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Cai WL, Fang C, Liu LF, Sun FY, Xin GZ, Zheng JY. Pseudotargeted metabolomics-based random forest model for tracking plant species from herbal products. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 118:154927. [PMID: 37331178 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "one-to-multiple" phenomenon is prevalent in medicinal herbs. Accurate species identification is critical to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal products but is extremely challenging due to their complex matrices and diverse compositions. PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the determinable chemicalome of herbs and develop a reasonable strategy to track their relevant species from herbal products. METHODS Take Astragali Radix-the typical "one to multiple" herb, as a case. An in-house database-driven identification of the potentially bioactive chemicalome (saponins and flavonoids) in AR was performed. Furthermore, a pseudotargeted metabolomics method was first developed and validated to obtain high-quality semi-quantitative data. Then based on the data matrix, the random forest algorithm was trained to predict Astragali Radix species from commercial products. RESULTS The pseudotargeted metabolomics method was first developed and validated to obtain high-quality semi-quantitative data (including 56 saponins and 49 flavonoids) from 26 batches of AR. Then the random forest algorithm was well-trained by importing the valid data matrix and showed high performance in predicting Astragalus species from ten commercial products. CONCLUSION This strategy could learn species-special combination features for accurate herbal species tracing and could be expected to promote the traceability of herbal materials in herbal products, contributing to manufacturing standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lu Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Can Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
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Savarino P, Demeyer M, Decroo C, Colson E, Gerbaux P. Mass spectrometry analysis of saponins. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:954-983. [PMID: 34431118 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Saponins are amphiphilic molecules of pharmaceutical interest and most of their biological activities (i.e., cytotoxic, hemolytic, fungicide, etc.) are associated to their membranolytic properties. These molecules are secondary metabolites present in numerous plants and in some marine animals, such as sea cucumbers and starfishes. Structurally, all saponins correspond to the combination of a hydrophilic glycan, consisting of sugar chain(s), linked to a hydrophobic triterpenoidic or steroidic aglycone, named the sapogenin. Saponins present a high structural diversity and their structural characterization remains extremely challenging. Ideally, saponin structures are best established using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments conducted on isolated molecules. However, the extreme structural diversity of saponins makes them challenging from a structural analysis point of view since, most of the time, saponin extracts consist in a huge number of congeners presenting only subtle structural differences. In the present review, we wish to offer an overview of the literature related to the development of mass spectrometry for the study of saponins. This review will demonstrate that most of the past and current mass spectrometry methods, including electron, electrospray and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ionizations, gas/liquid chromatography coupled to (tandem) mass spectrometry, collision-induced dissociation including MS3 experiments, multiple reaction monitoring based quantification, ion mobility experiments, and so forth, have been used for saponin investigations with great success on enriched extracts but also directly on tissues using imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Savarino
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marie Demeyer
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Corentin Decroo
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Colson
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Biosciences Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons, Belgium
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Razgonova MP, Zinchenko YN, Kozak DK, Kuznetsova VA, Zakharenko AM, Ercisli S, Golokhvast KS. Autofluorescence-Based Investigation of Spatial Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Soybeans Using Confocal Laser Microscopy and a High-Resolution Mass Spectrometric Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238228. [PMID: 36500322 PMCID: PMC9735898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, we present a detailed comparative analysis of the bioactive substances of soybean varieties k-11538 (Russia), k-11559 (Russia), k-569 (China), k-5367 (China), k-5373 (China), k-5586 (Sweden), and Primorskaya-86 (Russia) using an LSM 800 confocal laser microscope and an amaZon ion trap SL mass spectrometer. Laser microscopy made it possible to clarify in detail the spatial arrangement of the polyphenolic content of soybeans. Our results revealed that the phenolics of soybean are spatially located mainly in the seed coat and the outer layer of the cotyledon. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used in combination with an amaZon SL BRUKER DALTONIKS ion trap (tandem mass spectrometry) to identify target analytes in soybean extracts. The results of initial studies revealed the presence of 63 compounds, and 45 of the target analytes were identified as polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayya P. Razgonova
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Yulia N. Zinchenko
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Darya K. Kozak
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 675000 Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Victoria A. Kuznetsova
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University, 675000 Blagoveshchensk, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Zakharenko
- Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology, Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Kirill S. Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Experimental Station, N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources, 190000 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- SEC Nanotechnology, Polytechnic Institute, Far Eastern Federal University, 690922 Vladivostok, Russia
