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Hershey BJ, Barozzi S, Orsenigo F, Pompei S, Iannelli F, Kamrad S, Matafora V, Pisati F, Calabrese L, Fragale G, Salvadori G, Martini E, Totaro MG, Magni S, Guan R, Parazzoli D, Maiuri P, Bachi A, Patil KR, Cosentino Lagomarsino M, Havas KM. Clonal cooperation through soluble metabolite exchange facilitates metastatic outgrowth by modulating Allee effect. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh4184. [PMID: 37713487 PMCID: PMC10881076 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh4184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancers feature substantial intratumoral heterogeneity of genetic and phenotypically distinct lineages. Although interactions between coexisting lineages are emerging as a potential contributor to tumor evolution, the extent and nature of these interactions remain largely unknown. We postulated that tumors develop ecological interactions that sustain diversity and facilitate metastasis. Using a combination of fluorescent barcoding, mathematical modeling, metabolic analysis, and in vivo models, we show that the Allee effect, i.e., growth dependency on population size, is a feature of tumor lineages and that cooperative ecological interactions between lineages alleviate the Allee barriers to growth in a model of triple-negative breast cancer. Soluble metabolite exchange formed the basis for these cooperative interactions and catalyzed the establishment of a polyclonal community that displayed enhanced metastatic dissemination and outgrowth in xenograft models. Our results highlight interclonal metabolite exchange as a key modulator of tumor ecology and a contributing factor to overcoming Allee effect-associated growth barriers to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Barozzi
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simone Pompei
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Iannelli
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Serena Magni
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Rui Guan
- Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Angela Bachi
- IFOM ETS The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Vredevoogd DW, Peeper DS. Heterogeneity in functional genetic screens: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1162706. [PMID: 37398651 PMCID: PMC10312307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1162706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional genetic screens to uncover tumor-intrinsic nodes of immune resistance have uncovered numerous mechanisms by which tumors evade our immune system. However, due to technical limitations, tumor heterogeneity is imperfectly captured with many of these analyses. Here, we provide an overview of the nature and sources of heterogeneity that are relevant for tumor-immune interactions. We argue that this heterogeneity may actually contribute to the discovery of novel mechanisms of immune evasion, given a sufficiently large and heterogeneous set of input data. Taking advantage of tumor cell heterogeneity, we provide proof-of-concept analyses of mechanisms of TNF resistance. Thus, consideration of tumor heterogeneity is imperative to increase our understanding of immune resistance mechanisms.
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El Khoury LY, Pan X, Hlady RA, Wagner RT, Shaikh S, Wang L, Humphreys MR, Castle EP, Stanton ML, Ho TH, Robertson KD. Extensive intratumor regional epigenetic heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma targets kidney enhancers and is associated with poor outcome. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:71. [PMID: 37120552 PMCID: PMC10149001 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell cancer (ccRCC), the 8th leading cause of cancer-related death in the US, is challenging to treat due to high level intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) and the paucity of druggable driver mutations. CcRCC is unusual for its high frequency of epigenetic regulator mutations, such as the SETD2 histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylase (H3K36me3), and low frequency of traditional cancer driver mutations. In this work, we examined epigenetic level ITH and defined its relationships with pathologic features, aspects of tumor biology, and SETD2 mutations. RESULTS A multi-region sampling approach coupled with EPIC DNA methylation arrays was conducted on a cohort of normal kidney and ccRCC. ITH was assessed using DNA methylation (5mC) and CNV-based entropy and Euclidian distances. We found elevated 5mC heterogeneity and entropy in ccRCC relative to normal kidney. Variable CpGs are highly enriched in enhancer regions. Using intra-class correlation coefficient analysis, we identified CpGs that segregate tumor regions according to clinical phenotypes related to tumor aggressiveness. SETD2 wild-type tumors overall possess greater 5mC and copy number ITH than SETD2 mutant tumor regions, suggesting SETD2 loss contributes to a distinct epigenome. Finally, coupling our regional data with TCGA, we identified a 5mC signature that links regions within a primary tumor with metastatic potential. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results reveal marked levels of epigenetic ITH in ccRCC that are linked to clinically relevant tumor phenotypes and could translate into novel epigenetic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Y El Khoury
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan A Hlady
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan T Wagner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shafiq Shaikh
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Liguo Wang
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Erik P Castle
- Department of Urology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melissa L Stanton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Thai H Ho
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
| | - Keith D Robertson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Liu H, Huang Y, Chen Y, Tang Z, Huang M, Ming Y, Wang M, Chen W, Huang Z, Qing L, Wang Q, Jia B. Family with Sequence Similarity 72 (FAM72) - A prospective biomarker for poor prognosis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 151:105695. [PMID: 37086493 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of FAM72 on the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to explore the relationship between FAM72 and OSCC. DESIGN We used a vast array of databases and analytical vehicles to assess the relation between FAM72 and OSCC, including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Metascape, and MethSurv. We made a preliminary verification of OSCC lines and tissues by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS FAM72 was higher in OSCC than in normal tissues. Analysis of univariate COX data indicated that elevated expression of FAM72A, FAM72B, and FAM72C in OSCC was related to poor overall survival. Moreover, FAM72B and FAM72C were independent of overall survival in multiple COX regression. FAM72A-D and its coexpressed genes in Metascape were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO), they were enriched in cellular cycle, mitotic and DNA metabolism. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) demonstrated an enrichment in pathways related to cell metabolism. Additionally, high FAM72 expression related to a worse prognosis in OSCC patients. FAM72A-D linked to the infiltration of tumor immune cell in OSCC patients. We found that methylation levels are likely linked to prognosis in OSCC patients. We used RT-qPCR to ascertain the differential FAM72B and FAM72C expression levels in cancer and paracancerous tissues of OSCC, human normal oral keratinocytes (HOK), and human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (Cal-33). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FAM72B and FAM72C are potential molecular markers of poor prognosis in OSCC and may act as novel targets for OSCC treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li Z, Seehawer M, Polyak K. Untangling the web of intratumour heterogeneity. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:1192-1201. [PMID: 35941364 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) is a hallmark of cancer that drives tumour evolution and disease progression. Technological and computational advances have enabled us to assess ITH at unprecedented depths, yet this accumulating knowledge has not had a substantial clinical impact. This is in part due to a limited understanding of the functional relevance of ITH and the inadequacy of preclinical experimental models to reproduce it. Here, we discuss progress made in these areas and illuminate future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Seehawer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Shi H, Cao C, Wen L, Zhang L, Zhang J, Ma J, Shou J, Li C. Prognostic value of the ratio of maximum to minimum diameter of primary tumor in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Urol 2022; 22:95. [PMID: 35787269 PMCID: PMC9252060 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-022-01047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several models and markers were developed and found to predict outcome of advanced renal cell carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the ratio of maximum to minimum tumor diameter (ROD) in metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC). Methods Patients with mccRCC (n = 213) treated with sunitinib from January 2008 to December 2018 were identified. Cutoff value for ROD was determined using receiver operating characteristic. Patients with different ROD scores were grouped and evaluated. Survival outcomes were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method. Results The optimal ROD cutoff value of 1.34 was determined for progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Patients in ROD ≥ 1.34 group had shorter PFS (9.6 versus 17.7 months, p < 0.001) and OS (25.5 versus 32.6 months, p < 0.001) than patients in ROD < 1.34 group. After adjustment for other factors, multivariate analysis showed ROD ≥ 1.34 was an independent prognostic factor for PFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p = 0.006). Patients in ROD ≥ 1.34 group presented higher proportions of pT3/4 stage (89.2% versus 10.8%, p = 0.021), WHO/ISUP grade III/IV (72.0% versus 28.0%, p = 0.010), tumor necrosis (71.0% versus 29.0%, p = 0.039), sarcomatoid differentiation (79.1% versus 20.9%, p = 0.007), poor MSKCC risk score (78.4% versus 21.6%, p < 0.001) and poor IMDC risk score (74.4% versus 25.6%, p < 0.001) than ROD < 1.34 group. Conclusion Primary tumor with higher ROD was an independently prognostic factor for both PFS and OS in patients with mccRCC who received targeted therapy. Higher ROD was also associated with high pT stage, high WHO/ISUP grade, sarcomatoid features, tumor necrosis, poor MSKCC and IMDC risk score. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12894-022-01047-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhe Shi
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanzhen Cao
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wen
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianyu Zhang
- Department of Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Imaging, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Ma
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shou
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Changling Li
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Panjiayuan Nanli 17#, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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Identification of a differentiation-related prognostic nomogram based on single-cell RNA sequencing in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10973. [PMID: 35768519 PMCID: PMC9243004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that is originated from the lined proximal convoluted tubule, and its major histological subtype is clear cell RCC (ccRCC). This study aimed to retrospectively analyze single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, to explore the correlation among the evolution of tumor microenvironment (TME), clinical outcomes, and potential immunotherapeutic responses in combination with bulk RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and to construct a differentiation-related genes (DRG)-based prognostic risk signature (PRS) and a nomogram to predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. First, scRNA-seq data of ccRCC samples were systematically analyzed, and three subsets with distinct differentiation trajectories were identified. Then, ccRCC samples from TCGA database were divided into four DRG-based molecular subtypes, and it was revealed that the molecular subtypes were significantly correlated with prognosis, clinicopathological features, TME, and the expression levels of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs). A DRG-based PRS was constructed, and it was an independent prognostic factor, which could well predict the prognosis of ccRCC patients. Finally, we constructed a prognostic nomogram based on the PRS and clinicopathological characteristics, which exhibited a high accuracy and a robust predictive performance. This study highlighted the significance of trajectory differentiation of ccRCC cells and TME evolution in predicting clinical outcomes and potential immunotherapeutic responses of ccRCC patients, and the nomogram provided an intuitive and accurate method for predicting the prognosis of such patients.
