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LaBella KA, Hsu WH, Li J, Qi Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Wu CC, Liu Y, Song Z, Lin Y, Blecher JM, Jiang S, Shang X, Han J, Spring DJ, Zhang J, Xia Y, DePinho RA. Telomere dysfunction alters intestinal stem cell dynamics to promote cancer. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1475-1486.e5. [PMID: 38574731 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Telomere dynamics are linked to aging hallmarks, and age-associated telomere loss fuels the development of epithelial cancers. In Apc-mutant mice, the onset of DNA damage associated with telomere dysfunction has been shown to accelerate adenoma initiation via unknown mechanisms. Here, we observed that Apc-mutant mice engineered to experience telomere dysfunction show accelerated adenoma formation resulting from augmented cell competition and clonal expansion. Mechanistically, telomere dysfunction induces the repression of EZH2, resulting in the derepression of Wnt antagonists, which causes the differentiation of adjacent stem cells and a relative growth advantage to Apc-deficient telomere dysfunctional cells. Correspondingly, in this mouse model, GSK3β inhibition countered the actions of Wnt antagonists on intestinal stem cells, resulting in impaired adenoma formation of telomere dysfunctional Apc-mutant cells. Thus, telomere dysfunction contributes to cancer initiation through altered stem cell dynamics, identifying an interception strategy for human APC-mutant cancers with shortened telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A LaBella
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiexi Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yutao Qi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chia-Chin Wu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zingzhi Song
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiyun Lin
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jonathan M Blecher
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jincheng Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Denise J Spring
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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2
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Voutsadakis IA. Mediator kinase module proteins, genetic alterations and expression of super-enhancer regulated genes in colorectal cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:535-556. [PMID: 38602606 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic alterations are well characterized as contributors to the pathogenesis of cancers. Epigenetic abnormalities can lead to perturbations of the expression of genes in cancer cells without structural defects. Deregulation of proteins of the transcription machinery may result in perturbations of target genes. Mediator, a multiprotein component of the transcription machinery facilitates the function of RNA polymerase II, which transcribes most human genes. A part of the mediator with kinase activity, called the Mediator kinase module shows genetic alterations in a sub-set of colorectal cancers. METHODS Data from publicly available genomic series of colorectal cancer patients were examined to determine alterations of Mediator kinase module component genes, including MED12, MED12L, MED13, MED13L, CDK8, CDK19, and CCNC. The prevalence of alterations in genomically defined colorectal cancer sub-sets was also interrogated. The effect of Mediator kinase module member gene expression on colorectal cancer relapse-free survival was investigated. RESULTS Mutations in genes of the Mediator kinase module were present in a small percentage of colorectal cancers, ranging between 2 to 10% for MED12 and MED13 and alternative units MED12L and MED13L and below 2% for kinases CDK8 and CDK19 and cyclin C. Amplifications of the CDK8 gene were observed in 3% to 5% of colorectal cancers. The highest prevalence of mutations was observed in MSI cancers and the equivalent CMS1 group, with other genomic groups showing much lower frequency. An association of higher expression of MED12 with inferior relapse-free survival was observed. In contrast, higher expression of cyclin C was associated with improved survival. Colorectal cancer cell lines with CDK8 amplifications displayed sensitivity to several small molecule inhibitors of the KRAS/PI3K pathway but not to BET inhibitors. CONCLUSION The Mediator kinase module is deregulated in a sub-set of colorectal cancers with differences observed in genomically defined groups. These variations may result in differences in sensitivity to targeted therapies and may have to be taken into consideration as such therapies are developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis A Voutsadakis
- Algoma District Cancer Program, Sault Area Hospital, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6B 0A8, Canada.
- Division of Clinical Sciences, Section of Internal Medicine, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 750 Great Northern Road, Sudbury, ON, Canada.
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3
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Chi Y, Yuan H, Fan Q, Wang Z, Niu Z, Yu J, Yuan D. Clinical-Molecular characteristics and Post-Translational modifications of colorectal cancer in north China: Implications for future targeted therapies. Gene 2024; 899:148134. [PMID: 38185290 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study delineated the elucidate molecular changes and their post-translational modifications (PTMs) in heterogenetic colorectal cancer (CRC) for a deeper understanding of the CRC pathophysiology and identifying potential therapeutic targets. In this retrospective study, the profiles of 13 hot spot gene mutations were analyzed and the microsatellite instability (MSI) status was determined.Employing the Circulating Single-Molecule Amplification and Resequencing Technology (cSMART) assay, the clinical-pathological features of CRC were characterized in 249 Chinese patients. PTMs were quantified online.Among the patients with CRC, the mutation frequencies of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, TP53, and APC genes were 47.8%, 3.6%, 4.8%, 13.7%, 55.8%, and 36.9%, respectively. The proportion of MSI-high (MSI-H) was 7.8%.Subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis showed significant associations including a link between lung metastasis and KRAS mutation, between liver metastasis and lymph node metastasis, between MSI-H and early-onset CRC (EOCRC) and KRAS mutation, between right-sided colon cancer and peritoneal metastasis, and between PIK3CA mutation and PTEN mutation. Patients with KRAS mutation presented with MSI-H, lung metastasis, and PIK3CA mutation. MSI-H, BRAF mutation, and PTEN mutation were more frequent in EOCRC. Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation were found in KRAS, BRAF, PTEN, and SMAD4; SUMOylation and ubiquitylation were observed in HRAS and NRAS; while phosphorylation was obvious in APC, P53, and MLH1. Notably, Phosphorylation and ubiquitylation were the two most common PTMs. The biological characteristics of CRC in Chinese patients have some unique clinical features, which can be explained by the genetic mutation profile, correlations among gene mutations and clinical characteristics. These distinctions set the Chinese patient population apart from their Western counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Chi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China; Cancer Center, The General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtu Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhendan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zuoxing Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dandan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Ilchuk LA, Kubekina MV, Okulova YD, Silaeva YY, Tatarskiy VV, Filatov MA, Bruter AV. Genetically Engineered Mice Unveil In Vivo Roles of the Mediator Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119330. [PMID: 37298278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mediator complex is a multi-subunit protein complex which plays a significant role in the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. It provides a platform for the interaction of transcriptional factors and RNA polymerase II, thus coupling external and internal stimuli with transcriptional programs. Molecular mechanisms underlying Mediator functioning are intensively studied, although most often using simple models such as tumor cell lines and yeast. Transgenic mouse models are required to study the role of Mediator components in physiological processes, disease, and development. As constitutive knockouts of most of the Mediator protein coding genes are embryonically lethal, conditional knockouts and corresponding activator strains are needed for these studies. Recently, they have become more easily available with the development of modern genetic engineering techniques. Here, we review existing mouse models for studying the Mediator, and data obtained in corresponding experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid A Ilchuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kubekina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Yu Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology", Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Kashirskoe Sh. 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Han J. The Role of Histone Modification in DNA Replication-Coupled Nucleosome Assembly and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054939. [PMID: 36902370 PMCID: PMC10003558 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone modification regulates replication-coupled nucleosome assembly, DNA damage repair, and gene transcription. Changes or mutations in factors involved in nucleosome assembly are closely related to the development and pathogenesis of cancer and other human diseases and are essential for maintaining genomic stability and epigenetic information transmission. In this review, we discuss the role of different types of histone posttranslational modifications in DNA replication-coupled nucleosome assembly and disease. In recent years, histone modification has been found to affect the deposition of newly synthesized histones and the repair of DNA damage, further affecting the assembly process of DNA replication-coupled nucleosomes. We summarize the role of histone modification in the nucleosome assembly process. At the same time, we review the mechanism of histone modification in cancer development and briefly describe the application of histone modification small molecule inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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6