- Laboratory of Pesticide Toxicology, Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology RAS, 633501 Krasnoobsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Wei F, Yang C, Wu L, Sun J, Wang Z, Wang Z. Simultaneous Determination and Pharmacokinetics Study of Three Triterpenes from Sanguisorba officinalis L. in Rats by UHPLC–MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175412. [PMID: 36080179 PMCID: PMC9458004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A selective and rapid ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was established and validated for the determination of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, and pomolic acid in rats after the oral administration of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, pomolic acid, and Sanguisorba officinalis L. extract. The separation was carried out on an ACQUITY UPLC®HSS T3 column (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.8 μm), using methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate water as the mobile phase. The three compounds were quantified using the multiple reaction monitoring mode with the electrospray ion source in both the positive and negative mode. Liquid-liquid extraction was applied to the plasma sample preparation. Bifendate was selected as the internal standard. The intra-day and inter-day precision and the accuracy of the method were all within receivable ranges. The lower limit of quantification of ziyuglycoside I, 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic-acid 28-β-d-glucopyranosyl ester, and pomolic acid were 6.50, 5.75, and 2.63 ng/mL, respectively. The extraction recoveries of analytes in rat plasma ranged from 83 to 94%. The three components could be rapidly absorbed into the blood (Tmax, 1.4–1.6 h) both in the single-administration group or S. officinalis extract group, but the first peak of PA occurred at 0.5 h and the second peak at 4–5 h in the S. officinalis extract. Three compounds were eliminated relatively slowly (t1/2, 7.3–11 h). The research was to establish a rapid, sensible, and sensitive UHPLC–MS/MS method using the multi-ion mode for multi-channel simultaneous mensuration pharmacokinetics parameters of three compounds in rats after oral administration of S. officinalis extract. This study found, for the first time, differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters of the three compounds in the monomer compounds and S. officinalis extract administration, which preliminarily revealed the transformation and metabolism of the three compounds in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanshu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Chunjuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Lihong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiahui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Zhenyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence:
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Yang M, Yin M, Chu S, Zhao Y, Fang Q, Cheng M, Peng H, Huang L. Colour, chemical compounds, and antioxidant capacity of Astragali Radix based on untargeted metabolomics and targeted quantification. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:599-611. [PMID: 35132705 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Astragali Radix has been used for over 2000 years in traditional Chinese medicine. Its secondary xylem "Jinjing" and secondary phloem "Yulan" are important for evaluating the quality of the Daodi medicinal material in China. However, its systematic characterisation has not been conducted. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the colour, chemical compounds, and antioxidant capacity of the secondary xylem and phloem of Astragali Radix on the basis of untargeted metabolomics, broadening the application scope of Astragali Radix in food and pharmaceutical industries. METHODS The L*, a*, and b* of the secondary xylem and phloem were measured by colorimetry, and the chemical compounds were identified and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-evaporative light scattering detection. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays were conducted to evaluate their antioxidant capacity. RESULTS Thirty-one compounds were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The secondary xylem exhibited high parameter b*, flavonoid content, and antioxidant capacity, while the secondary phloem was rich in astragalosides. The colour parameters of well-defined type A significantly varied from those of the other types. Well-defined type A also exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and flavonoid content, followed by middle type A-like, middle type B-like, and yellow shading type B. CONCLUSION The colour parameters, chemical compounds, and antioxidant capacity among the different transverse sections of secondary xylem and phloem varied. The yellow colour of secondary xylem was correlated to high flavonoid content and antioxidant activity, and well-defined type A of Astragali Radix had better quality than other types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- National Resource Centre for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Minzhen Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Chu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qingying Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ming'en Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Huasheng Peng
- National Resource Centre for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Centre for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of DAO-DI Herbs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zeng X, Li J, Lyu X, Chen XM, Guo S. Nutritional Characterization and Untargeted Metabolomics of Oyster Mushroom Produced Using Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus Stems and Leaves as Substrates. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:802801. [PMID: 35185978 PMCID: PMC8853653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.802801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus (AMM) is an edible and medicinal material and is commonly used in East Asia. According to the pharmacopeia of China, the dried root of AMM is medicinal. However, the aerial parts of AMM are always directly discarded after harvest. The stems and leaves are also rich in active compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. To rationally use resources, waste products from AMM stems and leaves are useful substrates for edible fungus cultivation. Here, oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida) was cultivated on a basal substrate supplemented with AMM stems and leaves (AMM group). The nutritional and chemical composition of the fruiting body were analyzed by metabolomics and chemometrics. Our results showed that AMM addition to the substrate affected the fresh weight, moisture, fat, protein, and element concentrations, and amino acid composition of oyster mushroom. Moreover, 2,156 metabolites were detected and annotated based on the metabolomics data, of which 680 were identified as differentially expressed metabolites. Many active phytometabolites previously identified in AMM herbs were also detected in the metabolomics of oyster mushroom from AMM group, including 46 terpenoids, 21 flavonoids, 17 alkaloids, 14 phenylpropanoids, and 3 fatty acids. In summary, our results imply that oyster mushroom cultured with AMM stems and leaves might have very high nutritional therapy health care value.
