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Vanhakylä S, Salminen JP. Mass Spectrometric Fingerprint Mapping Reveals Species-Specific Differences in Plant Polyphenols and Related Bioactivities. Molecules 2023; 28:6388. [PMID: 37687216 PMCID: PMC10490256 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant species show large variation in the composition and content of their tannins and other polyphenols. These large metabolites are not easy to measure accurately, but they are important factors for species bioactivity and chemotaxonomy. Here, we used an automated group-specific UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS tool to detect and quantify eight most common polyphenol groups in 31 chemically diverse plant species representing many types of growth forms and evolutionary ages. Ten replicate plants were used for each species and two polyphenol-related bioactivities, i.e., protein precipitation capacity and oxidative activity were measured in all samples as well. By the help of a novel 2D fingerprint mapping tool we were able to visualize the qualitative and quantitative differences between the species in hydrolysable tannins (galloyl and hexahydroxydiphenoyl derivatives), proanthocyanidins (procyanidins and prodelphinidins), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin and myricetin derivatives) and quinic acid derivatives together with the two bioactivities. The highest oxidative activities were found with species containing ellagitannins (e.g., Quercus robur, Geranium sylvaticum, Lythrum salicaria and Chamaenerion angustifolium) or prodelphinidin-rich proanthocyanidins (e.g., Ribes alpinum, Salix phylicifolia and Lysimachia vulgaris). The best species with high protein precipitation capacity were rich in gallotannins (Acer platanoides and Paeonia lactiflora) or oligomeric ellagitannins (e.g., Comarum palustre, Lythrum salicaria and Chamaenerion angustifolium). These types of tools could prove their use in many types of screening experiments and might reveal even unusually active polyphenol types directly from the crude plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
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Mainka M, Czerwińska ME, Osińska E, Ziaja M, Bazylko A. Screening of Antioxidative Properties and Inhibition of Inflammation-Linked Enzymes by Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Plants Traditionally Used in Wound Healing in Poland. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050698. [PMID: 33925100 PMCID: PMC8146166 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of plant-derived preparations have been used against skin inflammatory disorders and as wound healing agents in traditional medicine. The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts from eleven species of plants traditionally used in Poland to treat inflammatory skin diseases. The ability of extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide anion (O2•−), was studied. In non-cellular studies, an analysis of the anti-inflammatory effect on the activity of enzymes, such as hyaluronidase (HYAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX), was also performed. The chemical profiles of the most active extracts were achieved by applying the UHPLC-DAD-MSn method, and the sum of polyphenols in all tested extracts was determined by the colorimetric method with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The scope of the extracts’ influence on enzyme activity was significantly lower than their antioxidant activity. All extracts have shown high activity in free radical scavenging against DPPH. The ethanolic extracts have shown high potential to scavenge H2O2. The study of composition showed that the main components of the tested extracts were flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin derivatives, as well as caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic acid, and its conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mainka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Monika E. Czerwińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Ewa Osińska
- Department of Vegetable and Medicinal Plants, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Maria Ziaja
- Institute of Physical Culture Studies, Rzeszów University, Cicha 2a, 35-326 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Bazylko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Warsaw Medical University, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Granica S, Vahjen W, Zentek J, Melzig MF, Pawłowska KA, Piwowarski JP. Lythrum salicaria Ellagitannins Stimulate IPEC-J2 Cells Monolayer Formation and Inhibit Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Growth and Adhesion. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3614-3622. [PMID: 33270444 PMCID: PMC7771025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lythrum salicaria herb (LSH) was applied in diarrhea therapy since ancient times. Despite empirically referenced therapeutic effects, the bioactivity mechanisms and chemical constituents responsible for pharmacological activity remain not fully resolved. Taking into consideration the historical use of LSH in treatment of diarrhea in humans and farm animals, the aim of the study was to examine in vitro the influence of LSH and its C-glycosylic ellagitannins on processes associated with maintaining intestinal epithelium integrity and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) growth and adhesion. LSH was not only inhibiting EPEC growth in a concentration dependent manner but also its adhesion to IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cell monolayers. Inhibitory activity toward EPEC growth was additionally confirmed ex vivo in distal colon samples of postweaning piglets. LSH and its dominating C-glycosylic ellagitannins, castalagin (1), vescalagin (2), and salicarinins A (3) and B (4) were stimulating IPEC-J2 monolayer formation by enhancing claudin 4 production. Parallelly tested gut microbiota metabolites of LSH ellagitannins, urolithin C (5), urolithin A (6), and its glucuronides (7) were inactive. The activities of LSH and the isolated ellagitannins support its purported antidiarrheal properties and indicate potential mechanisms responsible for its beneficial influence on the intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Granica
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Studies, Medical
University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Matthias F. Melzig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Karolina A. Pawłowska
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Studies, Medical
University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
| | - Jakub P. Piwowarski
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Centre for Preclinical Studies, Medical
University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02-097, Poland
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie
Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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4
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Dadi TH, Vahjen W, Zentek J, Melzig MF, Granica S, Piwowarski JP. Lythrum salicaria L. herb and gut microbiota of healthy post-weaning piglets. Focus on prebiotic properties and formation of postbiotic metabolites in ex vivo cultures. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 261:113073. [PMID: 32673710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herb of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L. from Lythraceae family) (LSH) was used in Europe since ancient times till early-20th century in the therapy of diarrhea and dysentery in human and veterinary medicine. Post-weaning diarrhea is a main problem affecting global piglet production, which leads to significant economic losses because of increased morbidity and mortality, reduced average daily gain, and high antibiotic consumption. Post-weaning diarrhea has various causes, all of which have been linked to imbalances of intestinal microbiota. The aim of the present study was to determine the interaction of LSH with the gut microbiota of healthy post-weaning piglets in order to evaluate its influence on microbiota composition and metabolism as well as production of potentially bioactive postbiotic metabolites from the extract constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ex vivo anaerobic cultures of piglets intestinal microbiota obtained from jejunum, ileum, caecum and distal colon were conducted in various culture media supplemented with LSH. The production of postbiotic metabolites was determined using UPLC-DAD-MSn method. Bacterial genomic DNA was extracted and examined by sequencing by amplification of the 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions followed by bioinformatic analysis. The production of SCFA in cultures was determined by GC analysis. RESULTS Only the caecal and distal colon microbiota was able to hydrolyze and metabolize ellagitannins present in LSH to urolithins. Urolithin M6, M7, urolithin C, A and iso-urolithin A were detected together with a previously not described metabolite originating from the flavogalloyl moiety of C-glucosylic ellagitannins. LSH had no significant influence on microbiota diversity and metabolic activity, but was able to modulate its composition by significant decrease in Collinsella, Senegalimassilia, uncultured bacteria belonging to Porphyromonadaceae, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Mogibacterium, Dorea, Lachnoclostridium, Lachnospiraceae UCG-004 group, Moryella, [Eubacterium] coprostanoligenes, Intestinimonas, Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, uncultured bacteria belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Acidaminococcus and Allisonella, while the relative abundance of Prevotella, Agathobacter, [Eubacterium] hallii group, Lachnospiraceae NK3A20 group, [Ruminococcus] torques group, Catenibacterium, Catenisphaera and Megasphaera increased. Significant correlations between taxa abundance and production of urolithins were determined. CONCLUSIONS In the present study we have shown, that Lythrum salicaria herb fulfills the criteria of a potential candidate for antidiarrheal agent, which could be applied as therapy or prevention of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. It not only modulates the gut microbiota composition without causing the dysbiosis and impairing metabolic activity, but is also a source of postbiotic metabolites, namely urolithins, which anti-inflammatory properties can be beneficial for gut health of piglets during the weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temesgen H Dadi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany; Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.
