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Xiao Y, Yu X, Wang Y, Song G, Liu M, Wang D, Wang H. A novel immune-related gene signature for diagnosis and potential immunotherapy of microsatellite stable endometrial carcinoma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3738. [PMID: 38355782 PMCID: PMC10867009 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
An immune-related gene signature (IRGS) was established to better understand the molecular and immunologic characteristics of microsatellite instable (MSI) and microsatellite stable (MSS) endometrial carcinoma (EC), and provide potential immunotherapy directions for MSS patients. Top 20 immune-related hub genes were screened by weight gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), and an IRGS was further established through Cox regression analysis. The molecular and immune characteristics were clarified in IRGS high and low risk groups. Expression and MS status validation of the IRGS were conducted through quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rt-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. The IRGS includes 2 oncogenes (AGTR1 and HTR3C) and 2 tumor suppressor genes (CD3E and SERPIND1). Patients in IRGS high-risk group were more with MSS status, higher tumor grade, later FIGO stage, serous histology and elder ages compared with IRGS low-risk group (P < 0.05). Besides, patients in MSS group were more FIGO stages II-IV (42.7% vs. 26%), serous histology (35.7% vs. 5.3%) and with higher IRGS risk score (1.51 ± 3.11 vs. 1.02 ± 0.67) (P < 0.05) than patients in MSI group. Furthermore, patients in IRGS high-risk group had higher tumor purity, more Macrophages M1 and Macrophages M2 infiltrating, higher proportion of Macrophages M2 and Dendritic cells activated, lower proportion of T cells regulatory (Tregs), lower tumor mutation burden (TMB). Correspondingly, subjects in IRGS low-risk group had higher immunphenoscores than IRGS high-risk group. The relative mRNA level of AGTR1 and HTR3C were gradually increase, while CD3E and SERPIND1 were reversed in rt-qPCR. Through IHC experiments, AGTR1(69.2% vs 30%, P = 0.074) and HTR3C (76.9% vs 30%, P = 0.024) had higher positive staining rates in ECs than non-ECs. While SERPIND1 (84.6% vs 20%, P = 0.003) and CD3E (61.5% vs 40%, P = 0.000) had higher positive staining rates in non-ECs. IRGS is a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for EC. IRGS low risk group might benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors, while IRGS high risk group deserve other potential immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Xiao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, No. 1 Dunhuang Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China
| | - XiaoChuan Yu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, No. 1 Dunhuang Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangyao Song
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Pathology, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China
| | - Daqing Wang
- Department of Oncology, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, No. 1 Dunhuang Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China.
| | - Huali Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dalian Maternal and Children's Medical Group, No. 1 Dunhuang Street, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116033, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Chen L, Li J, You Y, Qian Z, Liu J, Jiang Y, Gu Y, Xiao J, Zhang Y. Secreted proteins in plasma and placenta as novel non-invasive biomarkers for intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A case-control study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21616. [PMID: 38027820 PMCID: PMC10661505 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is likely to lead to unfavorable consequences. Total bile acid (TBA) is thought to be the sole ICP indicator available as of now, but it comes with some kind of restrictions in terms of sensitivity and specificity. We were endeavoring to find potential diagnostic biomarkers for ICP in this investigation. Methods This case-control study with a prospective nature included 40 females in the stage of pregnancy who were diagnosed with ICP. It also included another 20 females who were also pregnant but with sound physical condition(control). Placental and plasma samples were collected from all females that were in the stage of pregnancy, except for 20 ICP patients, in which only plasma was collected. We used four-dimensional data-independent acquisition followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry to identify and validate plasma and placental profiles in ICP patients and controls. Bioinformatics was adopted in an effort to demonstrate the relevant biological processes and signalling pathways. Correlation analysis was used to analyse the consistency of tissue and plasma protein expression and the correlation between sequencing and experimental results. Results The expression levels of nectin-1 (NECTIN1), Kunitz-type protease inhibitor 1 (SPINT1), and inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 (ITIH3) were remarkably higher in ICP patients than in controls. However, heparin cofactor 2 (SERPIND1) expression levels in female participants in the stage of pregnancy who were diagnosed with ICP were remarkably lower than those pregnant females with good physical fitness. In addition to the negative correlation between SERPIND1 and TBA, NECTIN1, SPINT1, and ITIH3 expression positively correlated with TBA. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.7925, 0.8313, 0.8163, and 0.9025, respectively, were used to assess the diagnostic accuracies of NECTIN1, SPINT1, ITIH3, and SERPIND1. AUC (0.9438) was considerably greater when NECTIN1, SPINT1, and SERPIND1 were integrated, according to binary logistic regression. The AUC of the ROC curve for various combinations of SERPIND1 and other indicators was higher than itself, thus providing a more reliable ICP diagnosis. Furthermore, according to the bioinformatics analysis, the NECTIN1, SPINT1, ITIH3, and SERPIND1 were identified as secreted proteins because they were localized in the extracellular region. Conclusions This research discovered new non-invasive ICP indicators. On top of this, it sheds new light on the crucial diagnostic function of secreted proteins in ICP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Chen
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Yilan You
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Zhiwen Qian
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Jianping Xiao
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Wuxi Matemal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214002, China
- Wuxi Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214002, China
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3
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Guo Z, Qi X, Li Z, Yang J, Sun Z, Li P, Chen M, Cao Y. Development and validation of an immune-related gene signature for prognosis in Lung adenocarcinoma. IET Syst Biol 2023; 17:27-38. [PMID: 36728032 PMCID: PMC9931057 DOI: 10.1049/syb2.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common type of lung cancer tissue is lung adenocarcinoma. The TCGA-LUAD cohort retrieved from the TCGA dataset was considered the internal training cohort, while GSE68465 and GSE13213 datasets from the GEO database were used as the external test cohort. The TCGA-LUAD cohort was classified into two immune subtypes using single-sample gene set enrichment analysis of the immune gene set and unsupervised clustering analysis. The ESTIMATE algorithm, the CIBERSORT algorithm, and HLA family expression levels again validated the reliability of this typing. We performed Venn analysis using immune-related genes from the immport dataset and differentially expressed genes from the subtypes to retrieve differentially expressed immune genes (DEIGs). In addition, DEIGs were used to construct a prognostic model with the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis. A reliable risk model consisting of 11 DEIGs, including S100P, INHA, SEMA7A, INSL4, CD40LG, AGER, SERPIND1, CD1D, CX3CR1, SFTPD, and CD79A, was then built, and its reliability was further confirmed by ROC curve and calibration plot analysis. The high-risk score subgroup had a poor prognosis and a lower tumour immune dysfunction and exclusion score, indicating a greater likelihood of anti-PD-1/cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehuai Guo
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiangjun Qi
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Zeyun Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianying Yang
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhe Sun
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Peiqin Li
- The First Clinical School of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Ming Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
| | - Yang Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouChina
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4
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Naryzhny S, Ronzhina N, Zorina E, Kabachenko F, Klopov N, Zgoda V. Construction of 2DE Patterns of Plasma Proteins: Aspect of Potential Tumor Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911113. [PMID: 36232415 PMCID: PMC9569744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tumor markers aids in the early detection of cancer recurrence and prognosis. There is a hope that they might also be useful in screening tests for the early detection of cancer. Here, the question of finding ideal tumor markers, which should be sensitive, specific, and reliable, is an acute issue. Human plasma is one of the most popular samples as it is commonly collected in the clinic and provides noninvasive, rapid analysis for any type of disease including cancer. Many efforts have been applied in searching for “ideal” tumor markers, digging very deep into plasma proteomes. The situation in this area can be improved in two ways—by attempting to find an ideal single tumor marker or by generating panels of different markers. In both cases, proteomics certainly plays a major role. There is a line of evidence that the most abundant, so-called “classical plasma proteins”, may be used to generate a tumor biomarker profile. To be comprehensive these profiles should have information not only about protein levels but also proteoform distribution for each protein. Initially, the profile of these proteins in norm should be generated. In our work, we collected bibliographic information about the connection of cancers with levels of “classical plasma proteins”. Additionally, we presented the proteoform profiles (2DE patterns) of these proteins in norm generated by two-dimensional electrophoresis with mass spectrometry and immunodetection. As a next step, similar profiles representing protein perturbations in plasma produced in the case of different cancers will be generated. Additionally, based on this information, different test systems can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Naryzhny
