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Sharma D, Dhobi M, Lather V, Pandita D. An insight into the therapeutic effects of isoliquiritigenin in breast cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03282-6. [PMID: 39007925 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer ranks as the most widespread malignant condition in women, emerging as a primary contributor to mortality. The primary challenges in cancer treatments involve undesirable side effects. Therefore, exploring natural compounds as additional therapy could provide valuable insights. Isoliquiritigenin (ILN), an isoflavonoid featuring a chalcone moiety primarily sourced from Glycyrrhiza species, has garnered increasing interest in breast cancer research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of ILN's mechanisms of action in breast cancer, drawing from a range of in vitro and in vivo studies. ILN primarily acts by inhibiting angiogenesis, aromatase, inflammation, and cell proliferation, and preventing invasion and metastasis. Mechanistically, it downregulates miR-374a, phosphoinositide-3-kinase-protein kinase B/Akt, maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor, and estrogen receptor protein levels, and causes enhancement of Wnt inhibitory factor-1, and Unc-51-like kinase 1 expression to treat breast cancer. ILN emerges as a promising natural option, offering therapeutic advantages with minimal side effects. However, it is important to note that current research on ILN is primarily limited to preclinical models, underscoring the need for further investigation to validate its potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India.
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida, 201313, India.
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research (DIPSAR) Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India.
- Centre for Advanced Formulation Technology (CAFT), Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi, 110017, India.
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2
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Chen L, Nikolic D, Li G, Liu J, van Breemen RB. In vitro inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by licoisoflavone B from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:16-24. [PMID: 37535691 PMCID: PMC10613970 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC, one of the 3 pharmacopeial species of licorice and widely used in dietary supplements, can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Thereby, G. uralensis preparations have the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions when consumed along with prescription medicines. One compound (1.34 mg dry weight) responsible for inhibiting CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP2C9 was isolated using bioactivity-guided fractionation from 250 g dried roots, stolons, and rhizomes. The enzyme kinetics and mechanisms of inhibition were determined using human liver microsomes, recombinant enzymes, and UHPLC-MS/MS-based assays. Identified as licoisoflavone B, this compound displayed reversible inhibition of CYP2C8 with an IC50 value of 7.4 ± 1.1 µM and reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 with an IC50 value of 4.9 ± 0.4 µM. The enzyme kinetics indicated that the mechanism of inhibition was competitive for recombinant CYP2C8, with a Ki value of 7.0 ± 0.7 μM, and mixed-type inhibition for recombinant CYP2C9, with a Ki value of 1.2 ± 0.2 μM. Licoisoflavone B moderately inhibited CYP2B6 through a combination of irreversible and reversible mechanisms with an IC50 value of 16.0 ± 3.9 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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3
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Liu J, Banuvar S, Viana M, Barengolts E, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Pharmacokinetic Interactions of a Licorice Dietary Supplement with Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Female Participants. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:199-204. [PMID: 36328482 PMCID: PMC9900865 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Licorice, the roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza glabra L., has been used as a medicinal herb, herbal adjuvant, and flavoring agent since ancient times. Recently, licorice extracts have become popular as dietary supplements used by females to alleviate menopausal symptoms. Exposure to licorice products containing high levels of glycyrrhizic acid can cause hypokalemia, but independent from this effect, preclinical data indicate that licorice can inhibit certain cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. To evaluate whether clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions of licorice with P450 enzymes exist, a phase 1 clinical investigation was carried out using a licorice extract depleted in glycyrrhizic acid (content <1%) and a cocktail containing caffeine, tolbutamide, alprazolam, and dextromethorphan, which are probe substrates for the enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4/5, and CYP2D6, respectively. The botanically authenticated and chemically standardized extract of roots from G. glabra was consumed by 14 healthy menopausal and postmenopausal female participants twice daily for 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetics of each probe drug were evaluated immediately before and after supplementation with the licorice extract. Comparison of the average areas under the time-concentration curves (AUCs) for each probe substrate in serum showed no significant changes from licorice consumption, whereas time to reach peak concentration for caffeine and elimination half-life for tolbutamide showed small changes. According to the US Food and Drug Administration guidance, which is based on changes in the AUC of each probe substrate drug, the investigated licorice extract should not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, or CYP1A2. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite generally-recognized-as-safe status, the licorice species Glycyrrhiza glabra has been associated with some toxicity. Preclinical studies suggest that G. glabra might cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions by inhibiting several cytochrome P450 enzymes. This phase 1 clinical study addressed these concerns by evaluating clinically relevant effects with respect to CYP3A4/5, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, and CYP1A2. These results showed that a standardized G. glabra extract did not cause any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with four major cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Liu
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Suzanne Banuvar
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Marlos Viana
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Elena Barengolts
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon (J.L., R.B.v.B.) and UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (S.B., M.V., E.B., S.-N.C., G.F.P., R.B.v.B.)