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Understanding carotenoid biosynthetic pathway control points using metabolomic analysis and natural genetic variation. Methods Enzymol 2022; 671:127-151. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cheng WJ, Chiang CC, Lin CY, Chen YL, Leu YL, Sie JY, Chen WL, Hsu CY, Kuo JJ, Hwang TL. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge Water Extract Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Effects in Human Neutrophils and Alleviates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:762829. [PMID: 34955833 PMCID: PMC8707293 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.762829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the primary immune cells in innate immunity, which are related to various inflammatory diseases. Astragalus mongholicus Bunge is a Chinese medicinal herb used to treat various oxidative stress-related inflammatory diseases. However, there are limited studies that elucidate the effects of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge in human neutrophils. In this study, we used isolated human neutrophils activated by various stimulants to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Astragalus mongholicus Bunge water extract (AWE). Cell-free assays were used to examine free radicals scavenging capabilities on superoxide anion, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitrogen-centered radicals. Imiquimod (IMQ) induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation mouse model was used for investigating anti-psoriatic effects. We found that AWE inhibited superoxide anion production, ROS generation, and elastase release in human neutrophils, which exhibiting a direct anti-neutrophil effect. Moreover, AWE exerted a ROS scavenging ability in the 2,2’-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride assay, but not superoxide anion in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase assay, suggesting that AWE exhibited anti-oxidation and anti-inflammatory capabilities by both scavenging ROS and by directly inhibiting neutrophil activation. AWE also reduced CD11b expression and adhesion to endothelial cells in activated human neutrophils. Meanwhile, in mice with psoriasis-like skin inflammation, administration of topical AWE reduced both the affected area and the severity index score. It inhibited neutrophil infiltration, myeloperoxidase release, ROS-induced damage, and skin proliferation. In summary, AWE exhibited direct anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting neutrophil activation and anti-psoriatic effects in mice with IMQ-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Therefore, AWE could potentially be a pharmaceutical Chinese herbal medicine to inhibit neutrophilic inflammation for anti-psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jen Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chao Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Puxin Fengze Chinese Medicine Clinic, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Chen
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yu Sie
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ling Chen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Yuan Hsu
- Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Jen Kuo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Zhong T, Feng M, Su M, Wang D, Li Q, Jia S, Luo F, Wang H, Hu E, Yang X, Fan Y. Qihuzha granule attenuated LPS-induced acute spleen injury in mice via Src/MAPK/Stat3 signal pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 281:114458. [PMID: 34352329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Qihuzha granule (QHZG), is one of traditional Chinese patent medicines composed of eleven edible medicinal plant, which has been used in the clinic for the treatment of indigestion and anorexia in children caused by deficiency of the spleen and stomach. Yet it is noteworthy that QHZG has therapeutic effect on recurrent respiratory tract infection (RRTI) in children. However, its potential molecular mechanisms remained unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of QHZG on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute spleen injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The acute spleen injury model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (10 mg/kg) and safe doses of QHZG was administered by gavage once a day for 23 days before LPS treatment. Serum inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1β, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were tested by ELISA. Related protein levels were detected by Western blotting. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to observe the histological alterations. The distribution of macrophages and neutrophils in the mouse spleen was examined by immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS QHZG pretreatment significantly abolished the increased secretion of cytokines such as interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-1β, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which were attributable to LPS treatment. Immunofluorescence staining and Histological analysis of spleen tissue revealed the protective effect of QHZG against LPS-induced acute spleen injury in mice. Further study indicated that pretreatment with QHZG significantly inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of Src. Accordingly, the increased phosphorylation of Src downstream components (JNK, ERK, P38 and STAT3) induced by LPS was remarkably diminished by QHZG, suggesting the involvement of Src/MAPK/STAT3 pathway in the inhibitory effects of QHZG on spleen injury in mice. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that QHZG protected mice from LPS-induced acute spleen injury via inhibition of Src/MAPK/Stat3 signal pathway. These results suggested that QHZG might serve as a new drug for the treatment of LPS-stimulated spleen injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Min Feng