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Prieto S, Dubra G, Camasses A, Aznar AB, Begon‐Pescia C, Simboeck E, Pirot N, Gerbe F, Angevin L, Jay P, Krasinska L, Fisher D. CDK8 and CDK19 act redundantly to control the CFTR pathway in the intestinal epithelium. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54261. [PMID: 36545778 PMCID: PMC10549226 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202154261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK8 and CDK19 form a conserved cyclin-dependent kinase subfamily that interacts with the essential transcription complex, Mediator, and also phosphorylates the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. Cells lacking either CDK8 or CDK19 are viable and have limited transcriptional alterations, but whether the two kinases redundantly control cell proliferation and differentiation is unknown. Here, we find in mice that CDK8 is dispensable for regulation of gene expression, normal intestinal homeostasis, and efficient tumourigenesis, and is largely redundant with CDK19 in the control of gene expression. Their combined deletion in intestinal organoids reduces long-term proliferative capacity but is not lethal and allows differentiation. However, double-mutant organoids show mucus accumulation and increased secretion by goblet cells, as well as downregulation of expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and functionality of the CFTR pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK8/19 kinase activity in organoids and in mice recapitulates several of these phenotypes. Thus, the Mediator kinases are not essential for cell proliferation and differentiation in an adult tissue, but they cooperate to regulate specific transcriptional programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Prieto
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Geronimo Dubra
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Alain Camasses
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Ana Bella Aznar
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Christina Begon‐Pescia
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Present address:
LPHIUniversity of MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Elisabeth Simboeck
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
- Present address:
UAS Technikum WienViennaAustria
| | - Nelly Pirot
- IRCM, University of Montpellier, ICM, INSERMMontpellierFrance
- BioCampus, RHEMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERMMontpellierFrance
| | - François Gerbe
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
- IGFUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
| | - Lucie Angevin
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Philippe Jay
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
- IGFUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
| | - Liliana Krasinska
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
| | - Daniel Fisher
- IGMMUniversity of Montpellier, CNRS, InsermMontpellierFrance
- Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Ligue Nationale Contre le CancerParisFrance
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7
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Stavskaya NI, Ilchuk LA, Okulova Y, Kubekina MV, Varlamova EA, Silaeva YY, Bruter AV. Transgenic mice for study of the CDK8/19 cyclin-dependent kinase kinase-independent mechanisms of action. BULLETIN OF RUSSIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.24075/brsmu.2022.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The CDK8 cyclin-dependent transcription-associated kinase and its less studied paralog, CDK19, regulate the expression of the dependant genes via several mechanisms. CDK8/19 can directly phosphorylate some transcription factors (ICN, STAT1), but at the same time these kinases being a component of the mediator complex regulate transcrition via interaction with chromatin in the promoter and enhancer regions of appropriate genes. Recently the papers have appeared showing that CDK8/19 has kinase-independent mechanisms of action through comparison of the effects of the kinase activity genetic inactivation and chemical inhibition. The study was aimed to generate transgenic mice capable of the induced and tissue-specific expression of the kinase-negative (showing no phosphorylation activity) form of CDK8, CDK8 (D173A), which could be later used to study the CDK8 kinase-independent mechanisms of action in vivo. We obtained four F0 transgenic animals by microinjection of linear DNA into the pronucleus, two of these animals became the ancestors of two distinct lines. The copy number of the integrated construct was measured for all F0 and the lines generated. This model may be used to study the kinase-independent properties of the CDK8/19 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- NI Stavskaya
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - LA Ilchuk
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - YuD Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - MV Kubekina
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - EA Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - YY Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - AV Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Limitations of Tamoxifen Application for In Vivo Genome Editing Using Cre/ER T2 System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214077. [PMID: 36430553 PMCID: PMC9694728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible Cre-dependent systems are frequently used to produce both conditional knockouts and transgenic mice with regulated expression of the gene of interest. Induction can be achieved by doxycycline-dependent transcription of the wild type gene or OH-tamoxifen-dependent nuclear translocation of the chimeric Cre/ERT2 protein. However, both of these activation strategies have some limitations. We analyzed the efficiency of knockout in different tissues and found out that it correlates with the concentration of the hydroxytamoxifen and endoxifen-the active metabolites of tamoxifen-measured by LC-MS in these tissues. We also describe two cases of Cdk8floxed/floxed/Rosa-Cre-ERT2 mice tamoxifen-induced knockout limitations. In the first case, the standard scheme of tamoxifen administration does not lead to complete knockout formation in the brain or in the uterus. Tamoxifen metabolite measurements in multiple tissues were performed and it has been shown that low recombinase activity in the brain is due to the low levels of tamoxifen active metabolites. Increase of tamoxifen dosage (1.5 fold) and duration of activation (from 5 to 7 days) allowed us to significantly improve the knockout rate in the brain, but not in the uterus. In the second case, knockout induction during embryonic development was impossible due to the negative effect of tamoxifen on gestation. Although DNA editing in the embryos was achieved in some cases, the treatment led to different complications of the pregnancy in wild-type female mice. We propose to use doxycycline-induced Cre systems in such models.
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9
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Dannappel MV, Zhu D, Sun X, Chua HK, Poppelaars M, Suehiro M, Khadka S, Lim Kam Sian TC, Sooraj D, Loi M, Gao H, Croagh D, Daly RJ, Faridi P, Boyer TG, Firestein R. CDK8 and CDK19 regulate intestinal differentiation and homeostasis via the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158593. [PMID: 36006697 PMCID: PMC9566890 DOI: 10.1172/jci158593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation and maintenance of transcriptional states are critical for controlling normal tissue homeostasis and differentiation. The cyclin dependent kinases CDK8 and CDK19 (Mediator kinases) are regulatory components of Mediator, a highly conserved complex that orchestrates enhancer-mediated transcriptional output. While Mediator kinases have been implicated in the transcription of genes necessary for development and growth, its function in mammals has not been well defined. Using genetically defined models and pharmacological inhibitors, we showed that CDK8 and CDK19 function in a redundant manner to regulate intestinal lineage specification in humans and mice. The Mediator kinase module bound and phosphorylated key components of the chromatin remodeling complex switch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) in intestinal epithelial cells. Concomitantly, SWI/SNF and MED12-Mediator colocalized at distinct lineage-specifying enhancers in a CDK8/19-dependent manner. Thus, these studies reveal a transcriptional mechanism of intestinal cell specification, coordinated by the interaction between the chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF and Mediator kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius V Dannappel
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Danxi Zhu
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xin Sun
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Hui Kheng Chua
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Marle Poppelaars
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Monica Suehiro
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Subash Khadka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Terry Cc Lim Kam Sian
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Dhanya Sooraj
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Melissa Loi
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
| | - Hugh Gao
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Roger J Daly
- Cancer Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Pouya Faridi
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas G Boyer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ron Firestein
- Centre for Cancer Research, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science and
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10
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Dimitrova E, Feldmann A, van der Weide RH, Flach KD, Lastuvkova A, de Wit E, Klose RJ. Distinct roles for CKM-Mediator in controlling Polycomb-dependent chromosomal interactions and priming genes for induction. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:1000-1010. [PMID: 36220895 PMCID: PMC9568430 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00840-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise control of gene expression underpins normal development. This relies on mechanisms that enable communication between gene promoters and other regulatory elements. In embryonic stem cells (ESCs), the cyclin-dependent kinase module Mediator complex (CKM-Mediator) has been reported to physically link gene regulatory elements to enable gene expression and also prime genes for induction during differentiation. Here, we show that CKM-Mediator contributes little to three-dimensional genome organization in ESCs, but it has a specific and essential role in controlling interactions between inactive gene regulatory elements bound by Polycomb repressive complexes (PRCs). These interactions are established by the canonical PRC1 (cPRC1) complex but rely on CKM-Mediator, which facilitates binding of cPRC1 to its target sites. Importantly, through separation-of-function experiments, we reveal that this collaboration between CKM-Mediator and cPRC1 in creating long-range interactions does not function to prime genes for induction during differentiation. Instead, we discover that priming relies on an interaction-independent mechanism whereby the CKM supports core Mediator engagement with gene promoters during differentiation to enable gene activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika Feldmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin H van der Weide
