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George E, Jaimes C, Xu D, Kasprian G, Glenn OA. How to Perform Fetal MR Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2024; 32:443-457. [PMID: 38944433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2024.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
This article provides the readers with practical guidance on how to perform fetal MR imaging, including technical considerations such as scanner field strength and use of appropriate radiofrequency receive coils, and summarizes the role, strengths, and limitations of the various MR imaging sequences. The authors review the various factors to consider in scan preparation, including study indication, timing, maternal preparation, and the creation of an institutional fetal imaging protocol. Additional factors that go into scan optimization during acquisition including prioritizing maternal comfort and ways to troubleshoot various artifacts that maybe encountered in fetal imaging are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth George
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 1700 4th Street BH303B, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-21, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Orit A Glenn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Sadan OR, Avisdris N, Rabinowich A, Link-Sourani D, Krajden Haratz K, Garel C, Hiersch L, Ben Sira L, Ben Bashat D. Brain Metabolite Differences in Fetuses With Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38979886 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common intrauterine infection and may be associated with unfavorable outcomes. While some CMV-infected fetuses may show gross or subtle brain abnormalities on MRI, their clinical significance may be unclear. Conversely, normal development cannot be guaranteed in CMV-infected fetuses with normal MRI. PURPOSE To assess brain metabolite differences in CMV-infected fetuses using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). STUDY TYPE Retrospective. SUBJECTS Out of a cohort of 149 cases, 44 with maternal CMV infection, amniocentesis results, and good-quality MRS were included. CMV-infected fetuses with positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (N = 35) were divided based on MRI results as follows: typical brain abnormalities (gross findings, N = 8), exclusive white matter hyperintense signal (WMHS) on T2-weighted images (subtle findings, N = 7), and normal MRI (N = 20). Uninfected fetuses (negative PCR) with normal MRI were included as controls (N = 9). FIELD STRENGTH 3 T, T2-weighted half Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE), T2-weighted true fast imaging with steady-state free precession (TrueFISP), T1- and T2*-weighted fast low angle shot (FLASH), and 1H-MRS single-voxel point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequences. ASSESSMENT MRI findings were assessed by three radiologists, and metabolic ratios within the basal ganglia were calculated using LCModel. STATISTICAL TESTS Analysis of covariance test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons was used to compare metabolic ratios between groups while accounting for gestational age. A P-value <0.05 was deemed significant. RESULTS MRS was successfully acquired in 63% of fetuses. Substantial agreement was observed between radiologists (Fleiss' kappa [k] = 0.8). Infected fetuses with gross MRI findings exhibited significantly reduced tNAA/tCr ratios (0.64 ± 0.08) compared with infected fetuses with subtle MRI findings (0.85 ± 0.19), infected fetuses with normal MRI (0.8 ± 0.14) and controls (0.81 ± 0.15). No other significant differences were detected (P ≥ 0.261). CONCLUSION Reduced tNAA/tCr within the apparently normal brain tissue was detected in CMV-infected fetuses with gross brain abnormalities, suggesting extensive brain damage. In CMV-infected fetuses with isolated WMHS, no damage was detected by MRS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Or R Sadan
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Netanell Avisdris
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviad Rabinowich
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Daphna Link-Sourani
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Technion Human MRI Research Center, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Karina Krajden Haratz
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Hospital for Women, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Catherine Garel
- Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liran Hiersch
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lis Hospital for Women, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Ben Sira
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Radiology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dafna Ben Bashat
- Sagol Brain Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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3
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Austin T, Connolly D, Dinwiddy K, Hart AR, Heep A, Harigopal S, Joy H, Luyt K, Malamateniou C, Merchant N, Rizava C, Rutherford MA, Spike K, Vollmer B, Boardman JP. Neonatal brain magnetic resonance imaging: clinical indications, acquisition and reporting. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2024; 109:348-361. [PMID: 38373753 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Topun Austin
- Neonatal Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Connolly
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kate Dinwiddy
- British Association of Perinatal Medicine, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Axel Heep
- University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Sundeep Harigopal
- Neonatal Intensive Care, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Harriet Joy
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Karen Luyt
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Kelly Spike
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Brigitte Vollmer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
- Neonatal and Paediatric Neurology, Southampton Children's Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - James P Boardman
