1
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Chen YG, Rieser E, Bhamra A, Surinova S, Kreuzaler P, Ho MH, Tsai WC, Peltzer N, de Miguel D, Walczak H. LUBAC enables tumor-promoting LTβ receptor signaling by activating canonical NF-κB. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:1267-1284. [PMID: 39215104 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01355-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFR-SF), is essential for development and maturation of lymphoid organs. In addition, LTβR activation promotes carcinogenesis by inducing a proinflammatory secretome. Yet, we currently lack a detailed understanding of LTβR signaling. In this study we discovered the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) as a previously unrecognized and functionally crucial component of the native LTβR signaling complex (LTβR-SC). Mechanistically, LUBAC-generated linear ubiquitin chains enable recruitment of NEMO, OPTN and A20 to the LTβR-SC, where they act coordinately to regulate the balance between canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. Thus, different from death receptor signaling, where LUBAC prevents inflammation through inhibition of cell death, in LTβR signaling LUBAC is required for inflammatory signaling by enabling canonical and interfering with non-canonical NF-κB activation. This results in a LUBAC-dependent LTβR-driven inflammatory, protumorigenic secretome. Intriguingly, in liver cancer patients with high LTβR expression, high expression of LUBAC correlates with poor prognosis, providing clinical relevance for LUBAC-mediated inflammatory LTβR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guang Chen
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eva Rieser
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Amandeep Bhamra
- Proteomics Research Translational Technology Platform, UCL Ciancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Silvia Surinova
- Proteomics Research Translational Technology Platform, UCL Ciancer Institute and Cancer Research UK UCL Centre, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Peter Kreuzaler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Meng-Hsing Ho
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chiuan Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nieves Peltzer
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Translational Genomics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Medical Faculty, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Genome Editing, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragon), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer, and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- CECAD Research Centre, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Mizokami H, Okabe A, Choudhary R, Mima M, Saeda K, Fukuyo M, Rahmutulla B, Seki M, Goh BC, Kondo S, Dochi H, Moriyama-Kita M, Misawa K, Hanazawa T, Tan P, Yoshizaki T, Fullwood MJ, Kaneda A. Enhancer infestation drives tumorigenic activation of inactive B compartment in Epstein-Barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. EBioMedicine 2024; 102:105057. [PMID: 38490101 PMCID: PMC10951899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignant epithelial tumor endemic to Southern China and Southeast Asia. While previous studies have revealed a low frequency of gene mutations in NPC, its epigenomic aberrations are not fully elucidated apart from DNA hypermethylation. Epigenomic rewiring and enhancer dysregulation, such as enhancer hijacking due to genomic structural changes or extrachromosomal DNA, drive cancer progression. METHODS We conducted Hi-C, 4C-seq, ChIP-seq, and RNA-seq analyses to comprehensively elucidate the epigenome and interactome of NPC using C666-1 EBV(+)-NPC cell lines, NP69T immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, clinical NPC biopsy samples, and in vitro EBV infection in HK1 and NPC-TW01 EBV(-) cell lines. FINDINGS In C666-1, the EBV genome significantly interacted with inactive B compartments of host cells; the significant association of EBV-interacting regions (EBVIRs) with B compartment was confirmed using clinical NPC and in vitro EBV infection model. EBVIRs in C666-1 showed significantly higher levels of active histone modifications compared with NP69T. Aberrant activation of EBVIRs after EBV infection was validated using in vitro EBV infection models. Within the EBVIR-overlapping topologically associating domains, 14 H3K4me3(+) genes were significantly upregulated in C666-1. Target genes of EBVIRs including PLA2G4A, PTGS2 and CITED2, interacted with the enhancers activated in EBVIRs and were highly expressed in NPC, and their knockdown significantly reduced cell proliferation. INTERPRETATION The EBV genome contributes to NPC tumorigenesis through "enhancer infestation" by interacting with the inactive B compartments of the host genome and aberrantly activating enhancers. FUNDING The funds are listed in the Acknowledgements section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harue Mizokami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okabe
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Health and Disease Omics Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ruchi Choudhary
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Masato Mima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3125, Japan
| | - Kenta Saeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukuyo
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Bahityar Rahmutulla
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Blk MD3, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Dochi
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makiko Moriyama-Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, 431-3125, Japan
| | - Toyoyuki Hanazawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Patrick Tan
- Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Melissa Jane Fullwood
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.
| | - Atsushi Kaneda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan; Health and Disease Omics Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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3
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Low YH, Loh CJL, Peh DYY, Chu AJM, Han S, Toh HC. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications of EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1202117. [PMID: 37901329 PMCID: PMC10600384 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1202117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most common human viruses, has been associated with both lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) are amongst the few common epithelial cancers that EBV has been associated with. The pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC has been well described, however, the same cannot be said for primary pulmonary LELC (PPLELC) owing to the rarity of the cancer. In this review, we outline the pathogenesis of EBV-associated NPC and EBVaGCs and their recent advances. By drawing on similarities between NPC and PPLELC, we then also postulated the pathogenesis of PPLELC. A deeper understanding about the pathogenesis of EBV enables us to postulate the pathogenesis of other EBV associated cancers such as PPLELC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hua Low
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Yang Yao Peh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Axel Jun Ming Chu
- Singapore Health Services Internal Medicine Residency Programme, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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4
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Wang Z, Fan X, Mu G, Zhao X, Wang Q, Wang J, Tang X. Cathepsin B-activatable cyclic antisense oligonucleotides for cell-specific target gene knockdown in vitro and in vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:548-558. [PMID: 37588686 PMCID: PMC10425675 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Trigger-activatable antisense oligonucleotides have been widely applied to regulate gene function. Among them, caged cyclic antisense oligonucleotides (cASOs) maintain a specific topology that temporarily inhibits their interaction with target genes. By inserting linkers that respond to cell-specific endogenous stimuli, they can be powerful tools and potential therapeutic agents for specific types of cancer cells with low off-target effects on normal cells. Here, we developed enzyme-activatable cASOs by tethering two terminals of linear antisense oligonucleotides through a cathepsin B (CB) substrate peptide (Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly [GFLG]), which could be efficiently uncaged by CB. CB-activatable cASOs were used to successfully knock down two disease-related endogenous genes in CB-abundant PC-3 tumor cells at the mRNA and protein levels but had much less effect on gene knockdown in CB-deficient human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs). In addition, reduced nonspecific immunostimulation was found using cASOs compared with their linear counterparts. Further in vivo studies indicated that CB-activatable cASOs showed effective tumor inhibition in PC-3 tumor model mice through downregulation of translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) protein in tumors. This study applies endogenous enzyme-activatable cASOs for antitumor therapy in tumor model mice, which demonstrates a promising stimulus-responsive cASO strategy for cell-specific gene knockdown upon endogenous activation and ASO prodrug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinjing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemical Biology Center, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Evolutionary route of nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis and its clinical significance. Nat Commun 2023; 14:610. [PMID: 36739462 PMCID: PMC9899247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is critical to understand factors associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis. To track the evolutionary route of metastasis, here we perform an integrative genomic analysis of 163 matched blood and primary, regional lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis tumour samples, combined with single-cell RNA-seq on 11 samples from two patients. The mutation burden, gene mutation frequency, mutation signature, and copy number frequency are similar between metastatic tumours and primary and regional lymph node tumours. There are two distinct evolutionary routes of metastasis, including metastases evolved from regional lymph nodes (lymphatic route, 61.5%, 8/13) and from primary tumours (hematogenous route, 38.5%, 5/13). The hematogenous route is characterised by higher IFN-γ response gene expression and a higher fraction of exhausted CD8+ T cells. Based on a radiomics model, we find that the hematogenous group has significantly better progression-free survival and PD-1 immunotherapy response, while the lymphatic group has a better response to locoregional radiotherapy.