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute KNAW, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Koen D Flach
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Lastuvkova
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elzo de Wit
- Division of Gene Regulation, Oncode Institute and The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J Klose
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Ding X, Sharko AC, McDermott MSJ, Schools GP, Chumanevich A, Ji H, Li J, Zhang L, Mack ZT, Sikirzhytski V, Shtutman M, Ivers L, O’Donovan N, Crown J, Győrffy B, Chen M, Roninson IB, Broude EV. Inhibition of CDK8/19 Mediator kinase potentiates HER2-targeting drugs and bypasses resistance to these agents in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201073119. [PMID: 35914167 PMCID: PMC9371674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201073119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancers (BrCas) that overexpress oncogenic tyrosine kinase receptor HER2 are treated with HER2-targeting antibodies (such as trastuzumab) or small-molecule kinase inhibitors (such as lapatinib). However, most patients with metastatic HER2+ BrCa have intrinsic resistance and nearly all eventually become resistant to HER2-targeting therapy. Resistance to HER2-targeting drugs frequently involves transcriptional reprogramming associated with constitutive activation of different signaling pathways. We have investigated the role of CDK8/19 Mediator kinase, a regulator of transcriptional reprogramming, in the response of HER2+ BrCa to HER2-targeting drugs. CDK8 was in the top 1% of all genes ranked by correlation with shorter relapse-free survival among treated HER2+ BrCa patients. Selective CDK8/19 inhibitors (senexin B and SNX631) showed synergistic interactions with lapatinib and trastuzumab in a panel of HER2+ BrCa cell lines, overcoming and preventing resistance to HER2-targeting drugs. The synergistic effects were mediated in part through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and reduced by PI3K inhibition. Combination of HER2- and CDK8/19-targeting agents inhibited STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation at S727 and up-regulated tumor suppressor BTG2. The growth of xenograft tumors formed by lapatinib-sensitive or -resistant HER2+ breast cancer cells was partially inhibited by SNX631 alone and strongly suppressed by the combination of SNX631 and lapatinib, overcoming lapatinib resistance. These effects were associated with decreased tumor cell proliferation and altered recruitment of stromal components to the xenograft tumors. These results suggest potential clinical benefit of combining HER2- and CDK8/19-targeting drugs in the treatment of metastatic HER2+ BrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Ding
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Amanda C. Sharko
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Martina S. J. McDermott
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Gary P. Schools
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Alexander Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Hao Ji
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Zachary T. Mack
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Vitali Sikirzhytski
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Laura Ivers
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Norma O’Donovan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
- Oncology Biomarker Research Group, Research Center for Natural Sciences, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
- Senex Biotechnology, Inc., 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Igor B. Roninson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Eugenia V. Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy, 715 Sumter St., Columbia, SC, 29208
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12
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Li Z, Zhao B, Qin C, Wang Y, Li T, Wang W. Chromatin Dynamics in Digestive System Cancer: Commander and Regulator. Front Oncol 2022; 12:935877. [PMID: 35965507 PMCID: PMC9372441 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.935877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive system tumors have a poor prognosis due to complex anatomy, insidious onset, challenges in early diagnosis, and chemoresistance. Epidemiological statistics has verified that digestive system tumors rank first in tumor-related death. Although a great number of studies are devoted to the molecular biological mechanism, early diagnostic markers, and application of new targeted drugs in digestive system tumors, the therapeutic effect is still not satisfactory. Epigenomic alterations including histone modification and chromatin remodeling are present in human cancers and are now known to cooperate with genetic changes to drive the cancer phenotype. Chromatin is the carrier of genetic information and consists of DNA, histones, non-histone proteins, and a small amount of RNA. Chromatin and nucleosomes control the stability of the eukaryotic genome and regulate DNA processes such as transcription, replication, and repair. The dynamic structure of chromatin plays a key role in this regulatory function. Structural fluctuations expose internal DNA and thus provide access to the nuclear machinery. The dynamic changes are affected by various complexes and epigenetic modifications. Variation of chromatin dynamics produces early and superior regulation of the expression of related genes and downstream pathways, thereby controlling tumor development. Intervention at the chromatin level can change the process of cancer earlier and is a feasible option for future tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we introduced chromatin dynamics including chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and chromatin accessibility, and current research on chromatin regulation in digestive system tumors was also summarized.
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13
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Yamada T, Fukasawa K, Horie T, Kadota T, Lyu J, Tokumura K, Ochiai S, Iwahashi S, Suzuki A, Park G, Ueda R, Yamamoto M, Kitao T, Shirahase H, Ochi H, Sato S, Iezaki T, Hinoi E. The role of CDK8 in mesenchymal stem cells in controlling osteoclastogenesis and bone homeostasis. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1576-1588. [PMID: 35777359 PMCID: PMC9287674 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical regulators of postnatal bone homeostasis. Osteoporosis is characterized by bone volume and strength deterioration, partly due to MSC dysfunction. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) belongs to the transcription-related CDK family. Here, CDK8 in MSCs was identified as important for bone homeostasis. CDK8 level was increased in aged MSCs along with the association with aging-related signals. Mouse genetic studies revealed that CDK8 in MSCs plays a crucial role in bone resorption and homeostasis. Mechanistically, CDK8 in MSCs extrinsically controls osteoclastogenesis through the signal transducer and transcription 1 (STAT1)-receptor activator of the nuclear factor κ Β ligand (RANKL) axis. Moreover, aged MSCs have high osteoclastogenesis-supporting activity, partly through a CDK8-dependent manner. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of CDK8 effectively repressed MSC-dependent osteoclastogenesis and prevented ovariectomy-induced osteoclastic activation and bone loss. These findings highlight that the CDK8-STAT1-RANKL axis in MSCs could play a crucial role in bone resorption and homeostasis. Aging increases CDK8 expression level in MSCs and their progeny CDK8 in MSCs plays a crucial role in bone resorption and homeostasis CDK8 in MSCs extrinsically controls osteoclastogenesis through STAT1/RANKL axis CDK8 inhibitor prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoclastic activation and bone loss
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Yamada
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuya Fukasawa
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Horie
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Takuya Kadota
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jiajun Lyu
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tokumura
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ochiai
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Sayuki Iwahashi
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akane Suzuki
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Gyujin Park
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Rie Ueda
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kitao
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirahase
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ochi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shingo Sato
- Center for Innovative Cancer Treatment, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Takashi Iezaki
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Department of Bioactive Molecules, Pharmacology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan; United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
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14
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. In focus in HCB. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:1-4. [PMID: 35751678 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02125-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Taatjes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Jürgen Roth
- University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Paneth cell maturation is related to epigenetic modification during neonatal-weaning transition. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:5-13. [PMID: 35469099 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Paneth cells are antimicrobial peptide-secreting epithelial cells located at the bottom of the intestinal crypts of Lieberkühn. The crypts begin to form around postnatal day 7 (P7) mice, and Paneth cells usually appear within the first 2 weeks. Paneth cell dysfunction has been reported to correlate with Crohn's disease-like inflammation, showing narrow crypts or loss of crypt architecture in mice. The morphology of dysfunctional Paneth cells is similar to that of Paneth/goblet intermediate cells. However, it remains unclear whether the formation of the crypt is related to the maturation of Paneth cells. In this study, we investigated the histological changes including epigenetic modification in the mouse ileum postnatally and assessed the effect of the methyltransferase inhibitor on epithelium development using an organoid culture. The morphological and functional maturation of Paneth cells occurred in the first 2 weeks and was accompanied by histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) trimethylation, although significant differences in DNA methylation or other histone H3 trimethylation were not observed. Inhibition of H3K27 trimethylation in mouse ileal organoids suppressed crypt formation and Paneth cell maturation, until around P10. Overall, our findings show that post-transcriptional modification of histones, particularly H3K27 trimethylation, leads to the structural and functional maturation of Paneth cells during postnatal development.