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4
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Tuli HS, Garg VK, Mehta JK, Kaur G, Mohapatra RK, Dhama K, Sak K, Kumar A, Varol M, Aggarwal D, Anand U, Kaur J, Gillan R, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.)-Derived Phytochemicals Target Multiple Signaling Pathways to Confer Oncopreventive and Oncotherapeutic Effects. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1419-1448. [PMID: 36474507 PMCID: PMC9719702 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s366630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a highly lethal disease, and its incidence has rapidly increased worldwide over the past few decades. Although chemotherapeutics and surgery are widely used in clinical settings, they are often insufficient to provide the cure for cancer patients. Hence, more effective treatment options are highly needed. Although licorice has been used as a medicinal herb since ancient times, the knowledge about molecular mechanisms behind its diverse bioactivities is still rather new. In this review article, different anticancer properties (antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects) of various bioactive constituents of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) are thoroughly described. Multiple licorice constituents have been shown to bind to and inhibit the activities of various cellular targets, including B-cell lymphoma 2, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, mammalian target of rapamycin, nuclear factor-κB, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-3, resulting in reduced carcinogenesis in several in vitro and in vivo models with no evident toxicity. Emerging evidence is bringing forth licorice as an anticancer agent as well as bottlenecks in its potential clinical application. It is expected that overcoming toxicity-related obstacles by using novel nanotechnological methods might importantly facilitate the use of anticancer properties of licorice-derived phytochemicals in the future. Therefore, anticancer studies with licorice components must be continued. Overall, licorice could be a natural alternative to the present medication for eradicating new emergent illnesses while having just minor side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Garg
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Jinit K Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ranjan K Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Engineering, Keonjhar, Odisha, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
| | - Mehmet Varol
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, India
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ross Gillan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, USA
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5
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Husain I, Bala K, Khan IA, Khan SI. A review on phytochemicals, pharmacological activities, drug interactions, and associated toxicities of licorice (
Glycyrrhiza
sp.). FOOD FRONTIERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Islam Husain
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Kiran Bala
- Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Biological Science Rani Durgavati University Jabalpur India
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
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6
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de Freitas KS, Squarisi IS, Acésio NO, Nicolella HD, Ozelin SD, Reis Santos de Melo M, Guissone APP, Fernandes G, Silva LM, da Silva Filho AA, Tavares DC. Licochalcone A, a licorice flavonoid: antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and chemopreventive potential. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:673-686. [PMID: 32886024 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1813228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Licochalcone A (LicoA) is a flavonoid derived from Glycyrrhiza spp. plants. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and chemopreventive effects of LicoA in in vitro and in vivo systems. The results showed that LicoA (197.1 μM) scavenged 77.92% of free radicals. Concentrations of 147.75 µM or higher LicoA produced cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts. LicoA treatments of 4.43 to 10.34 µM did not exert genotoxic activity, but at 11.8 µM significantly lowered nuclear division indexes, compared to negative control, revealing cytotoxicity. Lower concentrations (1.85 to 7.39 µM) exhibited protective activity against chromosomal damage induced by doxorubicin (DXR) or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in CHO cells. LicoA exerted no marked influence on DXR-induced genotoxicity in mouse erythrocytes, but reduced pre-neoplastic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in rat colon at 3.12 to 50 mg/kg b.w. Biochemical markers and body weight indicated no apparent toxicity. These findings contribute to better understanding the mechanisms underlying LicoA-initiated activity as a promising chemopreventive compound. ABBREVIATIONS AC, aberrant crypts; ACF, aberrant crypt foci; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BOD, biochemical oxygen demand; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary fibroblast; DMH, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; DXR, doxorubicin hydrochloride; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; GA, gallic acid; LicoA, licochalcone A; MMS, methyl methanesulfonate; MNBC, micronucleated binucleated cells; MNPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte; NCE, normochromatic erythrocyte; NDI, nuclear division index; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PCE, polychromatic erythrocyte; XTT, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iara Silva Squarisi