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Huang Z, Wang Q, Qing L, Li L, Xu S, Jia B. Current Status, Opportunities, and Challenges of Exosomes in Oral Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:2679-2705. [PMID: 35733418 PMCID: PMC9208818 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s365594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, with more than 300,000 cases diagnosed each year, of which oral squamous cell carcinoma accounts for more than 90%, with a 5-year survival rate of only 40–60%, and poor prognosis. Exploring new strategies for the early diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer is key to improving the survival rate. Exosomes are nanoscale lipid bilayer membrane vesicles that are secreted by almost all cell types. During the development of oral cancer, exosomes can transport their contents (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc) to target cells and promote or inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of oral cancer cells by influencing the host immune response, drug-resistant metastasis, and tumour angiogenesis. Therefore, exosomes have great potential and advantages as biomarkers for oral cancer diagnosis, and as drug delivery vehicles or targets for oral cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe the biogenesis, biological functions, and isolation methods of exosomes, followed by their relationship with oral cancer. Here, we focused on the potential of exosomes as oral cancer biomarkers, drug carriers, and therapeutic targets. Finally, we provide an insightful discussion of the opportunities and challenges of exosome application in oral cancer diagnosis and treatment, intending to offer new ideas for the clinical management of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaimei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Kneppers J, Bergman AM, Zwart W. Prostate Cancer Epigenetic Plasticity and Enhancer Heterogeneity: Molecular Causes, Consequences and Clinical Implications. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:255-275. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
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10
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Balzerano A, Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Evolutionary Mechanisms of Cancer Suggest Rational Therapeutic Approaches. Cytogenet Genome Res 2021; 161:362-371. [PMID: 34461614 DOI: 10.1159/000516530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal in personalized therapeutic approaches for cancer medicine is to identify specific mutations with prognostic and therapeutic value in order to tailor the therapy for the single patient. The most powerful obstacle for personalized medicine arises from intratumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, which can promote drug resistance. In this scenario, new technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, have emerged as a central diagnostic tool to profile cancer (epi)genomic landscapes. Therefore, a better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying cancer evolution is mandatory and represents the current challenge to accurately predict whether cancer will recur after chemotherapy with the aim to tailor rational therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Balzerano
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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Dasari K, Somarelli JA, Kumar S, Townsend JP. The somatic molecular evolution of cancer: Mutation, selection, and epistasis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 165:56-65. [PMID: 34364910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression has been attributed to somatic changes in single-nucleotide variants, copy-number aberrations, loss of heterozygosity, chromosomal instability, epistatic interactions, and the tumor microenvironment. It is not entirely clear which of these changes are essential and which are ancillary to cancer. The dynamic nature of cancer evolution in a patient can be illuminated using several concepts and tools from classical evolutionary biology. Neutral mutation rates in cancer cells are calculable from genomic data such as synonymous mutations, and selective pressures are calculable from rates of fixation occurring beyond the expectation by neutral mutation and drift. However, these cancer effect sizes of mutations are complicated by epistatic interactions that can determine the likely sequence of gene mutations. In turn, longitudinal phylogenetic analyses of somatic cancer progression offer an opportunity to identify key moments in cancer evolution, relating the timing of driver mutations to corresponding landmarks in the clinical timeline. These analyses reveal temporal aspects of genetic and phenotypic change during tumorigenesis and across clinical timescales. Using a related framework, clonal deconvolution, physical locations of clones, and their phylogenetic relations can be used to infer tumor migration histories. Additionally, genetic interactions with the tumor microenvironment can be analyzed with longstanding approaches applied to organismal genotype-by-environment interactions. Fitness landscapes for cancer evolution relating to genotype, phenotype, and environment could enable more accurate, personalized therapeutic strategies. An understanding of the trajectories underlying the evolution of neoplasms, primary, and metastatic tumors promises fundamental advances toward accurate and personalized predictions of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, and Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Townsend
- Yale College, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Spatial Distribution of Private Gene Mutations in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092163. [PMID: 33946379 PMCID: PMC8124666 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumours consist of multiple groups of similar cells resulting from differing evolutionary trajectories, i.e., subclones. These subclones are prevalent in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The aim of this study is to determine how similar or dissimilar the subclones in 89 ccRCC tumours are from one another regarding their gene mutations and expression profiles, i.e., the extent of intra-tumour heterogeneity. The implications of these alterations with respect to signalling pathways is also assessed. Deep sequencing allows for the identification of mutations with low-allele frequencies, providing a more comprehensive view of the heterogeneity present in the tumours. With an average of 62% of mutations having been identified in only one of the two biopsies, some of which in turn are found to impact gene expression, the complex makeup of ccRCC tumours is evident, and this can drastically influence treatment outcome. Abstract Intra-tumour heterogeneity is the molecular hallmark of renal cancer, and the molecular tumour composition determines the treatment outcome of renal cancer patients. In renal cancer tumourigenesis, in general, different tumour clones evolve over time. We analysed intra-tumour heterogeneity and subclonal mutation patterns in 178 tumour samples obtained from 89 clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. In an initial discovery phase, whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing data from paired tumour biopsies from 16 ccRCC patients were used to design a gene panel for follow-up analysis. In this second phase, 826 selected genes were targeted at deep coverage in an extended cohort of 89 patients for a detailed analysis of tumour heterogeneity. On average, we found 22 mutations per patient. Pairwise comparison of the two biopsies from the same tumour revealed that on average, 62% of the mutations in a patient were detected in one of the two samples. In addition to commonly mutated genes (VHL, PBRM1, SETD2 and BAP1), frequent subclonal mutations with low variant allele frequency (<10%) were observed in TP53 and in mucin coding genes MUC6, MUC16, and MUC3A. Of the 89 ccRCC tumours, 87 (~98%) harboured private mutations, occurring in only one of the paired tumour samples. Clonally exclusive pathway pairs were identified using the WES data set from 16 ccRCC patients. Our findings imply that shared and private mutations significantly contribute to the complexity of differential gene expression and pathway interaction and might explain the clonal evolution of different molecular renal cancer subgroups. Multi-regional sequencing is central for the identification of subclones within ccRCC.
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Harper K, Yatsyna A, Charbonneau M, Brochu-Gaudreau K, Perreault A, Jeldres C, McDonald PP, Dubois CM. The Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane Tumor Assay as a Relevant In Vivo Model to Study the Impact of Hypoxia on Tumor Progression and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051093. [PMID: 33806378 PMCID: PMC7961795 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypoxia is a negative prognostic factor known to be closely associated with tumor progression and metastasis. However, existing animal models with the ability to recreate the tumor hypoxic microenvironment have disadvantages that limit our ability to understand and target this pathological condition. The chicken ChorioAllantoic Membrane (CAM) assay is increasingly used as a rapid cost-effective drug-testing model that recapitulates many aspects of human cancers. Whether this model recreates the hypoxic environment of tumors remains understudied. Here, we demonstrate that the CAM model effectively supports the development of hypoxic zones in a variety of tumor types. Treatment of tumors with angiogenesis inhibitors or inducers significantly modulated the formation of hypoxic zones as well as tumor progression and metastasis. Our findings suggest that the CAM-based tumor model is a relevant in vivo platform to further understand the pathological responses to hypoxia and test therapeutic interventions aimed at targeting hypoxic cancers. Abstract Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment is a negative prognostic factor associated with tumor progression and metastasis, and therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy. To test the effectiveness of novel hypoxia-targeting drugs, appropriate preclinical models that recreate tumor hypoxia are essential. The chicken ChorioAllantoic Membrane (CAM) assay is increasingly used as a rapid cost-effective in vivo drug-testing platform that recapitulates many aspects of human cancers. However, it remains to be determined whether this model recreates the hypoxic microenvironment of solid tumors. To detect hypoxia in the CAM model, the hypoxic marker pimonidazole was injected into the vasculature of tumor-bearing CAM, and hypoxia-dependent gene expression was analyzed. We observed that the CAM model effectively supports the development of hypoxic zones in a variety of human tumor cell line-derived and patient’s tumor fragment-derived xenografts. The treatment of both patient and cell line-derived CAM xenografts with modulators of angiogenesis significantly altered the formation of hypoxic zones within the xenografts. Furthermore, the changes in hypoxia translated into modulated levels of chick liver metastasis as measured by Alu-based assay. These findings demonstrate that the CAM xenograft model is a valuable in vivo platform for studying hypoxia that could facilitate the identification and testing of drugs targeting this tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Harper
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Yatsyna
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Martine Charbonneau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Karine Brochu-Gaudreau
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexis Perreault
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudio Jeldres
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada;
| | - Patrick P. McDonald
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Division, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada;
| | - Claire M. Dubois
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5H3, Canada; (K.H.); (A.Y.); (M.C.); (K.B.-G.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Sahu S, Routray S. Assessing the analytical efficacy of TEX in diagnosing oral cancer using a systematic review approach. J Oral Pathol Med 2021; 50:123-128. [PMID: 33184963 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The 5-year survival rates in OSCC depend on the stage at diagnosis. Patients have better survival and favourable outcomes if detected early, as compared to those diagnosed in advanced stages. Apart from biopsy and mucosal scraping examinations, exosomes from saliva and blood are emerging as an accessible source for diagnosis and providing additional information about the tumour's characteristics. Hence, the study of tumour-derived exosomal (TEX) biomarkers obtained from a liquid biopsy is emerging as a promising diagnostic tool. In this systematic review, our effort is to assess the role of TEX as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchanda Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Samapika Routray
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
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15
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Zhu X, Li S, Xu B, Luo H. Cancer evolution: A means by which tumors evade treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111016. [PMID: 33246226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various methods have been tried to study and treat cancer, the cancer remains a major challenge for human medicine today. One important reason for this is the presence of cancer evolution. Cancer evolution is a process in which tumor cells adapt to the external environment, which can suppress the human immune system's ability to recognize and attack tumors, and also reduce the reproducibility of cancer research. Among them, heterogeneity of the tumor provides intrinsic motivation for this process. Recently, with the development of related technologies such as liquid biopsy, more and more knowledge about cancer evolution has been gained and interest in this topic has also increased. Therefore, starting from the causes of tumorigenesis, this paper introduces several tumorigenesis processes and pathways, as well as treatment options for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Shi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urogenital Tumor Systems and Synthetic Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Translational Medicine Institute of Shenzhen, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bairui Xu
- The Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjian, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjian, China.