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6
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Bruce JP, To KF, Lui VWY, Chung GTY, Chan YY, Tsang CM, Yip KY, Ma BBY, Woo JKS, Hui EP, Mak MKF, Lee SD, Chow C, Velapasamy S, Or YYY, Siu PK, El Ghamrasni S, Prokopec S, Wu M, Kwan JSH, Liu Y, Chan JYK, van Hasselt CA, Young LS, Dawson CW, Paterson IC, Yap LF, Tsao SW, Liu FF, Chan ATC, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Whole-genome profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals viral-host co-operation in inflammatory NF-κB activation and immune escape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4193. [PMID: 34234122 PMCID: PMC8263564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interplay between EBV infection and acquired genetic alterations during nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development remains vague. Here we report a comprehensive genomic analysis of 70 NPCs, combining whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of microdissected tumor cells with EBV oncogene expression to reveal multiple aspects of cellular-viral co-operation in tumorigenesis. Genomic aberrations along with EBV-encoded LMP1 expression underpin constitutive NF-κB activation in 90% of NPCs. A similar spectrum of somatic aberrations and viral gene expression undermine innate immunity in 79% of cases and adaptive immunity in 47% of cases; mechanisms by which NPC may evade immune surveillance despite its pro-inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, genomic changes impairing TGFBR2 promote oncogenesis and stabilize EBV infection in tumor cells. Fine-mapping of CDKN2A/CDKN2B deletion breakpoints reveals homozygous MTAP deletions in 32-34% of NPCs that confer marked sensitivity to MAT2A inhibition. Our work concludes that NPC is a homogeneously NF-κB-driven and immune-protected, yet potentially druggable, cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivian W Y Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace T Y Chung
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuk-Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John K S Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael K F Mak
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharmila Velapasamy
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yvonne Y Y Or
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui Kei Siu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephenie Prokopec
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Johnny S H Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Y K Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Fah Yap
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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7
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Baloche V, Ferrand FR, Makowska A, Even C, Kontny U, Busson P. Emerging therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:545-558. [PMID: 32249657 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1751820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major public health problem in several countries, especially those in Southeast Asia and North Africa. In its typical poorly differentiated form, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is present in the nuclei of all malignant cells with restricted expression of a few viral genes. The malignant phenotype of NPC cells results from the influence of these viral products in combination with cellular genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations. With regard to host/tumor interactions, NPC is a remarkable example of immune escape in the context of a hot tumor.Areas covered: This article has an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets that are considered upstream or at an early stage of clinical application. It examines targets related to cellular oncogenic alterations, latent EBV infection and tumor interactions with the immune system.Expert opinion: There is a remarkable emergence of new agents that target EBV products. The clinical application of these agents would benefit from a systematic and comprehensive molecular classification of NPCs and from easy access to pre-clinical models in public repositories. There is a strong rationale for more investigations on the potential of immune modulators, especially those related to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Even
- Département de cancérologie cervico-faciale, Gustave Roussy and université Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
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8
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Tsang CM, Lui VWY, Bruce JP, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Translational genomics of nasopharyngeal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 61:84-100. [PMID: 31521748 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), also named the Cantonese cancer, is a unique cancer with strong etiological association with infection of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). With particularly high prevalence in Southeast Asia, the involvement of EBV and genetic aberrations contributive to NPC tumorigenesis have remained unclear for decades. Recently, genomic analysis of NPC has defined it as a genetically homogeneous cancer, driven largely by NF-κB signaling caused by either somatic aberrations of NF-κB negative regulators or by overexpression of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an EBV viral oncoprotein. This represents a landmark finding of the NPC genome. Exome and RNA sequencing data from new EBV-positive NPC models also highlight the importance of PI3K pathway aberrations in NPC. We also realize for the first time that NPC mutational burden, mutational signatures, MAPK/PI3K aberrations, and MHC Class I gene aberrations, are prognostic for patient outcome. Together, these multiple genomic discoveries begin to shape the focus of NPC therapy development. Given the challenge of NF-κB targeting in human cancers, more innovative drug discovery approaches should be explored to target the unique atypical NF-κB activation feature of NPC. Our next decade of NPC research should focus on further identification of the -omic landscapes of recurrent and metastatic NPC, development of gene-based precision medicines, as well as large-scale drug screening with the newly developed and well-characterized EBV-positive NPC models. Focused preclinical and clinical investigations on these major directions may identify new and effective targeting strategies to further improve survival of NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Jeffrey P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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9
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Lung HL, Kan R, Chau WY, Man OY, Mak NK, Fong CH, Shuen WH, Tsao SW, Lung ML. The anti-tumor function of the IKK inhibitor PS1145 and high levels of p65 and KLF4 are associated with the drug resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12064. [PMID: 31427673 PMCID: PMC6700134 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48590-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others have previously shown that the canonical nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway is essential to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor development and angiogenesis, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway, including its upstream modulators and downstream effectors, are potential therapeutic targets for NPC. The inhibitor of upstream IκB kinase (IKK), PS1145, is a small molecule which can specifically inhibit the IκB phosphorylation and degradation and the subsequent nuclear translocation of NF-κB. The present study aims to determine the anti-tumor activity of PS1145 on NPC. Our results showed that PS1145 significantly inhibited the growth of tumorigenic NPC cell lines, but not in the normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line. Results in the in vivo study showed that low concentration of PS1145 (3 mg/kg) could significantly suppress the subcutaneous tumor formation in the nude mice bearing NPC xenografts. Apparent adverse effects were not observed in the animal study. Drug resistance against PS1145 seems to be associated with the increased levels of active NF-kB p65 and change of expression levels of kruppel-like factor 4. As can be seen, PS1145 appears to be a safe agent for animal experiments and its effects are tumor-specific, and the proteins associated with the drug resistance of PS1145 are implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.
| | - Rebecca Kan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Ketchum Pte. Ltd., 30 Merchant Road, Riverside Point, #03-12, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Yin Chau
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - On Ying Man
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Nai Ki Mak
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Chun Hung Fong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Wai Ho Shuen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.,Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong, P.R. China.,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China. .,Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong (SAR), P.R. China.