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16
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The Mediator kinase module: an interface between cell signaling and transcription. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:314-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Sooraj D, Sun C, Doan A, Garama DJ, Dannappel MV, Zhu D, Chua HK, Mahara S, Wan Hassan WA, Tay YK, Guanizo A, Croagh D, Prodanovic Z, Gough DJ, Wan C, Firestein R. MED12 and BRD4 cooperate to sustain cancer growth upon loss of mediator kinase. Mol Cell 2022; 82:123-139.e7. [PMID: 34910943 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mediator kinases (CDK8/19) are transcriptional regulators broadly implicated in cancer. Despite their central role in fine-tuning gene-expression programs, we find complete loss of CDK8/19 is tolerated in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Using orthogonal functional genomic and pharmacological screens, we identify BET protein inhibition as a distinct vulnerability in CDK8/19-depleted cells. Combined CDK8/19 and BET inhibition led to synergistic growth retardation in human and mouse models of CRC. Strikingly, depletion of CDK8/19 in these cells led to global repression of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter occupancy and transcription. Concurrently, loss of Mediator kinase led to a profound increase in MED12 and BRD4 co-occupancy at enhancer elements and increased dependence on BET proteins for the transcriptional output of cell-essential genes. In total, this work demonstrates a synthetic lethal interaction between Mediator kinase and BET proteins and exposes a therapeutic vulnerability that can be targeted using combination therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Binding Sites
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Colorectal Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HCT116 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Mediator Complex/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mediator Complex/genetics
- Mediator Complex/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Nude
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Sooraj
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Claire Sun
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Anh Doan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J Garama
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Marius V Dannappel
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Danxi Zhu
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Hui K Chua
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sylvia Mahara
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Wan Amir Wan Hassan
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yeng Kwang Tay
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleks Guanizo
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel Croagh
- School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zdenka Prodanovic
- Department of Pathology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniel J Gough
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Chunhua Wan
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ron Firestein
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Vervoort SJ, Devlin JR, Kwiatkowski N, Teng M, Gray NS, Johnstone RW. Targeting transcription cycles in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:5-24. [PMID: 34675395 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accurate control of gene expression is essential for normal development and dysregulation of transcription underpins cancer onset and progression. Similar to cell cycle regulation, RNA polymerase II-driven transcription can be considered as a unidirectional multistep cycle, with thousands of unique transcription cycles occurring in concert within each cell. Each transcription cycle comprises recruitment, initiation, pausing, elongation, termination and recycling stages that are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases and their cognate cyclins as well as the opposing activity of transcriptional phosphatases. Oncogenic dysregulation of transcription can entail defective control of gene expression, either at select loci or more globally, impacting a large proportion of the genome. The resultant dependency on the core-transcriptional machinery is believed to render 'transcriptionally addicted' cancers sensitive to perturbation of transcription. Based on these findings, small molecules targeting transcriptional cyclin-dependent kinases and associated proteins hold promise for the treatment of cancer. Here, we utilize the transcription cycles concept to explain how dysregulation of these finely tuned gene expression processes may drive tumorigenesis and how therapeutically beneficial responses may arise from global or selective transcriptional perturbation. This conceptual framework helps to explain tumour-selective transcriptional dependencies and facilitates the rational design of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephin J Vervoort
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer R Devlin
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas Kwiatkowski
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingxing Teng
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, CHEM-H and SCI, Stanford Medical School, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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19
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Fukasawa K, Kadota T, Horie T, Tokumura K, Terada R, Kitaguchi Y, Park G, Ochiai S, Iwahashi S, Okayama Y, Hiraiwa M, Yamada T, Iezaki T, Kaneda K, Yamamoto M, Kitao T, Shirahase H, Hazawa M, Wong RW, Todo T, Hirao A, Hinoi E. CDK8 maintains stemness and tumorigenicity of glioma stem cells by regulating the c-MYC pathway. Oncogene 2021; 40:2803-2815. [PMID: 33727660 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01745-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of glioma. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) contribute to the initiation, progression, and recurrence of GBM as a result of their self-renewal potential and tumorigenicity. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) belongs to the transcription-related CDK family. Although CDK8 has been shown to be implicated in the malignancy of several types of cancer, its functional role and mechanism in gliomagenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate how CDK8 plays an essential role in maintaining stemness and tumorigenicity in GSCs. The genetic inhibition of CDK8 by shRNA or CRISPR interference resulted in an abrogation of the self-renewal potential and tumorigenicity of patient-derived GSCs, which could be significantly rescued by the ectopic expression of c-MYC, a stem cell transcription factor. Moreover, we demonstrated that the pharmacological inhibition of CDK8 significantly attenuated the self-renewal potential and tumorigenicity of GSCs. CDK8 expression was significantly higher in human GBM tissues than in normal brain tissues, and its expression was positively correlated with stem cell markers including c-MYC and SOX2 in human GBM specimens. Additionally, CDK8 expression is associated with poor survival in GBM patients. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of the CDK8-c-MYC axis in maintaining stemness and tumorigenicity in GSCs; these findings also identify the CDK8-c-MYC axis as a potential target for GSC-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Fukasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuya Kadota
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Horie
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tokumura
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Terada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuka Kitaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Gyujin Park
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ochiai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Sayuki Iwahashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuka Okayama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manami Hiraiwa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamada
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takashi Iezaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kaneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Megumi Yamamoto
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kitao
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shirahase
- Drug Discovery Research Department, Kyoto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hirao
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.,Cancer and Stem Cell Research Program, Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Bioactive Molecules, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.
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20
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Dissection of two routes to naïve pluripotency using different kinase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1863. [PMID: 33767186 PMCID: PMC7994667 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in the naïve state through inhibition of Mek1/2 and Gsk3 (2i). A relevant effect of 2i is the inhibition of Cdk8/19, which are negative regulators of the Mediator complex, responsible for the activity of enhancers. Inhibition of Cdk8/19 (Cdk8/19i) stimulates enhancers and, similar to 2i, stabilizes ESCs in the naïve state. Here, we use mass spectrometry to describe the molecular events (phosphoproteome, proteome, and metabolome) triggered by 2i and Cdk8/19i on ESCs. Our data reveal widespread commonalities between these two treatments, suggesting overlapping processes. We find that post-transcriptional de-repression by both 2i and Cdk8/19i might support the mitochondrial capacity of naive cells. However, proteome reprogramming in each treatment is achieved by different mechanisms. Cdk8/19i acts directly on the transcriptional machinery, activating key identity genes to promote the naïve program. In contrast, 2i stabilizes the naïve circuitry through, in part, de-phosphorylation of downstream transcriptional effectors.
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21
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Li N, Zheng S, Xue Z, Xiong Z, Zou Y, Tang Y, Wei WD, Yang L. Expression and prognostic value of transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases in human breast cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8095-8114. [PMID: 33686962 PMCID: PMC8034920 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression and prognostic significance of transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases (TA-CDKs) in breast cancer have not been systematically investigated. Using Oncomine, GEPIA2, the Human Protein Atlas, the Kaplan-Meier Plotter, cBioPortal, Metascape, and DAVID 6.8, we profiled the expression of TA-CDKs in breast cancer, inferred their biological functions, and assessed their effect on prognosis. The expression of CDK7/10/13/19 mRNAs in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal breast tissues. Survival analysis of breast cancer patients revealed that increased CDK8 expression was associated with inferior overall survival (OS), higher expression of CDK7 or CDK8 was associated with inferior relapse-free survival (RFS), but higher expression of CDK13 was associated with favorable RFS and OS. In addition, a high genetic alteration rate (56%) in TA-CDKs was associated with shorter OS. On functional enrichment analysis, top GO enrichment items for TA-CDKs and their neighboring genes included cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity and transferase complex. The top KEGG pathways included cell cycle and mismatch repair. These results suggest that CDK7/8/13 are potential prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer patients and provide novel insight for future studies examining their usefulness as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoquan Zheng
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Xue
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenchong Xiong
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yutian Zou
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Wei
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Bruter AV, Rodionova MD, Varlamova EA, Shtil AA. Super-Enhancers in the Regulation of Gene Transcription: General Aspects and Antitumor Targets. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:4-15. [PMID: 33959383 PMCID: PMC8084300 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Super-enhancers (genome elements that activate gene transcription) are DNA regions with an elevated concentration of transcriptional complexes. These multiprotein structures contain, among other components, the cyclin-dependent kinases 8 and 19. These and other transcriptional protein kinases are regarded as novel targets for pharmacological inhibition by antitumor drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Bruter
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478 Russia
| | | | - E. A. Varlamova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478 Russia
| | - A. A. Shtil
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478 Russia
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23
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Wu D, Zhang Z, Chen X, Yan Y, Liu X. Angel or Devil ? - CDK8 as the new drug target. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 213:113043. [PMID: 33257171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) plays an momentous role in transcription regulation by forming kinase module or transcription factor phosphorylation. A large number of evidences have identified CDK8 as an important factor in cancer occurrence and development. In addition, CDK8 also participates in the regulation of cancer cell stress response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, assists tumor cell invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Therefore, CDK8 is regarded as a promising target for cancer therapy. Most studies in recent years supported the role of CDK8 as a carcinogen, however, under certain conditions, CDK8 exists as a tumor suppressor. The functional diversity of CDK8 and its exceptional role in different types of cancer have aroused great interest from scientists but even more controversy during the discovery of CDK8 inhibitors. In addition, CDK8 appears to be an effective target for inflammation diseases and immune system disorders. Therefore, we summarized the research results of CDK8, involving physiological/pathogenic mechanisms and the development status of compounds targeting CDK8, provide a reference for the feasibility evaluation of CDK8 as a therapeutic target, and guidance for researchers who are involved in this field for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- School of Biological Engineering, Hefei Technology College, Hefei, 238000, PR China
| | - Zhaoyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Yaoyao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, PR China.