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16
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Coorens THH, Farndon SJ, Mitchell TJ, Jain N, Lee S, Hubank M, Sebire N, Anderson J, Behjati S. Lineage-Independent Tumors in Bilateral Neuroblastoma. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:1860-1865. [PMID: 33211929 PMCID: PMC7611571 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Childhood tumors that occur synchronously in different anatomical sites usually represent metastatic disease. However, such tumors can be independent neoplasms. We investigated whether cases of bilateral neuroblastoma represented independent tumors in two children with pathogenic germline mutations by genotyping somatic mutations shared between tumors and blood. Our results suggested that in both children, the lineages that had given rise to the tumors had segregated within the first cell divisions of the zygote, without being preceded by a common premalignant clone. In one patient, the tumors had parallel evolution, including distinct second hits in SMARCA4, a putative predisposition gene for neuroblastoma. These findings portray cases of bilateral neuroblastoma as having independent lesions mediated by a germline predisposition. (Funded by Children with Cancer UK and Wellcome.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim H H Coorens
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Farndon
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J Mitchell
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Neha Jain
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Sangjin Lee
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Michael Hubank
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Neil Sebire
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - John Anderson
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
| | - Sam Behjati
- From the Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton (T.H.H.C., T.J.M., S.L., S.B.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.J.F., T.J.M., S.B.) and the Departments of Surgery (T.J.M.) and Paediatrics (S.B.), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, and UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health (N.J., N.S., J.A.), Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust (N.J., N.S., J.A.), and the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (M.H.), London - all in the United Kingdom
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17
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Watkins TBK, Lim EL, Petkovic M, Elizalde S, Birkbak NJ, Wilson GA, Moore DA, Grönroos E, Rowan A, Dewhurst SM, Demeulemeester J, Dentro SC, Horswell S, Au L, Haase K, Escudero M, Rosenthal R, Bakir MA, Xu H, Litchfield K, Lu WT, Mourikis TP, Dietzen M, Spain L, Cresswell GD, Biswas D, Lamy P, Nordentoft I, Harbst K, Castro-Giner F, Yates LR, Caramia F, Jaulin F, Vicier C, Tomlinson IPM, Brastianos PK, Cho RJ, Bastian BC, Dyrskjøt L, Jönsson GB, Savas P, Loi S, Campbell PJ, Andre F, Luscombe NM, Steeghs N, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Szallasi Z, Turajlic S, Jamal-Hanjani M, Van Loo P, Bakhoum SF, Schwarz RF, McGranahan N, Swanton C. Pervasive chromosomal instability and karyotype order in tumour evolution. Nature 2020; 587:126-132. [PMID: 32879494 PMCID: PMC7611706 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability in cancer consists of dynamic changes to the number and structure of chromosomes1,2. The resulting diversity in somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) may provide the variation necessary for tumour evolution1,3,4. Here we use multi-sample phasing and SCNA analysis of 1,421 samples from 394 tumours across 22 tumour types to show that continuous chromosomal instability results in pervasive SCNA heterogeneity. Parallel evolutionary events, which cause disruption in the same genes (such as BCL9, MCL1, ARNT (also known as HIF1B), TERT and MYC) within separate subclones, were present in 37% of tumours. Most recurrent losses probably occurred before whole-genome doubling, that was found as a clonal event in 49% of tumours. However, loss of heterozygosity at the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus and loss of chromosome 8p to a single haploid copy recurred at substantial subclonal frequencies, even in tumours with whole-genome doubling, indicating ongoing karyotype remodelling. Focal amplifications that affected chromosomes 1q21 (which encompasses BCL9, MCL1 and ARNT), 5p15.33 (TERT), 11q13.3 (CCND1), 19q12 (CCNE1) and 8q24.1 (MYC) were frequently subclonal yet appeared to be clonal within single samples. Analysis of an independent series of 1,024 metastatic samples revealed that 13 focal SCNAs were enriched in metastatic samples, including gains in chromosome 8q24.1 (encompassing MYC) in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and chromosome 11q13.3 (encompassing CCND1) in HER2+ breast cancer. Chromosomal instability may enable the continuous selection of SCNAs, which are established as ordered events that often occur in parallel, throughout tumour evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B K Watkins
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Emilia L Lim
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Marina Petkovic
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergi Elizalde
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre (BiRC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gareth A Wilson
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David A Moore
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Sally M Dewhurst
- Laboratory for Cell Biology and Genetics, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan C Dentro
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Experimental Cancer Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lewis Au
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Kerstin Haase
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mickael Escudero
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rachel Rosenthal
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Maise Al Bakir
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hang Xu
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Wei Ting Lu
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Thanos P Mourikis
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Dietzen
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lavinia Spain
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - George D Cresswell
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Dhruva Biswas
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Philippe Lamy
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Iver Nordentoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Katja Harbst
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesc Castro-Giner
- Department of Biomedicine, Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucy R Yates
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Franco Caramia
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Cécile Vicier
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Ian P M Tomlinson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond J Cho
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Boris C Bastian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lars Dyrskjøt
- Department of Molecular Medicine (MOMA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Göran B Jönsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Cancer Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter Savas
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sherene Loi
- Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Fabrice Andre
- INSERM U981, PRISM Institute, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Medical School, Université Paris Saclay, Kremlin Bicetre, France
| | - Nicholas M Luscombe
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- UCL Genetics Institute, Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London, UK
- Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivianne C G Tjan-Heijnen
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of GROW, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- 2nd Department of Pathology, SE-NAP Brain Metastasis Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Samra Turajlic
- Renal and Skin Units, The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Cancer Dynamics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Samuel F Bakhoum
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roland F Schwarz
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London, UK.