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Doneda C, Scelsa B, Introvini P, Zavattoni M, Orcesi S, Lombardi G, Pugni L, Fumagalli M, Rustico M, Vola E, Arrigoni F, Fabbri E, Tortora M, Izzo G, Genovese M, Parazzini C, Tassis B, Ronchi A, Pietrasanta C, Triulzi F, Righini A. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection With Isolated "Minor" Lesions at Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Long-Term Neurological Outcome. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 155:104-113. [PMID: 38631078 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic relevance of fetal/early postnatal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (MRI) isolated "minor" lesions in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is still unclear, because of the heterogeneity of previously reported case series. The aim of this study was to report the imaging and long-term clinical follow-up data on a relatively large cohort of infected fetuses. METHODS Among 140 CMV-infected fetuses from a single-center 12-year-long fetal MRI database, cases that showed isolated "minor" lesions at MRI, mainly represented by polar temporal lesions, were selected. MRI features were described, and clinical follow-up information was collected through consultation of medical records and telephone interview to establish the auditory and neurological outcome of each patient. RESULTS Thirty-six cases were included in the study. The frequency of "minor" lesions increased progressively with ongoing gestational age in cases who underwent serial MR examination; 31% of cases were symptomatic at birth for unilateral altered auditory brainstem response. At long-term clinical follow-up, performed in 35 patients at a mean age of 64.5 months (range: 25 to 138), 43% of patients were asymptomatic and 57% presented with mild/moderate disability including hearing loss (34%), unilateral in all cases but one (therefore classified as severe), and/or minor cognitive and behavioral disorders (49%). CONCLUSIONS Descriptive analysis of the type and modality of occurrence of "minor" lesions suggests performing serial fetal/postnatal MR examinations not to miss later-onset lesions. Follow-up data from the present cohort, combined with maternal/fetal factors and serologic-laboratory parameters may contribute to improve prenatal and neonatal period counselling skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Doneda
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Scelsa
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Introvini
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zavattoni
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Lombardi
- Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- NICU Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Fumagalli
- NICU Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rustico
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Vola
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo Arrigoni
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fabbri
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Tortora
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giana Izzo
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurilio Genovese
- Neuroradioology Service, Mother-Child Department, University Hospitals of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Parazzini
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Tassis
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- NICU Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- NICU Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Triulzi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Righini
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Ying Eng N, Nie DA. Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome in a child with lissencephaly associated with de novo PAFAH1B1 variant and coincidental CMV infection. Epilepsy Behav Rep 2024; 26:100664. [PMID: 38617375 PMCID: PMC11015095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebr.2024.100664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 1 lissencephaly is a brain malformation characterized by agyria and pachygyria and is known to be caused by congenital infections and genetic variations. Here we present a case of a 4-month-old female with new onset infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) with initial etiology concerned for congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) due to a positive urine CMV PCR and maternal viral syndrome during pregnancy. Her brain MRI was significant for type 1 lissencephaly without other radiographical features of cCMV. The patient initially responded to high dose Prednisolone but had relapse of spasms at 9-month-old and required an ACTH course. She later developed generalized tonic seizures and focal impaired awareness seizures. Subsequent whole exome sequencing (WES) trio revealed a de novo PAFAH1B1 (c.405G > A, p.W135*) heterozygous nonsense variant which is pathogenic and thus solved the diagnostic puzzle. This case demonstrates that the absence of cCMV stigmata should raise concern for alternative etiology in cases of lissencephaly and the importance of genetic evaluation for subsequent management and family counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Ying Eng
- Department of Neurology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Duyu A. Nie
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
- The Children's Neurodevelopment Center (CNDC) and Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hasbro Children’s Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
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D'Alberti E, Rizzo G, Khalil A, Mappa I, Pietrolucci ME, Capannolo G, Alameddine S, Sorrenti S, Zullo F, Giancotti A, Di Mascio D, D'Antonio F. Counseling in fetal medicine: Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2024; 295:8-17. [PMID: 38310675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Although the clinical work-up of CMV in pregnancy has gradually become more accurate, counseling for CMV is still challenging. Despite the potential feasibility of universal prenatal serological screening, its introduction in prenatal diagnosis continues to raise concerns related to its real cost-effectiveness. Contextually, anticipating the confirmation of fetal infection earlier in pregnancy is one of the most pressing issues to reduce the parental psychological burden. Amniocentesis is still the gold standard and recent data have demonstrated that it could be performed before 20 weeks of gestation, provided that at least 8 weeks