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Puljula E, Walton G, Woodward MJ, Karonen M. Antimicrobial Activities of Ellagitannins against Clostridiales perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecules 2020; 25:E3714. [PMID: 32824081 PMCID: PMC7465317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the growth inhibition effect of 22 individual ellagitannins and of pentagalloylglucose on four bacterial species, i.e., Clostridiales perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, and almost all against E. coli and C. perfringens. For L. plantarum, no or very weak growth inhibition was detected. The level of inhibition was the greatest for S. aureus and the weakest for C. perfringens. For S. aureus, the molecular size or flexibility of ellagitannins did not show a clear relationship with their antimicrobial activity, even though rugosins E and D and pentagalloylglucose with four or five free galloyl groups had a stronger growth inhibition effect than the other ellagitannins with glucopyranose cores but with less free galloyl groups. Additionally, our results with S. aureus showed that the oligomeric linkage of ellagitannin might have an effect on its antimicrobial activity. For E. coli, the molecular size, but not the molecular flexibility, of ellagitannins seemed to be an important factor. For C. perfringens, both the molecular size and the flexibility of ellagitannin were important factors. In previous studies, corilagin was used as a model for ellagitannins, but our results showed that other ellagitannins are much more efficacious; therefore, the antimicrobial effects of ellagitannins could be more significant than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Puljula
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
| | - Gemma Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Studies, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK; (G.W.); or
| | - Martin J. Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Studies, The University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK; (G.W.); or
- Folium Science, Unit-DX, Bristol BS2 OXJ, UK
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland;
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Karonen M, Ahern JR, Legroux L, Suvanto J, Engström MT, Sinkkonen J, Salminen JP, Hoste H. Ellagitannins Inhibit the Exsheathment of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis Larvae: The Efficiency Increases Together with the Molecular Size. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4176-4186. [PMID: 32181655 PMCID: PMC7146859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes continue to threaten animal health, welfare, and production in outdoor breeding systems of small ruminants. For more than 50 years, the control of these parasitic worms has relied on the use of commercial synthetic anthelmintics. However, anthelmintic resistance in worm populations is nowadays widespread and requires novel solutions. The use of tannin-rich plants has been suggested as an alternative to synthetic anthelmintics to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The majority of previous studies have focused on the activity of proanthocyanidins (syn condensed tannins), and less is known about ellagitannins. In this study, the effects of 30 structurally unique ellagitannins on the exsheathment of third-stage infective larvae were examined on Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis by the in vitro larval exsheathment inhibition assay. Ellagitannins were found to be promising natural anthelmintics as they showed direct inhibition on larval exsheathment for both nematode species. In general, ellagitannins were more efficient at inhibiting the exsheathment of H. contortus larvae than those of T. colubriformis. The efficiency of inhibition increased as the degree of oligomerization or the molecular weight of the ellagitannin increased. Otherwise, we found no other structural features of ellagitannins that significantly affected the anthelmintic activity on the third-stage infective larvae. The effective concentrations were physiologically relevant and should be achievable in the gastrointestinal tract also in in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Karonen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jeffrey R. Ahern
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Lucie Legroux
- UMR
1225 IHAP, INRAE/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Jussi Suvanto
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marica T. Engström
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural
Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Hervé Hoste
- UMR
1225 IHAP, INRAE/ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076 Toulouse Cedex, France
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7
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Couto J, Figueirinha A, Batista MT, Paranhos A, Nunes C, Gonçalves LM, Marto J, Fitas M, Pinto P, Ribeiro HM, Pina ME. Fragaria vesca L. Extract: A Promising Cosmetic Ingredient with Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9020154. [PMID: 32074975 PMCID: PMC7070388 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragaria vesca L. (F. vesca), popularly known as wild strawberry, is a plant from the Rosaceae family, found in temperate and subtropical areas of the northern hemisphere. F. vesca leaves have been shown to have antiseptic, emollient, and dermatological protection properties, due to the presence of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagitannins, and proanthocyanidins. In this study, a F. vesca extract was obtained by an optimized extraction process, and was characterized by HPLC, ROS scavenging activity, cytotoxicity assays in HaCaT cells, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity determination. The most active extract was then incorporated in a hydrogel with hydroxyethylcellulose at 2% (w/w), which was characterized at the physicochemical, stability, cytotoxicity, and ROS scavenging activity levels to evaluate its quality, safety, and efficacy. In vivo studies, human repeat insult patch testing, and an assay to determine their antioxidant efficacy, were also performed. The results showed that the Fragaria vesca extracts had antioxidant activity and that the F. vesca extract-based hydrogel exhibited cutaneous compatibility, acceptability and antioxidant efficacy, being stable, and suitable for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Couto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Artur Figueirinha
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Batista
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Paranhos
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carla Nunes
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lídia Maria Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Joana Marto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.E.P.)
| | - Manuel Fitas
- PhD Trials, Avenida Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, nº 24 A, 1750-182 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Pedro Pinto
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
- PhD Trials, Avenida Maria Helena Vieira da Silva, nº 24 A, 1750-182 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Helena Margarida Ribeiro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal; (L.M.G.); (P.P.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Maria Eugénia Pina
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.C.); (A.F.); (M.T.B.); (A.P.); (C.N.)
- CIEPQPF, Research Center for Chemical Processes Engineering and Forest Products, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (M.E.P.)