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-911-176-4453
| | - Natalia Ronzhina
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Elena Zorina
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Kabachenko
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nikolay Klopov
- Petersburg Institute of Nuclear Physics (PNPI) of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya, 10, 119121 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Oncogenic Mutation BRAF V600E Changes Phenotypic Behavior of THLE-2 Liver Cells through Alteration of Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031548. [PMID: 35163468 PMCID: PMC8836259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of mutations in cancer driver genes, such as tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes, affects cellular homeostasis. Disturbances in the mechanism controlling proliferation cause significant augmentation of cell growth and division due to the loss of sensitivity to the regulatory signals. Nowadays, an increasing number of cases of liver cancer are observed worldwide. Data provided by the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) have indicated many alterations within gene sequences, whose roles in tumor development are not well understood. A comprehensive analysis of liver cancer (virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma) samples has identified new and rare mutations in B-Raf proto-oncogene (BRAF) in Japanese HCC patients, as well as BRAF V600E mutations in French HCC patients. However, their function in liver cancer has never been investigated. Here, using functional analysis and next generation sequencing, we demonstrate the tumorigenic effect of BRAF V600E on hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line). Moreover, we identified genes such as BMP6, CXCL11, IL1B, TBX21, RSAD2, MMP10, and SERPIND1, which are possibly regulated by the BRAF V600E-mediated, mitogen-activated protein kinases/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathway. Through several functional assays, we demonstrate that BRAF L537M, D594A, and E648G mutations alone are not pathogenic in liver cancer. The investigation of genome mutations and the determination of their impact on cellular processes and functions is crucial to unraveling the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer development.
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6
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Gomig THB, Gontarski AM, Cavalli IJ, Souza RLRD, Lucena ACR, Batista M, Machado KC, Marchini FK, Marchi FA, Lima RS, Urban CDA, Marchi RD, Cavalli LR, Ribeiro EMDSF. Integrated analysis of label-free quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics reveal insights into signaling pathways in male breast cancer. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20190410. [PMID: 33656060 PMCID: PMC7926483 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare malignancy that accounts for about 1.8% of all breast cancer cases. In contrast to the high number of the “omics” studies in breast cancer in women, only recently molecular approaches have been performed in MBC research. High-throughput proteomics based methodologies are promisor strategies to characterize the MBC proteomic signatures and their association with clinico-pathological parameters. In this study, the label-free quantification-mass spectrometry and bioinformatics approaches were applied to analyze the proteomic profiling of a MBC case using the primary breast tumor and the corresponding axillary metastatic lymph nodes and adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. The differentially expressed proteins were identified in the signaling pathways of granzyme B, sirtuins, eIF2, actin cytoskeleton, eNOS, acute phase response and calcium and were connected to the upstream regulators MYC, PI3K SMARCA4 and cancer-related chemical drugs. An additional proteomic comparative analysis was performed with a primary breast tumor of a female patient and revealed an interesting set of proteins, which were mainly involved in cancer biology. Together, our data provide a relevant data source for the MBC research that can help the therapeutic strategies for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Moletta Gontarski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Iglenir João Cavalli
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Genética, Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Michel Batista
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Plataforma de Espectrometria de Massas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Fabricio Klerynton Marchini
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Genômica Funcional, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Plataforma de Espectrometria de Massas, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Rubens Silveira Lima
- Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Centro de Doenças da Mama, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luciane Regina Cavalli
- Instituto de Pesquisa Pelé Pequeno Príncipe, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.,Georgetown University, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, USA
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7
