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Cadar E, Negreanu-Pirjol T, Pascale C, Sirbu R, Prasacu I, Negreanu-Pirjol BS, Tomescu CL, Ionescu AM. Natural Bio-Compounds from Ganoderma lucidum and Their Beneficial Biological Actions for Anticancer Application: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1907. [PMID: 38001761 PMCID: PMC10669212 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been known for many centuries in Asian countries under different names, varying depending on the country. The objective of this review is to investigate the scientific research on the natural active bio-compounds in extracts obtained from G. lucidum with significant biological actions in the treatment of cancer. This review presents the classes of bio-compounds existing in G. lucidum that have been reported over time in the main databases and have shown important biological actions in the treatment of cancer. The results highlight the fact that G. lucidum possesses important bioactive compounds such as polysaccharides, triterpenoids, sterols, proteins, nucleotides, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals, which have been demonstrated to exhibit multiple anticancer effects, namely immunomodulatory, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, and antioxidant action. The potential health benefits of G. lucidum are systematized based on biological actions. The findings present evidence regarding the lack of certainty about the effects of G. lucidum bio-compounds in treating different forms of cancer, which may be due to the use of different types of Ganoderma formulations, differences in the study populations, or due to drug-disease interactions. In the future, larger clinical trials are needed to clarify the potential benefits of pharmaceutical preparations of G. lucidum, standardized by the known active components in the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emin Cadar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, No. 6, Campus, Building C, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (B.-S.N.-P.)
| | - Ticuta Negreanu-Pirjol
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, No. 6, Campus, Building C, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (B.-S.N.-P.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov Street, No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carolina Pascale
- Organizing Institution for Doctoral University Studies of “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Rodica Sirbu
- Organizing Institution for Doctoral University Studies of “Carol Davila”, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, Dionisie Lupu Street, No. 37, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Irina Prasacu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Bucharest, Traian Vuia Street, No. 6, Sector 2, 020956 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Bogdan-Stefan Negreanu-Pirjol
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, Capitan Aviator Al. Serbanescu Street, No. 6, Campus, Building C, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (E.C.); (B.-S.N.-P.)
| | - Cezar Laurentiu Tomescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, University Alley, No. 1, Campus, Building B, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (C.L.T.); (A.-M.I.)
- “Sf. Ap. Andrei” County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Tomis Bvd., No. 145, 900591 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Ionescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, University Alley, No. 1, Campus, Building B, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (C.L.T.); (A.-M.I.)
- Clinical Hospital C F Constanta, 1 Mai Bvd., No. 3–5, 900123 Constanta, Romania
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Zhang Y, Jiang K, Chen S, Wang L, Zhang X, Xu W, Yam MF, Wu C, Xu W, Lin Y. Quality control of Ganoderma lucidum by using C, H, O, and N stable isotopes and C and N contents for geographical traceability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1234729. [PMID: 37885663 PMCID: PMC10598867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1234729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Rationale Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is a popular medicinal fungus that has been used in traditional medicine for decades, with its provenance influencing its medicinal and commercial worth. The amount of active ingredients and the price of G. lucidum from different origins vary significantly; hence, fraudulent labeling is common. Reliable techniques for G. lucidum geographic verification are urgently required to safeguard the interests of consumers, producers, and honest dealers. A stable isotope is widely acknowledged as a useful traceability technique and could be developed to confirm the geographical origin of G. lucidum. Methods G. lucidum samples from various sources and in varying stages were identified by using δ 13C, δD, δ 18O, δ 15N, C, and N contents combined with chemometric tools. Chemometric approaches, including PCA, OPLS-DA, PLS, and FLDA models, were applied to the obtained data. The established models were used to trace the origin of G. lucidum from various sources or track various stages of G. lucidum. Results In the stage model, the δ 13C, δD, δ 18O, δ 15N, C, and N contents were considered meaningful variables to identify various stages of G. lucidum (bud development, growth, and maturing) using PCA and OPLS-DA and the findings were validated by the PLS model rather than by only four variables (δ 13C, δD, δ 18O, and δ 15N). In the origin model, only four variables, namely δ 13C, δD, δ 18O, and δ 15N, were used. PCA divided G. lucidum samples into four clusters: A (Zhejiang), B (Anhui), C (Jilin), and D (Fujian). The OPLS-DA model could be used to classify the origin of G. lucidum. The model was validated by other test samples (Pseudostellaria heterophylla), and the external test (G. lucidum) by PLS and FLDA models demonstrated external verification accuracy of up to 100%. Conclusion C, H, O, and N stable isotopes and C and N contents combined with chemometric techniques demonstrated considerable potential in the geographic authentication of G. lucidum, providing a promising method to identify stages of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kunxia Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wen Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Innovation and Transformation Center of Science and Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mun Fei Yam
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Changhui Wu
- Research and Development Department, Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Fuzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Centre of Biomedical Research & Diversity of Development, Fujian University Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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Zhang J, Li L, Wang J, Jin W, Wang Y, Zhang Z. A strategy for antioxidant quality evaluation of Aster yunnanensis based on fingerprint-activity relationship modeling and chemometric analysis. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
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Zheng C, Rangsinth P, Shiu PHT, Wang W, Li R, Li J, Kwan YW, Leung GPH. A Review on the Sources, Structures, and Pharmacological Activities of Lucidenic Acids. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041756. [PMID: 36838743 PMCID: PMC9962123 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has long been used as a multi-purpose plant and functional food. The pharmacological properties of G. lucidum are primarily attributed to its polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic and lucidenic acids are the two major triterpenoids groups in G. lucidum. Despite the discovery of 22 types of lucidenic acids, research on lucidenic acids is significantly less extensive compared to that on ganoderic acid. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, in this review, we aimed to summarize the sources, contents, chemical structures, and pharmacological effects, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, neuroprotective, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, and anti-diabetic properties, of lucidenic acids. Studies on lucidenic acids are still preliminary and have several limitations. Therefore, more in-depth studies with optimal designs are essential for the development of lucidenic acids as medicines, functional foods, and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Panthakarn Rangsinth
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Polly H. T. Shiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renkai Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu-Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - George P. H. Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Q, Huang L, Wu Y, Huang L, Xu X, Lin R. Study on Quality Control of Compound Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134130. [PMID: 35807378 PMCID: PMC9268268 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Compound Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. (A. roxburghii) oral liquid (CAROL) is a hospital preparation of A. roxburghii and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), which have hepatoprotective effects. Eight active components (five nucleosides/nucleobases and three triterpenoid acids) in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum were simultaneously detected by high-performance liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied for the detection of analytes. These eight compounds were separated well within 12 min and quantified using the internal standard working curve method. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9935) and high sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.29 ng/mL). The analyte recovery ranged from 85.07% to 97.50% (relative standard deviation < 3.31%). The content of the target analytes in four batches of CAROL, and the raw materials of G. lucidum and A. roxburghii from the five regions was determined using this method. The contents of guanosine and ganoderic acid A in four batches of oral liquid were high and stabilized and could be recommended as quality markers (Q-marker) for CAROL. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of nucleosides and triterpenoid acids in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum by LC−MS/MS based on the MRM model was reported for the first time. The proposed method provides a sensitive, rapid, and reliable approach for the quality control of Chinese medicinal products.