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18
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Kwon YM, Gori K, Park N, Potts N, Swift K, Wang J, Stammnitz MR, Cannell N, Baez-Ortega A, Comte S, Fox S, Harmsen C, Huxtable S, Jones M, Kreiss A, Lawrence C, Lazenby B, Peck S, Pye R, Woods G, Zimmermann M, Wedge DC, Pemberton D, Stratton MR, Hamede R, Murchison EP. Evolution and lineage dynamics of a transmissible cancer in Tasmanian devils. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000926. [PMID: 33232318 PMCID: PMC7685465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Devil facial tumour 1 (DFT1) is a transmissible cancer clone endangering the Tasmanian devil. The expansion of DFT1 across Tasmania has been documented, but little is known of its evolutionary history. We analysed genomes of 648 DFT1 tumours collected throughout the disease range between 2003 and 2018. DFT1 diverged early into five clades, three spreading widely and two failing to persist. One clade has replaced others at several sites, and rates of DFT1 coinfection are high. DFT1 gradually accumulates copy number variants (CNVs), and its telomere lengths are short but constant. Recurrent CNVs reveal genes under positive selection, sites of genome instability, and repeated loss of a small derived chromosome. Cultured DFT1 cell lines have increased CNV frequency and undergo highly reproducible convergent evolution. Overall, DFT1 is a remarkably stable lineage whose genome illustrates how cancer cells adapt to diverse environments and persist in a parasitic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mi Kwon
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Gori
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Potts
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Swift
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian R. Stammnitz
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi Cannell
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Baez-Ortega
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastien Comte
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samantha Fox
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Toledo Zoo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Colette Harmsen
- Mount Pleasant Laboratories, Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Prospect, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Stewart Huxtable
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Menna Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexandre Kreiss
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Clare Lawrence
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Billie Lazenby
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Sarah Peck
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ruth Pye
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Gregory Woods
- Menzies Institute, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Mona Zimmermann
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Wedge
- Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David Pemberton
- Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and the Environment (DPIPWE), Save the Tasmanian Devil Program, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- CANECEV, Centre de Recherches Ecologiques et Evolutives sur le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Elizabeth P. Murchison
- Transmissible Cancer Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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19
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Hall PE, Shepherd STC, Brown J, Larkin J, Jones R, Ralph C, Hawkins R, Chowdhury S, Boleti E, Bahl A, Fife K, Webb A, Crabb SJ, Geldart T, Hill R, Dunlop J, McLaren D, Ackerman C, Wimalasingham A, Beltran L, Nathan P, Powles T. Radiological Response Heterogeneity Is of Prognostic Significance in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-targeted Therapy. Eur Urol Focus 2020; 6:999-1005. [PMID: 30738795 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) is widely used to assess tumour response but is limited by not considering disease site or radiological heterogeneity (RH). OBJECTIVE To determine whether RH or disease site has prognostic significance in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A retrospective analysis was conducted of a second-line phase II study in patients with metastatic ccRCC (NCT00942877), evaluating 138 patients with 458 baseline lesions. INTERVENTION The phase II trial assessed vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy±Src inhibition. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS RH at week 8 was assessed within individual patients with two or more lesions to predict overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. We defined a high heterogeneous response as occurring when one or more lesion underwent a ≥10% reduction and one or more lesion underwent a ≥10% increase in size. Disease progression was defined by RECIST 1.1 criteria. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS In patients with a complete/partial response or stable disease by RECIST 1.1 and two or more lesions at week 8, those with a high heterogeneous response had a shorter OS compared to those with a homogeneous response (hazard ratio [HR] 2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-2.92; p<0.001). Response by disease site at week 8 did not affect OS. At disease progression, one or more new lesion was associated with worse survival compared with >20% increase in sum of target lesion diameters only (HR 2.12; 95% CI: 1.43-3.14; p<0.001). Limitations include retrospective study design. CONCLUSIONS RH and the development of new lesions may predict survival in metastatic ccRCC. Further prospective studies are required. PATIENT SUMMARY We looked at individual metastases in patients with kidney cancer and showed that a variable response to treatment and the appearance of new metastases may be associated with worse survival. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Hall
- Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, London, UK
| | - Scott T C Shepherd
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Janet Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK; Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Robert Jones
- Beatson Cancer Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Christy Ralph
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Robert Hawkins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon Chowdhury
- Department of Oncology, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ekaterini Boleti
- Department of Oncology, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amit Bahl
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Bristol NHS Foundation trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Fife
- Department of Oncology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Oncology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Simon J Crabb
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas Geldart
- Department of Oncology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Robert Hill
- Scottish Clinical Trials Research Unit (SCTRU), NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Dunlop
- Scottish Clinical Trials Research Unit (SCTRU), NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Duncan McLaren
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlotte Ackerman
- Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Luis Beltran
- Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, London, UK
| | - Paul Nathan
- Department of Oncology, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
| | - Thomas Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, CRUK Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, London, UK; Department of Oncology, Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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20
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Nakamura K, Aimono E, Tanishima S, Imai M, Nagatsuma AK, Hayashi H, Yoshimura Y, Nakayama K, Kyo S, Nishihara H. Intratumoral Genomic Heterogeneity May Hinder Precision Medicine Strategies in Patients with Serous Ovarian Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10040200. [PMID: 32260152 PMCID: PMC7235797 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10040200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine, which includes comprehensive genome sequencing, is a potential therapeutic option for treating high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). However, HGSC is a heterogeneous tumor at the architectural, cellular, and molecular levels. Intratumoral molecular heterogeneity currently limits the precision of medical strategies based on the gene mutation status. This study was carried out to analyze the presence of 160 cancer-related genetic alterations in three tissue regions with different pathological features in a patient with HGSC. The patient exhibited histological heterogeneous features with different degrees of large atypical cells and desmoplastic reactions. TP53 mutation, ERBB2 and KRAS amplification, and WT1, CDH1, and KDM6A loss were detected as actionable gene alterations. Interestingly, the ERBB2 and KRAS amplification status gradually changed according to the region examined. The difference was consistent with the differences in pathological features. Our results demonstrate the need for sampling of the appropriate tissue region showing progression of pathological features for molecular analysis to solve issues related to tumor heterogeneity prior to developing precision oncology strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nakamura
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kumagaya General Hospital, Saitama 360-8657, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3353-1211; Fax: +81-3-5315-4374
| | - Eriko Aimono
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
| | - Shigeki Tanishima
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Kansai Division, Mitsubishi Space Software Co., Ltd, Tokyo 661-0001, Japan;
| | - Mitsuho Imai
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
| | - Akiko Kawano Nagatsuma
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
| | - Hideyuki Hayashi
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
| | - Yuki Yoshimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Enyacho 89-1, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Kentaro Nakayama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Enyacho 89-1, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Satoru Kyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Enyacho 89-1, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (Y.Y.); (K.N.); (S.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Nishihara
- Genomics Unit, Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (E.A.); (M.I.); (A.K.N.); (H.H.); (H.N.)
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21
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Macklin PS, Yamamoto A, Browning L, Hofer M, Adam J, Pugh CW. Recent advances in the biology of tumour hypoxia with relevance to diagnostic practice and tissue-based research. J Pathol 2020; 250:593-611. [PMID: 32086807 DOI: 10.1002/path.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we examine the importance of low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) in cancer biology. We provide a brief description of how mammalian cells sense oxygen. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway is currently the best characterised oxygen-sensing system, but recent work has revealed that mammals also use an oxygen-sensing system found in plants to regulate the abundance of some proteins and peptides with an amino-terminal cysteine residue. We discuss how the HIF pathway is affected during the growth of solid tumours, which develop in microenvironments with gradients of oxygen availability. We then introduce the concept of 'pseudohypoxia', a state of constitutive, oxygen-independent HIF system activation that occurs due to oncogenic stimulation in a number of specific tumour types that are of immediate relevance to diagnostic histopathologists. We provide an overview of the different methods of quantifying tumour hypoxia, emphasising the importance of pre-analytic factors in interpreting the results of tissue-based studies. Finally, we review recent approaches to targeting hypoxia/HIF system activation for therapeutic benefit, the application of which may require knowledge of which hypoxia signalling components are being utilised by a given tumour. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip S Macklin
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Atsushi Yamamoto
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Browning
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Monika Hofer
- Department of Neuropathology and Ocular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie Adam
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Massari F, Nunno VD, Mollica V, Montironi R, Cheng L, Cimadamore A, Blanca A, Lopez-Beltran A. Immunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma from poverty to the spoiled of choice. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:1507-1521. [PMID: 31663411 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma has been enriched by the advent of new therapeutic compounds. The approval of new combination strategies between targeted agents and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as well as the administration of combinations between immune-checkpoint inhibitors has clearly demonstrated significant improvement toward patients' prognosis and other clinical outcomes. Due to the availability of different treatments, the choice between them may be a difficult issue in our clinical practice. We have summarized current knowledge about available treatments focusing on criteria, which may help clinicians to make decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veronica Mollica
- Division of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, United Hospital, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ana Blanca
- Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Lopez-Beltran
- Department of Pathology & Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cordoba University, Cordoba, Spain
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23
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Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are a diverse set of malignancies that have recently been shown to harbour mutations in a number of chromatin modifier genes - including PBRM1, SETD2, BAP1, KDM5C, KDM6A, and MLL2 - through high-throughput sequencing efforts. Current research focuses on understanding the biological activities that chromatin modifiers employ to suppress tumorigenesis and on developing clinical approaches that take advantage of this knowledge. Unsurprisingly, several common themes unify the functions of these epigenetic modifiers, particularly regulation of histone post-translational modifications and nucleosome organization. Furthermore, chromatin modifiers also govern processes crucial for DNA repair and maintenance of genomic integrity as well as the regulation of splicing and other key processes. Many chromatin modifiers have additional non-canonical roles in cytoskeletal regulation, which further contribute to genomic stability, expanding the repertoire of functions that might be essential in tumorigenesis. Our understanding of how mutations in chromatin modifiers contribute to tumorigenesis in RCC is improving but remains an area of intense investigation. Importantly, elucidating the activities of chromatin modifiers offers intriguing opportunities for the development of new therapeutic interventions in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aguirre A de Cubas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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24
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Toward a genome-based treatment landscape for renal cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 142:141-152. [PMID: 31401421 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about molecular mechanisms driving development and progression of renal cell carcinoma has been elucidated by different studies. In few years we discovered a large difference between genomic landscapes of clear cell and non-clear cell carcinoma. Moreover, tumor heterogeneity and different acquisition of gene mutations during tumor progression are issues of particular interest. In this review we focalized our attention on principal genomic alterations identified among RCC subtypes. Acquired gene mutations may be an adaptive response to several external pressure including metabolic, treatment, genomic and immune-related external pressure. Thus we correlated and discussed principal genomic alterations adopted by tumor to escape from each external pressures. The aim of the present work is to summarize current knowledge about genomic alterations in RCC with special interest of treatment strategies tailored on the basis of disease mutations assessment.