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Beurskens DMH, Huckriede JP, Schrijver R, Hemker HC, Reutelingsperger CP, Nicolaes GAF. The Anticoagulant and Nonanticoagulant Properties of Heparin. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:1371-1383. [PMID: 32820487 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heparins represent one of the most frequently used pharmacotherapeutics. Discovered around 1926, routine clinical anticoagulant use of heparin was initiated only after the publication of several seminal papers in the early 1970s by the group of Kakkar. It was shown that heparin prevents venous thromboembolism and mortality from pulmonary embolism in patients after surgery. With the subsequent development of low-molecular-weight heparins and synthetic heparin derivatives, a family of related drugs was created that continues to prove its clinical value in thromboprophylaxis and in prevention of clotting in extracorporeal devices. Fundamental and applied research has revealed a complex pharmacodynamic profile of heparins that goes beyond its anticoagulant use. Recognition of the complex multifaceted beneficial effects of heparin underscores its therapeutic potential in various clinical situations. In this review we focus on the anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant activities of heparin and, where possible, discuss the underlying molecular mechanisms that explain the diversity of heparin's biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M H Beurskens
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joram P Huckriede
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Schrijver
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - H Coenraad Hemker
- Synapse BV, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chris P Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry A F Nicolaes
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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8
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Guo Q, Zhu L, Wang C, Wang S, Nie X, Liu J, Liu Q, Hao Y, Li X, Lin B. SERPIND1 Affects the Malignant Biological Behavior of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer via the PI3K/AKT Pathway: A Mechanistic Study. Front Oncol 2019; 9:954. [PMID: 31637210 PMCID: PMC6788328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpin family D member 1 (SERPIND1) belongs to the serine protease inhibitor family. Its role in cancers has gradually attracted interest from researchers in recent years. However, the role of SERPIND1 in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer remains poorly understood. This studied aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of SERPIND1 in epithelial ovarian cancer, as well as its effect on the malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells and the related regulatory mechanisms. We found that SERPIND1 expression was significantly elevated in epithelial ovarian cancer. Patients with higher expression of SERPIND1 in ovarian cancer tissues had poor prognoses. SERPIND1 promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, G1-to-S phase transition, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer cells and inhibited their apoptosis by promoting phosphorylation in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway. Meanwhile, the inhibition of SERPIND1 expression in ovarian cancer cells resulted in opposite effects. The addition of the PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002 to SERPIND1-overexpressing cells could reverse the promoting effect of SERPIND1 on the malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells. Further, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1, a transcription factor could bind to the promoter region of SERPIND1 and regulate SERPIND1 expression. In conclusion, our results indicated that SERPIND1 could be an effective marker for assessing the prognosis of ovarian cancer. By elucidating its mechanism underlying the promotion of malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer by SERPIND1, we demonstrated that SERPIND1 could potentially serve as a novel drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Benxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Benxi, China
| | - Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Hao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Maternal-Fetal Medicine of Liaoning Province, Benxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Higher Education of Liaoning Province, Benxi, China
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9
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Mkaouar H, Akermi N, Kriaa A, Abraham AL, Jablaoui A, Soussou S, Mokdad-Gargouri R, Maguin E, Rhimi M. Serine protease inhibitors and human wellbeing interplay: new insights for old friends. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7224. [PMID: 31531264 PMCID: PMC6718151 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) control tightly regulated physiological processes and their dysfunction is associated to various diseases. Thus, increasing interest is given to these proteins as new therapeutic targets. Several studies provided functional and structural data about human serpins. By comparison, only little knowledge regarding bacterial serpins exists. Through the emergence of metagenomic studies, many bacterial serpins were identified from numerous ecological niches including the human gut microbiota. The origin, distribution and function of these proteins remain to be established. In this report, we shed light on the key role of human and bacterial serpins in health and disease. Moreover, we analyze their function, phylogeny and ecological distribution. This review highlights the potential use of bacterial serpins to set out new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héla Mkaouar