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24
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CDK8 Regulates Insulin Secretion and Mediates Postnatal and Stress-Induced Expression of Neuropeptides in Pancreatic β Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2892-2904.e7. [PMID: 31509750 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) contribute to vital cellular processes including cell cycle regulation. Loss of CDKs is associated with impaired insulin secretion and β cell survival; however, the function of CDK8 in β cells remains elusive. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Cdk8 improves glucose tolerance by increasing insulin secretion. We identify OSBPL3 as a CDK8-dependent phosphoprotein, which acts as a negative regulator of insulin secretion in response to glucose. We also show that embryonic gene silencing of neuropeptide Y in β cells is compromised in Cdk8-null mice, leading to continued expression into adulthood. Cdk8 ablation in β cells aggravates apoptosis and induces de novo expression of neuropeptides upon oxidative stress. Moreover, pancreatic islets exposed to stress display augmented apoptosis in the presence of these same neuropeptides. Our results reveal critical roles for CDK8 in β cell function and survival during metabolic stress that are in part mediated through de novo expression of neuropeptides.
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25
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The role of histone methylation in the development of digestive cancers: a potential direction for cancer management. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:143. [PMID: 32747629 PMCID: PMC7398912 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestive cancers are the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide and have high risks of morbidity and mortality. Histone methylation, which is mediated mainly by lysine methyltransferases, lysine demethylases, and protein arginine methyltransferases, has emerged as an essential mechanism regulating pathological processes in digestive cancers. Under certain conditions, aberrant expression of these modifiers leads to abnormal histone methylation or demethylation in the corresponding cancer-related genes, which contributes to different processes and phenotypes, such as carcinogenesis, proliferation, metabolic reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration, during digestive cancer development. In this review, we focus on the association between histone methylation regulation and the development of digestive cancers, including gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer, as well as on its clinical application prospects, aiming to provide a new perspective on the management of digestive cancers.
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26
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The Role of CDKs and CDKIs in Murine Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155343. [PMID: 32731332 PMCID: PMC7432401 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their inhibitors (CDKIs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of the cell cycle. As a result of these functions, it may be extrapolated that they are essential for appropriate embryonic development. The twenty known mouse CDKs and eight CDKIs have been studied to varying degrees in the developing mouse, but only a handful of CDKs and a single CDKI have been shown to be absolutely required for murine embryonic development. What has become apparent, as more studies have shone light on these family members, is that in addition to their primary functional role in regulating the cell cycle, many of these genes are also controlling specific cell fates by directing differentiation in various tissues. Here we review the extensive mouse models that have been generated to study the functions of CDKs and CDKIs, and discuss their varying roles in murine embryonic development, with a particular focus on the brain, pancreas and fertility.
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27
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Ge Z, Wu S, Zhang Z, Ding S. Mechanism of tumor cells escaping from immune surveillance of NK cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:187-198. [PMID: 32223464 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1742733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in anti-tumor and anti-infection, and perform their immune surveillance function in various ways. However, no matter what kind of cancer, the functional activity of NK cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is suppressed. Understanding the relationship between tumor cells and NK cells is very critical for tumor immunotherapy. This review discusses the mechanism of tumor cells escaping the immune surveillance of NK cells. These include a variety of factors that inhibit the activity of NK cells, an imbalance of activating receptors and inhibiting receptors on NK cells, abnormal binding of receptors and ligands, cross-talk of surrounding cell groups and NK cells in the TME, and other factors that affect NK cell activity. An understanding of these factors is necessary to provide new treatment strategies for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ge
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Wu
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- School of Physical Education & Health Care, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Menzl I, Zhang T, Berger-Becvar A, Grausenburger R, Heller G, Prchal-Murphy M, Edlinger L, Knab VM, Uras IZ, Grundschober E, Bauer K, Roth M, Skucha A, Liu Y, Hatcher JM, Liang Y, Kwiatkowski NP, Fux D, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Kubicek S, Melo JV, Valent P, Weichhart T, Grebien F, Zuber J, Gray NS, Sexl V. A kinase-independent role for CDK8 in BCR-ABL1 + leukemia. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4741. [PMID: 31628323 PMCID: PMC6802219 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are frequently deregulated in cancer and represent promising drug targets. We provide evidence that CDK8 has a key role in B-ALL. Loss of CDK8 in leukemia mouse models significantly enhances disease latency and prevents disease maintenance. Loss of CDK8 is associated with pronounced transcriptional changes, whereas inhibiting CDK8 kinase activity has minimal effects. Gene set enrichment analysis suggests that the mTOR signaling pathway is deregulated in CDK8-deficient cells and, accordingly, these cells are highly sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. Analysis of large cohorts of human ALL and AML patients reveals a significant correlation between the level of CDK8 and of mTOR pathway members. We have synthesized a small molecule YKL-06-101 that combines mTOR inhibition and degradation of CDK8, and induces cell death in human leukemic cells. We propose that simultaneous CDK8 degradation and mTOR inhibition might represent a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of ALL patients. Cyclin-dependent kinases are deregulated in blood cancers. Here, the authors show that CDK8, independent of its kinase activity, regulates mTOR signalling for the maintenance of BCR-ABL1+ leukemia, and that the dual inhibition of CDK8 and mTOR signalling induces apoptosis in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Menzl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Angelika Berger-Becvar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Grausenburger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Prchal-Murphy
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leo Edlinger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vanessa M Knab
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Z Uras
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Grundschober
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Bauer
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mareike Roth
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Skucha
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yanke Liang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas P Kwiatkowski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniela Fux
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Hoelbl-Kovacic
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Kubicek
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Junia V Melo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.,Department of Hematology, Imperial College London, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Weichhart
- Center of Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Grebien
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus-Vienna-Biocenter 1, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
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29
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Menzl I, Witalisz-Siepracka A, Sexl V. CDK8-Novel Therapeutic Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:E92. [PMID: 31248103 PMCID: PMC6630639 DOI: 10.3390/ph12020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in cancer therapy frequently stem from the development of new small-molecule inhibitors, paralleled by the identification of biomarkers that can predict the treatment response. Recent evidence supports the idea that cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) may represent a potential drug target for breast and prostate cancer, although no CDK8 inhibitors have entered the clinics. As the available inhibitors have been recently reviewed, we focus on the biological functions of CDK8 and provide an overview of the complexity of CDK8-dependent signaling throughout evolution and CDK8-dependent effects that may open novel treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Menzl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | | | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Zhang Q, Xiong M, Liu J, Wang S, Du T, Kang T, Liu Y, Cheng H, Huang M, Gou M. Targeted nanoparticle-mediated LHPP for melanoma treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:3455-3468. [PMID: 31190803 PMCID: PMC6516749 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s196374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Phospholysine phosphohistidine inorganic pyrophosphate phosphatase (LHPP) is a novel tumor suppressor. However, whether LHPP is effective to melanoma has not been investigated. Gene therapy provides a new strategy for the treatment of melanoma. Currently, it suffers from the lack of safe and effective gene delivery systems. Methods: A CRGDKGPDC peptide (iRGD) modified hybrid monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticle (iDPP) was prepared and complexed with a LHPP plasmid, forming an iDPP/LHPP nanocomplex. The iDPP/LHPP nanocomplex was characterized by particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, cytotoxicity, and transfection efficiency. The antitumor efficacy of the nanocomplex against melanoma was studied both in vitro and in vivo. Further, the potential epigenetic changes in melanoma induced by iDPP/LHPP nanocomplex were evaluated. Results: The iDPP/LHPP nanocomplex showed high transfection efficiency and low toxicity. Moreover, the nanocomplex displayed a neutral charge that can meet the requirement of intravenous injection for targeted gene therapy. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the iDPP/LHPP nanocomplex significantly inhibited the melanoma growth without causing notable adverse effects. We also found that LHPP played an important role in epigenetics. It regulated the expression of genes related to the proliferation and apoptosis chiefly at the level of transcription. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the iDPP nanoparticle-delivered LHPP gene has a potential application in melanoma therapy through regulation of the genes associated with epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Meimei Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyi Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Huang
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Maling Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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31
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Yin T, Liu MM, Jin RT, Kong J, Wang SH, Sun WB. miR-152-3p Modulates hepatic carcinogenesis by targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 8. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152406. [PMID: 30967300 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) as a Mediator complex-associated transcriptional regulator has been shown to play important role in the initiation and progression of various cancers. The present study aimed to explore miR-152-3p-modulated post-transcriptional repression of CDK8 in hepatic carcinogenesis. METHODS Eighty-nine pairs of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and adjacent non-tumor tissues were collected for molecular biological analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis assays were detected using CCK8 and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide (Annexinv-FITC) double staining, respectively. Bioinformatics algorithms and luciferase reporter assay were performed to validate CDK8 as a direct target of miR-152-3p. Gene and protein expression levels were monitored using RT-qPCR, western blotting or immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS CDK8 expression levels were up-regulated and miR-152-3p was down-regulated in HCC tissues. The correlation analysis had documented a significant negative correlation between miR-152-3p and CDK8 in the HCC tissues. Both CDK8 and miR-152-3p could serve as the independent prognostic factors for predicting the OS and DFS in HCC patients. Bioinformatics and experimental measurement revealed that CDK8 was a direct target of miR-152-3p. After co-transfection with the miR-152-3p mimics and the CDK8 overexpressed plasmids, the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic roles of miR-152-3p were restricted by CDK8. CONCLUSION The present results obtained forcefully proved that miR-152-3p exhibited an antineoplastic activity via targeting CDK8 and might be served as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China; Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024005, China
| | - Ming-Ming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024005, China
| | - Ruo-Tian Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng 024005, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Shao-Hong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Wen-Bing Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China.