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10
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Chung AK, OuYang CN, Liu H, Chao M, Luo JD, Lee CY, Lu YJ, Chung IC, Chen LC, Wu SM, Tsang NM, Chang KP, Hsu CL, Li HP, Chang YS. Targeted sequencing of cancer-related genes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma identifies mutations in the TGF-β pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5116-5127. [PMID: 31328403 PMCID: PMC6718742 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately, 25% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients develop recurrent disease. NPC may involve relatively few genomic alterations compared to other cancers due to its association with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). We envisioned that in‐depth sequencing of tumor tissues might provide new insights into the genetic alterations of this cancer. Thirty‐three NPC paired tumor/adjacent normal or peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples were deep‐sequenced (>1000×) with respect to a panel of 409 cancer‐related genes. Newly identified mutations and its correlation with clinical outcomes were evaluated. Profiling of somatic mutations and copy number variations (CNV) in NPC tumors identified alterations in RTK/RAS/PI3K, NOTCH, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, cell cycle, NF‐κB, and TGF‐β pathways. In addition, patients harbored CNV among 409 cancer‐related genes and missense mutations in TGF‐β/SMAD signaling were associated with poor overall survival and poor recurrence‐free survival, respectively. The CNV events were correlated with plasma EBV copies, while mutations in TGFBR2 and SMAD4 abrogate SMAD‐dependent TGF‐β signaling. Functional analysis revealed that the new TGFBR2 kinase domain mutants were incapable of transducing the signal, leading to failure of phosphorylation of SMAD2/3 and activation of downstream TGF‐β‐mediated cell growth arrest. This study provides evidence supporting CNV and dysregulated TGF‐β signaling contributes to exacerbating the NPC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Ko Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Nan OuYang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mei Chao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ji-Dung Luo
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Bioinformatics Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Yang Lee
- Research Information Session, Office of Information Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yen-Jung Lu
- ACT Genomics, Co. Ltd., Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - I-Che Chung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Lih-Chyang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shao-Min Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ngan-Ming Tsang
- Department of Radiation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Lung Hsu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Pai Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Sun Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Fan C, Tu C, Qi P, Guo C, Xiang B, Zhou M, Li X, Wu X, Li X, Li G, Xiong W, Zeng Z. GPC6 Promotes Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:3926-3932. [PMID: 31417636 PMCID: PMC6692608 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a highly metastatic tumor that occurs frequently in Southeast Asia, particularly including southern China. Epstein-Barr virus infection is well established as a primary cause of NPC; nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying NPC pathogenesis remain largely unknown. In our previous study, we conducted whole-genome sequencing to screen for genomic variations that were associated with NPC. Of the resultantly identified variations, glypican-6 (GPC6), was shown, for the first time, to be frequently mutated in NPC. In the present study, we verified this finding and conducted a series of functional experiments, which demonstrated that GPC6 promotes the migration, invasion, and proliferation of NPC cells in vitro. Thus, the present study identified novel biological functions for GPC6 in NPC, and thus, showed that GPC6 may be a promising potential therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaofeng Tu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Can Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis (Central South University) and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Zhang J, Chen T, Yang X, Cheng H, Späth SS, Clavijo PE, Chen J, Silvin C, Issaeva N, Su X, Yarbrough WG, Annunziata CM, Chen Z, Van Waes C. Attenuated TRAF3 Fosters Activation of Alternative NF-κB and Reduced Expression of Antiviral Interferon, TP53, and RB to Promote HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4613-4626. [PMID: 29921694 PMCID: PMC7983169 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papilloma viruses (HPV) are linked to an epidemic increase in oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which display viral inactivation of tumor suppressors TP53 and RB1 and rapid regional spread. However, the role of genomic alterations in enabling the modulation of pathways that promote the aggressive phenotype of these cancers is unclear. Recently, a subset of HPV+ HNSCC has been shown to harbor novel genetic defects or decreased expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3). TRAF3 has been implicated as a negative regulator of alternative NF-κB pathway activation and activator of antiviral type I IFN response to other DNA viruses. How TRAF3 alterations affect pathogenesis of HPV+ HNSCC has not been extensively investigated. Here, we report that TRAF3-deficient HPV+ tumors and cell lines exhibit increased expression of alternative NF-κB pathway components and transcription factors NF-κB2/RELB. Overexpression of TRAF3 in HPV+ cell lines with decreased endogenous TRAF3 inhibited NF-κB2/RELB expression, nuclear localization, and NF-κB reporter activity, while increasing the expression of IFNA1 mRNA and protein and sensitizing cells to its growth inhibition. Overexpression of TRAF3 also enhanced TP53 and RB tumor suppressor proteins and decreased HPV E6 oncoprotein in HPV+ cells. Correspondingly, TRAF3 inhibited cell growth, colony formation, migration, and resistance to TNFα and cisplatin-induced cell death. Conversely, TRAF3 knockout enhanced colony formation and proliferation of an HPV+ HNSCC line expressing higher TRAF3 levels. Together, these findings support a functional role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor modulating established cancer hallmarks in HPV+ HNSCC.Significance: These findings report the functional role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor that modulates the malignant phenotype of HPV+ head and neck cancers. Cancer Res; 78(16); 4613-26. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tony Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinping Yang
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hui Cheng
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stephan S Späth
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institute and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Christopher Silvin
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalia Issaeva
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Xiulan Su
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wendell G Yarbrough
- Department of Surgery, Otolaryngology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Zhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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13
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Tsao SW, Tsang CM, Lo KW. Epstein-Barr virus infection and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0270. [PMID: 28893937 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with multiple types of human cancer, including lymphoid and epithelial cancers. The closest association with EBV infection is seen in undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is endemic in the southern Chinese population. A strong association between NPC risk and the HLA locus at chromosome 6p has been identified, indicating a link between the presentation of EBV antigens to host immune cells and NPC risk. EBV infection in NPC is clonal in origin, strongly suggesting that NPC develops from the clonal expansion of a single EBV-infected cell. In epithelial cells, the default program of EBV infection is lytic replication. However, latent infection is the predominant mode of EBV infection in NPC. The establishment of latent EBV infection in pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelium is believed to be an early stage of NPC pathogenesis. Recent genomic study of NPC has identified multiple somatic mutations in the upstream negative regulators of NF-κB signalling. Dysregulated NF-κB signalling may contribute to the establishment of latent EBV infection in NPC. Stable EBV infection and the expression of latent EBV genes are postulated to drive the transformation of pre-invasive nasopharyngeal epithelial cells to cancer cells through multiple pathways.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology and State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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14