have elapsed from the presumed date of maternal seroconversion. New approaches, such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and virome DNA, even if not yet validated as confirmation of fetal infection, have been studied alternatively to amniocentesis to reduce the time-interval from maternal seroconversion and the amniocentesis results. Risk stratification for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and long-term sequelae should be provided according to the prognostic predictors. Nevertheless, in the era of valacyclovir, maternal high-dose therapy, mainly for first trimester infections, can reduce the risk of vertical transmission and increase the likelihood of asymptomatic newborns, but it is still unclear whether valacyclovir continues to exert a beneficial effect on fetuses with positive amniocentesis. This review provides updated evidence-based key counseling points with GRADE recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena D'Alberti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rizzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Asma Khalil
- Vascular Biology Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Fetal Medicine Unit, St George's Hospital, London, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Fetal Medicine Unit, Liverpool Women's Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ilenia Mappa
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine Ospedale Cristo Re, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pietrolucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Capannolo
- Center for Fetal Care and High-Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Alameddine
- Center for Fetal Care and High-Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - Sara Sorrenti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Zullo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giancotti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Mascio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Center for Fetal Care and High-Risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
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7
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Ozdemir E, Sarac Sivrikoz T, Sarsar K, Tureli D, Onel M, Demirci M, Yapar G, Yurtseven E, Has R, Agacfidan A, Kirkoyun Uysal H. Evaluation of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnant Women Admitted to a University Hospital in Istanbul. Viruses 2024; 16:414. [PMID: 38543779 PMCID: PMC10975387 DOI: 10.3390/v16030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause serious complications in immunocompromised individuals and fetuses with congenital infections. These can include neurodevelopmental impairments and congenital abnormalities in newborns. This paper emphasizes the importance of concurrently evaluating ultrasonography findings and laboratory parameters in diagnosing congenital CMV infection. To examine the prenatal characteristics of CMV DNA-positive patients, we assessed serum and amniotic fluid from 141 pregnant women aged 19-45 years, each with fetal anomalies. ELISA and PCR tests, conducted in response to these amniocentesis findings, were performed at an average gestational age of 25 weeks. Serological tests revealed that all 141 women were CMV IgG-positive, and 2 (1.41%) had low-avidity CMV IgG, suggesting a recent infection. CMV DNA was detected in 17 (12.05%) amniotic fluid samples using quantitative PCR. Of these, 82% exhibited central nervous system abnormalities. Given that most infections in pregnant women are undetectable and indicators non-specific, diagnosing primary CMV in pregnant women using clinical findings alone is challenging. We contend that serological tests should not be the sole means of diagnosing congenital CMV infection during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Ozdemir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
- Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34126, Turkey
| | - Tugba Sarac Sivrikoz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (T.S.S.); (D.T.); (R.H.)
| | - Kutay Sarsar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Dilruba Tureli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (T.S.S.); (D.T.); (R.H.)
| | - Mustafa Onel
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Mehmet Demirci
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kirklareli University, Kirklareli 39100, Turkey;
| | - Gizem Yapar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Eray Yurtseven
- Department of Biostatistics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey;
| | - Recep Has
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (T.S.S.); (D.T.); (R.H.)
| | - Ali Agacfidan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
| | - Hayriye Kirkoyun Uysal
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey; (E.O.); (K.S.); (M.O.); (G.Y.); (A.A.)
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8
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Paladini D, Biancotto G, Della Sala F, Severino M, Rossi A. Neurosonographic and MRI diagnosis of fetal cerebral lesions heralding polymicrogyria. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2024; 63:293-302. [PMID: 37671454 DOI: 10.1002/uog.27460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Paladini
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - G Biancotto
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Della Sala
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - M Severino
- Neuroradiology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit - IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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9