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8
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Engström MT, Arvola J, Nenonen S, Virtanen VTJ, Leppä MM, Tähtinen P, Salminen JP. Structural Features of Hydrolyzable Tannins Determine Their Ability to Form Insoluble Complexes with Bovine Serum Albumin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6798-6808. [PMID: 31134805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of 32 purified and characterized hydrolyzable tannins to form insoluble complexes with model protein bovine serum albumin was investigated with a turbidimetric 96-well plate reader method. The results showed a clear relationship between the hydrolyzable tannin structure and the intensity of haze that formed during the tannin-protein complexation. In addition to molecular weight, structural features such as number of galloyl groups, degree of oxidative coupling between the galloyls, positional isomerism, and cyclic vs acyclic glucose core were the major structural features that affected the ability of the monomeric hydrolyzable tannins to form insoluble complexes with bovine serum albumin. While oligomers were superior to monomers in their capability to precipitate the model protein, their activity depended less on the functional groups, but mostly on their size and overall flexibility. These results allowed us to construct an equation that predicted the protein precipitation capacity of the studied hydrolyzable tannins with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - J Arvola
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - S Nenonen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital , Fl20520 , Turku , Finland
| | - V T J Virtanen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - M M Leppä
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - P Tähtinen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
| | - J-P Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Turku , FI20014 Turku , Finland
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9
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Suvanto J, Tähtinen P, Valkamaa S, Engström MT, Karonen M, Salminen JP. Variability in Foliar Ellagitannins of Hippophaë rhamnoides L. and Identification of a New Ellagitannin, Hippophaenin C. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:613-620. [PMID: 29262676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Berries of common sea-buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) are well-known and used for their bioactive components, and while there is a considerable amount of research on the leaves as well, their ellagitannins (ETs) have not been a prominent focus of research. We identified and quantified ten major hydrophilic polyphenols, all ETs, in H. rhamnoides leaves and compared their abundance between 58 plant individuals. Of these compounds, hippophaenin C was characterized as a new ellagitannin by various spectrometric methods. The total concentrations of ETs ranged from 42.5 mg g-1 dry weight (DW) to 109.1 mg g-1 DW between individual plants. Among the ETs, hippophaenin C, stachyurin, and casuarinin were on average the most abundant compounds. Sexes did not differ significantly, while cultivars showed variation in some ETs. These results suggest that H. rhamnoides leaves could be a potential and rich source of several ETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Suvanto
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Tähtinen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Saku Valkamaa
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marica T Engström
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Maarit Karonen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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10
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New Biological Activities of Lythrum salicaria L.: Effects on Keratinocytes, Reconstructed Epidermis and Reconstructed Skins, Applications in Dermo-Cosmetic Sciences. COSMETICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics4040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Piwowarski JP, Stanisławska I, Granica S, Stefańska J, Kiss AK. Phase II Conjugates of Urolithins Isolated from Human Urine and Potential Role ofβ-Glucuronidases in Their Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:657-665. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Bakr RO, El-Naa MM, Zaghloul SS, Omar MM. Profile of bioactive compounds in Nymphaea alba L. leaves growing in Egypt: hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28095910 PMCID: PMC5240310 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Nymphaea alba L. represents an interesting field of study. Flowers have antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects, rhizomes constituents showed cytotoxic activity against liver cell carcinoma, while several Nymphaea species have been reported for their hepatoprotective effects. Leaves of N. alba have not been studied before. Therefore, in this study, in-depth characterization of the leaf phytoconstituents as well as its antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities have been performed where N. alba leaf extract was evaluated as a possible therapeutic alternative in hepatic disorders. Methods The aqueous ethanolic extract (AEE, 70%) was investigated for its polyphenolic content identified by high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (HRESI-MS/MS), while the petroleum ether fraction was saponified, and the lipid profile was analysed using gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis and compared with reference standards. The hepatoprotective activity of two doses of the extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; P.O.) for 5 days was evaluated against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar albino rats, in comparison with silymarin. Liver function tests; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and total bilirubin were performed. Oxidative stress parameters; malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) as well as inflammatory mediator; tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were detected in the liver homogenate. Histopathological examination of the liver and immunohistochemical staining of caspase-3 were performed Results Fifty-three compounds were tentatively identified for the first time in N.alba leaf extract, where ellagitannins represent the main identified constituents. Nine hydrocarbons, two sterols and eleven fatty acids were identified in the petroleum ether extract where, palmitic acid and linolenic acids represented the major saturated and unsaturated fatty acid respectively. N.alba AEE significantly improved the liver function, oxidative stress parameters as well as TNF-α in addition to the amelioration of histopathological features of the liver and a profound decrease in caspase-3 expression. Conclusion These results shed light on the hepatoprotective effect of N. alba that is comparable with that of silymarin. The antioxidant activities of N. alba extract in addition to the inhibition of crucial inflammatory mediator, as TNF-α, might be the possible hepatoprotective mechanisms.
