidly advance, researchers are better able to recapitulate in vivo tissue properties in vitro; however, tissue-specific variations in ECM composition and organization are not given enough consideration. This is in part due to a lack of information regarding how the ECM of many tissues varies in both homeostatic and diseased states. To address this gap, we describe the components and organization of the ECM, and provide examples for different tissues at various states of disease. While many aspects of ECM biology remain unknown, our goal is to highlight the complexity of various tissues and inspire engineers to incorporate unique components of the native ECM into in vitro platform design and fabrication. Ultimately, we anticipate that the use of biomaterials that incorporate key tissue-specific ECM will lead to in vitro models that better emulate human pathologies. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Biomaterial development primarily emphasizes the engineering of new materials and therapies at the expense of identifying key parameters of the tissue that is being emulated. This can be partially attributed to the difficulty in defining the 3D composition, organization, and mechanics of the ECM within different tissues and how these material properties vary as a function of homeostasis and disease. In this review, we highlight a range of tissues throughout the body and describe how ECM content, cell diversity, and mechanical properties change in diseased tissues and influence cellular behavior. Accurately mimicking the tissue of interest in vitro by using ECM specific to the appropriate state of homeostasis or pathology in vivo will yield results more translatable to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Tonti
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Hannah Larson
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah N Lipp
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Callan M Luetkemeyer
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan Makam
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Diego Vargas
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sean M Wilcox
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Sarah Calve
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado - Boulder, 1111 Engineering Center, 427 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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7
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Li X, Zhao F, Wang A, Cheng P, Chen H. Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5051-5068. [PMID: 33864479 PMCID: PMC11072280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lungs are metabolically active organs that frequently encounter environmental insults. Stress responses elicit protective autophagy in epithelial barrier cells and the supportive niche. Autophagy promotes the recycling of damaged intracellular organelles, denatured proteins, and other biological macromolecules for reuse as components required for lung cell survival. Autophagy, usually induced by metabolic defects, regulates cellular metabolism. Autophagy is a major adaptive response that protects cells and organisms from injury. Endogenous region-specific stem/progenitor cell populations are found in lung tissue, which are responsible for epithelial repair after lung damage. Additionally, glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered in lung stem/progenitor cells in response to injury-related lung fibrosis. Autophagy deregulation has been observed to be involved in the development and progression of other respiratory diseases. This review explores the role and mechanisms of autophagy in regulating lung metabolism and epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fuxiaonan Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - An Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Peiyong Cheng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Basic Medicine, Haihe Clinical College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Research Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention for State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Regenerative Medicine, Haihe Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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Brouns I, Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Adriaensen D. Pulmonary Sensory Receptors. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY EMBRYOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:1-65. [PMID: 33950466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium.
| | - Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen (Wilrijk), Belgium
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9
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Functional Exploration of the Pulmonary NEB ME. ADVANCES IN ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, AND CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 233:31-67. [PMID: 33950469 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65817-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Sadeghian Chaleshtori S, Mokhber Dezfouli MR, Jabbari Fakhr M. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: the therapeutic effects in animal models of acute pulmonary diseases. Respir Res 2020; 21:110. [PMID: 32393278 PMCID: PMC7213547 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary diseases are one of the most important causes of death in the world. The successful therapies in the field of lung diseases are very limited and the medical treatments available are ineffective in many of the lung diseases. Many studies have evaluated the new therapies in the acute pulmonary diseases, and the transplantation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), which is a branch of cell therapy, has a special place among the new medical techniques. The MSCs are present throughout the body and are thought to play a role in tissue regeneration and inflammation control. In the event of injury, the local MSCs traverse the shortest possible distance from the tissue or blood vessels to reach the affected site. But, there are few undifferentiated cells in the tissues. The exogenous MSCs are used to immunity modify or regenerative treatments in preclinical models of acute pulmonary diseases. Several studies have shown the positive effects of MSCs replacement in the acute lung disorders. The effection mechanism of the MSCs include the differentiation ability and the secretion of paracrine agents such as the anti-inflammatory mediators. Many studies suggest that this treatment method is safe and is probably to be widely used in future clinical trials. This review will describe the therapeutic effects of the MSCs in the experimental models of the acute pulmonary diseases for use as a method of treatment in clinical trials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Sadeghian Chaleshtori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mokhber Dezfouli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. .,Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Massoumeh Jabbari Fakhr
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
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Thun GA, Derdak S, Castro-Giner F, Apunte-Ramos K, Águeda L, Wjst M, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Kolsum U, Heiss-Neumann MS, Nowinski A, Gorecka D, Hohlfeld JM, Welte T, Brightling CE, Parr DG, Prasse A, Müller-Quernheim J, Greulich T, Stendardo M, Boschetto P, Barta I, Döme B, Gut M, Singh D, Ziegler-Heitbrock L, Gut IG. High degree of polyclonality hinders somatic mutation calling in lung brush samples of COPD cases and controls. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20158. [PMID: 31882973 PMCID: PMC6934450 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is induced by cigarette smoking and characterized by inflammation of airway tissue. Since smokers with COPD have a higher risk of developing lung cancer than those without, we hypothesized that they carry more mutations in affected tissue. We called somatic mutations in airway brush samples from medium-coverage whole genome sequencing data from healthy never and ex-smokers (n = 8), as well as from ex-smokers with variable degrees of COPD (n = 4). Owing to the limited concordance of resulting calls between the applied tools we built a consensus, a strategy that was validated with high accuracy for cancer data. However, consensus calls showed little promise of representing true positives due to low mappability of corresponding sequence reads and high overlap with positions harbouring known genetic polymorphisms. A targeted re-sequencing approach suggested that only few mutations would survive stringent verification testing and that our data did not allow the inference of any difference in the mutational load of bronchial brush samples between former smoking COPD cases and controls. High polyclonality in airway brush samples renders medium-depth sequencing insufficient to provide the resolution to detect somatic mutations. Deep sequencing data of airway biopsies are needed to tackle the question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian-Andri Thun
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophia Derdak
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katherine Apunte-Ramos
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Águeda
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthias Wjst
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, National Research Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Boland
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine (CNRGH), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Umme Kolsum
- University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Adam Nowinski
- 2nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gorecka
- 2nd Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David G Parr
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Antje Prasse
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Member of the German Center of Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pneumology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Timm Greulich