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32
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Dannappel MV, Sooraj D, Loh JJ, Firestein R. Molecular and in vivo Functions of the CDK8 and CDK19 Kinase Modules. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 6:171. [PMID: 30693281 PMCID: PMC6340071 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CDK8 and its paralog, CDK19, collectively termed ‘Mediator Kinase,’ are cyclin-dependent kinases that have been implicated as key rheostats in cellular homeostasis and developmental programming. CDK8 and CDK19 are incorporated, in a mutually exclusive manner, as part of a 4-protein complex called the Mediator kinase module. This module reversibly associates with the Mediator, a 26 subunit protein complex that regulates RNA Polymerase II mediated gene expression. As part of this complex, the Mediator kinases have been implicated in diverse process such as developmental signaling, metabolic homeostasis and in innate immunity. In recent years, dysregulation of Mediator kinase module proteins, including CDK8/19, has been implicated in the development of different human diseases, and in particular cancer. This has led to intense efforts to understand how CDK8/19 regulate diverse biological outputs and develop Mediator kinase inhibitors that can be exploited therapeutically. Herein, we review both context and function of the Mediator kinases at a molecular, cellular and animal level. In so doing, we illuminate emerging concepts underpinning Mediator kinase biology and highlight certain aspects that remain unsolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Volker Dannappel
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Dhanya Sooraj
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jia Jian Loh
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Faculty of Science, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ron Firestein
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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33
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Li X, Liu M, Ji JY. Understanding Obesity as a Risk Factor for Uterine Tumors Using Drosophila. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1167:129-155. [PMID: 31520353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23629-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple large-scale epidemiological studies have identified obesity as an important risk factor for a variety of human cancers, particularly cancers of the uterus, gallbladder, kidney, liver, colon, and ovary, but there is much uncertainty regarding how obesity increases the cancer risks. Given that obesity has been consistently identified as a major risk factor for uterine tumors, the most common malignancies of the female reproductive system, we use uterine tumors as a pathological context to survey the relevant literature and propose a novel hypothesis: chronic downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) module, composed of CDK8 (or its paralog CDK19), Cyclin C, MED12 (or MED12L), and MED13 (or MED13L), by elevated insulin or insulin-like growth factor signaling in obese women may increase the chances to dysregulate the activities of transcription factors regulated by the CDK8 module, thereby increasing the risk of uterine tumors. Although we focus on endometrial cancer and uterine leiomyomas (or fibroids), two major forms of uterine tumors, our model may offer additional insights into how obesity increases the risk of other types of cancers and diseases. To illustrate the power of model organisms for studying human diseases, here we place more emphasis on the findings obtained from Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, USA.
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Abstract
The Mediator-associated kinases CDK8 and CDK19 function in the context of three additional proteins: CCNC and MED12, which activate CDK8/CDK19 kinase function, and MED13, which enables their association with the Mediator complex. The Mediator kinases affect RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription indirectly, through phosphorylation of transcription factors and by controlling Mediator structure and function. In this review, we discuss cellular roles of the Mediator kinases and mechanisms that enable their biological functions. We focus on sequence-specific, DNA-binding transcription factors and other Mediator kinase substrates, and how CDK8 or CDK19 may enable metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming through enhancers and chromatin looping. We also summarize Mediator kinase inhibitors and their therapeutic potential. Throughout, we note conserved and divergent functions between yeast and mammalian CDK8, and highlight many aspects of kinase module function that remain enigmatic, ranging from potential roles in pol II promoter-proximal pausing to liquid-liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli B Fant
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
| | - Dylan J Taatjes
- a Department of Biochemistry , University of Colorado , Boulder , CO , USA
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Xi M, Chen T, Wu C, Gao X, Wu Y, Luo X, Du K, Yu L, Cai T, Shen R, Sun H. CDK8 as a therapeutic target for cancers and recent developments in discovery of CDK8 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 164:77-91. [PMID: 30594029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 8 (CDK8) regulates transcriptional process via associating with the mediator complex or phosphorylating transcription factors (TF). Overexpression of CDK8 has been observed in various cancers. It mediates aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is initially recognized and best studied in colorectal cancer (CRC). CDK8 acts as an oncogene and represents a potential target for developing novel CDK8 inhibitors in cancer therapeutics. However, other study has revealed its contrary role. The function of CDK8 is context dependent. Even so, a variety of potent and selective CDK8 inhibitors have been discovered after crystal structures were resolved in two states (active or inactive). In this review, we summarize co-crystal structures, biological mechanisms, dysregulation in cancers and recent progress in the field of CDK8 inhibitors, trying to offer an outlook of CDK8 inhibitors in cancer therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyang Xi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tingkai Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunlei Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiaozhong Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Yonghua Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Lemao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Tao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Runpu Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Chohan TA, Qayyum A, Rehman K, Tariq M, Akash MSH. An insight into the emerging role of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of advanced cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 107:1326-1341. [PMID: 30257348 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer denotes a pathological manifestation that is characterized by hyperproliferation of cells. It has anticipated that a better understanding of disease pathogenesis and the role of cell-cycle regulators may provide an opportunity to develop an effective cancer therapeutic agents. Specifically, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) which regulate the transition of cell-cycle through different phases; have been identified as fundamental targets for therapeutic advances. It is an evident from experimental studies that several events leading to tumor growth occur by exacerbation of CDK4/CDK6 in G1-phase of cell division cycle. Additionally, the characteristics of S- and G2/M-phase regulated by CDK1/CDK2 are pivotal events that may lead to abrupt the cell division. Although, previously reported CDK inhibitors have shown remarkable results in pre-clinical studies, but have not yielded appreciable clinical results yet. Therefore, the development of clinically potent CDK inhibitors has remained to be a challenging task. However, continuous efforts has led to the development of some novel CDKs inhibitors that have emerged as a potent strategy for the treatment of advanced cancers. In this article, we have summarized the role of CDKs in cell-cycle regulation and tumorigenesis and recent advances in the development of CDKs inhibitors as a promising therapy for the treatment of advanced cancer. In addition, we have also performed a comparison of crystallographic studies to get valuable insight into the interaction mode differences of inhibitors, binding to CDK isoforms with apparently similar binding sites. The knowledge of ligand-specific recognition towards a particular CDK isoform may be applied as a key tool in future for the designing of isoform-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Ali Chohan
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aisha Qayyum
- Department of Paediatrics Medicine, Sabzazar Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Alternative Medicine, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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Zyxin promotes colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mitotic phosphorylation-dependent manner and through CDK8-mediated YAP activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6760-E6769. [PMID: 29967145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800621115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zyxin is a member of the focal adhesion complex and plays a critical role in actin filament polymerization and cell motility. Several recent studies showed that Zyxin is a positive regulator of Yki/YAP (Yes-associated protein) signaling. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which Zyxin itself is regulated and how Zyxin affects Hippo-YAP activity. We first showed that Zyxin is phosphorylated by CDK1 during mitosis. Depletion of Zyxin resulted in significantly impaired colon cancer cell proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth, and tumor formation in xenograft animal models. Mitotic phosphorylation is required for Zyxin activity in promoting growth. Zyxin regulates YAP activity through the colon cancer oncogene CDK8. CDK8 knockout phenocopied Zyxin knockdown in colon cancer cells, while ectopic expression of CDK8 substantially restored the tumorigenic defects of Zyxin-depletion cells. Mechanistically, we showed that CDK8 directly phosphorylated YAP and promoted its activation. Fully activated YAP is required to support the growth in CDK8-knockout colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Together, these observations suggest that Zyxin promotes colon cancer tumorigenesis in a mitotic-phosphorylation-dependent manner and through CDK8-mediated YAP activation.