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Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Stefańska J, Kiss AK. Differences in Metabolism of Ellagitannins by Human Gut Microbiota ex Vivo Cultures. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:3022-3030. [PMID: 28006907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ellagitannin-rich plant materials are used as popular remedies in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Urolithins are gut microbiota metabolites of ellagitannins and are considered responsible for in vivo health effects. Various natural products have been studied that are known sources of urolithins. However, few studies have focused on the metabolism of ellagitannin molecules. The aim of the study was to examine the metabolic fate of select ellagitannins using ex vivo cultures of human gut microbiota. Fifteen monomeric and dimeric ellagitannins, 1-O-galloyl-4,6-(S)-HHDP-β-d-glucose (2), pedunculagin (3), potentillin (4), casuarictin (5), coriariin B (6), vescalagin (7), castalagin (8), stachyurin (9), casuarinin (10), stenophyllinin A (11), stenophyllanin A (12), salicarinin A (13), gemin A (14), agrimoniin (15), and oenothein B (16), and ellagic acid (1) were studied. The formation of the metabolites in ex vivo human microbiota cultures was monitored using UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Ellagitannins possessing hexahydroxydiphenoyl moieties were metabolized to 6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one derivatives, i.e., urolithins. The observed differences in amounts of produced urolithins indicated that the individual microbiota composition and type of ingested ellagitannins could determine the rate of urolithin production. When the oral ingestion of natural products containing ellagitannins with hexahydroxydiphenoyl groups is considered, the formation of urolithins and their bioactivity should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, CePT, Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Riham OB, Reham W, Noha S, Ibrahim ES. Characterization of the bioactive constituents of Nymphaea alba rhizomes and evaluation of anti-biofilm as well as antioxidant and cytotoxic properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2016.6162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Granica S, Piwowarski JP, Kiss AK. Ellagitannins modulate the inflammatory response of human neutrophils ex vivo. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:1215-1222. [PMID: 26655403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tannin-rich plant materials are commonly used in the traditional medicine as external anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Plant extracts containing significant quantities of tannins are often used in the prevention and treatment of oral cavity diseases such as periodontosis or gingivitis. The contribution of pure ellagitannins to the observed anti-inflammatory activity of tannin-rich remedies is still not resolved. PURPOSE The aim of the present study the study was to establish if ellagitannins and their precursor - pentagalloylglucose (1) can modulate the inflammatory response of ex-vivo stimulated neutrophils. METHODS Human neutrophils were isolated from the buffy coats obtained from healthy volunteers. Neutrophils were cultivated with or without tested compounds. The influence of ellagitannins and 1 on the production and release of pro-inflammatory factors such as elastase, reactive oxygen species, interleukin-8, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and metalloproteinase-9 was evaluated using ELISA sets or chemical methods. The effect on surface expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and apoptosis was also checked using flow cytometry. RESULTS The results showed that ellgitannins modulate the inflammatory response of human neutrophils by the inhibition of production and release of chosen cytokines and pro-inflammatory enzymes. By the induction of TNF-α ellagitannins enhance neutrophil apoptosis, which is of interest in the case of chronic inflammation within oral cavity. Ellagitannins also decrease the surface expression of TLR-4 in activated neutrophils. CONCLUSION The results support the traditional use of tannin-rich products in the prevention and treatment of oral cavity diseases. The present study proves the substantial contribution of ellagitannins to the anti-inflammatory activity of tannin-rich medicinal plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Granica S, Piwowarski JP, Randazzo A, Schneider P, Żyżyńska-Granica B, Zidorn C. Novel stilbenoids, including cannabispiradienone glycosides, from Tragopogon tommasinii (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) and their potential anti-inflammatory activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 117:254-266. [PMID: 26101147 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of Tragopogon tommasinii Sch.Bip. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae) yielded a total of 21 natural products, two simple phenolic acids (4-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid), four caffeic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid), six flavonoids (luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, vitexin, orientin, quercetin 3-O-glucoside, and isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside), three simple bibenzyls [2-carboxyl-5-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4'-β-glucopyranosyl-oxybibenzyl, 3-caffeoyl-(9→5)-β-apiosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyloxy-5,4'-dihydroxy-3'-methoxybibenzyl, 3-caffeoyl-(9→5)-β-apiosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyloxy-4'-dihydroxy-5,3'-dimethoxybibenzyl], three phtalides [3-(4-β-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxyphtalide, 7-β-glucopyranosyloxy-(S)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxyphtalide, and 7-(1→6)-α-rhamnosyl-β-glucopyranosyloxy-(S)-3-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-5-methoxyphtalide], two cannabispiradienone derivatives [3-O-β-glucopyranosyldemethoxycannabispiradienone and 3-caffeoyl-(9→5)-β-apiosyl-(1→6)-β-glucopyranosyloxydemethoxycannabispiradienone], and tetra-N-coumaroyl spermine. The three bibenzyls, the latter two benzylphthalides, and both cannabispiradienone derivatives represent new natural compounds and all compounds, except the caffeic acid derivatives and the flavonoids were new for T. tommasinii. The structures were established by HR mass spectrometry, extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and CD spectroscopy. Moreover, the potential anti-inflammatory activities of the new compounds were assayed using human neutrophils and their production of IL-1b, IL-8, TNF-α and MMP-9 as well as the expression of TLR-4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonio Randazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli (NA), Italy
| | - Peter Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Żyżyńska-Granica
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1b, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Innsbruck, CCB, Innrain 80-82, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Moilanen J, Koskinen P, Salminen JP. Distribution and content of ellagitannins in Finnish plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 116:188-197. [PMID: 25819000 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The results of a screening study, in which a total of 82 Finnish plant species were studied for their ellagitannin composition and content, are presented. The total ellagitannin content was determined by HPLC-DAD, the detected ellagitannins were further characterized by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS and divided into four structurally different sub-groups. Thirty plant species were found to contain ellagitannins and the ellagitannin content in the crude extracts varied from few mgg(-1) to over a hundred mgg(-1). Plant families that were rich in ellagitannins (>90mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were Onagraceae, Lyhtraceae, Geraniaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Fagaceae and some species from Rosaceae. Plant species that contained moderate amounts of ellagitannins (31-89mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were representatives of the family Rosaceae. Plant species that contained low amounts of ellagitannins (1-30mgg(-1) of the crude extract) were representatives of the families Betulaceae and Myricaceae. The specific ellagitannin composition of the species allowed their chemotaxonomic classification and the comparison between the older Cronquist's classification and the nowadays preferred Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Moilanen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Piia Koskinen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Kiss AK. Lythrum salicaria L.-Underestimated medicinal plant from European traditional medicine. A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:226-50. [PMID: 25985768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Purple loosestrife-Lythrum salicaria L. is a herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the Lythraceae family. It has been used for centuries in European traditional medicine. Despite Lythri herba being a pharmacopoeial plant material (Ph. Eur.), L. salicaria popularity as a medicinal plant has recently declined. The aim of the paper is to recall a traditional and historical use of L. salicaria and juxtapose it with comprehensive view on the current knowledge about its chemical composition and documented biological activities in order to bring back the interest into this valuable plant and indicate reasonable directions of future research and possible applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic survey of historical and ethnopharmacological literature was carried out using sources of European and American libraries. Pharmacological and phytochemical literature research was performed using Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science and Reaxys databases. RESULTS The review of historical sources from ancient times till 20th century revealed an outstanding position of L. salicaria in traditional medicine. The main applications indicated were gastrointestinal tract ailments (mainly dysentery and diarrhea) as well as different skin and mucosa affections. The current phytochemical studies have shown that polyphenols (C-glucosidic ellagitannins and C-glucosidic flavonoids) as well as heteropolysaccharides are dominating constituents, which probably determine the observed pharmacological effects. The extracts and some isolated compounds were shown to possess antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activities. CONCLUSIONS The intrinsic literature overview conclusively demonstrates that L. salicaria L. used to be considered as an exceptionally effective remedy in European traditional