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University Medical Center Giessen and Marburg, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mariarita Stendardo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Piera Boschetto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara and University-Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Imre Barta
- Department of Pathophysiology, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Döme
- Department of Tumorbiology, National Koranyi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marta Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dave Singh
- University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Ivo G Gut
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Verckist L, Pintelon I, Timmermans JP, Brouns I, Adriaensen D. Selective activation and proliferation of a quiescent stem cell population in the neuroepithelial body microenvironment. Respir Res 2018; 19:207. [PMID: 30367659 PMCID: PMC6203996 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microenvironment (ME) of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) harbors densely innervated groups of pulmonary neuroendocrine cells that are covered by Clara-like cells (CLCs) and is believed to be important during development and for adult airway epithelial repair after severe injury. Yet, little is known about its potential stem cell characteristics in healthy postnatal lungs. METHODS Transient mild lung inflammation was induced in mice via a single low-dose intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), collected 16 h after LPS instillation, was used to challenge the NEB ME in ex vivo lung slices of control mice. Proliferating cells in the NEB ME were identified and quantified following simultaneous LPS instillation and BrdU injection. RESULTS The applied LPS protocol induced very mild and transient lung injury. Challenge of lung slices with BALF of LPS-treated mice resulted in selective Ca2+-mediated activation of CLCs in the NEB ME of control mice. Forty-eight hours after LPS challenge, a remarkably selective and significant increase in the number of divided (BrdU-labeled) cells surrounding NEBs was observed in lung sections of LPS-challenged mice. Proliferating cells were identified as CLCs. CONCLUSIONS A highly reproducible and minimally invasive lung inflammation model was validated for inducing selective activation of a quiescent stem cell population in the NEB ME. The model creates new opportunities for unraveling the cellular mechanisms/pathways regulating silencing, activation, proliferation and differentiation of this unique postnatal airway epithelial stem cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Verckist
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Timmermans
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Inge Brouns
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Dirk Adriaensen
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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13
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Alekseenko IV, Vinogradova TV, Sverdlov ED. Genetic Regulatory Mechanisms of Evolution and Embryogenesis in a Distorting Mirror of Carcinogenesis. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Abstract
Rationale Stem cells have been identified in the human lung; however, their role in lung disease is not clear. We aimed to isolate mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from human lung tissue and to study their in vitro properties. Methods MSC were cultured from lung tissue obtained from patients with fibrotic lung diseases (n = 17), from emphysema (n = 12), and normal lungs (n = 3). Immunofluorescence stainings were used to characterize MSC. The effect of MSC-conditioned media (MSC-CM) on fibroblast proliferation and on lung epithelial wound repair was studied. Results Expression of CD44, CD90, and CD105 characterized the cells as MSC. Moreover, the cells stained positive for the pluripotency markers Oct3/4 and Nanog. Positive co-stainings of chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) with CD44, CD90 or CD105 indicated the cells are of bone marrow origin. MSC-CM significantly inhibited the proliferation of lung fibroblasts by 29% (p = 0.0001). Lung epithelial repair was markedly increased in the presence of MSC-CM (+ 32%). Significantly more MSC were obtained from fibrotic lungs than from emphysema or control lungs. Conclusions Our study demonstrates enhanced numbers of MSC in fibrotic lung tissue as compared to emphysema and normal lung. The cells inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts and enhance epithelial repair in vitro. Further in vivo studies are needed to elucidate their potential role in the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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15
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Ortega-Martínez M, Rodríguez-Flores LE, de-la-Garza-González C, Ancer-Rodríguez J, Jaramillo-Rangel G. Detection of a novel stem cell probably involved in normal turnover of the lung airway epithelium. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2679-81. [PMID: 26257389 PMCID: PMC4627572 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of the lung airway epithelium after injury has been extensively studied. In contrast, analysis of its turnover in healthy adulthood has received little attention. In the classical view, this epithelium is maintained in the steady-state by the infrequent proliferation of basal or Clara cells. The intermediate filament protein nestin was initially identified as a marker for neural stem cells, but its expression has also been detected in other stem cells. Lungs from CD1 mice at the age of 2, 6, 12, 18 or 24 months were fixed in neutral-buffered formalin and paraffin-embedded. Nestin expression was examined by an immunohistochemical peroxidase-based method. Nestin-positive cells were detected in perivascular areas and in connective tissue that were in close proximity of the airway epithelium. Also, nestin-positive cells were found among the cells lining the airway epithelium. These findings suggest that nestin-positive stem cells circulate in the bloodstream, transmigrate through blood vessels and localize in the lung airway epithelium to participate in its turnover. We previously reported the existence of similar cells able to differentiate into lung chondrocytes. Thus, the stem cell reported here might be a bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMDMSC) able to generate several types of lung tissues. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there exist a BMDMSC in healthy adulthood that participates in the turnover of the lung airway epithelium. These findings may improve our knowledge about the lung stem cell biology and also provide novel approaches to therapy for devastating pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ortega-Martínez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Laura E Rodríguez-Flores
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Carlos de-la-Garza-González
- Department of Embryology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Jesús Ancer-Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Jaramillo-Rangel
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
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16
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Zhang H, Fu W, Xu Z. Re-epithelialization: a key element in tracheal tissue engineering. Regen Med 2015; 10:1005-23. [PMID: 26388452 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trachea-tissue engineering is a thriving new field in regenerative medicine that is reaching maturity and yielding numerous promising results. In view of the crucial role that the epithelium plays in the trachea, re-epithelialization of tracheal substitutes has gradually emerged as the focus of studies in tissue-engineered trachea. Recent progress in our understanding of stem cell biology, growth factor interactions and transplantation immunobiology offer the prospect of optimization of a tissue-engineered tracheal epithelium. In addition, advances in cell culture technology and successful applications of clinical transplantation are opening up new avenues for the construction of a tissue-engineered tracheal epithelium. Therefore, this review summarizes current advances, unresolved obstacles and future directions in the reconstruction of a tissue-engineered tracheal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai 200127, China.,Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1678 Dong Fang Road, Shanghai 200127, China
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17
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c-kit+ cells adopt vascular endothelial but not epithelial cell fates during lung maintenance and repair. Nat Med 2015; 21:866-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Tissue spray ionization mass spectrometry for rapid recognition of human lung squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10077. [PMID: 25961911 PMCID: PMC4426755 DOI: 10.1038/srep10077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue spray ionization mass spectrometry (TSI-MS) directly on small tissue samples has been shown to provide highly specific molecular information. In this study, we apply this method to the analysis of 38 pairs of human lung squamous cell carcinoma tissue (cancer) and adjacent normal lung tissue (normal). The main components of pulmonary surfactants, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC, m/z 757.47), phosphatidylcholine (POPC, m/z 782.52), oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC, m/z 808.49), and arachidonic acid stearoyl phosphatidylcholine (SAPC, m/z 832.43), were identified using high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Monte Carlo sampling partial least squares linear discriminant analysis (PLS-LDA) was used to distinguish full-mass-range mass spectra of cancer samples from the mass spectra of normal tissues. With 5 principal components and 30-40 Monte Carlo samplings, the accuracy of cancer identification in matched tissue samples reached 94.42%. Classification of a tissue sample required less than 1 min, which is much faster than the analysis of frozen sections. The rapid, in situ diagnosis with minimal sample consumption provided by TSI-MS is advantageous for surgeons. TSI-MS allows them to make more informed decisions during surgery.