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Nizar Akermi
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aicha Kriaa
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Amin Jablaoui
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Souha Soussou
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Raja Mokdad-Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Emmanuelle Maguin
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Moez Rhimi
- INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France, AgroParisTech, UMR MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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10
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Zhang G, Zhang K, Li C, Li Y, Li Z, Li N, Zhou Q, Shen L. Serum proteomics identify potential biomarkers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma sensitivity to radiotherapy. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190027. [PMID: 31040200 PMCID: PMC6522734 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is the primary treatment option for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Local recurrence and metastasis caused by radioresistance become a bottleneck of curative effect for patients with NPC. Currently, serum predictive biomarkers of radioresistance are scare. We enrolled NPC patients, who underwent radiotherapy in the Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central Southern University, and analyzed the serum proteins profiles in NPC patients using with quantitative label-free proteomics using ultra-definition MS. Patients were divided into those who were radioresistant and radiosensitive by the overall reduction (≤50% or >50%, respectively) in tumor extent. The MS/MS spectrum database search identified 911 proteins and 809 proteins are quantitatable. Eight proteins significantly up-regulated and 12 serum proteins were significantly down-regulated in the radioresistance group compared with radiosensitivity group (P<0.05). Finally, five proteins entered the optimal models, including secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) (P=0.032), serpin family D member 1S (ERPIND1) (P=0.040), complement C4B (C4B) (P=0.017), peptidylprolyl Isomerase B (PPIB) (P=0.042), and family with sequence similarity 173 member A (FAM173A) (P=0.017). In all patient, the area under the curves (AUC) for SPARC, SERPIND, C4B, PPIB, and FAM173A were 0.716 (95% CI: 0.574-0.881), 0.697 (95% CI: 0.837-0.858), 0.686 (95% CI: 0.522-0.850), 0.668 (95% CI: 0.502-0.834) and 0.657 (95% CI: 0.512-0.825), respectively. The AUC of five selected proteins was 0.968 (95% CI: 0.918-1.000) with the sensitivity of 0.941 and the specificity of 0.926. Our result indicated that a panel including five serum protein (SPARC SERPIND1 C4B PPIB FAM173A) based on serum proteomics provided a high discrimination ability for radiotherapy effects in NPC patients. Studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up outcome are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangying Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Outpatient, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhanzhan Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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11
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The Overlap of Lung Tissue Transcriptome of Smoke Exposed Mice with Human Smoking and COPD. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11881. [PMID: 30089872 PMCID: PMC6082828 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide mRNA profiling in lung tissue from human and animal models can provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While 6 months of smoke exposure are widely used, shorter durations were also reported. The overlap of short term and long-term smoke exposure in mice is currently not well understood, and their representation of the human condition is uncertain. Lung tissue gene expression profiles of six murine smoking experiments (n = 48) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and analyzed to identify the murine smoking signature. The "human smoking" gene signature containing 386 genes was previously published in the lung eQTL study (n = 1,111). A signature of mild COPD containing 7 genes was also identified in the same study. The lung tissue gene signature of "severe COPD" (n = 70) contained 4,071 genes and was previously published. We detected 3,723 differentially expressed genes in the 6 month-exposure mice datasets (FDR <0.1). Of those, 184 genes (representing 48% of human smoking) and 1,003 (representing 27% of human COPD) were shared with the human smoking-related genes and the COPD severity-related genes, respectively. There was 4-fold over-representation of human and murine smoking-related genes (P = 6.7 × 10-26) and a 1.4 fold in the severe COPD -related genes (P = 2.3 × 10-12). There was no significant enrichment of the mice and human smoking-related genes in mild COPD signature. These data suggest that murine smoke models are strongly representative of molecular processes of human smoking but less of COPD.