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Putlyaev EV, Ibragimov AN, Lebedeva LA, Georgiev PG, Shidlovskii YV. Structure and Functions of the Mediator Complex. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:423-436. [PMID: 29626929 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mediator is a key factor in the regulation of expression of RNA polymerase II-transcribed genes. Recent studies have shown that Mediator acts as a coordinator of transcription activation and participates in maintaining chromatin architecture in the cell nucleus. In this review, we present current concepts on the structure and functions of Mediator.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Putlyaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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Depletion of Mediator Kinase Module Subunits Represses Superenhancer-Associated Genes in Colon Cancer Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 38:MCB.00573-17. [PMID: 29507187 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00573-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer, oncogene activation is partly mediated by acquired superenhancers, which therefore represent potential targets for inhibition. Superenhancers are enriched for BRD4 and Mediator, and both BRD4 and the Mediator MED12 subunit are disproportionally required for expression of superenhancer-associated genes in stem cells. Here we show that depletion of Mediator kinase module subunit MED12 or MED13 together with MED13L can be used to reduce expression of cancer-acquired superenhancer genes, such as the MYC gene, in colon cancer cells, with a concomitant decrease in proliferation. Whereas depletion of MED12 or MED13/MED13L caused a disproportional decrease of superenhancer gene expression, this was not seen with depletion of the kinases cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK8) and CDK19. MED12-MED13/MED13L-dependent superenhancer genes were coregulated by β-catenin, which has previously been shown to associate with MED12. Importantly, β-catenin depletion caused reduced binding of MED12 at the MYC superenhancer. The effect of MED12 or MED13/MED13L depletion on cancer-acquired superenhancer gene expression was more specific than and partially distinct from that of BRD4 depletion, with the most efficient inhibition seen with combined targeting. These results identify a requirement of MED12 and MED13/MED13L for expression of acquired superenhancer genes in colon cancer, implicating these Mediator subunits as potential therapeutic targets for colon cancer, alone or together with BRD4.
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40
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NK Cell–Specific CDK8 Deletion Enhances Antitumor Responses. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:458-466. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Philip S, Kumarasiri M, Teo T, Yu M, Wang S. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8: A New Hope in Targeted Cancer Therapy? J Med Chem 2018; 61:5073-5092. [PMID: 29266937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) plays a vital role in regulating transcription either through its association with the Mediator complex or by phosphorylating transcription factors. Myriads of genetic and biochemical studies have established CDK8 as a key oncogenic driver in many cancers. Specifically, CDK8-mediated activation of oncogenic Wnt-β-catenin signaling, transcription of estrogen-inducible genes, and suppression of super enhancer-associated genes contributes to oncogenesis in colorectal, breast, and hematological malignancies, respectively. However, while most research supports the role of CDK8 as an oncogene, other work has raised the possibility of its contrary function. The diverse biological functions of CDK8 and its seemingly context-specific roles in different types of cancers have spurred a great amount of interest and perhaps an even greater amount of controversy in the development of CDK8 inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutic agents. Herein, we review the latest landscape of CDK8 biology and its involvement in carcinogenesis. We dissect current efforts in discovering CDK8 inhibitors and attempt to provide an outlook at the future of CDK8-targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Philip
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Malika Kumarasiri
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Theodosia Teo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Mingfeng Yu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sansom Institute for Health Research and School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences , University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia 5001 , Australia
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42
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Reber S, Mechtersheimer J, Nasif S, Benitez JA, Colombo M, Domanski M, Jutzi D, Hedlund E, Ruepp MD. CRISPR-Trap: a clean approach for the generation of gene knockouts and gene replacements in human cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 29:75-83. [PMID: 29167381 PMCID: PMC5909934 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-05-0288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing offers the possibility to knock out almost any gene of interest in an affordable and simple manner. The most common strategy is the introduction of a frameshift into the open reading frame (ORF) of the target gene which truncates the coding sequence (CDS) and targets the corresponding transcript for degradation by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). However, we show that transcripts containing premature termination codons (PTCs) are not always degraded efficiently and can generate C-terminally truncated proteins which might have residual or dominant negative functions. Therefore, we recommend an alternative approach for knocking out genes, which combines CRISPR/Cas9 with gene traps (CRISPR-Trap) and is applicable to ∼50% of all spliced human protein-coding genes and a large subset of lncRNAs. CRISPR-Trap completely prevents the expression of the ORF and avoids expression of C-terminal truncated proteins. We demonstrate the feasibility of CRISPR-Trap by utilizing it to knock out several genes in different human cell lines. Finally, we also show that this approach can be used to efficiently generate gene replacements allowing for modulation of protein levels for otherwise lethal knockouts (KOs). Thus, CRISPR-Trap offers several advantages over conventional KO approaches and allows for generation of clean CRISPR/Cas9-based KOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Mechtersheimer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Nasif
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martino Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michal Domanski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jutzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet,171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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43
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Jeronimo C, Robert F. The Mediator Complex: At the Nexus of RNA Polymerase II Transcription. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:765-783. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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McDermott MSJ, Chumanevich AA, Lim CU, Liang J, Chen M, Altilia S, Oliver D, Rae JM, Shtutman M, Kiaris H, Győrffy B, Roninson IB, Broude EV. Inhibition of CDK8 mediator kinase suppresses estrogen dependent transcription and the growth of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:12558-12575. [PMID: 28147342 PMCID: PMC5355036 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormone therapy targeting estrogen receptor (ER) is the principal treatment for ER-positive breast cancers. However, many cancers develop resistance to hormone therapy while retaining ER expression. Identifying new druggable mediators of ER function can help to increase the efficacy of ER-targeting drugs. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) is a Mediator complex-associated transcriptional regulator with oncogenic activities. Expression of CDK8, its paralog CDK19 and their binding partner Cyclin C are negative prognostic markers in breast cancer. Meta-analysis of transcriptome databases revealed an inverse correlation between CDK8 and ERα expression, suggesting that CDK8 could be functionally associated with ER. We have found that CDK8 inhibition by CDK8/19-selective small-molecule kinase inhibitors, by shRNA knockdown or by CRISPR/CAS9 knockout suppresses estrogen-induced transcription in ER-positive breast cancer cells; this effect was exerted downstream of ER. Estrogen addition stimulated the binding of CDK8 to the ER-responsive GREB1 gene promoter and CDK8/19 inhibition reduced estrogen-stimulated association of an elongation-competent phosphorylated form of RNA Polymerase II with GREB1. CDK8/19 inhibitors abrogated the mitogenic effect of estrogen on ER-positive cells and potentiated the growth-inhibitory effects of ER antagonist fulvestrant. Treatment of estrogen-deprived ER-positive breast cancer cells with CDK8/19 inhibitors strongly impeded the development of estrogen independence. In vivo treatment with a CDK8/19 inhibitor Senexin B suppressed tumor growth and augmented the effects of fulvestrant in ER-positive breast cancer xenografts. These results identify CDK8 as a novel downstream mediator of ER and suggest the utility of CDK8 inhibitors for ER-positive breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina S J McDermott
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Alexander A Chumanevich
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Chang-Uk Lim
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Mengqian Chen
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Serena Altilia
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - David Oliver
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - James M Rae
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael Shtutman
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Hippokratis Kiaris
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Semmelweis University 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Igor B Roninson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Eugenia V Broude
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Abstract
Over the past two decades there has been a great deal of interest in the development of inhibitors of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). This attention initially stemmed from observations that different CDK isoforms have key roles in cancer cell proliferation through loss of regulation of the cell cycle, a hallmark feature of cancer. CDKs have now been shown to regulate other processes, particularly various aspects of transcription. The early non-selective CDK inhibitors exhibited considerable toxicity and proved to be insufficiently active in most cancers. The lack of patient selection biomarkers and an absence of understanding of the inhibitory profile required for efficacy hampered the development of these inhibitors. However, the advent of potent isoform-selective inhibitors with accompanying biomarkers has re-ignited interest. Palbociclib, a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor, is now approved for the treatment of ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer. Current developments in the field include the identification of potent and selective inhibitors of the transcriptional CDKs; these include tool compounds that have allowed exploration of individual CDKs as cancer targets and the determination of their potential therapeutic windows. Biomarkers that allow the selection of patients likely to respond are now being discovered. Drug resistance has emerged as a major hurdle in the clinic for most protein kinase inhibitors and resistance mechanism are beginning to be identified for CDK inhibitors. This suggests that the selective inhibitors may be best used combined with standard of care or other molecularly targeted agents now in development rather than in isolation as monotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Whittaker
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Mallinger
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Workman
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Clarke
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom; Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW7 3RP, United Kingdom.