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25
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Tokutomi N, Moyret‐Lalle C, Puisieux A, Sugano S, Martinez P. Quantifying local malignant adaptation in tissue-specific evolutionary trajectories by harnessing cancer's repeatability at the genetic level. Evol Appl 2019; 12:1062-1075. [PMID: 31080515 PMCID: PMC6503823 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a potentially lethal disease, in which patients with nearly identical genetic backgrounds can develop a similar pathology through distinct combinations of genetic alterations. We aimed to reconstruct the evolutionary process underlying tumour initiation, using the combination of convergence and discrepancies observed across 2,742 cancer genomes from nine tumour types. We developed a framework using the repeatability of cancer development to score the local malignant adaptation (LMA) of genetic clones, as their potential to malignantly progress and invade their environment of origin. Using this framework, we found that premalignant skin and colorectal lesions appeared specifically adapted to their local environment, yet insufficiently for full cancerous transformation. We found that metastatic clones were more adapted to the site of origin than to the invaded tissue, suggesting that genetics may be more important for local progression than for the invasion of distant organs. In addition, we used network analyses to investigate evolutionary properties at the system-level, highlighting that different dynamics of malignant progression can be modelled by such a framework in tumour-type-specific fashion. We find that occurrence-based methods can be used to specifically recapitulate the process of cancer initiation and progression, as well as to evaluate the adaptation of genetic clones to given environments. The repeatability observed in the evolution of most tumour types could therefore be harnessed to better predict the trajectories likely to be taken by tumours and preneoplastic lesions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Tokutomi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Caroline Moyret‐Lalle
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonLyonFrance
| | - Alain Puisieux
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonLyonFrance
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier SciencesThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Pierre Martinez
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon BérardCancer Research Center of LyonLyonFrance
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26
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Niida A, Iwasaki WM, Innan H. Neutral Theory in Cancer Cell Population Genetics. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 35:1316-1321. [PMID: 29718454 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msy091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kimura's neutral theory provides the whole theoretical basis of the behavior of mutations in a Wright-Fisher population. We here discuss how it can be applied to a cancer cell population, in which there is an increasing interest in genetic variation within a tumor. We explain a couple of fundamental differences between cancer cell populations and asexual organismal populations. Once these differences are taken into account, a number of powerful theoretical tools developed for a Wright-Fisher population could be readily contribute to our deeper understanding of the evolutionary dynamics of cancer cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Niida
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Watal M Iwasaki
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideki Innan
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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27
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The next generation personalized models to screen hidden layers of breast cancer tumorigenicity. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 175:277-286. [PMID: 30810866 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is a challenging disease and major cause of death amongst women worldwide who die due to tumor relapse or sidelong diseases. BC main complexity comes from the heterogeneous nature of breast tumors that demands customized treatments in the form of personalized medicine. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND DISCUSSION Spatiotemporally dynamic and heterogeneous nature of BC tumors is shaped by their clonal evolution and sub-clonal selections and shapes resistance to collective or group therapies that drives cancer recurrence and tumor metastasis. Personalized intervention promises to administer medications that selectively target each individual patient tumor and even further each colonized secondary tumor. Such personalized regimens will require creation of in vitro and in vivo models genuinely recapitulating characteristics of each tumor type as initiating platforms for two main purposes: to closely monitor the tumorigenic processes that shape tumor heterogeneity and evolution as the main driving forces behind tumor chemo-resistance and relapse, and subsequently to establish patient-specific preventive and therapeutic measures. While application of tumor modeling for personalized drug screening and design requires a separate review, here we discuss the personalized utilities of xenograft modeling in investigating BC tumor formation and progression toward metastasis. We will further elaborate on the impact of innovative technologies on personalized modeling of BC tumorigenicity at improved resolution. CONCLUSION Heterogeneous nature of each BC tumor requires personalized intervention implying that modeling breast tumors is inevitable for better disease understanding, detection and cure. Patient-derived xenografts are just the initiating piece of the puzzle for ideal management of breast cancer. Emerging technologies promise to model BC more personalized than before.
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28
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Lorenzi T, Venkataraman C, Lorz A, Chaplain MAJ. The role of spatial variations of abiotic factors in mediating intratumour phenotypic heterogeneity. J Theor Biol 2018; 451:101-110. [PMID: 29750997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We present here a space- and phenotype-structured model of selection dynamics between cancer cells within a solid tumour. In the framework of this model, we combine formal analyses with numerical simulations to investigate in silico the role played by the spatial distribution of abiotic components of the tumour microenvironment in mediating phenotypic selection of cancer cells. Numerical simulations are performed both on the 3D geometry of an in silico multicellular tumour spheroid and on the 3D geometry of an in vivo human hepatic tumour, which was imaged using computerised tomography. The results obtained show that inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of oxygen, currently observed in solid tumours, can promote the creation of distinct local niches and lead to the selection of different phenotypic variants within the same tumour. This process fosters the emergence of stable phenotypic heterogeneity and supports the presence of hypoxic cells resistant to cytotoxic therapy prior to treatment. Our theoretical results demonstrate the importance of integrating spatial data with ecological principles when evaluating the therapeutic response of solid tumours to cytotoxic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lorenzi
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexander Lorz
- CEMSE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7598, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, Paris, France
| | - Mark A J Chaplain
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom.
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29
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Turajlic S, Xu H, Litchfield K, Rowan A, Horswell S, Chambers T, O'Brien T, Lopez JI, Watkins TBK, Nicol D, Stares M, Challacombe B, Hazell S, Chandra A, Mitchell TJ, Au L, Eichler-Jonsson C, Jabbar F, Soultati A, Chowdhury S, Rudman S, Lynch J, Fernando A, Stamp G, Nye E, Stewart A, Xing W, Smith JC, Escudero M, Huffman A, Matthews N, Elgar G, Phillimore B, Costa M, Begum S, Ward S, Salm M, Boeing S, Fisher R, Spain L, Navas C, Grönroos E, Hobor S, Sharma S, Aurangzeb I, Lall S, Polson A, Varia M, Horsfield C, Fotiadis N, Pickering L, Schwarz RF, Silva B, Herrero J, Luscombe NM, Jamal-Hanjani M, Rosenthal R, Birkbak NJ, Wilson GA, Pipek O, Ribli D, Krzystanek M, Csabai I, Szallasi Z, Gore M, McGranahan N, Van Loo P, Campbell P, Larkin J, Swanton C. Deterministic Evolutionary Trajectories Influence Primary Tumor Growth: TRACERx Renal. Cell 2018; 173:595-610.e11. [PMID: 29656894 PMCID: PMC5938372 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 409] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary features of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have not been systematically studied to date. We analyzed 1,206 primary tumor regions from 101 patients recruited into the multi-center prospective study, TRACERx Renal. We observe up to 30 driver events per tumor and show that subclonal diversification is associated with known prognostic parameters. By resolving the patterns of driver event ordering, co-occurrence, and mutual exclusivity at clone level, we show the deterministic nature of clonal evolution. ccRCC can be grouped into seven evolutionary subtypes, ranging from tumors characterized by early fixation of multiple mutational and copy number drivers and rapid metastases to highly branched tumors with >10 subclonal drivers and extensive parallel evolution associated with attenuated progression. We identify genetic diversity and chromosomal complexity as determinants of patient outcome. Our insights reconcile the variable clinical behavior of ccRCC and suggest evolutionary potential as a biomarker for both intervention and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Turajlic
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Hang Xu
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kevin Litchfield
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andrew Rowan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tim Chambers
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tim O'Brien
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jose I Lopez
- Department of Pathology, Cruces University Hospital, Biocruces Institute, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Thomas B K Watkins
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - David Nicol
- Department of Urology, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Mark Stares
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ben Challacombe
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Steve Hazell
- Department of Pathology, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Ashish Chandra
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Thomas J Mitchell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK; Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lewis Au
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Claudia Eichler-Jonsson
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Faiz Jabbar
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aspasia Soultati
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Simon Chowdhury
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sarah Rudman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joanna Lynch
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Archana Fernando
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Emma Nye
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Scientific Computing, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jonathan C Smith
- Department of Scientific Computing, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mickael Escudero
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Adam Huffman
- Department of Scientific Computing, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nik Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Greg Elgar
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ben Phillimore
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marta Costa
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sophia Ward
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Advanced Sequencing Facility, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Max Salm
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefan Boeing
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rosalie Fisher
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Lavinia Spain
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Carolina Navas
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sebastijan Hobor
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sarkhara Sharma
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ismaeel Aurangzeb
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharanpreet Lall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Alexander Polson
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Mary Varia
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Catherine Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicos Fotiadis
- Department of Radiology, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Lisa Pickering
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Roland F Schwarz
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno Silva
- Department of Scientific Computing, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Javier Herrero
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Nick M Luscombe
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Mariam Jamal-Hanjani
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Rachel Rosenthal
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Nicolai J Birkbak
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Gareth A Wilson
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Orsolya Pipek
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dezso Ribli
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcin Krzystanek
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Istvan Csabai
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Department of Bio and Health Informatics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin Gore
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Peter Van Loo
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Human Genetics, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Campbell
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - James Larkin
- Renal and Skin Units, the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK.