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gabriela Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mutagênese, Universidade De Franca , Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia Mara Silva
- Faculdade De Farmácia, Departamento De Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora , Juiz De Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ademar Alves da Silva Filho
- Faculdade De Farmácia, Departamento De Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal De Juiz De Fora , Juiz De Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Yu Y, Pauli GF, Huang L, Gan LS, van Breemen RB, Li D, McAlpine JB, Lankin DC, Chen SN. Classification of Flavonoid Metabolomes via Data Mining and Quantification of Hydroxyl NMR Signals. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4954-4962. [PMID: 32108467 PMCID: PMC7442116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing the distinct HMBC cross-peak patterns of lower-field range (LFR; 11.80-14.20 ppm) hydroxyl singlets, presented NMR methodology characterizes flavonoid metabolomes both qualitatively and quantitatively. It enables simultaneous classification of the structural types of 5-OH flavonoids and biogenetically related 2'-OH chalcones, as well as quantification of individual metabolites from 1H NMR spectra, even in complex mixtures. Initially, metabolite-specific LFR 1D 1H and 2D HMBC patterns were established via literature mining and experimental data interpretation, demonstrating that LFR HMBC patterns encode the different structural types of 5-OH flavonoids/2'-OH chalcones. Taking advantage of the simplistic multiplicity of the H,H-uncoupled LFR 5-/2'-OH singlets, individual metabolites could subsequently be quantified by peak fitting quantitative 1H NMR (PF-qHNMR). Metabolomic analysis of enriched fractions from three medicinal licorice (Glycyrrhiza) species established proof-of-concept for distinguishing three major structural types and eight subtypes in biomedical applications. The method identified 15 G. uralensis (GU) phenols from the six possible subtypes of 5,7-diOH (iso)flav(an)ones with 6-, 8-, and nonprenyl substitution, including the new 6-prenyl-licoisoflavanone (1) and two previously unknown compounds (4 and 7). Relative (100%) qNMR established quantitative metabolome patterns suitable for species discrimination and plant metabolite studies. Absolute qNMR with combined external and internal (solvent) calibration (ECIC) identified and quantified 158 GU metabolites. HMBC-supported qHNMR analysis of flavonoid metabolomes ("flavonomics") empowers the exploration of structure-abundance-activity relationships of designated bioactivity. Its ability to identify and quantify numerous metabolites simultaneously and without identical reference materials opens new avenues for natural product discovery and botanical quality control and can be adopted to other flavonoid- and chalcone-containing taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Li-She Gan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Dianpeng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Functional Phytochemicals Research and Utilization, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin 541006, China
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8
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In vitro production and distribution of flavonoids in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2020; 57:1553-1564. [PMID: 32180652 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04191-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is known as a common Chinese medicinal herb used to harmonize the effects of other ingredients in most Chinese herbal prescriptions. The rapid production of flavonoids in vitro remains unknown in G. uralensis Fisch. To investigate the in vitro adventitious root regeneration and flavonoid accumulation characteristics in G. uralensis for restrictions on collecting wild plants, suspension cultural and freezing microtomy with histochemical assays were carried out. We reported that multiple adventitious roots were initiated from hypocotyls and stems of G. uralensis. Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was more conducive than NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid) in inducing G. uralensis adventitious roots, but the addition of 6-BA (6-benzylaminopurine) and KT (kinetin) suppressed the formation of adventitious roots. While the concentration of IBA was 1.0 mg L-1, the flavonoid content and yield were the highest at 19.96 mg g-1 and 1.23 mg g-1, respectively. The optimum medium for adventitious root induction was 1/4-strength Murashige and Skoog's medium containing 0.1 mg L-1 IBA. The content of flavonoids in adventitious roots and apicals cultured in vitro was higher than that in suspension callus, reaching 3.87 times the callus flavonoid content. The histochemical localization of flavonoids showed that G. uralensis flavonoids mainly distributed in the epidermal parenchyma cells of the callus outer layers and gradually accumulated in cell wall and cell gaps of the epidermis and endodermis of adventitious roots along with the primary growth of adventitious roots, indicating that there were no flavonoids in the roots at the early stage of adventitious roots formation. The results showed that calli inducing adventitious roots and apicals for 30 days obtained the highest yield of flavonoid, indicating effective production for flavonoids instead of wild culture. AlCl3 ethanol solution was better than NaOH aqueous solution in terms of chromogenic and localization effects. We concluded that the highest yield of flavonoid and effective production for flavonoid instead of wild culture could be obtained from calli inducing adventitious roots and apicals.
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9
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Sorkin BC, Kuszak AJ, Bloss G, Fukagawa NK, Hoffman FA, Jafari M, Barrett B, Brown PN, Bushman FD, Casper S, Chilton FH, Coffey CS, Ferruzzi MG, Hopp DC, Kiely M, Lakens D, MacMillan JB, Meltzer DO, Pahor M, Paul J, Pritchett-Corning K, Quinney SK, Rehermann B, Setchell KD, Sipes NS, Stephens JM, Taylor DL, Tiriac H, Walters MA, Xi D, Zappalá G, Pauli GF. Improving natural product research translation: From source to clinical trial. FASEB J 2020; 34:41-65. [PMID: 31914647 PMCID: PMC7470648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902143r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, interpretation, and reporting across the continuum of NP research. Discussions spanned good practices for NP characterization and quality control; use and interpretation of models (computational through in vivo) with strong clinical predictive validity; controls for experimental artefacts, especially for in vitro interrogation of bioactivity and mechanisms of action; rigorous assessment and interpretation of prior research; transparency in all reporting; and prioritization of research questions. Natural product clinical trials prioritized based on rigorous, convergent supporting data and current public health needs are most likely to be informative and ultimately affect public health. Thoughtful, coordinated implementation of these practices should enhance the knowledge gained from future NP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara C. Sorkin
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Adam J. Kuszak
- Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Gregory Bloss
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | | | | | | | - Paula N. Brown
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Steven Casper
- Office of Dietary Supplement Programs, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Hyattsville, MD, US
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, US
| | | | - Mario G. Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, US
| | - D. Craig Hopp
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | - Mairead Kiely
- Cork Centre for Vitamin D and Nutrition Research, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Lakens
- Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Paul
- Drexel Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Evanston, IL, US
| | | | | | - Barbara Rehermann
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | | - Nisha S. Sipes
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
| | | | | | - Hervé Tiriac
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, US]
| | - Michael A. Walters
- Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, US
| | - Dan Xi
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Shady Grove, MD, US
| | | | - Guido F. Pauli
- CENAPT and PCRPS, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, US
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10
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Wang S, Dunlap TL, Huang L, Liu Y, Simmler C, Lantvit DD, Crosby J, Howell CE, Dong H, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Evidence for Chemopreventive and Resilience Activity of Licorice: Glycyrrhiza Glabra and G. Inflata Extracts Modulate Estrogen Metabolism in ACI Rats. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2018; 11:819-830. [PMID: 30287522 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-18-0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Women are increasingly using botanical dietary supplements (BDS) to reduce menopausal hot flashes. Although licorice (Glycyrrhiza sp.) is one of the frequently used ingredients in BDS, the exact plant species is often not identified. We previously showed that in breast epithelial cells (MCF-10A), Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG) and G. inflata (GI), and their compounds differentially modulated P450 1A1 and P450 1B1 gene expression, which are responsible for estrogen detoxification and genotoxicity, respectively. GG and isoliquiritigenin (LigC) increased CYP1A1, whereas GI and its marker compound, licochalcone A (LicA), decreased CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of the bioactive licorice compounds, the metabolism of LicA, and whether GG, GI, and/or pure LicA modulate NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) in an ACI rat model. In addition, the effect of licorice extracts and compounds on biomarkers of estrogen chemoprevention (CYP1A1) as well as carcinogenesis (CYP1B1) was studied. LicA was extensively glucuronidated and formed GSH adducts; however, free LicA as well as LigC were bioavailable in target tissues after oral intake of licorice extracts. GG, GI, and LicA caused induction of NQO1 activity in the liver. In mammary tissue, GI increased CYP1A1 and decreased CYP1B1, whereas GG only increased CYP1A1 LigC may have contributed to the upregulation of CYP1A1 after GG and GI administration. In contrast, LicA was responsible for GI-mediated downregulation of CYP1B1 These studies highlight the polypharmacologic nature of botanicals and the importance of standardization of licorice BDS to specific Glycyrrhiza species and to multiple constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lingyi Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jenna Crosby
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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11
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Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Simmler C, Ellis SG, Dong H, Nikolic D, Lankin DC, van Breemen RB, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Estrogen Receptor (ER) Subtype Selectivity Identifies 8-Prenylapigenin as an ERβ Agonist from Glycyrrhiza inflata and Highlights the Importance of Chemical and Biological Authentication. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:966-975. [PMID: 29641206 PMCID: PMC5928484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b01070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Postmenopausal women are increasingly using botanicals for menopausal symptom relief due to the increased breast cancer risk associated with traditional estrogen therapy. The deleterious effects of estrogens are associated with estrogen receptor (ER)α-dependent proliferation, while ERβ activation could enhance safety by opposing ERα effects. Three medicinal licorice species, Glycyrrhiza glabra ( G. glabra), G. uralensis, and G. inflata, were studied for their differential estrogenic efficacy. The data showed higher estrogenic potency for G. inflata in an alkaline phosphatase induction assay in Ishikawa cells (ERα) and an estrogen responsive element (ERE)-luciferase assay in MDA-MB-231/β41 breast cancer cells (ERβ). Bioassay-guided fractionation of G. inflata led to the isolation of 8-prenylapigenin (3). Surprisingly, a commercial batch of 3 was devoid of estrogenic activity. Quality control by MS and qNMR revealed an incorrect compound, 4'- O-methylbroussochalcone B (10), illustrating the importance of both structural and purity verification prior to any biological investigations. Authentic and pure 3 displayed 14-fold preferential ERβ agonist activity. Quantitative analyses revealed that 3 was 33 times more concentrated in G. inflata compared to the other medicinal licorice extracts. These data suggest that standardization of G. inflata to 3 might enhance the safety and efficacy of G. inflata supplements used for postmenopausal women's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna Mbachu
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Sarah G. Ellis
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and
Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, M/C 781, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- E-mail (J. L. Bolton): . Tel: +1 (312) 996-5280. Fax: +1 (312) 996-7107
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Li YH, Li YN, Li HT, Qi YR, Wu ZF, Yang M. Comparative study of microwave-vacuum and vacuum drying on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant capacity of licorice extract powder. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Li G, Simmler C, Chen L, Nikolic D, Chen SN, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Cytochrome P450 inhibition by three licorice species and fourteen licorice constituents. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 109:182-190. [PMID: 28774812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of licorice dietary supplements to interact with drug metabolism was evaluated by testing extracts of three botanically identified licorice species (Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish. ex DC. and Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin) and 14 isolated licorice compounds for inhibition of 9 cytochrome P450 enzymes using a UHPLC-MS/MS cocktail assay. G. glabra showed moderate inhibitory effects against CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, and weak inhibition against CYP3A4 (testosterone). In contrast, G. uralensis strongly inhibited CYP2B6 and moderately inhibited CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, and G. inflata strongly inhibited CYP2C enzymes and moderately inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 (midazolam). The licorice compounds isoliquiritigenin, licoricidin, licochalcone A, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, and glycycoumarin inhibited one or more members of the CYP2C family of enzymes. Glycycoumarin and licochalcone A inhibited CYP1A2, but only glycycoumarin inhibited CYP2B6. Isoliquiritigenin, glabridin and licoricidin competitively inhibited CYP3A4, while licochalcone A (specific to G. inflata roots) was a mechanism-based inhibitor. The three licorice species commonly used in botanical dietary supplements have varying potential for drug-botanical interactions as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 isoforms. Each species of licorice displays a unique profile of constituents with potential for drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Luying Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
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14
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Li G, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB. Identification and Chemical Standardization of Licorice Raw Materials and Dietary Supplements Using UHPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8062-8070. [PMID: 27696846 PMCID: PMC5378676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Defined as the roots and underground stems of principally three Glycyrrhiza species, Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fish. ex DC., and Glycyrrhiza inflata Batalin, licorice has been used as a medicinal herb for millennia and is marketed as root sticks, powders, and extracts. Identity tests described in most pharmacopeial monographs enabled the distinction of Glycyrrhiza species. Accordingly, an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) assay using the method of standard addition was developed to quantify 14 licorice components (liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin apioside, licuraside, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid, glabridin, glycycoumarin, licoricidin, licochalcone A, and p-hydroxybenzylmalonic acid), representing several natural product classes including chalcones, flavanones, saponins, and isoflavonoids. Using this approach, G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata in a variety of forms including root powders and extracts as well as complex dietary supplements could be differentiated and chemically standardized without concerns due to matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Chicago Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Chicago Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Chicago Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy , Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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15
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Fogelman Y, Gaitini D, Carmeli E. Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: decreased CIMT, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased blood pressure. Food Nutr Res 2016; 60:30830. [PMID: 27113136 PMCID: PMC4845696 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v60.30830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ethanolic extract of licorice root has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in atherosclerotic mice and in both hypercholesterolemic and normal lipidemic humans. Objective This study examined the effect of licorice-root extract on carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. Design Individuals with hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥6.18 mmol/L [240 mg/dL]) and without significant stenosis were randomly allocated to two groups: an experimental group that consumed 0.2 g/day of ethanolic extract of licorice root for 12 months, and a control group that received a placebo. Results Of 110 eligible participants, 94 (41–80 years old) completed the study. A significant CIMT decrease from 0.92±0.25 mm to 0.84±0.21 mm was observed in the experimental group compared with an increase from 0.85±0.17 mm to 0.88±0.19 mm in the control group. Mean plasma total cholesterol levels and LDL cholesterol decreased, at the range baseline to 1 year, from 284±32 mg/dl to 262±25 mg/dl and from 183±8.5 mg/dl to 174±9.1 mg/dl, respectively, for the experimental group (p<0.001) and from 291±35 to 289±31 mg/dl and from 177.6±10.7 to 179.3±9.6 (p=0.08), respectively, for the control group. Mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) did not change significantly in either group. In the experimental group, systolic blood pressure decreased from 138±12 mmHg to 125±13 mmHg after 1 year (p=0.01) and increased from 136±15 mmHg to 137±13 mmHg in the control group. Diastolic blood pressure decreased from 92±9 mmHg to 84±10 mmHg (p=0.01) in the experimental group and increased from 89±11 mmHg to 90±8 mmHg in the control group. Conclusion Following 1 year of licorice consumption, mean CIMT, total cholesterol, LDL levels, and blood pressure were decreased. This suggests that licorice may attenuate the development of atherosclerosis and of related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yacov Fogelman