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Zhang L, Li MH, Tian J, Yin M, Cheng XL, Wei F, Ma SC. Identification of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel and look-alike species by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry using multivariate statistical analysis. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1297-1304. [PMID: 35000282 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pulsatillae Radix, the root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel, is recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China and has been widely used for its pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumor, and cardiovascular benefits. However, there are several look-alike species that can be marketed as Pulsatillae Radix. To distinguish Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel from its look-alikes, viz. Pulsatilla cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et Opiz., Pulsatilla dahurica (Fisch.) Spreng., Anemone tomeutosa (Maxim.) Pei., and Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC, we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis to compare their chemical compositions. Four ions, a (RT 8.98 min, m/z 1381.6671), b (RT 10.64 min, m/z 1219.6143), c (RT 11.52 min, m/z 1217.5978), and d (RT 13.6 min, m/z 749.4463) from Pulsatillae chinensis (Bge.) Regel were identified as potential chemical markers to distinguish it from look-alike species using an unsupervised statistical model combined with orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. The results of this study provide an effective method for identifying and distinguishing Pulsatilla chinensis (Bge.) Regel from similar plants. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hua Li
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yin
- Yangzhou Center for Food and Drug Control, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Long Cheng
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wei
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, P. R. China
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Liu Z. THE IMPROVEMENT OF PCA ALGORITHM AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PREDICTION OF ELBOW KNEE JOINT INJURY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: There were many constraints produced by training time and joint injury to analyze the influence of the training intensity on the elbow and knee joints of athletes during the training process. Methods: An improved algorithm-based master component analysis (PCA) modeling method is proposed .1 4 4 athletes were selected in xxx and compared in three groups. Results: The improved PCA models for injury prediction were applied to athletes from group A, the traditional injury models for prediction were adopted for athletes from group B, and athletes from group C received the hospital physical examinations. The results showed that the accuracy of elbow injury in group A due to excessive exercise was 66.86%, the accuracy of hospital physical examination in group C was 67%, and the accuracy of the traditional algorithm in group B was 50%, finding that the accuracy of group A was obviously different from group B (P < 0.05). Compared with other injuries caused by excessive friction, the detection accuracy of knee injuries caused by excessive friction in group A was 62%, that in group B was 44%, and that in group C was 63%. There was a statistically marked difference between groups A and B (P < 0.05). Conclusions: A PCA - based model of athletes’ overtraining injury has high accuracy and adaptability, predicting elbow injury. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Liu
- Capital University of Economics and Business, China
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Xu Y, Chen G, Guo M. Correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and their antioxidant activities revealed by chemometric analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:698-709. [PMID: 33319431 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Moringa oleifera Lam. is widely cultivated and applied in tropical and subtropical areas. Numerous studies have been focused on the antioxidant capacity of M. oleifera leaves, but its correlated bioactive phytochemicals remain elusive. OBJECTIVE In order to search for the corresponding chemical compounds from M. oleifera leaves responsible for their antioxidant activity, the correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of 15 batches of M. oleifera leaves and their antioxidant activities were investigated by using chemometric analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifteen batches of M. oleifera leaves were extracted with 90% ethanol solution, and their phytochemical fingerprints and antioxidant activities were estimated by using high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV/ESI-MS/MS), and three detected methods, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, respectively. Chemometric analysis was then applied to reveal the correlations between their phytochemical fingerprints and corresponding antioxidant capacity. RESULTS Fifteen M. oleifera leaf extracts exhibited strong antioxidant activities, in which 24 common compounds were identified by LC-MS. Furthermore, the partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicated that compounds 14, 16, 18 and 23 were the main potential effective components in at least two antioxidant tests. They were identified as kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3-O-(6″-malonyl-glucoside), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, and quercetin derivative, respectively. CONCLUSION The correlations between phytochemical fingerprints of M. oleifera leaf extracts and their corresponding antioxidant capacities were revealed by chemometric analysis, which provides an alternative method for screening for potential bioactive compounds with antioxidant capacity from M. oleifera leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guilin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Sino-African Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Innovation Academy for Drug Discovery and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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