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19
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Bustos ML, Mura M, Hwang D, Ludkovski O, Wong AP, Keating A, Waddell TK. Depletion of bone marrow CCSP-expressing cells delays airway regeneration. Mol Ther 2014; 23:561-9. [PMID: 25409745 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The contribution of bone marrow cells (BMC) in lung repair is controversial. We previously reported a subpopulation of BMC that express Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP). To determine the contribution of endogenous CCSP(+) BMC to airway regeneration, we performed bone marrow transplantation studies using the CCtk mouse, which expresses a thymidine kinase suicide gene under regulation of the CCSP promoter. Mice were transplanted with wild-type or CCtk BMC and treated with ganciclovir to eliminate CCSP(+) cells. After airway injury using naphthalene, mice depleted of CCSP(+) BMC had more inflammatory cells in lung and decreased levels of oxygen in arterial blood. They also had reduced expression of airway epithelial genes and less Clara cells compared to control mice that had intact CCSP(+) BMC and bone marrow derived CCSP(+) cells in the airways. After naphthalene injury, administration of CCSP reproduced the beneficial effect of CCSP(+) BMC by improving recovery of airway epithelium, reducing lung inflammation and increasing oxygen in arterial blood from mice depleted of CCSP(+) BMC. Our data demonstrate that ablation of CCSP(+) BMC delays airway recovery and suggests the beneficial effect of CCSP(+) BMC in lung recovery is in part due to production of CCSP itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha L Bustos
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Mura
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hwang
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Ludkovski
- Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy P Wong
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas K Waddell
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and McEwen Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Abstract
Lung cancer is the biggest cancer killer in the UK and despite recent therapeutic advances there is a desperate need for new therapies to improve outcomes from this devastating disease. Through defining the spatial location of the airway epithelial stem or progenitor cell populations and their mechanisms of maintenance and repair of the epithelium it is becoming clear that these populations are situated at areas corresponding to those involved in lung cancer initiation. We explore the evidence for stem cells being the cancer initiator cell and for a 'lung cancer stem cell' within tumours that may be the cause of resistance to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Succony
- From the Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - S M Janes
- From the Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
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21
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Paul MK, Bisht B, Darmawan DO, Chiou R, Ha VL, Wallace WD, Chon AT, Hegab AE, Grogan T, Elashoff DA, Alva-Ornelas JA, Gomperts BN. Dynamic changes in intracellular ROS levels regulate airway basal stem cell homeostasis through Nrf2-dependent Notch signaling. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 15:199-214. [PMID: 24953182 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Airways are exposed to myriad environmental and damaging agents such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), which also have physiological roles as signaling molecules that regulate stem cell function. However, the functional significance of both steady and dynamically changing ROS levels in different stem cell populations, as well as downstream mechanisms that integrate ROS sensing into decisions regarding stem cell homeostasis, are unclear. Here, we show in mouse and human airway basal stem cells (ABSCs) that intracellular flux from low to moderate ROS levels is required for stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. Changing ROS levels activate Nrf2, which activates the Notch pathway to stimulate ABSC self-renewal and an antioxidant program that scavenges intracellular ROS, returning overall ROS levels to a low state to maintain homeostatic balance. This redox-mediated regulation of lung stem cell function has significant implications for stem cell biology, repair of lung injuries, and diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manash K Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bharti Bisht
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Daphne O Darmawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Richard Chiou
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Vi L Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - William D Wallace
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew T Chon
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ahmed E Hegab
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University Medical School, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tristan Grogan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A Elashoff
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Pulmonary Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jackelyn A Alva-Ornelas
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Brigitte N Gomperts
- Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Pulmonary Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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22
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Solitary Tumours Associated with Jaagsiekte Retrovirus in Sheep are Heterogeneous and Contain Cells Expressing Markers Identifying Progenitor Cells in Lung Repair. J Comp Pathol 2014; 150:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Archer F, Abi-Rizk A, Desloire S, Dolmazon C, Gineys B, Guiguen F, Cottin V, Mornex JF, Leroux C. Lung progenitors from lambs can differentiate into specialized alveolar or bronchiolar epithelial cells. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:224. [PMID: 24206786 PMCID: PMC3831758 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airways progenitors may be involved in embryogenesis and lung repair. The characterization of these important populations may enable development of new therapeutics to treat acute or chronic lung disease. In this study, we aimed to establish the presence of bronchioloalveolar progenitors in ovine lungs and to characterize their potential to differentiate into specialized cells. RESULTS Lung cells were studied using immunohistochemistry on frozen sections of the lung. Immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry were conducted on ex-vivo derived pulmonary cells. The bronchioloalveolar progenitors were identified by their co-expression of CCSP, SP-C and CD34. A minor population of CD34(pos)/SP-C(pos)/CCSP(pos) cells (0.33% ± 0.31) was present ex vivo in cell suspensions from dissociated lungs. Using CD34 magnetic positive-cell sorting, undifferentiated SP-C(pos)/CCSP(pos) cells were purified (>80%) and maintained in culture. Using synthetic media and various extracellular matrices, SP-C(pos)/CCSP(pos) cells differentiated into either club cells (formerly named Clara cells) or alveolar epithelial type-II cells. Furthermore, these ex vivo and in vitro derived bronchioloalveolar progenitors expressed NANOG, OCT4 and BMI1, specifically described in progenitors or stem cells, and during lung development. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time in a large animal the existence of bronchioloalveolar progenitors with dual differentiation potential and the expression of specialized genes. These newly described cell population in sheep could be implicated in regeneration of the lung following lesions or in development of diseases such as cancers.