medicine. Despite its unquestionable important position from unknown reasons its popularity has been weakened during the past few decades. Unfortunately the contemporary pharmacological research is still insufficient to support its thoroughly described traditional uses. The necessity of complex studies regarding modes of action, which would directly refer to L. salicaria main traditional applications-gastrointestinal tract ailments, is strongly underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Piwowarski JP, Kiss AK. Contribution of C-glucosidic ellagitannins to Lythrum salicaria L. influence on pro-inflammatory functions of human neutrophils. J Nat Med 2014; 69:100-10. [PMID: 25349049 PMCID: PMC4544630 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0873-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The herb Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) is used in traditional medicine to treat diseases with an inflammatory background, such as haemorrhoidal disease, dysentery, chronic intestinal catarrh, eczema, varicose veins, periodontosis and gingivitis. Because these diseases are closely associated with an excessive inflammatory response of stimulated neutrophils, the influence of aqueous extract and isolated C-glucosidic ellagitannins (dimeric salicarinins A, B and C, vescalagin, castalagin) on their pro-inflammatory functions was examined. Lythrum salicaria aqueous extract was shown to modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered production of IL-8 (at 20 μg/mL, 16.6 ± 4.2 % inhibition) but had no influence on MMP-9 production. It was active towards cytochalasin A/f-MLP- stimulated elastase release (at 20 μg/mL, 21.5 ± 3.9 % inhibition), myeloperoxidase release (at 1 μg/mL, 26.5 ± 5.4 % inhibition) and f-MLP- and PMA-induced reactive oxygen species production (at 20 μg/mL, 67.0 ± 3.9 and 66.5 ± 1.9 % inhibition, respectively). The extract was also shown to inhibit expression of integrin CD11b on the neutrophil surface without influencing selectin CD62L shedding. Dose-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase activity was observed with IC50 = 10.1 ± 1.2 μg/mL. The main C-glucosidic ellagitannins were shown to be responsible for all these activities with more significant participation attributable to dimeric salicarinins A, B, C. This study has demonstrated potent activity of aqueous extract on stimulated neutrophils; this enhanced response is known to cause pathological changes in skin and mucosa tissues. These observations support and explain the traditional use of the herb Lythrum salicaria to treat certain diseases with an inflammatory background. C-glucosidic ellagitannins, especially dimeric salicarinins, are the factors responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland,
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Audoin C, Holderith S, Romari K, Thomas O, Genta-Jouve G. Development of a work-flow for high-performance thin-layer chromatography data processing for untargeted metabolomics. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2014. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.27.2014.5.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Zwierzyńska M, Stefańska J, Schopohl P, Melzig MF, Kiss AK. Role of human gut microbiota metabolism in the anti-inflammatory effect of traditionally used ellagitannin-rich plant materials. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:801-809. [PMID: 24969824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ellagitannin-rich plant materials are widely used in traditional medicine as effective, internally used anti-inflammatory agents. Due to the not well-established bioavailability of ellagitannins, the mechanisms of observed therapeutic effects following oral administration still remain unclear. The aim of the study was to evaluate if selected ellagitannin-rich plant materials could be the source of bioavailable gut microbiota metabolites, i.e. urolithins, together with determination of the anti-inflammatory activity of the metabolites produced on the THP-1 cell line derived macrophages model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The formation of urolithins was determined by ex vivo incubation of human fecal samples with aqueous extracts from selected plant materials. The anti-inflammatory activity study of metabolites was determined on PMA differentiated, IFN-γ and LPS stimulated, human THP-1 cell line-derived macrophages. RESULTS The formation of urolithin A, B and C by human gut microbiota was established for aqueous extracts from Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. herb (Ph. Eur.), Geranium pratense L. herb, Geranium robertianum L. herb, Geum urbanum L. root and rhizome, Lythrum salicaria L. herb (Ph. Eur.), Potentilla anserina L. herb, Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch rhizome (Ph. Eur.), Quercus robur L. bark (Ph. Eur.), Rubus idaeus L. leaf, Rubus fruticosus L. and pure ellagitannin vescalagin. Significant inhibition of TNF-α production was determined for all urolithins, while for the most potent urolithin A inhibition was observed at nanomolar concentrations (at 0.625 μM 29.2±6.4% of inhibition). Urolithin C was the only compound inhibiting IL-6 production (at 0.625 μM 13.9±2.2% of inhibition). CONCLUSIONS The data obtained clearly indicate that in the case of peroral use of the examined ellagitannin-rich plant materials the bioactivity of gut microbiota metabolites, i.e. urolithins, has to be