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12
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Samuel P, Mulcahy LA, Furlong F, McCarthy HO, Brooks SA, Fabbri M, Pink RC, Carter DRF. Cisplatin induces the release of extracellular vesicles from ovarian cancer cells that can induce invasiveness and drug resistance in bystander cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0065. [PMID: 29158318 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor overall survival that is partly caused by resistance to drugs such as cisplatin. Resistance can be acquired as a result of changes to the tumour or due to altered interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), small lipid-bound vesicles that are loaded with macromolecular cargo and released by cells, are emerging as mediators of communication in the tumour microenvironment. We previously showed that EVs mediate the bystander effect, a phenomenon in which stressed cells can communicate with neighbouring naive cells leading to various effects including DNA damage; however, the role of EVs released following cisplatin treatment has not been tested. Here we show that treatment of cells with cisplatin led to the release of EVs that could induce invasion and increased resistance when taken up by bystander cells. This coincided with changes in p38 and JNK signalling, suggesting that these pathways may be involved in mediating the effects. We also show that EV uptake inhibitors could prevent this EV-mediated adaptive response and thus sensitize cells in vitro to the effects of cisplatin. Our results suggest that preventing pro-tumourigenic EV cross-talk during chemotherapy is a potential therapeutic target for improving outcome in ovarian cancer patients.This article is part of the discussion meeting issue 'Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samuel
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Laura Ann Mulcahy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Fiona Furlong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Susan Ann Brooks
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Muller Fabbri
- Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California-Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ryan Charles Pink
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David Raul Francisco Carter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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13
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James NE, Chichester C, Ribeiro JR. Beyond the Biomarker: Understanding the Diverse Roles of Human Epididymis Protein 4 in the Pathogenesis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:124. [PMID: 29740539 PMCID: PMC5928211 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) is an important clinical biomarker used for the detection of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). While much is known about the predictive power of HE4 clinically, less has been reported regarding its molecular role in the progression of EOC. A deeper understanding of HE4’s mechanistic functions may help contribute to the development of novel targeted therapies. Thus far, it has been difficult to recommend HE4 as a therapeutic target owing to the fact that its role in the progression of EOC has not been extensively evaluated. This review summarizes what is collectively known about HE4 signaling and how it functions to promote tumorigenesis, chemoresistance, and metastasis in EOC, with the goal of providing valuable insights that will have the potential to aide in the development of new HE4-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E James
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Clinton Chichester
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer R Ribeiro
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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14
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Ma S, Wang C, Zhao B, Ren X, Tian S, Wang J, Zhang C, Shao Y, Qiu M, Wang X. Tandem mass tags labeled quantitative proteomics to study the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on the rat lung. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2018; 1866:496-506. [PMID: 29307719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal link between tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and numerous severe respiratory system diseases (RSD), including chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer, is well established. However, the pathogenesis of TSE-induced RSD remains incompletely understood. This research aims to detect the pathogenetic mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets of TSE-induced RSD. METHODS This study employed TSE model which rats were exposed to a concentration of 60% tobacco smoke in a toxicant exposure system for four weeks. Tandem mass tags (TMT) labeled quantitative proteomics combined with off-line high pH reversed-phase fractionation, and nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method (off-line high pH RPF-nano-LC-MS/MS) were adopted to detect differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the lung tissues of the TSE model rats and to compare them with those in control. The accuracy of the results was verified by western blot. RESULTS Compared with the control group, 33 proteins in the TSE model group's lung tissues showed significant differential expression. Analysis based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways indicated that, several biological pathways, such as the steroid biosynthesis pathway, were involved and played significant roles in the pathogenesis of the experimental group's TSE. CONCLUSIONS These findings make a crucial contribution to the search for a comprehensive understanding of TSE-induced RSD's pathogenesis, and furthermore provide guidance for the diagnosis and treatment of TSE-induced RSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- Beijing Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baosheng Zhao