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24
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Lanzoni G, Oikawa T, Wang Y, Cui CB, Carpino G, Cardinale V, Gerber D, Gabriel M, Dominguez-Bendala J, Furth ME, Gaudio E, Alvaro D, Inverardi L, Reid LM. Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas. Stem Cells 2013; 31:2047-60. [PMID: 23873634 PMCID: PMC3812254 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is transitioning into clinical programs using stem/progenitor cell therapies for repair of damaged organs. We summarize those for liver and pancreas, organs that share endodermal stem cell populations, biliary tree stem cells (hBTSCs), located in peribiliary glands. They are precursors to hepatic stem/progenitors in canals of Hering and to committed progenitors in pancreatic duct glands. They give rise to maturational lineages along a radial axis within bile duct walls and a proximal-to-distal axis starting at the duodenum and ending with mature cells in the liver or pancreas. Clinical trials have been ongoing for years assessing effects of determined stem cells (fetal-liver-derived hepatic stem/progenitors) transplanted into the hepatic artery of patients with various liver diseases. Immunosuppression was not required. Control subjects, those given standard of care for a given condition, all died within a year or deteriorated in their liver functions. Subjects transplanted with 100-150 million hepatic stem/progenitor cells had improved liver functions and survival extending for several years. Full evaluations of safety and efficacy of transplants are still in progress. Determined stem cell therapies for diabetes using hBTSCs remain to be explored but are likely to occur following ongoing preclinical studies. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are being used for patients with chronic liver conditions or with diabetes. MSCs have demonstrated significant effects through paracrine signaling of trophic and immunomodulatory factors, and there is limited evidence for inefficient lineage restriction into mature parenchymal or islet cells. HSCs' effects are primarily via modulation of immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lanzoni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tsunekazu Oikawa
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yunfang Wang
- The Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, PR China, 100850
| | - Cai-Bin Cui
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Guido Carpino
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Rome “ForoItalico”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cardinale
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - David Gerber
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Mara Gabriel
- MGabriel Consulting, 3621 Sweeten Creek Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Juan Dominguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Mark E. Furth
- Wake Forest Innovations, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Scienze e Biotecnologie Medico-Chirurgiche, Fondazione Eleonora Lorillard Spencer Cenci, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL. 33136
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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25
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Lembrechts R, Brouns I, Schnorbusch K, Pintelon I, Kemp PJ, Timmermans JP, Riccardi D, Adriaensen D. Functional expression of the multimodal extracellular calcium-sensing receptor in pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:4490-501. [PMID: 23886943 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.131656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the master regulator of whole-body extracellular free ionized [Ca(2+)]o. In addition to sensing [Ca(2+)]o, CaSR integrates inputs from a variety of different physiological stimuli. The CaSR is also expressed in many regions outside the [Ca(2+)]o homeostatic system, including the fetal lung where it plays a crucial role in lung development. Here, we show that neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) of the postnatal mouse lung express a functional CaSR. NEBs are densely innervated groups of neuroendocrine epithelial cells in the lung representing complex sensory receptors in the airways and exhibiting stem cell characteristics. qRT-PCR performed on laser microdissected samples from GAD67-GFP mouse lung cryosections revealed exclusive expression of the CaSR in the NEB microenvironment. CaSR immunoreactivity was present at NEB cells from postnatal day 14 onwards. Confocal imaging of lung slices revealed that NEB cells responded to an increase of [Ca(2+)]o with a rise in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i); an effect mimicked by several membrane-impermeant CaSR agonists (e.g. the calcimimetic R-568) and that was blocked by the calcilytic Calhex-231. Block of TRPC channels attenuated the CaSR-dependent increases in [Ca(2+)]i, suggesting that Ca(2+) influx through TRPC channels contributes to the total [Ca(2+)]i signal evoked by the CaSR in NEBs. CaSR also regulated baseline [Ca(2+)]i in NEBs and, through paracrine signaling from Clara-like cells, coordinated intercellular communication in the NEB microenvironment. These data suggest that the NEB CaSR integrates multiple signals converging on this complex chemosensory unit, and is a key regulator of this intrapulmonary airway stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robrecht Lembrechts
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, BE-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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26
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Bone marrow cells expressing clara cell secretory protein increase epithelial repair after ablation of pulmonary clara cells. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1251-8. [PMID: 23609017 PMCID: PMC3677308 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a subpopulation of bone marrow cells (BMC) that express Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), generally felt to be specific to lung Clara cells. Ablation of lung Clara cells has been reported using a transgenic mouse that expresses thymidine kinase under control of the CCSP promoter. Treatment with ganciclovir results in permanent elimination of CCSP(+) cells, failure of airway regeneration, and death. To determine if transtracheal delivery of wild-type bone marrow CCSP(+) cells is beneficial after ablation of lung CCSP(+) cells, transgenic mice were treated with ganciclovir followed by transtracheal administration of CCSP(+) or CCSP(-) BMC. Compared with mice administered CCSP(-) cells, mice treated with CCSP(+) cells had more donor cells lining the airway epithelium, where they expressed epithelial markers including CCSP. Although donor CCSP(+) cells did not substantially repopulate the airway, their administration resulted in increased host ciliated cells, better preservation of airway epithelium, reduction of inflammatory cells, and an increase in animal survival time. Administration of CCSP(+) BMC is beneficial after permanent ablation of lung Clara cells by increasing bronchial epithelial repair. Therefore, CCSP(+) BMC could be important for treatment of lung diseases where airways re-epithelialization is compromised.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease of prematurity, which affects very preterm infants. Advances in perinatal care have enabled the survival of infants born as early as 23-24 weeks of gestation, but make the task more challenging of protecting injury to an ever more immature lung. Currently, there is no specific treatment for BPD. Recent advances in our understanding of stem/progenitor cells and their potential to repair damaged organs offer the possibility of cell-based treatments for neonatal lung injury. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of lung stem cells during normal and impaired lung growth and the exciting pre-clinical data using mesenchymal stromal cells to prevent/repair impaired alveolar growth in experimental models of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics and Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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28
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Lung. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
The key role of extracellular matrices in alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) biology is highlighted by the phenotypes of primary AECs cultured on a soft laminin gel contrasted with that on a stiff, fibronectin matrix. On laminin, AECs maintain an epithelial phenotype, and progenitor cells within this population proliferate. In contrast, on fibronectin, AECs rapidly lose surfactant expression and spread extensively, changes that depend on activation of latent TGF-β1 by engagement of fibronectin-binding integrins. The progenitor subpopulation responding to TGF-β1 undergoes epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Although it remains uncertain to what degree EMT contributes directly to collagen 1 production, signaling pathways critical to EMT are important for repair and fibrosis, implying that EMT is part of the general program of lung repair. EMT reprogramming requires not only Smad signaling but also pY654-β-catenin. Generation of pY654-β-catenin requires assembly of complexes of the integrin α3β1, E-cadherin, and TGF-β1 receptors, and such assembly is a function of cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Sequestration of α3β1 or E-cadherin in such contacts prevents complex assembly, TGF-β1 induced pY654-β-catenin generation and EMT. Disruption of these contacts is a signal for the cells to initiate repair. Critical remaining questions center around better definition of direct versus indirect effects of EMT on collagen deposition and the nature of AEC progenitors differentiating during fibrogenesis. Elucidation of specific inhibitors of EMT should further test the question of whether the process is important to fibrosis in vivo and a viable therapeutic target.