- Department of Family Practice, Leumit Health Services, Haifa, Israel.,The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel;
| | - Diana Gaitini
- The Ruth & Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Medical Imaging, Unit of Ultrasound, Rambam Health Care Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eli Carmeli
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Hajirahimkhan A, Simmler C, Dong H, Lantvit DD, Li G, Chen SN, Nikolić D, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Induction of NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) by Glycyrrhiza Species Used for Women's Health: Differential Effects of the Michael Acceptors Isoliquiritigenin and Licochalcone A. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2130-41. [PMID: 26473469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED For the alleviation of menopausal symptoms, women frequently turn to botanical dietary supplements, such as licorice and hops. In addition to estrogenic properties, these botanicals could also have chemopreventive effects. We have previously shown that hops and its Michael acceptor xanthohumol (XH) induced the chemoprevention enzyme, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), in vitro and in vivo. Licorice species could also induce NQO1, as they contain the Michael acceptors isoliquiritigenin (LigC) found in Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), G. uralensis (GU), G. inflata (GI), and licochalcone A (LicA) which is only found in GI. These licorice species and hops induced NQO1 activity in murine hepatoma (Hepa1c1c7) cells; hops ≫ GI > GG ≅ GU. Similar to the known chemopreventive compounds curcumin (turmeric), sulforaphane (broccoli), and XH, LigC and LicA were active dose-dependently; sulforaphane ≫ XH > LigC > LicA ≅ curcumin ≫ liquiritigenin (LigF). Induction of the antioxidant response element luciferase in human hepatoma (HepG2-ARE-C8) cells suggested involvement of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. GG, GU, and LigC also induced NQO1 in nontumorigenic breast epithelial MCF-10A cells. In female Sprague-Dawley rats treated with GG and GU, LigC and LigF were detected in the liver and mammary gland. GG weakly enhanced NQO1 activity in the mammary tissue but not in the liver. Treatment with LigC alone did not induce NQO1 in vivo most likely due to its conversion to LigF, extensive metabolism, and its low bioavailability in vivo. These data show the chemopreventive potential of licorice species in vitro could be due to LigC and LicA and emphasize the importance of chemical and biological standardization of botanicals used as dietary supplements. Although the in vivo effects in the rat model after four-day treatment are minimal, it must be emphasized that menopausal women take these supplements for extended periods of time and long-term beneficial effects are quite possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Daniel D Lantvit
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Hosseinzadeh H, Nassiri-Asl M. Pharmacological Effects of Glycyrrhiza spp. and Its Bioactive Constituents: Update and Review. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1868-86. [PMID: 26462981 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The roots and rhizomes of various species of the perennial herb licorice (Glycyrrhiza) are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several diseases. In experimental and clinical studies, licorice has been shown to have several pharmacological properties including antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, antioxidative, antidiabetic, antiasthma, and anticancer activities as well as immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective effects. In recent years, several of the biochemical, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of licorice and its active components have also been demonstrated in experimental studies. In this review, we summarized the new phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological data from recent experimental and clinical studies of licorice and its bioactive constituents after our previous published review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Nassiri-Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 341197-5981, Qazvin, Iran