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Mejías-Luque R, Zöller J, Anderl F, Loew-Gil E, Vieth M, Adler T, Engler DB, Urban S, Browning JL, Müller A, Gerhard M, Heikenwalder M. Lymphotoxin β receptor signalling executes Helicobacter pylori-driven gastric inflammation in a T4SS-dependent manner. Gut 2017; 66:1369-1381. [PMID: 27196595 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signalling has been implicated in inflammation-associated tumour development in different tissues. We have analysed the role of LTβR and alternative NF-κB signalling in Helicobacter pylori-mediated gastric inflammation and pathology. DESIGN We analysed several ligands and receptors of the alternative NF-κB pathway, RelB, p52 nuclear translocation and target genes in tissue samples of H. pylori-infected patients with different degrees of gastritis or early gastric tumours by in situ hybridisation, immunohistochemistry, Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. Molecular mechanisms involved in LTβR activation by H. pylori were assessed in vitro using human gastric cancer cell lines and distinct H. pylori isolates. The effects of blocking or agonistically activating LTβR on gastric pathology during challenge with a human pathogenic H. pylori strain were studied in a mouse model. RESULTS Among the tested candidates, LT was significantly increased and activated alternative NF-κB signalling was observed in the gastric mucosa of H. pylori-infected patients. H. pyloriinduced LTβR-ligand expression in a type IV secretion system-dependent but CagA-independent manner, resulting in activation of the alternative NF-κB pathway, which was further enhanced by blocking canonical NF-κB during infection. Blocking LTβR signalling in vivo suppressed H. pylori-driven gastritis, whereas LTβR activation in gastric epithelial cells of infected mice induced a broadened pro-inflammatory chemokine milieu, resulting in exacerbated pathology. CONCLUSIONS LTβR-triggered activation of alternative NF-κB signalling in gastric epithelial cells executes H. pylori-induced chronic gastritis, representing a novel target to restrict gastric inflammation and pathology elicited by H. pylori, while exclusively targeting canonical NF-κB may aggravate pathology by enhancing the alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Zöller
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Florian Anderl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Loew-Gil
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thure Adler
- Immunology Screen, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniela B Engler
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Urban
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Müller
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Institut für Virologie, Technische Universität München, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Fernandes MT, Dejardin E, dos Santos NR. Context-dependent roles for lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling in cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1865:204-19. [PMID: 26923876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The LTα1β2 and LIGHT TNF superfamily cytokines exert pleiotropic physiological functions through the activation of their cognate lymphotoxin-β receptor (LTβR). Interestingly, since the discovery of these proteins, accumulating evidence has pinpointed a role for LTβR signaling in carcinogenesis. Early studies have shown a potential anti-tumoral role in a subset of solid cancers either by triggering apoptosis in malignant cells or by eliciting an anti-tumor immune response. However, more recent studies provided robust evidence that LTβR signaling is also involved in diverse cell-intrinsic and microenvironment-dependent pro-oncogenic mechanisms, affecting several solid and hematological malignancies. Consequently, the usefulness of LTβR signaling axis blockade has been investigated as a potential therapeutic approach for cancer. Considering the seemingly opposite roles of LTβR signaling in diverse cancer types and their key implications for therapy, we here extensively review the different mechanisms by which LTβR activation affects carcinogenesis, focusing on the diverse contexts and different models assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica T Fernandes
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Dejardin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Signal Transduction, GIGA-Research, Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Nuno R dos Santos
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CBMR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto 4200, Portugal; Institute of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto 4200, Portugal.
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16
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Bruce JP, Yip K, Bratman SV, Ito E, Liu FF. Nasopharyngeal Cancer: Molecular Landscape. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:3346-55. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.60.7846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the superior aspect of the pharyngeal mucosal space, associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases. The capacity to characterize cancer genomes in unprecedented detail is now providing insights into the genesis and molecular underpinnings of this disease. Herein, we provide an overview of the molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. The contributions of major Epstein-Barr virus–encoded factors, including proteins, small RNAs, and microRNAs, along with their interactions with pathways regulating cell proliferation and survival are highlighted. We review recent analyses that clearly define the role of genetic and epigenetic variations affecting the human genome in NPC. These findings point to the impact of DNA methylation and histone modifications on gene expression programs that promote this malignancy. The molecular interactions that allow NPC cells to evade immune recognition and elimination, which is crucial for the survival of cells expressing potentially immunogenic viral proteins, are also described. Finally, the potential utility of detecting host and viral factors for the diagnosis and prognosis of NPC is discussed. Altogether, the studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC, yet much remains to be uncovered. Emerging techniques for using and analyzing well-annotated biospecimens from patients with NPC will ultimately lead to a greater level of understanding, and enable improvements in precision therapies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P. Bruce
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth Yip
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott V. Bratman
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma Ito
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Jeff P. Bruce, Kenneth Yip, Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University Health Network; and Scott V. Bratman, Emma Ito, and Fei-Fei Liu, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Yung MK, Lo KW, Yip CW, Chung GTY, Tong CYK, Cheung PFY, Cheung TT, Poon RTP, So S, Fan ST, Cheung ST. Copy number gain of granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) at chromosome 17q21 associates with overexpression in human liver cancer. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:264. [PMID: 25885205 PMCID: PMC4403714 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP), a secretory growth factor, demonstrated overexpression in various human cancers, however, mechanism remain elusive. Primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), ranks the second in cancer-related death globally. GEP controlled growth, invasion, metastasis and chemo-resistance in liver cancer. Noted that GEP gene locates at 17q21 and the region has been frequently reported to be amplified in subset of HCC. The study aims to investigate if copy number gain would associate with GEP overexpression. METHODS Quantitative Microsatellite Analysis (QuMA) was used to quantify the GEP DNA copy number, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to consolidate the amplification status. GEP gene copy number, mRNA expression level and clinico-pathological features were analyzed. RESULTS GEP DNA copy number determined by QuMA corroborated well with the FISH data, and the gene copy number correlated with the expression levels (n = 60, r = 0.331, P = 0.010). Gain of GEP copy number was observed in 20% (12/60) HCC and associated with hepatitis B virus infection status (P = 0.015). In HCC with increased GEP copy number, tight association between GEP DNA and mRNA levels were observed (n = 12, r = 0.664, P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Gain of the GEP gene copy number was observed in 20% HCC and the frequency comparable to literatures reported on the chromosome region 17q. Increased gene copy number contributed to GEP overexpression in subset of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Kuen Yung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Kwok Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Grace T Y Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Carol Y K Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Phyllis F Y Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Tan To Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ronnie T P Poon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Samuel So
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