- Sunflower Pharmaceutical Group (Guizhou) Hongqi Co., Ltd, Liupanshui, 553400, PR China
| | - Minzhi Su
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Daoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Shuqin Jia
- Guiyang First People's Hospital, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Fang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Sunflower Pharmaceutical Group (Guizhou) Hongqi Co., Ltd, Liupanshui, 553400, PR China
| | - Enming Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China.
| | - Yanhua Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550014, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550014, PR China.
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Kafle B, Baak JPA, Brede C. Major bioactive chemical compounds in Astragali Radix samples from different vendors vary greatly. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254273. [PMID: 34234375 PMCID: PMC8263255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The worldwide traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbs sales figures have increased considerably to 50 billion US$ (2018). Astragali Radix (AR) is amongst the most often sold TCM herbs; sales in the European Union (EU) need European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval. However, comparisons of characteristic bioactive molecules concentrations in AR from different EU vendors are lacking. This study uses liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with standard addition to evaluate the influence of different sample and preparation types and ammonia treatment on bioactive molecules concentrations in AR. We also compare AR samples from different EU-vendors. Astragaloside IV (AG-IV), ononin and calycosin 7-O-β-D-glucoside concentrations were higher in root powder samples when extracted with boiled water than with ultrasonication using 70% methanol. AG-IV content was by far the highest in granulates from vendor 1 (202 ± 35 μg/g) but very low in hydrophilic concentrates from vendor 1 (32 ± 7 μg/g) and granulates from vendor 4 (36 ± 3 μg/g). Ammonia-treatment significantly increased AG-IV concentrations in all samples (e.g., to 536 ± 178 μg/g in vendor 1 granulates). Comparable effects were found for most other bioactive molecules. AG-IV and other bioactive molecules concentrations differed strongly depending on sample types, extraction processes, ammonia treatment-or-not and especially between different vendors samples. Ammonia-treatment is debatable, as it is supposed to convert other astragalosides, to AG-IV. The results indicate that routine quantitative analysis of major bioactive compounds present in AR, helps in quality control of AR and to guarantee the quality of commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kafle
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jan P. A. Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Dr Med Jan Baak AS, Tananger, Norway
| | - Cato Brede
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Hasegawa K, Minakata K, Suzuki M, Suzuki O. The standard addition method and its validation in forensic toxicology. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
In the quantitative forensic toxicological analyses using instruments, major methods to be employed are conventional matrix-matched calibration method (MMCM). However, nowadays, the needs for using the standard addition methods (SAM) are increasing. In spite of this situation, there are no reports of the guidelines for the validations of SAM. In this review, the principle, how to perform it, advantages, disadvantages, reported application data, and the details of validation procedures for the SAM are described.
Methods
Various databases such as SciFinder, Google and Google Scholar were utilized to collect relevant reports referring to the SAM. The long experiences of our research group on the SAM were also included in this review.
Results
Although the experimental procedures for the SAM are much more laborious than those of the MMCM, the SAM is essential to quantify target xenobiotic(s) in special matrices such as human solid tissues or biles, which remarkably interfere with the usual quantitative analyses. The validation methods for the SAM have been also proposed for the cases in the absence of the blank matrices.
Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first presentation of detailed SAM procedure and its validation, which will facilitate the use of the SAM in forensic toxicology. Especially for its validation, new simple methods have been proposed.
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