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30
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Mulvihill MS, Kratz JR, Pham P, Jablons DM, He B. The role of stem cells in airway repair: implications for the origins of lung cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 32:71-4. [PMID: 23114089 PMCID: PMC3845611 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.012.10097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recently, advancements in our ability to identify and study stem cell populations in the lung have helped researchers to elucidate the central role that cells with stem cell-like properties may have in lung tumorigenesis. Much of this research has focused on the use of the airway repair model to study response to injury. In this review, we discuss the primary evidence of the role that cancer stem cells play in lung cancer development. The implications of a stem cell origin of lung cancer are reviewed, and the importance of ongoing research to identify novel therapeutic and prognostic targets is reiterated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Mulvihill
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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31
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Butler C, Birchall M, Giangreco A. Interventional and intrinsic airway homeostasis and repair. Physiology (Bethesda) 2012; 27:140-7. [PMID: 22689789 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00001.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human airways are a paragon of intrinsic engineering. They experience 7,000-10,000 liters of airflow/day, have a 70-m(2) surface area, and undergo complete renewal every 100-400 days. Despite this, airways are susceptible to aging, injury, and diseases that are major causes of mortality. Current airway regeneration research is focused both on understanding the cells and strategies responsible for maintaining intrinsic tissue homeostasis as well as on establishing clinical interventions for improving repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Butler
- Centre for Respiratory Research, Department of Medicine, University College London, Rayne Institute, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Alphonse RS, Rajabali S, Thébaud B. Lung injury in preterm neonates: the role and therapeutic potential of stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:1013-40. [PMID: 22400813 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Continuous improvements in perinatal care have allowed the survival of ever more premature infants, making the task of protecting the extremely immature lung from injury increasingly challenging. Premature infants at risk of developing chronic lung disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are now born at the late canalicular stage of lung development, just when the airways become juxtaposed to the lung vasculature and when gas-exchange becomes possible. Readily available strategies, including improved antenatal management (education, regionalization, steroids, and antibiotics), together with exogenous surfactant and exclusive/early noninvasive ventilatory support, will likely decrease the incidence/severity of BPD over the next few years. Nonetheless, because of the extreme immaturity of the developing lung, the extent to which disruption of lung growth after prematurity and neonatal management lead to an earlier or more aggravated decline in respiratory function in later life is a matter of concern. Consequently, much more needs to be learned about the mechanisms of lung development, injury, and repair. Recent insight into stem cell biology has sparked interest for stem cells to repair damaged organs. This review summarizes the exciting potential of stem cell-based therapies for lung diseases in general and BPD in particular.
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Chen H, Matsumoto K, Brockway BL, Rackley CR, Liang J, Lee JH, Jiang D, Noble PW, Randell SH, Kim CF, Stripp BR. Airway epithelial progenitors are region specific and show differential responses to bleomycin-induced lung injury. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1948-60. [PMID: 22696116 PMCID: PMC4083019 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms that regulate regional epithelial cell diversity and pathologic remodeling in airways are poorly understood. We hypothesized that regional differences in cell composition and injury-related tissue remodeling result from the type and composition of local progenitors. We used surface markers and the spatial expression pattern of an SFTPC-GFP transgene to subset epithelial progenitors by airway region. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression ranged from undetectable to high in a proximal-to-distal gradient. GFP(hi) cells were subdivided by CD24 staining into alveolar (CD24(neg)) and conducting airway (CD24(low)) populations. This allowed for the segregation of three types of progenitors displaying distinct clonal behavior in vitro. GFP(neg) and GFP(low) progenitors both yielded lumen containing colonies but displayed transcriptomes reflective of pseudostratified and distal conducting airways, respectively. CD24(low)GFP(hi) progenitors were present in an overlapping distribution with GFP(low) progenitors in distal airways, yet expressed lower levels of Sox2 and expanded in culture to yield undifferentiated self-renewing progeny. Colony-forming ability was reduced for each progenitor cell type after in vivo bleomycin exposure, but only CD24(low) GFP(hi) progenitors showed robust expansion during tissue remodeling. These data reveal intrinsic differences in the properties of regional progenitors and suggest that their unique responses to tissue damage drive local tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian L. Brockway
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Craig R. Rackley
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiurong Liang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joo-Hyeon Lee
- Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dianhua Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul W. Noble
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Scott H. Randell
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carla F. Kim
- Stem Cell Program, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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O'Reilly M, Thébaud B. Cell-based strategies to reconstitute lung function in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Clin Perinatol 2012; 39:703-25. [PMID: 22954277 PMCID: PMC7112346 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of stem/progenitor cells and their potential to repair damaged organs offer the possibility of cell-based treatments for neonatal lung injury. This review summarizes basic concepts of stem/progenitor cell biology and discusses the recent advances and challenges of cell-based therapies for lung diseases, with a particular focus on bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a form of chronic lung disease that primarily affects very preterm infants. Despite advances in perinatal care, BPD still remains the most common complication of extreme prematurity, and there is no specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bernard Thébaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Children Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 1C9, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 2S2, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 87 Avenue, T6G 2H7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Corresponding author. University of Alberta, 3020 Katz Centre, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2S2, Canada
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Lundin A, Driscoll B. Lung cancer stem cells: progress and prospects. Cancer Lett 2012; 338:89-93. [PMID: 22906416 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial stem cells are critical for tissue generation during development and for repair following injury. In both gestational and postnatal stages, the highly branched and compartmentalized organization of the lung is maintained by multiple, resident stem/progenitor cell populations that are responsible for the homeostatic maintenance and injury repair of pulmonary epithelium. Though lung epithelial injury in the absence of oncogenic mutation is more commonly expressed as chronic lung disease, lung cancer is the most common form of death worldwide and poses a highly significant risk to human health. Cancer is defined by the cell of origin, responsible for initiating the disease. The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis proposes that cancer stem cells, identified by stem-like properties of self-renewal and generation of differentiated progeny, are responsible for propagating growth and spread of the disease. In lung cancer, it is hypothesized that cancer stem cells derive from several possible cell sources. The stem cell-like resistance to injury and proliferative potentials of bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) and alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC2), as well as cells that express the cancer stem cell marker glycoprotein prominin-1 (CD133) or markers for side populations make them potential reservoirs of lung cancer stem cells. The abnormal activation of pathways that normally regulate embryonic lung development, as well as adult tissue maintenance and injury repair, including the Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh) and Notch pathways, has also been identified in lung tumor cells. It is postulated that therapies for lung cancer that specifically target stem cell signaling pathways utilized by lung cancer stem cells could be beneficial in combating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Lundin
- Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, , United States
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36
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Anversa P, Perrella MA, Kourembanas S, Choi AMK, Loscalzo J. Regenerative pulmonary medicine: potential and promise, pitfalls and challenges. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:900-13. [PMID: 22435680 PMCID: PMC3513384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2012.02667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic lung diseases contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of the population. There are few effective treatments for many chronic lung diseases, and even fewer therapies that can arrest or reverse the progress of the disease. DESIGN In this review, we present the current state of regenerative therapies for the treatment of chronic lung diseases. We focus on endothelial progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and endogenous lung stem/progenitor cells; summarize the work to date in models of lung diseases for each of these therapies; and consider their potential benefits and risks as viable therapies for patients with lung diseases. CONCLUSIONS Cell-based regenerative therapies for lung diseases offer great promise, with preclinical studies suggesting that the next decade should provide the evidence necessary for their ultimate application to our therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Anversa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Rackley CR, Stripp BR. Building and maintaining the epithelium of the lung. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:2724-30. [PMID: 22850882 DOI: 10.1172/jci60519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Airspaces of the lung are lined by an epithelium whose cellular composition changes along the proximal-to-distal axis to meet local functional needs for mucociliary clearance, hydration, host defense, and gas exchange. Advances in cell isolation, in vitro culture techniques, and genetic manipulation of animal models have increased our understanding of the development and maintenance of the pulmonary epithelium. This review discusses basic cellular mechanisms that regulate establishment of the conducting airway and gas exchange systems as well as the functional maintenance of the epithelium during postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Rackley
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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38
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Giangreco A, Lu L, Vickers C, Teixeira VH, Groot KR, Butler CR, Ilieva EV, George PJ, Nicholson AG, Sage EK, Watt FM, Janes SM. β-Catenin determines upper airway progenitor cell fate and preinvasive squamous lung cancer progression by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2012; 226:575-87. [PMID: 22081448 PMCID: PMC3434372 DOI: 10.1002/path.3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human lung cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are a leading cause of death and, whilst evidence suggests that basal stem cells drive SCC initiation and progression, the mechanisms regulating these processes remain unknown. In this study we show that β-catenin signalling regulates basal progenitor cell fate and subsequent SCC progression. In a cohort of preinvasive SCCs we established that elevated basal cell β-catenin signalling is positively associated with increased disease severity, epithelial proliferation and reduced intercellular adhesiveness. We demonstrate that transgene-mediated β-catenin inhibition within keratin 14-expressing basal cells delayed normal airway repair while basal cell-specific β-catenin activation increased cell proliferation, directed differentiation and promoted elements of early epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including increased Snail transcription and reduced E-cadherin expression. These observations are recapitulated in normal human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro following both pharmacological β-catenin activation and E-cadherin inhibition, and mirrored our findings in preinvasive SCCs. Overall, the data show that airway basal cell β-catenin determines cell fate and its mis-expression is associated with the development of human lung cancer. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Giangreco
- Centre for Respiratory Research, University College London, UK
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39
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Glaser T, Cappellari AR, Pillat MM, Iser IC, Wink MR, Battastini AMO, Ulrich H. Perspectives of purinergic signaling in stem cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Purinergic Signal 2011; 8:523-37. [PMID: 22143354 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of lost or dysfunctional tissues by stem cells has recently raised many investigations on therapeutic applications. Purinergic signaling has been shown to regulate proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and successful engraftment of stem cells originated from diverse origins. Adenosine triphosphate release occurs in a controlled way by exocytosis, transporters, and lysosomes or in large amounts from damaged cells, which is then subsequently degraded into adenosine. Paracrine and autocrine mechanisms induced by immune responses present critical factors for the success of stem cell therapy. While P1 receptors generally exert beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory activity, P2 receptor-mediated actions depend on the subtype of stimulated receptors and localization of tissue repair. Pro-inflammatory actions and excitatory tissue damages mainly result from P2X7 receptor activation, while other purinergic receptor subtypes participate in proliferation and differentiation, thereby providing adequate niches for stem cell engraftment and novel mechanisms for cell therapy and endogenous tissue repair. Therapeutic applications based on regulation of purinergic signaling are foreseen for kidney and heart muscle regeneration, Clara-like cell replacement for pulmonary and bronchial epithelial cells as well as for induction of neurogenesis in case of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Glaser
- Departamento de Bioquímica , Instituto de Química, Universidade São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748-Bloco 8S/Room 0858, CEP: 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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40
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Hayes M, Curley GF, Laffey JG. Lung stem cells--from an evolving understanding to a paradigm shift? Stem Cell Res Ther 2011; 2:41. [PMID: 22017959 PMCID: PMC3308038 DOI: 10.1186/scrt82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ideal cell type to regenerate an acutely injured or chronically diseased lung would be a stem cell population from the patient's own lung. Consequently, extensive research efforts have focused on identifying and characterizing endogenous lung stem cells. Advances in techniques to facilitate cell isolation, labelling and tracking in vivo to determine their fate have led to the identification of several putative stem cell niches. Recently, convincing evidence has emerged for a novel stem/progenitor cell population in the submucous glands of the cartilaginous airways. These findings support the concept that there is no classical stem cell 'hierarchy' but that different progenitor populations within spatially distinct lung regions regenerate the lung epithelium adjacent to its niche. Intriguingly, recent findings challenge this concept; it was reported that the human lung may contain a primitive stem cell capable of differentiating into multiple cells of both endodermal and mesodermal lineage and of regenerating the injured lung. This suggests that a classical stem cell hierarchy may, in fact, exist in the lung. Although caution is needed in interpreting these emerging findings, the implications for our current concepts regarding lung stem cells, the insights into lung repair and regeneration, and the potential therapeutic implications are considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairéad Hayes