| | - Sheung Tat Fan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Centre for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, L9-55, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Solinas A, Calvisi DF. Lessons from rare tumors: Hepatic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3472-3479. [PMID: 25834311 PMCID: PMC4375568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i12.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinomas (LEL-HCC) and lymphoepithelioma-like cholangiocarcinomas (LEL-ICC). Despite their rarity, these tumors are of general interest because of their epidemiological and clinical features, and because they represent a distinct model of interaction between the immune system and neoplastic cells. Approximately half of LEL-HCC arise in the context of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and have been described both in Eastern and Western patients. By contrast, LEL-ICC is associated in almost all cases with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and exhibits the same epidemiological features of EBV related malignancies. Compared with classical hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of corresponding stage, both LEL-HCC and LEL-ICC are characterized by lower rates of recurrence after surgery and better overall survival. How this behavior is related to distinct genetic alterations and tumor microenvironment is unclear. The pathophysiological mechanisms of lymphoid infiltrations seem to be different among the two groups of tumors. In fact, LEL-HCC frequently arises in the context of inflammatory changes driven by HCV infection, and has been recognized as a variant of classical hepatocellular carcinoma. At variance, lymphocyte recruitment of LEL-ICC is similar to that described in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric LEL, and possibly depends on the expression pattern of latent EBV infection.
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Li L, Tian W, Wang W, Liu K, Wang J, Jin H, Cai J, Wang J. NKG2C copy number variations in five distinct populations in mainland China and susceptibility to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Hum Immunol 2015; 76:90-4. [PMID: 25636564 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, copy number variation (CNV) of NKG2C gene was investigated in 1129 normal, unrelated individuals representing two southern Chinese Han populations (Hunan Han and Guangdong Han), two northern Chinese populations (Inner Mongolia Han and Inner Mongolia Mongol) and one southeastern Chinese Han population (Fujian Han) using polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific priming (PCR-SSP) method. CNV of NKG2C gene did not vary significantly among the five Chinese populations, with NKG2C gene deletion showing a frequency ranging from 0.2031 to 0.2688. Compared with worldwide ethnic groups, very significant difference was observed between the five Chinese populations and the Mexican mestizos (all Pcorrected=0.0025), and between the Fujian Han population and the German population (Pcorrected=0.005). We further examined CNV of NKG2C and HLA-E allelic distribution in 653 patients afflicted with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Hunan province. Neither CNV of NKG2C nor HLA-E was associated with NPC. There was a trend of reduced NPC risk in individuals who were homozygous for both HLA-E(∗)01:03 and NKG2C deletion (0.46% vs. 2.51%, P=0.0076, Pcorrected=0.0684, OR (95% CI)=0.1794 (0.0473-0.6809)). Taken together, our results suggest that NKG2C deletion and HLA-E signalling pathway does not play a major role in determining genetic susceptibility to NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiXin Li
- Immunogenetics Research Group, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tian
- Immunogenetics Research Group, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - WenYi Wang
- Immunogenetics Research Group, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - KangLong Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of XiangYa Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, People's Republic of China
| | - JunLong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The 5th Hospital of Zhangzhou City, Zhangzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - HeKun Jin
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of XiangYa Medical School of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410006, People's Republic of China
| | - JinHong Cai
- Immunogenetics Research Group, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - JunJie Wang
- Immunogenetics Research Group, Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Eight-Year Medical Educational Program, Central South University, School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yuen JWF, Chung GTY, Lun SWM, Cheung CCM, To KF, Lo KW. Epigenetic inactivation of inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase B (INPP4B), a regulator of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105163. [PMID: 25126743 PMCID: PMC4134277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common viral-associated neoplasm in which multiple signaling cascades are interfered with by Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) latent proteins and various genetic alterations. Aside from the previously reported PIK3CA amplification, we examined the role of INPP4B, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in the development of NPC. By RT-PCR and Western blotting, we revealed that the expression of INPP4B was down-regulated in all five established EBV-positive tumor lines. While INPP4B was consistently expressed in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cells, downregulation of INPP4B was found in 32/65 (49.2%) of primary tumors by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, our study also demonstrated the hypermethylation of the 5'CpG island of INPP4B in the tumors in which INPP4B transcription was downregulated. Notably, the re-expression of INPP4B was detected in the NPC cells treated with the demethylation agent (5-aza-2'deoxycytidine). Our study showed that promoter hypermethylation was the major mechanism for transcriptional silencing of INPP4B in NPC. Furthermore, restoration of INPP4B expression significantly suppressed PI3K/AKT downstream signals in the NPC C666-1 cells. In vivo growth inhibition was clearly demonstrated in the tumor cells stably expressing INPP4B. The findings indicate that epigenetic inactivation of INPP4B is one of the key mechanisms in activating PI3K/AKT signaling cascade and playing a role in the tumorigenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Wai-Fong Yuen
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Samantha Wei-Man Lun
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chartia Ching-Mei Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- * E-mail:
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Amplification of the miR-181c/d cluster is inversely correlated with PDCD4 expression in gastric cancer. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0280-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Cantile M, Scognamiglio G, La Sala L, La Mantia E, Scaramuzza V, Valentino E, Tatangelo F, Losito S, Pezzullo L, Chiofalo MG, Fulciniti F, Franco R, Botti G. Aberrant expression of posterior HOX genes in well differentiated histotypes of thyroid cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21727-40. [PMID: 24189220 PMCID: PMC3856031 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular etiology of thyroid cancers has been widely studied, and several molecular alterations have been identified mainly associated with follicular and papillary histotypes. However, the molecular bases of the complex pathogenesis of thyroid carcinomas remain poorly understood. HOX genes regulate normal embryonic development, cell differentiation and other critical processes in eukaryotic cell life. Several studies have shown that HOX genes play a role in neoplastic transformation of several human tissues. In particular, the genes belonging to HOX paralogous group 13 seem to hold a relevant role in both tumor development and progression. We have identified a significant prognostic role of HOX D13 in pancreatic cancer and we have recently showed the strong and progressive over-expression of HOX C13 in melanoma metastases and deregulation of HOX B13 expression in bladder cancers. In this study we have investigated, by immunohistochemisty and quantitative Real Time PCR, the HOX paralogous group 13 genes/proteins expression in thyroid cancer evolution and progression, also evaluating its ability to discriminate between main histotypes. Our results showed an aberrant expression, both at gene and protein level, of all members belonging to paralogous group 13 (HOX A13, HOX B13, HOX C13 and HOX D13) in adenoma, papillary and follicular thyroid cancers samples. The data suggest a potential role of HOX paralogous group 13 genes in pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Giosuè Scognamiglio
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Lucia La Sala
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Elvira La Mantia
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Veronica Scaramuzza
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Elena Valentino
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Simona Losito
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Luciano Pezzullo
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Chiofalo
- Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (L.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Franco Fulciniti
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-081-5903-471; Fax: +39-081-5903-718
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute “G. Pascale” Foundation, via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy; E-Mails: (M.C.); (G.S.); (L.L.S.); (E.L.M.); (V.S.); (E.V.); (F.T.); (S.L.); (F.F.); (G.B.)