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence London, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, London NW1 2BU, UK.
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30
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Raspollini MR, Montagnani I, Montironi R, Castiglione F, Martignoni G, Cheng L, Lopez-Beltran A. Intratumoural heterogeneity may hinder precision medicine strategies in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:467-471. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is an heterogeneous tumour at architectural, cellular and molecular level, a reason why the 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology consensus recommended wide sampling of RCC masses to include at least 1 block/cm of tumour together with perpendicular sections of the tumour/perinephric fat interface and the tumour/renal sinus interface. Intratumoural molecular heterogeneity may be a limitation at the moment of defining precision medicine strategies based on gene mutation status. This study analyses the presence of any mutation of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, ALK, ERBB2, DDR2, MAP2K1, RET and EGFR genes in 20 tissue blocks from a case of ccRCC and its metastasis. We observed the presence of the mutation at pH1047R of PIK3CA gene in five samples of the tumour, while the remaining 15 samples did not show any mutation at PIK3CA or any other investigated gene. There is a great need to develop novel RCC sampling strategies to overcome tumour heterogeneity prior to define precision oncology strategies.
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31
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Romei C, Ciampi R, Casella F, Tacito A, Torregrossa L, Ugolini C, Basolo F, Materazzi G, Vitti P, Elisei R. RET mutation heterogeneity in primary advanced medullary thyroid cancers and their metastases. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 29515777 PMCID: PMC5839408 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC) whose pathogenesis is strictly related to RET proto-oncogene alterations, has been shown to have a heterogenic RET mutation profile in subpopulations of MTC. The aim of our study was to investigate the RET somatic mutation profile in primary MTC and in the corresponding metastatic tissues in a series of advanced metastatic cases. Results This study demonstrated that in about 20% of cases a different RET mutation profile can be found when comparing primary tumor and its corresponding metastases. Furthermore in 8% of tumors, RET intratumor heterogeneity was observed We also showed that in some cases an imbalance of RET copy number was present. We confirmed a high prevalence (90%) of RET somatic mutations in advanced tumors. Materials and Methods Fifty-six MTC patients (50 somatic and 6 hereditary cases) have been included in the study and a total of 209 specimens have been analysed by direct sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) has been used to investigate amplification/deletion of RET alleles. Conclusions In conclusion, this study showed a genetic intra- and intertumor heterogeneity in MTC, But in only 20% of CASES These results could justify the relatively moderate level of aggressiveness of the disease with respect to more aggressive human tumors that are characterized by a high rate of mutation and heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ciampi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Casella
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Tacito
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Liborio Torregrossa
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Materazzi
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Vitti
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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32
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Joshi K, Chain BM, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. The "Achilles' Heel" of Cancer and Its Implications for the Development of Novel Immunotherapeutic Strategies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:a027086. [PMID: 28630228 PMCID: PMC5749142 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last century, scientists have embraced the idea of mobilizing antitumor immune responses in patients with cancer. In the last decade, we have seen the rebirth of cancer immunotherapy and its validation in a series of high profile clinical trials following the discovery of several immune-regulatory receptors. Recent studies point toward the tumor mutational load and resulting neoantigen burden as being crucial to tumor cell recognition by the immune system, highlighting a potentially targetable Achilles' heel in cancer. In this review, we explore the key mechanisms that underpin the recognition of cancerous cells by the immune system and discuss how we may advance immunotherapeutic strategies to target the cancer mutanome to stimulate tumor-specific immune responses, ultimately, to improve the clinical outcome for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kroopa Joshi
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M Chain
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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33
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Sanfrancesco JM, Cheng L. Complexity of the genomic landscape of renal cell carcinoma: Implications for targeted therapy and precision immuno-oncology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 119:23-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
The fundamental operative unit of a cancer is the genetically and epigenetically innovative single cell. Whether proliferating or quiescent, in the primary tumour mass or disseminated elsewhere, single cells govern the parameters that dictate all facets of the biology of cancer. Thus, single-cell analyses provide the ultimate level of resolution in our quest for a fundamental understanding of this disease. Historically, this quest has been hampered by technological shortcomings. In this Opinion article, we argue that the rapidly evolving field of single-cell sequencing has unshackled the cancer research community of these shortcomings. From furthering an elemental understanding of intra-tumoural genetic heterogeneity and cancer genome evolution to illuminating the governing principles of disease relapse and metastasis, we posit that single-cell sequencing promises to unravel the biology of all facets of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timour Baslan
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10044, USA, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - James Hicks
- University of Southern California Dana and David Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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35
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Kuderer NM, Burton KA, Blau S, Senecal F, Gadi VK, Parker S, Mahen E, Veenstra D, Carlson JJ, Lyman GH, Blau CA. Participant Attitudes Toward an Intensive Trial of Multiple Biopsies, Multidimensional Molecular Analysis, and Reporting of Results in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. JCO Precis Oncol 2017; 1:PO.17.00076. [PMID: 32913975 PMCID: PMC7446457 DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Multidimensional molecular analysis of tumor tissue intensively over space and time can provide insight into how cancers evolve and escape treatment. Attitudes of participants in such trials have not been assessed. We explored patient views regarding an intensive study incorporating multiple biopsies, multidimensional molecular testing, and drug response predictions that are reported to the oncologist and patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS A structured, self-administered survey was conducted among the first 15 patients enrolled in ITOMIC-001 (Intensive Trial of Omics in Cancer). Patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer were accrued at two sites in Washington state. Surveys containing 17 items were administered at enrollment and after the return of results. Surveys explored perceptions regarding risks, personal benefits, benefits to others, uncertainties associated with interpreting complex molecular results, concerns regarding multiple biopsies, and potential loss of confidentiality. At follow-up, three additional unique items explored patient coping. RESULTS All participants expressed a strong desire for their experiences to benefit others, and all perceived a higher likelihood of deriving benefit than described during detailed consent discussions. Loss of confidentiality ranked lowest among patient concerns. Despite acknowledging uncertainties and risks inherent in complex molecular testing for clinical reporting, participants wanted access to findings in evaluating treatment choices, even if the best available evidence was weak. Follow-up surveys demonstrated relatively little change in attitudes, although concern about study biopsies generally declined. Study participation helped several patients cope better with their disease. CONCLUSION In advanced breast cancer, these findings demonstrate the feasibility of engaging motivated patients in trials that navigate the uncertainties associated with intensive spatial and longitudinal multidimensional molecular testing for the purpose of advancing precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Kuderer
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Kimberly A. Burton
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Sibel Blau
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Francis Senecal
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Vijayakrishna K. Gadi
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Stephanie Parker
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Elisabeth Mahen
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - David Veenstra
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Josh J. Carlson
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - Gary H. Lyman
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
| | - C. Anthony Blau
- All authors: University of Washington; Vijayakrishna K. Gadi and Gary H. Lyman, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle; and Sibel Blau, Francis Senecal, and Stephanie Parker, Northwest Medical Specialties, Puyallup and Tacoma, WA
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Martin-Liberal J, Rodon J. Clinical research in small genomically stratified patient populations. Eur J Cancer 2017; 80:73-82. [PMID: 28591680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The paradigm of early drug development in cancer is shifting from 'histology-oriented' to 'molecularly oriented' clinical trials. This change can be attributed to the vast amount of tumour biology knowledge generated by large international research initiatives such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the use of next generation sequencing (NGS) techniques developed in recent years. However, targeting infrequent molecular alterations entails a series of special challenges. The optimal molecular profiling method, the lack of standardised biological thresholds, inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity, availability of enough tumour material, correct clinical trials design, attrition rate, logistics or costs are only some of the issues that need to be taken into consideration in clinical research in small genomically stratified patient populations. This article examines the most relevant challenges inherent to clinical research in these populations. Moreover, perspectives from the Academia point of view are reviewed as well as initiatives to be taken in forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martin-Liberal
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain; Sarcoma, Melanoma and GU Malignancies Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - J Rodon
- Molecular Therapeutics Research Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
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Konen J, Summerbell E, Dwivedi B, Galior K, Hou Y, Rusnak L, Chen A, Saltz J, Zhou W, Boise LH, Vertino P, Cooper L, Salaita K, Kowalski J, Marcus AI. Image-guided genomics of phenotypically heterogeneous populations reveals vascular signalling during symbiotic collective cancer invasion. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15078. [PMID: 28497793 PMCID: PMC5437311 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic heterogeneity is widely observed in cancer cell populations. Here, to probe this heterogeneity, we developed an image-guided genomics technique termed spatiotemporal genomic and cellular analysis (SaGA) that allows for precise selection and amplification of living and rare cells. SaGA was used on collectively invading 3D cancer cell packs to create purified leader and follower cell lines. The leader cell cultures are phenotypically stable and highly invasive in contrast to follower cultures, which show phenotypic plasticity over time and minimally invade in a sheet-like pattern. Genomic and molecular interrogation reveals an atypical VEGF-based vasculogenesis signalling that facilitates recruitment of follower cells but not for leader cell motility itself, which instead utilizes focal adhesion kinase-fibronectin signalling. While leader cells provide an escape mechanism for followers, follower cells in turn provide leaders with increased growth and survival. These data support a symbiotic model of collective invasion where phenotypically distinct cell types cooperate to promote their escape. The mechanisms linking phenotypic heterogeneity to collective cancer invasion are unclear. Here the authors develop an image-guided genomic technique to select and amplify leader and follower cells from in vitro invading cell packs and find a cooperative symbiotic relationship between these two cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Konen
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - E Summerbell
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - B Dwivedi
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - K Galior
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 506 Atwood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Y Hou
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - L Rusnak
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - A Chen
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - J Saltz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - W Zhou
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - L H Boise
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - P Vertino
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - L Cooper
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - K Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 506 Atwood Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - J Kowalski
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - A I Marcus
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, 1365C Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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McGranahan N, Swanton C. Clonal Heterogeneity and Tumor Evolution: Past, Present, and the Future. Cell 2017; 168:613-628. [PMID: 28187284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1632] [Impact Index Per Article: 233.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity, which fosters tumor evolution, is a key challenge in cancer medicine. Here, we review data and technologies that have revealed intra-tumor heterogeneity across cancer types and the dynamics, constraints, and contingencies inherent to tumor evolution. We emphasize the importance of macro-evolutionary leaps, often involving large-scale chromosomal alterations, in driving tumor evolution and metastasis and consider the role of the tumor microenvironment in engendering heterogeneity and drug resistance. We suggest that bold approaches to drug development, harnessing the adaptive properties of the immune-microenvironment while limiting those of the tumor, combined with advances in clinical trial-design, will improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Medical Oncology, University College London Hospitals, 235 Euston Rd, Fitzrovia, London NW1 2BU, UK.