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Simmler C, Anderson JR, Gauthier L, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Metabolite Profiling and Classification of DNA-Authenticated Licorice Botanicals. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:2007-22. [PMID: 26244884 PMCID: PMC4553119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Raw licorice roots represent heterogeneous materials obtained from mainly three Glycyrrhiza species. G. glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata exhibit marked metabolite differences in terms of flavanones (Fs), chalcones (Cs), and other phenolic constituents. The principal objective of this work was to develop complementary chemometric models for the metabolite profiling, classification, and quality control of authenticated licorice. A total of 51 commercial and macroscopically verified samples were DNA authenticated. Principal component analysis and canonical discriminant analysis were performed on (1)H NMR spectra and area under the curve values obtained from UHPLC-UV chromatograms, respectively. The developed chemometric models enable the identification and classification of Glycyrrhiza species according to their composition in major Fs, Cs, and species specific phenolic compounds. Further key outcomes demonstrated that DNA authentication combined with chemometric analyses enabled the characterization of mixtures, hybrids, and species outliers. This study provides a new foundation for the botanical and chemical authentication, classification, and metabolomic characterization of crude licorice botanicals and derived materials. Collectively, the proposed methods offer a comprehensive approach for the quality control of licorice as one of the most widely used botanical dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Anderson
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Laura Gauthier
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - David C. Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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Dunlap TL, Wang S, Simmler C, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Differential Effects of Glycyrrhiza Species on Genotoxic Estrogen Metabolism: Licochalcone A Downregulates P450 1B1, whereas Isoliquiritigenin Stimulates It. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1584-94. [PMID: 26134484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen chemical carcinogenesis involves 4-hydroxylation of estrone/estradiol (E1/E2) by P450 1B1, generating catechol and quinone genotoxic metabolites that cause DNA mutations and initiate/promote breast cancer. Inflammation enhances this effect by upregulating P450 1B1. The present study tested the three authenticated medicinal species of licorice [Glycyrrhiza glabra (GG), G. uralensis (GU), and G. inflata (GI)] used by women as dietary supplements for their anti-inflammatory activities and their ability to modulate estrogen metabolism. The pure compounds, liquiritigenin (LigF), its chalcone isomer isoliquiritigenin (LigC), and the GI-specific licochalcone A (LicA) were also tested. The licorice extracts and compounds were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by measuring inhibition of iNOS activity in macrophage cells: GI ≫ GG > GU and LigC ≅ LicA ≫ LigF. The Michael acceptor chalcone, LicA, is likely responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of GI. A sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was employed to quantify estrogen metabolism by measuring 2-MeOE1 as nontoxic and 4-MeOE1 as genotoxic biomarkers in the nontumorigenic human mammary epithelial cell line, MCF-10A. GG, GU, and LigC increased 4-MeOE1, whereas GI and LicA inhibited 2- and 4-MeOE1 levels. GG, GU (5 μg/mL), and LigC (1 μM) also enhanced P450 1B1 expression and activities, which was further increased by inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ). LicA (1, 10 μM) decreased cytokine- and TCDD-induced P450 1B1 gene expression and TCDD-induced xenobiotic response element luciferase reporter (IC50 = 12.3 μM), suggesting an antagonistic effect on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which regulates P450 1B1. Similarly, GI (5 μg/mL) reduced cytokine- and TCDD-induced P450 1B1 gene expression. Collectively, these data suggest that, of the three licorice species that are used in botanical supplements, GI represents the most promising chemopreventive licorice extract for women's health. Additionally, the differential effects of the Glycyrrhiza species on estrogen metabolism emphasize the importance of standardization of botanical supplements to species-specific bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Martins N, Barros L, Dueñas M, Santos-Buelga C, Ferreira ICFR. Characterization of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. rhizomes and roots. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aims to characterize and quantify the phenolic composition and to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. (commonly known as licorice) rhizomes and roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
| | - Lillian Barros
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
| | - Montserrat Dueñas
- GIP-USAL
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Salamanca
- Campus Miguel de Unamuno
- 37007 Salamanca
| | | | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Mountain Research Centre (CIMO)
- ESA
- Polytechnic Institute of Bragança
- Campus de Santa Apolónia
- 5301-855 Bragança
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