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An J, Pan Y, Yan Z, Li W, Cui J, Yuan J, Tian L, Xing R, Lu Y. MiR-23a in amplified 19p13.13 loci targets metallothionein 2A and promotes growth in gastric cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:2160-9. [PMID: 23553990 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) and abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) always lead to deregulation of genes in cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). However, little is known about how CNVs affect the expression of miRNAs. By integrating CNV and miRNA profiles in the same samples, we identified eight miRNAs (miR-1274a, miR-196b, miR-4298, miR-181c, miR-181d, miR-23a, miR-27a and miR-24-2) that were located in the amplified regions and were upregulated in GC. In particular, amplification of miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster and miR-181c-181d cluster frequently occurred at 19p13.13 and were confirmed by genomic real-time PCR in another 25 paired GC samples. Moreover, in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments represented that mature miR-23a was increased in GCs (75.5%, 40/53) compared with matched normal tissues (28.6%, 14/49, P = 0.001). Knocking down of miR-23a expression inhibited BGC823 cell growth in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the potential target genes of miR-23a were investigated by integration of mRNA profile and miRNA TargetScan predictions, we found that upregulation of miR-23a and downregulation of metallothionein 2A (MT2A) were detected simultaneously in 70% (7/10) of the miRNA and mRNA profiles. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between miR-23a and MT2A expression was detected in GCs and normal tissues. Through combining luciferase assay, we confirmed that MT2A is a potential target of miR-23a. In conclusion, these results suggest that integration of CNV-miRNA-mRNA profiling is a powerful tool for identifying molecular signatures, and that miR-23a might play a role in regulating MT2A expression in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan An
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research Ministry of Education, Peking University Cancer Hospital/Institute, Beijing, 100142, P.R., China
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24
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Cantile M, Galletta F, Franco R, Aquino G, Scognamiglio G, Marra L, Cerrone M, Malzone G, Manna A, Apice G, Fazioli F, Botti G, De Chiara A. Hyperexpression of HOXC13, located in the 12q13 chromosomal region, in well‑differentiated and dedifferentiated human liposarcomas. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2579-86. [PMID: 24085196 PMCID: PMC3839951 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposarcoma (LPS) is the most common soft tissue neoplasm in adults and is characterized by neoplastic adipocyte proliferation. Some subtypes of LPSs show aberrations involving the chromosome 12. The most frequent are t(12;16) (q13;p11) present in more than 90% of myxoid LPSs and 12q13-15 amplification in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPSs. In this region, there are important oncogenes such as CHOP (DDIT3), GLI, MDM2, CDK4, SAS, HMGA2, but also the HOXC locus, involved in development and tumor progression. In this study, we evaluated the expression of HOXC13, included in this chromosomal region, in a series of adipocytic tumors. We included 18 well-differentiated, 4 dedifferentiated, 11 myxoid and 6 pleomorphic LPSs as well as 13 lipomas in a tissue microarray. We evaluated the HOXC13 protein and gene expression by immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Amplification/translocation of the 12q13-15 region was verified by FISH. Immunohistochemical HOXC13 overexpression was observed in all well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPSs, all characterized by the chromosome 12q13-15 amplification, and confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis. In conclusion, our data show a deregulation of the HOXC13 marker in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPSs, possibly related to 12q13-15 chromosomal amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cantile
- Division of Pathology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori 'Fondazione G. Pascale'-IRCCS, 80131 Naples, Italy
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25
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Chung GTY, Lou WPK, Chow C, To KF, Choy KW, Leung AWC, Tong CYK, Yuen JWF, Ko CW, Yip TTC, Busson P, Lo KW. Constitutive activation of distinct NF-κB signals in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2013; 231:311-22. [PMID: 23868181 DOI: 10.1002/path.4239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
As a distinct type of head and neck cancer, non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with EBV infection and massive lymphoid infiltration. The unique histological features suggest that local inflammation plays an important role in NPC tumourigenesis. We comprehensively characterized NF-κB signalling, a key inflammatory pathway which might contribute to the tumourigenesis of this EBV-associated cancer. By EMSA, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining, constitutive activation of distinct NF-κB complexes, either p50/p50/Bcl3 or p50/RelB, was found in almost all EBV-positive NPC tumours. siRNA or chemical inhibition of NF-κB signalling significantly inhibited the growth of EBV-positive NPC cells C666-1. Gene expression profiling identified a number of NF-κB target genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, and transcription. We further confirmed that p50 signals modulate the expression of multiple oncogenes (MYB, BCL2), chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CXCL9, CXCL10, CX3CL1, and CCL20). The findings support a crucial role of these constitutively activated NF-κB signals in NPC tumourigenesis and local inflammation. In addition to expression of the viral oncoprotein LMP1, genetic alteration of several NF-κB regulators (eg TRAF3, TRAF2, NFKBIA, A20) also contributes to the aberrant NF-κB activation in EBV-associated NPC. Except for LMP1-expressing C15 cells, all NPC tumour lines harbour at least one of these genetic alterations. Importantly, missense mutations of TRAF3, TRAF2, and A20 were also detected in 3/33 (9.1%) primary tumours. Taken together with the reported LTBR amplification in 7.3% of primary NPCs, genetic alterations in NF-κB pathways occurred in at least 16% of cases of this cancer. The findings indicate that distinct NF-κB signals are constitutively activated in EBV-positive NPC cells by either multiple genetic changes or EBV latent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Tin-Yun Chung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Edwards TL, Giri A, Motley S, Duong W, Fowke JH. Pleiotropy between genetic markers of obesity and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:1538-46. [PMID: 23810916 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To address inconsistent findings of obesity and prostate cancer risk, we analyzed the association between prostate cancer and genetic markers of obesity and metabolism. METHODS Analyses included 176,520 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with 23 metabolic traits. We examined the association between SNPs and prostate cancer in 871 cases and 906 controls, including 427 high-grade cases with Gleason ≥ 7. Genetic risk scores (GRS) for body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were also created by summing alleles associated with increasing BMI or WHR. RESULTS Prostate cancer was associated with five loci, including cyclin M2, with P values less than 1 × 10(-4). In addition, the WHR GRS was associated with high-grade prostate cancer versus controls [OR, 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.00-1.11; P = 0.048] and high-grade prostate cancer versus low-grade prostate cancer (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.13; P = 0.03). None of these findings exceeds the threshold for significance after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSIONS Variants in genes known to be associated with metabolism and obesity may be associated with prostate cancer. We show evidence for pleiotropy between WHR GRS and prostate cancer grade. This finding is consistent with the function of several WHR genes and previously described relationships with cancer traits. IMPACT Limitations in standard obesity measures suggest alternative characterizations of obesity may be needed to understand the role of metabolic dysregulation in prostate cancer. The underlying genetics of WHR or other Metabochip SNPs, while not statistically significant beyond multiple testing thresholds within our sample size, support the metabolic hypothesis of prostate carcinogenesis and warrant further investigation in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Edwards