- Lung Biology Group, Regenerative Medicine Institute, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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41
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Xie W, Fisher JT, Lynch TJ, Luo M, Evans TIA, Neff TL, Zhou W, Zhang Y, Ou Y, Bunnett NW, Russo AF, Goodheart MJ, Parekh KR, Liu X, Engelhardt JF. CGRP induction in cystic fibrosis airways alters the submucosal gland progenitor cell niche in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3144-58. [PMID: 21765217 DOI: 10.1172/jci41857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), a lack of functional CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels causes defective secretion by submucosal glands (SMGs), leading to persistent bacterial infection that damages airways and necessitates tissue repair. SMGs are also important niches for slow-cycling progenitor cells (SCPCs) in the proximal airways, which may be involved in disease-related airway repair. Here, we report that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) activates CFTR-dependent SMG secretions and that this signaling pathway is hyperactivated in CF human, pig, ferret, and mouse SMGs. Since CGRP-expressing neuroendocrine cells reside in bronchiolar SCPC niches, we hypothesized that the glandular SCPC niche may be dysfunctional in CF. Consistent with this hypothesis, CFTR-deficient mice failed to maintain glandular SCPCs following airway injury. In wild-type mice, CGRP levels increased following airway injury and functioned as an injury-induced mitogen that stimulated SMG progenitor cell proliferation in vivo and altered the proliferative potential of airway progenitors in vitro. Components of the receptor for CGRP (RAMP1 and CLR) were expressed in a very small subset of SCPCs, suggesting that CGRP indirectly stimulates SCPC proliferation in a non-cell-autonomous manner. These findings demonstrate that CGRP-dependent pathways for CFTR activation are abnormally upregulated in CF SMGs and that this sustained mitogenic signal alters properties of the SMG progenitor cell niche in CF airways. This discovery may have important implications for injury/repair mechanisms in the CF airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Delgado O, Kaisani AA, Spinola M, Xie XJ, Batten KG, Minna JD, Wright WE, Shay JW. Multipotent capacity of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22023. [PMID: 21760947 PMCID: PMC3131301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the adult murine lung utilizes multiple compartmentally restricted progenitor cells during homeostasis and repair, much less is known about the progenitor cells from the human lung. Translating the murine stem cell model to humans is hindered by anatomical differences between species. Here we show that human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) display characteristics of multipotent stem cells of the lung. These HBECs express markers indicative of several epithelial types of the adult lung when experimentally tested in cell culture. When cultured in three different three-dimensional (3D) systems, subtle changes in the microenvironment result in unique responses including the ability of HBECs to differentiate into multiple central and peripheral lung cell types. These new findings indicate that the adult human lung contains a multipotent progenitor cell whose differentiation potential is primarily dictated by the microenvironment. The HBEC system is not only important in understanding mechanisms for specific cell lineage differentiation, but also for examining changes that correlate with human lung diseases including lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Delgado
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aadil A. Kaisani
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Monica Spinola
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xian-Jin Xie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas Texas, United States of America
| | - Kimberly G. Batten
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Woodring E. Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Chapman HA, Li X, Alexander JP, Brumwell A, Lorizio W, Tan K, Sonnenberg A, Wei Y, Vu TH. Integrin α6β4 identifies an adult distal lung epithelial population with regenerative potential in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:2855-62. [PMID: 21701069 DOI: 10.1172/jci57673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminins and their integrin receptors are implicated in epithelial cell differentiation and progenitor cell maintenance. We report here that a previously unrecognized subpopulation of mouse alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) expressing the laminin receptor α6β4, but little or no pro-surfactant C (pro-SPC), is endowed with regenerative potential. Ex vivo, this subpopulation expanded clonally as progenitors but also differentiated toward mature cell types. Integrin β4 itself was not required for AEC proliferation or differentiation. An in vivo embryonic lung organoid assay, which we believe to be novel, was used to show that purified β4+ adult AECs admixed with E14.5 lung single-cell suspensions and implanted under kidney capsules self-organized into distinct Clara cell 10-kDa secretory protein (CC10+) airway-like and SPC+ saccular structures within 6 days. Using a bleomycin model of lung injury and an SPC-driven inducible cre to fate-map AECs, we found the majority of type II AECs in fibrotic areas were not derived from preexisting type II AECs, demonstrating that SPC- progenitor cells replenished type II AECs during repair. Our findings support the idea that there is a stable AEC progenitor population in the adult lung, provide in vivo evidence of AEC progenitor cell differentiation after parenchymal injury, and identify a strong candidate progenitor cell for maintenance of type II AECs during lung repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, and Lung Biology Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
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Weiss DJ, Bertoncello I, Borok Z, Kim C, Panoskaltsis-Mortari A, Reynolds S, Rojas M, Stripp B, Warburton D, Prockop DJ. Stem cells and cell therapies in lung biology and lung diseases. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY 2011; 8:223-72. [PMID: 21653527 PMCID: PMC3132784 DOI: 10.1513/pats.201012-071dw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The University of Vermont College of Medicine and the Vermont Lung Center, with support of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the Alpha-1 Foundation, the American Thoracic Society, the Emory Center for Respiratory Health,the Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) Treatment Alliance,and the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, convened a workshop,‘‘Stem Cells and Cell Therapies in Lung Biology and Lung Diseases,’’ held July 26-29, 2009 at the University of Vermont,to review the current understanding of the role of stem and progenitor cells in lung repair after injury and to review the current status of cell therapy approaches for lung diseases. These are rapidly expanding areas of study that provide further insight into and challenge traditional views of the mechanisms of lung repair after injury and pathogenesis of several lung diseases. The goals of the conference were to summarize the current state of the field, discuss and debate current controversies, and identify future research directions and opportunities for both basic and translational research in cell-based therapies for lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Weiss
- Vermont Lung Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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45
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Teisanu RM, Chen H, Matsumoto K, McQualter JL, Potts E, Foster WM, Bertoncello I, Stripp BR. Functional analysis of two distinct bronchiolar progenitors during lung injury and repair. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 44:794-803. [PMID: 20656948 PMCID: PMC3135841 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0098oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Air spaces of the mammalian lung are lined by a specialized epithelium that is maintained by endogenous progenitor cells. Within bronchioles, the abundance and distribution of progenitor cells that contribute to epithelial homeostasis change as a function of maintenance versus repair. It is unclear whether functionally distinct progenitor pools or a single progenitor cell type maintain the epithelium and how the behavior is regulated in normal or disease states. To address these questions, we applied fractionation methods for the enrichment of distal airway progenitors. We show that bronchiolar progenitor cells can be subdivided into two functionally distinct populations that differ in their susceptibility to injury and contribution to repair. The proliferative capacity of these progenitors is confirmed in a novel in vitro assay. We show that both populations give rise to colonies with a similar dependence on stromal cell interactions and regulation by TGF-β. These findings provide additional insights into mechanisms of epithelial remodeling in the setting of chronic lung disease and offer hope that pharmacologic interventions may be developed to mitigate tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana M. Teisanu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huaiyong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Keitaro Matsumoto