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39
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Kouba EJ, Eble JN, Simper N, Grignon DJ, Wang M, Zhang S, Wang L, Martignoni G, Williamson SR, Brunelli M, Luchini C, Calió A, Cheng L. High fidelity of driver chromosomal alterations among primary and metastatic renal cell carcinomas: implications for tumor clonal evolution and treatment. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1347-1357. [PMID: 27469331 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated considerable genomic heterogeneity in both primary and metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This mutational diversity has serious implications for the development and implementation of targeted molecular therapies. We evaluated 39 cases of primary RCC tumors with their matched metastatic tumors to determine if the hallmark chromosomal anomalies of these tumors are preserved over the course of disease progression. Thirty-nine matched pairs of primary and metastatic RCCs (20 clear cell RCC, 16 papillary RCC, and 3 chromophobe RCC) were analyzed. All clear cell RCC and papillary RCC tumors were evaluated for chromosome 3p deletion, trisomy 7 and 17 using fluorescence in situ hybridization. Chromophobe RCC tumors were evaluated for genetic alterations in chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, and 17. Of the 20 clear cell RCC tumors, 18 primary tumors (90%) showed a deletion of chromosome 3p and were disomic for chromosomes 7 and 17. All molecular aberrations were conserved within the matched metastatic tumor. Of the 16 papillary RCC tumors, 10 primary tumors (62%) showed trisomy for both chromosomes 7 and 17 without 3p deletion. These molecular aberrations and others were conserved in the paired metastatic tumors. Of the three chromophobe RCC tumors, multiple genetic anomalies were identified in chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, and 17. These chromosomal aberrations were conserved in the matched metastatic tumors. Our results demonstrated genomic fidelity among the primary and metastatic lesions in RCCs. These findings may have important clinical and diagnostic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eril J Kouba
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - John N Eble
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Novae Simper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David J Grignon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mingsheng Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shaobo Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lisha Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Guido Martignoni
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Universitá di Verona, Verona, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Pederzoli Hospital, Peschiera del Garda, Italy
| | - Sean R Williamson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Josephine Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Universitá di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Dipartimento di Patologia, Universitá di Verona, Verona, Italy.,Surgical Pathology Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
| | - Anna Calió
- Dipartimento di Patologia, Universitá di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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40
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Suzuki Y, Ng SB, Chua C, Leow WQ, Chng J, Liu SY, Ramnarayanan K, Gan A, Ho DL, Ten R, Su Y, Lezhava A, Lai JH, Koh D, Lim KH, Tan P, Rozen SG, Tan IB. Multiregion ultra-deep sequencing reveals early intermixing and variable levels of intratumoral heterogeneity in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2016; 11:124-139. [PMID: 28145097 PMCID: PMC5527459 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) contributes to cancer progression and chemoresistance. We sought to comprehensively describe ITH of somatic mutations, copy number, and transcriptomic alterations involving clinically and biologically relevant gene pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC). We performed multiregion, high‐depth (384× on average) sequencing of 799 cancer‐associated genes in 24 spatially separated primary tumor and nonmalignant tissues from four treatment‐naïve CRC patients. We then used ultra‐deep sequencing (17 075× on average) to accurately verify the presence or absence of identified somatic mutations in each sector. We also digitally measured gene expression and copy number alterations using NanoString assays. We identified the subclonal point mutations and determined the mutational timing and phylogenetic relationships among spatially separated sectors of each tumor. Truncal mutations, those shared by all sectors in the tumor, affected the well‐described driver genes such as APC, TP53, and KRAS. With sequencing at 17 075×, we found that mutations first detected at a sequencing depth of 384× were in fact more widely shared among sectors than originally assessed. Interestingly, ultra‐deep sequencing also revealed some mutations that were present in all spatially dispersed sectors, but at subclonal levels. Ultra‐high‐depth validation sequencing, copy number analysis, and gene expression profiling provided a comprehensive and accurate genomic landscape of spatial heterogeneity in CRC. Ultra‐deep sequencing allowed more sensitive detection of somatic mutations and a more accurate assessment of ITH. By detecting the subclonal mutations with ultra‐deep sequencing, we traced the genomic histories of each tumor and the relative timing of mutational events. We found evidence of early mixing, in which the subclonal ancestral mutations intermixed across the sectors before the acquisition of subsequent nontruncal mutations. Our findings also indicate that different CRC patients display markedly variable ITH, suggesting that each patient's tumor possesses a unique genomic history and spatial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Suzuki
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Boonhsi Ng
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarinda Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Qiang Leow
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jermain Chng
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Shi Yang Liu
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kalpana Ramnarayanan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Gan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Dan Liang Ho
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Rachel Ten
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Su
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | - Jiunn Herng Lai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Dennis Koh
- Colorectal Practice, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Patrick Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven G Rozen
- Centre for Computational Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iain Beehuat Tan
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
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41
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Tumour heterogeneity: principles and practical consequences. Virchows Arch 2016; 469:371-84. [PMID: 27412632 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Two major reasons compel us to study tumour heterogeneity: firstly, it represents the basis of acquired therapy resistance, and secondly, it may be one of the major sources of the low level of reproducibility in clinical cancer research. The present review focuses on the heterogeneity of neoplastic disease, both within the primary tumour and between primary tumour and metastases. We discuss different levels of heterogeneity and the current understanding of the phenomenon, as well as imminent developments relevant for clinical research and diagnostic pathology. It is necessary to develop new tools to study heterogeneity and new biomarkers for heterogeneity. Established and new in situ methods will be very useful. In future studies, not only clonal heterogeneity needs to be addressed but also non-clonal phenotypic heterogeneity which might be important for therapy resistance. We also review heterogeneity established in major tumour types, in order to explore potential similarities that might help to define new strategies for targeted therapy.