taken under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Zwierzyńska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Oczki 3, 02-007 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Patrick Schopohl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 and 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 2 and 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Faculty of Pharmacy, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Granica S, Piwowarski JP, Kiss AK. Determination of C-glucosidic ellagitannins in Lythri salicariaeherba by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector: method development and validation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:201-6. [PMID: 24375649 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lythri salicariaeherba is a pharmacopoeial plant material used by patients in the form of infusions in the treatment of acute diarrhoea. According to its pharmacopoeial monograph it is standardised for total tannin content, which should be not less than 5.0% using pyrogallol as a standard. Previous studies have shown that aqueous extracts from Lythri herba contain mainly ellagitannins among which vescalagin, castalagin and salicarinins A and B are dominating constituents. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate an efficient UHPLC coupled with a charged aerosol detector (CAD) method for quantification of four major ellagitannins in Lythri salicariaeherba and in one commercial preparation. METHODS Extraction conditions of ellagitannins from plant material were optimised. The relative response factors for vescalagin, castalagin and salicarinins A and B using gallic acid as an external standard were determined for the CAD detector. Then, a UHPLC method for quantification of ellagitannins was developed and validated. RESULTS Four major ellagitannins were quantified in four samples of Lythri herba and in one commercial preparation. The sum of ellagitannins for each sample was determined, which varied from 30.66 to 48.80 mg/g of raw material and 16.57 mg per capsule for the preparation investigated. CONCLUSION The first validated UHPLC/CAD UHPLC-CAD method for quantification of four major ellagitannins was developed. The universality of the CAD response was evaluated and it is shown that although all compounds analysed have similar structures their CAD response differs significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Bazylko A, Piwowarski JP, Filipek A, Bonarewicz J, Tomczyk M. In vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Potentilla recta and its main ellagitannin, agrimoniin. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 149:222-227. [PMID: 23811215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Potentilla recta is one of the numerous cinquefoil species growing in Poland. It is used in traditional medicine e.g. in the treatment of skin inflammation. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts and subfractions of the P. recta herb (obtained by using solvents of different polarity) in in vitro systems as well as to examine their chemical composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antioxidant activities of the extracts, subfractions and agrimoniin were evaluated using DPPH and three other radicals (O2(-), H2O2, and HClO) generated in cell-free systems. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was measured by using the turbidimetric method. Inhibition of lipoxidase activity was measured spectrophotometrically, using linoleic acid as a substrate. The composition of the most active subfraction was determined using the HPLC-DAD-MS(n) method. RESULTS All tested samples showed scavenging activity against all the examined reactive species in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest scavenging activity against DPPH, H2O2 and HClO was observed in the ethyl acetate subfraction (PRE3) (SC50 ± SEM [μg/mL]: 25.39 ± 2.49, 1.79 ± 0.25 and 8.52 ± 1.16 respectively). It was only in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system that the antioxidation potential of the diethyl ether subfraction (PRE2) (SC50 ± SEM [μg/mL]: 6.59 ± 1.33) was higher than that of the subfraction PRE3 (SC50 ± SEM [μg/mL]: 8.57 ± 1.37). Also, in the studies of lipoxidase and hyaluronidase inhibition activity the strongest effect was observed for PRE3, with IC50 [μg/mL] = 86.31 ± 5.46, and 12.99 ± 1.31, respectively. The chromatographic method (HPTLC-DPPH) revealed that the principal substance responsible for the activity, is a tannin like compound. Isolated agrimoniin showed significant reactive oxygen species scavenging activity and significant enzyme inhibition activity (including xanthine oxidase inhibition activity). Agrimoniin exerted the strongest scavenging activity against H2O2 (SC50 ± SEM [μM]: 0.20 ± 0.01). This compound also significantly inhibited the enzymatic activity of lipoxidase (IC50 [μM] = 36.47 ± 1.29), and, particularly, of hyaluronidase (IC50 [μM] = 2.65 ± 0.40). CONCLUSIONS The strong scavenging activity against H2O2, and the inhibition of the enzymatic activity of lipoxidase, and particularly, hyaluronidase observed for the tested subfractions and agrimoniin, partly explain the beneficial effects of P. recta in treatment of skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bazylko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Warsaw Medical University, ul. Banacha 1, 02097 Warsaw, Poland.
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