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Gabrielli L, Bonasoni MP, Piccirilli G, Petrisli E, Venturoli S, Cantiani A, Pavoni M, Marsico C, Capretti MG, Simonazzi G, Lazzarotto T. The Auditory Pathway in Congenitally Cytomegalovirus-Infected Human Fetuses. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2636. [PMID: 38473883 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the main cause of non-hereditary sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In order to shed light on SNHL pathophysiology, we examined the auditory pathway in CMV-infected fetuses; the temporal lobe, in particular the auditory cortex, and the inner ear. We investigated both inner ears and temporal lobes of 20 human CMV-infected fetuses at 21 weeks of gestation. As a negative group, five fetuses from spontaneous miscarriages without CMV infection were studied. Inner ears and temporal lobes were histologically examined, immunohistochemistry for CMV and CMV-PCR were performed. On the auditory cortex, we evaluated the local microglial reaction to the infection. CMV-positive cells were found in 14/20 brains and the damage was classified as severe, moderate, or mild, according to histological features. Fetuses with severe brain damage had a statistically higher temporal lobe viral load and a higher number of activated microglial cells in the auditory cortex compared to fetuses with mild brain damage (p: 0.01; p: 0.01). In the inner ears, the marginal cells of the stria vascularis were the most CMV positive. In our study, CMV affected the auditory pathway, suggesting a tropism for this route. In addition, in the auditory cortex, microglial activation may favor further tissue damage contributing to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Gabrielli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Piccirilli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Evangelia Petrisli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Venturoli
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessia Cantiani
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Pavoni
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Concetta Marsico
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AziendaOspedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Capretti
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AziendaOspedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuliana Simonazzi
- Obstetric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Section of Obstetrics, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Lazzarotto
- Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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Kyriakopoulou A, Papaevangelou V, Argyropoulou M, Papathanasiou M, Xydis V, Giorgi M, Ntorkou A, Chlapoutaki C, Alexopoulou E. Fetal brain imaging provides valuable information in cCMV infected infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2023; 36:2220564. [PMID: 37290964 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2220564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital CMV infection (cCMV) is the most common congenital infection with 10-15% of cases developing symptomatic disease. Early antiviral treatment is of essence when symptomatic disease is suspected. Recently, the use of neonatal imaging has been implicated as a prognostic tool for long term sequalae among asymptomatic newborns at high risk. Even though neonatal MRI is commonly used in neonatal symptomatic cCMV disease, it is less often used in asymptomatic newborns, mainly due to cost, access and difficulty to perform. We have therefore developed an interest in assessing the use of fetal imaging as an alternative. Our primary aim was to compare the fetal and neonatal MRIs in a small cohort 10 asymptomatic neonates with congenital CMV infection. METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study (case-series) on a convenience sample of children born from January 2014 to March 2021 with confirmed congenital CMV infection who had undergone both fetal and neonatal MRIs. We created a checklist of relevant cerebral abnormalities and asked 4 blinded radiologists to assess the MRIs (2 for each, namely fetal and neonatal) and then compared the findings between the fetal and neonatal imaging as well as the concordance in reporting of abnormalities within each category. FINDINGS Overall concordance between prenatal and postnatal scans was high (70%). When comparing the two blinded reports for each MRI, we found high levels of concordance: 90% concordance for fetal MRIs and 100% for neonatal MRIs. The most common abnormalities identified in both fetal and neonatal scans were "abnormal white matter hyperintensity" and "subependymal cysts." INTERPRETATION Even though this is a small descriptive study, it indicates that fetal MRI could potentially provide us with similar information as neonatal imaging. This study could form the basis for subsequent larger future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kyriakopoulou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Third Department of Paediatrics, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - V Papaevangelou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Third Department of Paediatrics, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - M Argyropoulou
- Department of Radiology Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - M Papathanasiou
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Radiology, General University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
| | - V Xydis
- Department of Radiology Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - M Giorgi
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Third Department of Paediatrics, Attikon General University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Ntorkou
- Department of Paediatric Radiology, Robert Debré University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | | | - E Alexopoulou
- School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2nd Department of Radiology, General University Hospital Attikon, Athens, Greece
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital infections are a major cause of childhood multidomain neurodevelopmental disabilities. They contribute to a range of structural brain abnormalities that can cause severe neurodevelopmental impairment, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, and neurosensory impairments. New congenital infections and global viral pandemics have emerged, with some affecting the developing brain and causing neurodevelopmental concerns. This review aims to provide current understanding of fetal infections and their impact on neurodevelopment. RECENT FINDINGS There are a growing list of congenital infections causing neurodevelopmental issues, including cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, syphilis, rubella, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and toxoplasmosis. Fetal exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 may also pose risk to the developing brain and impact neurodevelopmental outcomes, although studies have conflicting results. As Zika virus was a recently identified congenital infection, there are several new reports on child neurodevelopment in the Caribbean and Central and South America. For many congenital infections, children with in-utero exposure, even if asymptomatic at birth, may have neurodevelopmental concerns manifest over time. SUMMARY Congenital infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a child with neurodevelopmental impairments. Detailed pregnancy history, exposure risk, and testing should guide diagnosis and multidisciplinary evaluation. Children with congenital infections should have long-term follow-up to assess for neurodevelopmental delays and other neurosensory impairments. Children with confirmed delays or high-risk should be referred for rehabilitation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Fortin