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42
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Ji Z, Zhao J, Zhao T, Han Y, Zhang Y, Ye H. Independent Tumor Origin in Two Cases of Synchronous Bilateral Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29267. [PMID: 27383411 PMCID: PMC4935960 DOI: 10.1038/srep29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilateral renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) pose a challenge for clinical treatment and management. Most bilateral RCCs are sporadic, and do not show a hereditary pattern indicative of VHL syndrome or other inherited cancers. The origin and evolution of these sporadic bilateral RCCs remains elusive. We obtained normal and tumor samples from two male patients suffering from early stage synchronous bilateral clear cell RCC (ccRCC), and analyzed genomic DNA using whole exome sequencing and bisulfite pyrosequencing. We detected distinct 3p loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in both tumors in each patient. Two tumors within the same patient harbored distinct driver mutations and different CpG hypermethylation sites in the VHL promoter. Moreover, tumors exhibit independent evolutionary trajectories. Therefore, distinct 3p LOH, combined with contingent driver gene mutations and independent VHL hypermethylation, led to independent tumor origin and parallel evolution of bilateral ccRCC in these two patients. Our results indicate that tumors in these two cases were not due to common germline oncogenic mutations. They were results of multiple de novo mutations in each kidney, rather than primary ccRCC with contralateral renal metastasis. Therefore, histopathologic and genetic profiling from single tumor specimen may underestimate the mutational burden and somatic heterogeneity of bilateral ccRCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Ji
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Haihong Ye
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Center of Schizophrenia, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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43
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Ziogas DE, Zerdes I, Lykoudis EG, Glantzounis G, Roukos DH. Intratumor heterogeneity: predicting and preventing therapeutic resistance. Biomark Med 2016; 10:681-4. [PMID: 27338870 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2016-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Demosthenes E Ziogas
- Centre for Biosystems & Genomic Network Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Surgery, 'G. Hatzikosta' General Hospital, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ioannis Zerdes
- Centre for Biosystems & Genomic Network Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Efstathios G Lykoudis
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Ioannina University School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios H Roukos
- Centre for Biosystems & Genomic Network Medicine, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.,Department of Surgery, Ioannina University Hospital, Ioannina, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
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44
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Crobach S, Ruano D, van Eijk R, Schrumpf M, Fleuren G, van Wezel T, Morreau H. Somatic mutation profiles in primary colorectal cancers and matching ovarian metastases: Identification of driver and passenger mutations. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:166-74. [PMID: 27499925 PMCID: PMC4958737 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The mutational profiles of primary colorectal cancers (CRCs) and corresponding ovarian metastases were compared. Using a custom‐made next generation sequencing panel, 115 cancer‐driving genes were analyzed in a cohort of 26 primary CRCs and 30 matching ovarian metastases (four with bilateral metastases). To obtain a complete overview of the mutational profile, low thresholds were used in bioinformatics analysis to prevent low frequency passenger mutations from being filtered out. A subset of variants was validated using Sanger and/or hydrolysis probe assays. The mutational landscape of CRC that metastasized to the ovary was not strikingly different from CRC in consecutive series. When comparing primary CRCs and their matching ovarian metastases, there was considerable overlap in the mutations of early affected genes. A subset of mutations demonstrated less overlap, presumably being passenger mutations. In particular, primary CRCs showed a substantially high number of passenger mutations. We also compared the primary CRCs and matching metastases for stratifying variants of six genes (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, FBXW7, PTEN and PIK3CA) that select for established (EGFR directed) or future targeted therapies. In a total of 31 variants 12 were not found in either of the two locations. Tumours thus differed in the number of discordant variants between the primary tumours and matching metastases. Half of these discordant variants were definitive class 4/5 pathogenic variants. However, in terms of temporal heterogeneity, no clear relationship was observed between the number of discordant variants and the time interval between primary CRCs and the detection of ovarian metastases. This suggests that dormant metastases may be present from the early days of the primary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Crobach
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Dina Ruano
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Eijk
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Melanie Schrumpf
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | | | - Gertjan Fleuren
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Wezel
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Hans Morreau
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
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45
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Venkatesan S, Swanton C. Tumor Evolutionary Principles: How Intratumor Heterogeneity Influences Cancer Treatment and Outcome. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016; 35:e141-9. [PMID: 27249716 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_158930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that intratumor heterogeneity contributes to drug resistance in advanced disease. Intratumor heterogeneity may foster the selection of a resistant subclone, sometimes detectable prior to treatment. Next-generation sequencing is enabling the phylogenetic reconstruction of a cancer's life history and has revealed different modes of cancer evolution. These studies have shown that cancer evolution is not always stochastic and has certain constraints. Consideration of cancer evolution may enable the better design of clinical trials and cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the different modes of cancer evolution and how this might impact clinical outcomes. Furthermore, we will discuss several therapeutic strategies for managing emergent intratumor heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Venkatesan
- From the UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Swanton
- From the UCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom; The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
Breast cancer is no longer considered a single disease, but instead is made up of multiple subtypes with genetically and most likely epigenetically heterogeneous tumors composed of numerous clones. Both the hierarchical cancer stem cell and clonal evolution models have been invoked to help explain this intratumoral heterogeneity. Several recent studies have helped define the functional interactions among the different cellular subpopulations necessary for the evolution of this complex ecosystem. These interactions involve paracrine interactions that include locally acting Wnt family members, reminiscent of the signaling pathways important for normal mammary gland development and stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we discuss the interactions among various cell populations in both normal and tumor tissues. A better understanding of these interactions, especially in the metastatic setting, will be important for the development of improved combinatorial therapies designed to prevent relapse and to ultimately decrease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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47
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Kanu N, Grönroos E, Martinez P, Burrell RA, Yi Goh X, Bartkova J, Maya-Mendoza A, Mistrík M, Rowan AJ, Patel H, Rabinowitz A, East P, Wilson G, Santos CR, McGranahan N, Gulati S, Gerlinger M, Birkbak NJ, Joshi T, Alexandrov LB, Stratton MR, Powles T, Matthews N, Bates PA, Stewart A, Szallasi Z, Larkin J, Bartek J, Swanton C. SETD2 loss-of-function promotes renal cancer branched evolution through replication stress and impaired DNA repair. Oncogene 2015; 34:5699-708. [PMID: 25728682 PMCID: PMC4660036 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Defining mechanisms that generate intratumour heterogeneity and branched evolution may inspire novel therapeutic approaches to limit tumour diversity and adaptation. SETD2 (Su(var), Enhancer of zeste, Trithorax-domain containing 2) trimethylates histone-3 lysine-36 (H3K36me3) at sites of active transcription and is mutated in diverse tumour types, including clear cell renal carcinomas (ccRCCs). Distinct SETD2 mutations have been identified in spatially separated regions in ccRCC, indicative of intratumour heterogeneity. In this study, we have addressed the consequences of SETD2 loss-of-function through an integrated bioinformatics and functional genomics approach. We find that bi-allelic SETD2 aberrations are not associated with microsatellite instability in ccRCC. SETD2 depletion in ccRCC cells revealed aberrant and reduced nucleosome compaction and chromatin association of the key replication proteins minichromosome maintenance complex component (MCM7) and DNA polymerase δ hindering replication fork progression, and failure to load lens epithelium-derived growth factor and the Rad51 homologous recombination repair factor at DNA breaks. Consistent with these data, we observe chromosomal breakpoint locations are biased away from H3K36me3 sites in SETD2 wild-type ccRCCs relative to tumours with bi-allelic SETD2 aberrations and that H3K36me3-negative ccRCCs display elevated DNA damage in vivo. These data suggest a role for SETD2 in maintaining genome integrity through nucleosome stabilization, suppression of replication stress and the coordination of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kanu
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
| | - E Grönroos
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - P Martinez
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - R A Burrell
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - X Yi Goh
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - J Bartkova
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Maya-Mendoza
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Mistrík
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - A J Rowan
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - H Patel
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - A Rabinowitz
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - P East
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - G Wilson
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - C R Santos
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - N McGranahan
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - S Gulati
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - M Gerlinger
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - N J Birkbak
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - T Joshi
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L B Alexandrov
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - M R Stratton
- Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - T Powles
- Barts Cancer Institute, Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - N Matthews
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - P A Bates
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - A Stewart
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Z Szallasi
- Department of Systems Biology, Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Children's Hospital Boston, Informatics—Enders 1506, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Larkin
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - J Bartek
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - C Swanton
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, London, UK
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, UK
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48
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Wei EY, Hsieh JJ. A river model to map convergent cancer evolution and guide therapy in RCC. Nat Rev Urol 2015; 12:706-12. [PMID: 26526752 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2015.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoural heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) complicates identification and validation of biomarkers and thwarts attempts to improve precision medicine. Efforts to depict intratumoural heterogeneity and to pinpoint strategies for disease control resulted in the creation of the trunk-branch model of mutational cancer evolution, which emphasizes targeting trunk mutations. However, most patients with ccRCC receiving current therapeutics that target these mutations, such as inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factors, eventually develop resistance. A novel paradigm might improve depiction of cancer evolution and advise therapeutic selection: the river model is based on findings from multiregion sequencing in samples from exceptional responders to mTOR inhibitors. The accumulating data on genotypic and phenotypic convergence in renal cell carcinoma and other malignancies can be used to examine how a mutable river model might best describe clinically significant phenotype-convergent events that could guide effective cancer control. This model originates from studying exceptional responders and its generalizability awaits validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Y Wei
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, 1275 York Avenue, Box 20, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 353 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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49
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Soultati A, Stares M, Swanton C, Larkin J, Turajlic S. How should clinicians address intratumour heterogeneity in clear cell renal cell carcinoma? Curr Opin Urol 2015; 25:358-66. [PMID: 26125509 DOI: 10.1097/mou.0000000000000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite the availability of multiple targeted therapies, the 5-year survival rate of patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) rarely exceeds 10%. Recent insights into the mutational landscape and evolutionary dynamics of ccRCC have offered up a plausible explanation for these outcomes. The purpose of this review is to link the research findings to potential changes in clinical practice. RECENT FINDINGS Intratumour heterogeneity (ITH) dominates the evolutionary landscape in ccRCC at the genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic level. Spatial and temporal separation of tumour subclones within the primary tumour as well as between primary and metastatic sites has been demonstrated at single nucleotide resolution. In the cases analysed to date, approximately two-thirds of somatic mutations are not shared between multiple biopsies from the same primary tumour. Very few of the key disease-driving events are shared across all primary tumour regions (with the exception of VHL and loss of chromosome 3p), whereas the majority are restricted to one or more tumour regions (TP53, SETD2, BAP1, PTEN, mTOR, PIK3CA and KDM5C). SUMMARY ITH must be considered in the management of ccRCC with respect to diagnostic procedures, prognostic and predictive biomarkers and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Soultati
- aGuys and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust bThe Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London cUCL Cancer Institute, CRUK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, Huntley Street dRenal Unit, The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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50
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Personalised medicine in veterinary oncology: One to cure just one. Vet J 2015; 205:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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