- Beijing Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Simin Tian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yuanyang Shao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Minyi Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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15
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Elevated hydrostatic pressure enhances the motility and enlarges the size of the lung cancer cells through aquaporin upregulation mediated by caveolin-1 and ERK1/2 signaling. Oncogene 2016; 36:863-874. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Zhu L, Guo Q, Jin S, Feng H, Zhuang H, Liu C, Tan M, Liu J, Li X, Lin B. Analysis of the gene expression profile in response to human epididymis protein 4 in epithelial ovarian cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1592-604. [PMID: 27430660 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there are emerging multiple studies on human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) in ovarian cancer. HE4 possesses higher sensitivity and specificity than CA125 in the confirmative early diagnosis for ovarian cancer. Although much attention has been given to explore its clinical application, research of the basic mechanisms of HE4 in ovarian cancer are still unclear. In the present study, we provide fundamental data to identify full-scale differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to HE4 by use of human whole-genome microarrays in human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line ES-2 following overexpression and silencing of HE4. We found that a total of 717 genes were upregulated and 898 genes were downregulated in the HE4-overexpressing cells vs. the HE4-Mock cells, and 166 genes were upregulated and 285 were downregulated in the HE4-silenced cells vs. the HE4-Mock cells. An overlap of 16 genes consistently upregulated and 8 genes downregulated in response to HE4 were noted. These DEGs were involved in MAPK, steroid biosynthesis, cell cycle, the p53 hypoxia pathway, and focal adhesion pathways. Interaction network analysis predicted that the genes participated in the regulatory connection. Highly differential expression of the FOXA2, SERPIND1, BDKRD1 and IL1A genes was verified by quantitative real-time PCR in 4 cell line samples. Finally, SERPIND1 (HCII) was validated at the protein level by immunohistochemistry in 107 paraffin-embedded ovarian tissues. We found that SERPIND1 may act as a potential oncogene in the development of ovarian cancer. The present study displayed the most fundamental and full-scale data to show DEGs in response to HE4. These identified genes may provide a theoretical basis for investigations of the underlying molecular mechanism of HE4 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Shan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Huilin Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Huiyu Zhuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Mingzi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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17
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Antithrombin controls tumor migration, invasion and angiogenesis by inhibition of enteropeptidase. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27544. [PMID: 27270881 PMCID: PMC4897635 DOI: 10.1038/srep27544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antithrombin is a key inhibitor of the coagulation cascade, but it may also function as an anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-viral and anti-apoptotic protein. Here, we report a novel function of antithrombin as a modulator of tumor cell migration and invasion. Antithrombin inhibited enteropeptidase on the membrane surface of HT-29, A549 and U-87 MG cells. The inhibitory process required the activation of antithrombin by heparin, and the reactive center loop and the heparin binding domain were essential. Surprisingly, antithrombin non-covalently inhibited enteropeptidase, revealing a novel mechanism of inhibition for this serpin. Moreover, as a consequence of this inhibition, antithrombin was cleaved, resulting in a molecule with anti-angiogenic properties that reduced vessel-like formation of endothelial cells. The addition of antithrombin and heparin to U-87 MG and A549 cells reduced motility in wound healing assays, inhibited the invasion in transwell assays and the degradation of a gelatin matrix mediated by invadopodia. These processes were controlled by enteropeptidase, as demonstrated by RNA interference experiments. Carcinoma cell xenografts in nude mice showed in vivo co-localization of enteropeptidase and antithrombin. Finally, treatment with heparin reduced experimental metastasis induced by HT29 cells in vivo. In conclusion, the inhibition of enteropeptidase by antithrombin may have a double anti-tumor effect through inhibiting a protease involved in metastasis and generating an anti-angiogenic molecule.
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