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan L. McQualter
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erin Potts
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ivan Bertoncello
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barry R. Stripp
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; The Australian Stem Cell Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Wetsel RA, Wang D, Calame DG. Therapeutic potential of lung epithelial progenitor cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Annu Rev Med 2011; 62:95-105. [PMID: 21226612 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-052009-172110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from preimplantation blastocysts and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated from somatic cell sources are pluripotent and capable of indefinite expansion in vitro. They provide a possible unlimited source of cells that could be differentiated into lung progenitor cells for potential clinical use in pulmonary regenerative medicine. Because of inherent difficulties in deriving endodermal cells from undifferentiated cell cultures, applications using lung epithelial cells derived from ES and iPS cells have lagged behind similar efforts devoted to other tissues, such as the heart and spinal cord. However, during the past several years, significant advances in culture, differentiation, and purification protocols, as well as in bioengineering methodologies, have fueled enthusiasm for the development of stem cell-based lung therapeutics. This article provides an overview of recent research achievements and discusses future technical challenges that must be met before the promise of stem cell applications for lung disease can be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick A Wetsel
- Research Center for Immunology and Autoimmune Diseases, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Kajstura J, Rota M, Hall SR, Hosoda T, D'Amario D, Sanada F, Zheng H, Ogórek B, Rondon-Clavo C, Ferreira-Martins J, Matsuda A, Arranto C, Goichberg P, Giordano G, Haley KJ, Bardelli S, Rayatzadeh H, Liu X, Quaini F, Liao R, Leri A, Perrella MA, Loscalzo J, Anversa P. Evidence for human lung stem cells. N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1795-806. [PMID: 21561345 PMCID: PMC3197695 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1101324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although progenitor cells have been described in distinct anatomical regions of the lung, description of resident stem cells has remained elusive. METHODS Surgical lung-tissue specimens were studied in situ to identify and characterize human lung stem cells. We defined their phenotype and functional properties in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Human lungs contain undifferentiated human lung stem cells nested in niches in the distal airways. These cells are self-renewing, clonogenic, and multipotent in vitro. After injection into damaged mouse lung in vivo, human lung stem cells form human bronchioles, alveoli, and pulmonary vessels integrated structurally and functionally with the damaged organ. The formation of a chimeric lung was confirmed by detection of human transcripts for epithelial and vascular genes. In addition, the self-renewal and long-term proliferation of human lung stem cells was shown in serial-transplantation assays. CONCLUSIONS Human lungs contain identifiable stem cells. In animal models, these cells participate in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. They have the undemonstrated potential to promote tissue restoration in patients with lung disease. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kajstura
- Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wang R, Ahmed J, Wang G, Hassan I, Strulovici-Barel Y, Hackett NR, Crystal RG. Down-regulation of the canonical Wnt β-catenin pathway in the airway epithelium of healthy smokers and smokers with COPD. PLoS One 2011; 6:e14793. [PMID: 21490961 PMCID: PMC3072378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Wnt pathway mediates differentiation of epithelial tissues; depending on the tissue types, Wnt can either drive or inhibit the differentiation process. We hypothesized that key genes in the Wnt pathway are suppressed in the human airway epithelium under the stress of cigarette smoking, a stress associated with dysregulation of the epithelial differentiated state. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Microarrays were used to assess the expression of Wnt-related genes in the small airway epithelium (SAE) obtained via bronchoscopy and brushing of healthy nonsmokers, healthy smokers, and smokers with COPD. Thirty-three of 56 known Wnt-related genes were expressed in the SAE. Wnt pathway downstream mediators β-catenin and the transcription factor 7-like 1 were down-regulated in healthy smokers and smokers with COPD, as were many Wnt target genes. Among the extracellular regulators that suppress the Wnt pathway, secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), was up-regulated 4.3-fold in healthy smokers and 4.9-fold in COPD smokers, an observation confirmed by TaqMan Real-time PCR, Western analysis and immunohistochemistry. Finally, cigarette smoke extract mediated up-regulation of SFRP2 and down-regulation of Wnt target genes in airway epithelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Smoking down-regulates the Wnt pathway in the human airway epithelium. In the context that Wnt pathway plays an important role in differentiation of epithelial tissues, the down-regulation of Wnt pathway may contribute to the dysregulation of airway epithelium differentiation observed in smoking-related airway disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joumana Ahmed
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guoqing Wang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ibrahim Hassan
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yael Strulovici-Barel
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil R. Hackett
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald G. Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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The role of p63 in cancer, stem cells and cancer stem cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 16:296-327. [PMID: 21442444 PMCID: PMC6275999 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 has important functions in tumorigenesis, epidermal differentiation and stem cell self-renewal. The TP63 gene encodes multiple protein isoforms that have different or even antagonistic roles in these processes. The balance of p63 isoforms, together with the presence or absence of the other p53 family members, p73 and p53, has a striking biological impact. There is increasing evidence that interactions between p53-family members, whether cooperative or antagonistic, are involved in various cell processes. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of p63 in tumorigenesis, metastasis, cell migration and senescence. In particular, recent data indicate important roles in adult stem cell and cancer stem cell regulation and in the response of cancer cells to therapy.
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Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the chronic lung disease of prematurity mainly affecting preterm infants that are born at 24-28 weeks of gestation. Surfactant therapy, antenatal steroids and incremental improvements in perinatal care have modified the pattern of injury and allowed survival of ever more immature infants, but there is still no specific treatment for BPD. As a consequence, this disorder remains the most common complication of extreme prematurity. Arrested alveolar growth and disrupted vasculogenesis, the histological hallmarks of BPD, may persist beyond childhood and lead to chronic lung diseases in adults. Recent advances in our understanding of stem cells and their potential to repair damaged organs offer the possibility for cell-based treatment for intractable diseases. This review summarizes basic concepts of stem cell biology and discusses the recent advances and challenges of stem cell-based therapies for lung diseases, with a particular focus on BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Alphonse
- Department of Pediatrics and Women and Children Health Research Institute, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada
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