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Ono K, Banno H, Okaniwa M, Hirayama T, Iwamura N, Hikichi Y, Murai S, Hasegawa M, Hasegawa Y, Yonemori K, Hata A, Aoyama K, Cary DR. Design and synthesis of selective CDK8/19 dual inhibitors: Discovery of 4,5-dihydrothieno[3′,4′:3,4]benzo[1,2- d ]isothiazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2336-2350. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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47
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Clarke PA, Ortiz-Ruiz MJ, TePoele R, Adeniji-Popoola O, Box G, Court W, Czasch S, El Bawab S, Esdar C, Ewan K, Gowan S, De Haven Brandon A, Hewitt P, Hobbs SM, Kaufmann W, Mallinger A, Raynaud F, Roe T, Rohdich F, Schiemann K, Simon S, Schneider R, Valenti M, Weigt S, Blagg J, Blaukat A, Dale TC, Eccles SA, Hecht S, Urbahns K, Workman P, Wienke D. Assessing the mechanism and therapeutic potential of modulators of the human Mediator complex-associated protein kinases. eLife 2016; 5:e20722. [PMID: 27935476 PMCID: PMC5224920 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mediator-associated kinases CDK8/19 are context-dependent drivers or suppressors of tumorigenesis. Their inhibition is predicted to have pleiotropic effects, but it is unclear whether this will impact on the clinical utility of CDK8/19 inhibitors. We discovered two series of potent chemical probes with high selectivity for CDK8/19. Despite pharmacodynamic evidence for robust on-target activity, the compounds exhibited modest, though significant, efficacy against human tumor lines and patient-derived xenografts. Altered gene expression was consistent with CDK8/19 inhibition, including profiles associated with super-enhancers, immune and inflammatory responses and stem cell function. In a mouse model expressing oncogenic beta-catenin, treatment shifted cells within hyperplastic intestinal crypts from a stem cell to a transit amplifying phenotype. In two species, neither probe was tolerated at therapeutically-relevant exposures. The complex nature of the toxicity observed with two structurally-differentiated chemical series is consistent with on-target effects posing significant challenges to the clinical development of CDK8/19 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Clarke
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Jesus Ortiz-Ruiz
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert TePoele
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olajumoke Adeniji-Popoola
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Box
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Will Court
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ken Ewan
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Gowan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexis De Haven Brandon
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephen M Hobbs
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aurélie Mallinger
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Raynaud
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby Roe
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Melanie Valenti
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julian Blagg
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Trevor C Dale
- School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne A Eccles
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Paul Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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Brägelmann J, Klümper N, Offermann A, von Mässenhausen A, Böhm D, Deng M, Queisser A, Sanders C, Syring I, Merseburger AS, Vogel W, Sievers E, Vlasic I, Carlsson J, Andrén O, Brossart P, Duensing S, Svensson MA, Shaikhibrahim Z, Kirfel J, Perner S. Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Mediator Complex Transcriptome Identifies CDK19 and CDK8 as Therapeutic Targets in Advanced Prostate Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1829-1840. [PMID: 27678455 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The Mediator complex is a multiprotein assembly, which serves as a hub for diverse signaling pathways to regulate gene expression. Because gene expression is frequently altered in cancer, a systematic understanding of the Mediator complex in malignancies could foster the development of novel targeted therapeutic approaches.Experimental Design: We performed a systematic deconvolution of the Mediator subunit expression profiles across 23 cancer entities (n = 8,568) using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Prostate cancer-specific findings were validated in two publicly available gene expression cohorts and a large cohort of primary and advanced prostate cancer (n = 622) stained by immunohistochemistry. The role of CDK19 and CDK8 was evaluated by siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and inhibitor treatment in prostate cancer cell lines with functional assays and gene expression analysis by RNAseq.Results: Cluster analysis of TCGA expression data segregated tumor entities, indicating tumor-type-specific Mediator complex compositions. Only prostate cancer was marked by high expression of CDK19 In primary prostate cancer, CDK19 was associated with increased aggressiveness and shorter disease-free survival. During cancer progression, highest levels of CDK19 and of its paralog CDK8 were present in metastases. In vitro, inhibition of CDK19 and CDK8 by knockdown or treatment with a selective CDK8/CDK19 inhibitor significantly decreased migration and invasion.Conclusions: Our analysis revealed distinct transcriptional expression profiles of the Mediator complex across cancer entities indicating differential modes of transcriptional regulation. Moreover, it identified CDK19 and CDK8 to be specifically overexpressed during prostate cancer progression, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic targets in advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1829-40. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brägelmann
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niklas Klümper
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Anne Offermann
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Anne von Mässenhausen
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Diana Böhm
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Mario Deng
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Angela Queisser
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christine Sanders
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Isabella Syring
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Clinic for Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel S Merseburger
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wenzel Vogel
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Sievers
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ignacija Vlasic
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Jessica Carlsson
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ove Andrén
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Peter Brossart
- Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Uro-oncology, Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria A Svensson
- Department of Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Zaki Shaikhibrahim
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sven Perner
- Pathology of the University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck and the Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Lübeck and Borstel, Germany.
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Koehler MFT, Bergeron P, Blackwood EM, Bowman K, Clark KR, Firestein R, Kiefer JR, Maskos K, McCleland ML, Orren L, Salphati L, Schmidt S, Schneider EV, Wu J, Beresini MH. Development of a Potent, Specific CDK8 Kinase Inhibitor Which Phenocopies CDK8/19 Knockout Cells. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:223-8. [PMID: 26985305 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning with promiscuous COT inhibitors, which were found to inhibit CDK8, a series of 6-aza-benzothiophene containing compounds were developed into potent, selective CDK8 inhibitors. When cocrystallized with CDK8 and cyclin C, these compounds exhibit an unusual binding mode, making a single hydrogen bond to the hinge residue A100, a second to K252, and a key cation-π interaction with R356. Structure-based drug design resulted in tool compounds 13 and 32, which are highly potent, kinase selective, permeable compounds with a free fraction >2% and no measurable efflux. Despite these attractive properties, these compounds exhibit weak antiproliferative activity in the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. Further examination of the activity of 32 in this cell line revealed that the compound reduced phosphorylation of the known CDK8 substrate STAT1 in a manner identical to a CDK8 knockout clone, illustrating the complex effects of inhibition of CDK8 kinase activity in proliferation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Klaus Maskos
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Elisabeth V. Schneider
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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