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
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Lo KW, Chung GTY, To KF. Acquired Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-5947-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Hu C, Wei W, Chen X, Woodman CB, Yao Y, Nicholls JM, Joab I, Sihota SK, Shao JY, Derkaoui KD, Amari A, Maloney SL, Bell AI, Murray PG, Dawson CW, Young LS, Arrand JR. A global view of the oncogenic landscape in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an integrated analysis at the genetic and expression levels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41055. [PMID: 22815911 PMCID: PMC3398876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that the tumour cells of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) exhibit recurrent chromosome abnormalities. These genetic changes are broadly assumed to lead to changes in gene expression which are important for the pathogenesis of this tumour. However, this assumption has yet to be formally tested at a global level. Therefore a genome wide analysis of chromosome copy number and gene expression was performed in tumour cells micro-dissected from the same NPC biopsies. Cellular tumour suppressor and tumour-promoting genes (TSG, TPG) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-encoded oncogenes were examined. The EBV-encoded genome maintenance protein EBNA1, along with the putative oncogenes LMP1, LMP2 and BARF1 were expressed in the majority of NPCs that were analysed. Significant downregulation of expression in an average of 76 cellular TSGs per tumour was found, whilst a per-tumour average of 88 significantly upregulated, TPGs occurred. The expression of around 60% of putative TPGs and TSGs was both up-and down-regulated in different types of cancer, suggesting that the simplistic classification of genes as TSGs or TPGs may not be entirely appropriate and that the concept of context-dependent onco-suppressors may be more extensive than previously recognised. No significant enrichment of TPGs within regions of frequent genomic gain was seen but TSGs were significantly enriched within regions of frequent genomic loss. It is suggested that loss of the FHIT gene may be a driver of NPC tumourigenesis. Notwithstanding the association of TSGs with regions of genomic loss, on a gene by gene basis and excepting homozygous deletions and high-level amplification, there is very little correlation between chromosomal copy number aberrations and expression levels of TSGs and TPGs in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfang Hu
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wenbin Wei
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Ciaran B. Woodman
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Yunhong Yao
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irène Joab
- UMR542 Inserm-Université Paris Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Sim K. Sihota
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Yong Shao
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - K. Dalia Derkaoui
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement et de la Différenciation, Faculté des Sciences, Université d’Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Aicha Amari
- ORL Centre Hospitalier et Universitaire, Oran, Algeria
| | | | - Andrew I. Bell
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G. Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lawrence S. Young
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Arrand
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Cantile M, Scognamiglio G, Anniciello A, Farina M, Gentilcore G, Santonastaso C, Fulciniti F, Cillo C, Franco R, Ascierto PA, Botti G. Increased HOX C13 expression in metastatic melanoma progression. J Transl Med 2012; 10:91. [PMID: 22583695 PMCID: PMC3478206 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of malignant transformation, progression and metastasis of melanoma is not completely understood. Recently, the microarray technology has been used to survey transcriptional differences that might provide insight into the metastatic process, but the validation of changing gene expression during metastatic transition period is poorly investigated. A large body of literature has been produced on the role of the HOX genes network in tumour evolution, suggesting the involvement of HOX genes in several types of human cancers. Deregulated paralogous group 13 HOX genes expression has been detected in melanoma, cervical cancer and odonthogenic tumors. Among these, Hox C13 is also involved in the expression control of the human keratin genes hHa5 and hHa2, and recently it was identified as a member of human DNA replication complexes. METHODS In this study, to investigate HOX C13 expression in melanoma progression, we have compared its expression pattern between naevi, primary melanoma and metastasis. In addition HOXC13 profile pattern of expression has been evaluated in melanoma cell lines. RESULTS Our results show the strong and progressive HOX C13 overexpression in metastatic melanoma tissues and cytological samples compared to nevi and primary melanoma tissues and cells. CONCLUSIONS The data presentated in the paper suggest a possible role of HOX C13 in metastatic melanoma switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cantile
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione G, Pascale, via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Abstract
The lymphatic system has long been accepted as a passive escape route for metastasizing tumor cells. The classic view that lymphatics solely regulate fluid balance, lipid metabolism, and immune cell trafficking to the LN is now being challenged. Research in the field is entering a new phase with increasing evidence suggesting that lymphatics play an active role modulating inflammation, autoimmune disease, and the anti-tumor immune response. Evidence exists to suggest that the lymphatics and chemokines guide LN bi-functionally, driving immunity vs. tolerance according to demand. At sites of chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, and tumors, however, the same chemokines and aberrant lymphangiogenesis foster disease progression. These caveats point to the existence of a complex, finely balanced relationship between lymphatics and the immune system in health and disease. This review discusses emerging concepts in the fields of immunology, tumor biology, and lymphatic physiology, identifying critical, overlapping functions of lymphatics, the LN and lymphoid factors in tipping the balance of immunity vs. tolerance in favor of a growing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline D Shields
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, Cambridge, UK.
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Lo KW, Chung GTY, To KF. Deciphering the molecular genetic basis of NPC through molecular, cytogenetic, and epigenetic approaches. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:79-86. [PMID: 22245473 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is consistently associated with EBV infection and prevalence in southern China and Southeast Asia. In addition to EBV, the development of NPC involves cumulative genetic and epigenetic changes influenced by predisposing genetic factors and environmental carcinogens. Over the past two decades, knowledge of genetic and epigenetic alterations of NPC has rapidly accumulated. Multiple chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. copy number changes on chromosomes 3p, 9p, 11q, 12p, and 14q), gene alterations (e.g. p16 deletion and LTBR amplification), and epigenetic changes (e.g. RASSF1A and TSLC1 methylation) have been identified by various genome-wide approaches, such as allelotyping, CGH, and microarray analysis. In this review, we will discuss the critical genetic events that contribute to the initiation and progression of NPC. Studies on the precancerous lesions and in vitro immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell models provide important evidence for the involvement of genetic alterations and EBV infection in early development of this cancer. A hypothetical model describing the role of EBV latent infection and multiple genetic changes in NPC tumorigenesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Man CH, Wei-Man Lun S, Wai-Ying Hui J, To KF, Choy KW, Wing-Hung Chan A, Chow C, Tin-Yun Chung G, Tsao SW, Tak-Chun Yip T, Busson P, Lo KW. Inhibition of NOTCH3 signalling significantly enhances sensitivity to cisplatin in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Pathol 2011; 226:471-81. [PMID: 22009689 DOI: 10.1002/path.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an EBV-associated epithelial malignancy which is prevalent in south-east Asia and southern China. Despite the multiple genetic and epigenetic changes reported, the contribution of dysregulated signalling pathways to this distinct type of head and neck cancer is not well understood. Here we demonstrate the up-regulation of NOTCH ligands (JAG1 or DLL4) and effector (HEY1) in the majority of EBV-positive tumour lines and primary tumours. Among the NOTCH receptors, NOTCH3 was over-expressed in all EBV-positive tumour lines and 92.5% of primary tumours. Aberrant activation of NOTCH3 signalling was consistently detected in all these samples. These findings imply that NOTCH3 may play an crucial role in the development of NPC. By NOTCH3 specific siRNA, NOTCH3 signalling was suppressed and thereby significant growth inhibition and apoptosis induction occurred in NPC cells. Down-regulation of a number of targets involved in cell proliferation, eg CCND1, C-MYC,NFKB1, and survival, eg BCL2, BCL-XL, SURVIVIN, was confirmed in the NOTCH3 knockdown NPC cells. Importantly, NOTCH3 knockdown highly enhanced the sensitivity of NPC cells to cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, we revealed that the ability of NPC cells to form spheroids in vitro and tumours in nude mice was also significantly decreased after knockdown of NICD3 expression. These findings indicate that activation of NOTCH3 pathway is a critical oncogenic event in NPC tumourigenesis. Targeting NOTCH3 signalling may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for treating patients suffering from EBV-associated NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk-Him Man
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR
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Lymphotoxin's link to carcinogenesis: friend or foe? from lymphoid neogenesis to hepatocellular carcinoma and prostate cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 691:231-49. [PMID: 21153327 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6612-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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The unexpected role of lymphotoxin beta receptor signaling in carcinogenesis: from lymphoid tissue formation to liver and prostate cancer development. Oncogene 2010; 29:5006-18. [PMID: 20603617 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines lymphotoxin (LT) alpha, beta and their receptor (LTbetaR) belong to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, whose founder-TNFalpha-was initially discovered due to its tumor necrotizing activity. LTbetaR signaling serves pleiotropic functions including the control of lymphoid organ development, support of efficient immune responses against pathogens due to maintenance of intact lymphoid structures, induction of tertiary lymphoid organs, liver regeneration or control of lipid homeostasis. Signaling through LTbetaR comprises the noncanonical/canonical nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathways thus inducing chemokine, cytokine or adhesion molecule expression, cell proliferation and cell survival. Blocking LTbetaR signaling or Fcgamma-receptor mediated immunoablation of LT-expressing cells was demonstrated to be beneficial in various infectious or noninfectious inflammatory or autoimmune disorders. Only recently, LTbetaR signaling was shown to initiate inflammation-induced carcinogenesis, to influence primary tumorigenesis and to control reemergence of carcinoma in various cancer models through distinct mechanisms. Indeed, LTbetaR signaling inhibition has already been used as efficient anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer therapy in some experimental models. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions attributed to LT, the effects of its deregulation and extensively discuss the recent literature on LT's link to carcinogenesis.
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Drutskaya MS, Efimov GA, Kruglov AA, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA. Tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin and cancer. IUBMB Life 2010; 62:283-9. [PMID: 20155809 DOI: 10.1002/iub.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Initially TNF has been discovered as an anti-tumor factor, but it is now considered as one of the universal effectors of innate signaling implicating its key role in host defense and inflammation. Other physiological functions of TNF are primarily linked to organization of lymphoid tissues. TNF can exert deleterious effects on the organism when its local or systemic concentrations exceed certain levels. This is the main reason for the failure of TNF therapy in oncology. Moreover, in certain experimental models TNF to TNFRp55 signaling axis was found to play a pro-tumorigenic role. On the other hand, anti-TNF therapy proved to be beneficial in rheumatic and other autoimmune diseases. Taking into consideration the pivotal function of TNF in the immune system, it is obvious that such therapy cannot be entirely free of adverse effects including suppression of host defense and, possibly, predisposition to lymphomas. Lymphotoxins alpha and beta are the two related cytokines that exist in distinct trimeric forms which can signal through TNFR I and TNFR II, as well LTbetaR receptors, depending on the composition of the trimer. These signals have important functions in the development and homeostasis of the immune system. Importantly, there is a recently uncovered link between the LTalpha/LTbeta to LTbetaR signaling axis and cancer. Here we review the current status of the field with the focus on one particular issue: are TNF and lymphotoxins intrinsically anti-cancer or pro-tumorigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina S Drutskaya
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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