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Sarah B. Mulkey
- Prenatal Pediatrics Institute, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC
- Department of Neurology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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12
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Hawkins-Villarreal A, Moreno-Espinosa AL, Castillo K, Hahner N, Picone O, Mandelbrot L, Simon I, Gratacós E, Goncé A, Eixarch E. Brain cortical maturation assessed by magnetic resonance imaging in unaffected or mildly affected fetuses with cytomegalovirus infection. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2023; 61:566-576. [PMID: 36349881 DOI: 10.1002/uog.26110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) the cortical maturation pattern in fetuses with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with mild or no abnormalities on ultrasound (US) and MRI, and to establish possible differences compared with healthy controls. METHODS This was a retrospective case-control study of consecutive pregnancies with a CMV-infected fetus undergoing prenatal MRI as a complementary diagnostic tool in two centers, and a control group of singleton low-risk pregnancies without fetal structural abnormalities, with normal fetal growth and with healthy newborns. CMV infection was confirmed by extraction of CMV-DNA from fetal and neonatal samples. Only fetuses with mild (mildly affected) or no (unaffected) neuroimaging abnormalities on US and MRI were included. MRI measurements of fetal parieto-occipital sulcus, cingulate sulcus and calcarine sulcus depth, Sylvian fissure depth and Sylvian fissure angles were performed and cortical development grading of specific cortical areas and sulci were assessed by one operator who was blinded to CMV infection status. Data were compared between controls and fetuses with CMV infection, using linear regression and non-parametric trend analysis. RESULTS Twenty-four CMV-infected fetuses (seven unaffected and 17 mildly affected) and 24 healthy controls that underwent fetal MRI between 27 and 36 weeks' gestation were included. Compared with controls, CMV-infected fetuses showed significantly larger median lateral ventricular width (right side, 7.8 (interquartile range (IQR), 5.9-9.9) mm vs 3.9 (IQR, 2.6-5.3) mm; left side, 7.5 (IQR, 6.0-10.9) mm vs 4.2 (IQR, 3.2-5.3) mm), significantly decreased parieto-occipital sulcus depth (right side, 12.6 (IQR, 11.3-13.5) mm vs 15.9 (IQR, 13.5-17.3) mm; left side, 12.3 (IQR, 10.6-13.5) mm vs 16.0 (IQR, 13.3-17.5) mm) and calcarine sulcus depth (right side, 15.4 (IQR, 14.4-16.3) mm vs 17.5 (IQR, 16.1-18.7) mm; left side, 14.6 (IQR, 14.1-15.6) mm vs 16.7 (IQR, 15.6-18.9) mm) (P < 0.001 for all). Compared with controls, CMV-infected fetuses also had significantly smaller upper (right side, 42.8° (IQR, 35.8-45.8°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 38.4-64.7°); left side, 40.9° (IQR, 34.2-45.8°) vs 48.2° (IQR, 41.9-60.7°)) and lower (right side, 41.6° (IQR, 34.4-49.2°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 40.6-60.9°); left side, 42.2° (IQR, 38.8-46.9°) vs 48.9° (IQR, 39.5-57.5°)) Sylvian fissure angles (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, the mildly affected CMV-infected fetuses had a significantly lower cortical development grading in the temporal and parietal areas, and the parieto-occipital and calcarine sulci compared with healthy fetuses (P < 0.05). These differences persisted when adjusting for gestational age, ipsilateral atrium width, fetal gender and when considering small-for-gestational age as a confounding factor. CONCLUSIONS Unaffected and mildly affected CMV-infected fetuses showed delayed cortical maturation compared with healthy controls. These results suggest that congenital CMV infection, even in non-severely affected fetuses that are typically considered of good prognosis, could be associated with altered brain cortical structure. Further research is warranted to better elucidate the correlation of these findings with neurodevelopmental outcomes. © 2022 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hawkins-Villarreal
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal Medicine Service, Obstetrics Department, Hospital 'Santo Tomás', University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
- Iberoamerican Research Network in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Translational Medicine
| | - A L Moreno-Espinosa
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Fetal Medicine Service, Obstetrics Department, Hospital 'Santo Tomás', University of Panama, Panama City, Panama
- Iberoamerican Research Network in Obstetrics, Gynecology and Translational Medicine
| | - K Castillo
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Hahner
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Picone
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Féderation Hospitalo-Universitaire PREMA, Colombes, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm IAME UMR1137, Paris, France
| | - L Mandelbrot
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Féderation Hospitalo-Universitaire PREMA, Colombes, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Inserm IAME UMR1137, Paris, France
| | - I Simon
- Department of Radiology, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, AP-HP, Colombes, France
| | - E Gratacós
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Goncé
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Eixarch
- BCNatal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Nijhawan P, Carraro A, Vita S, Del Borgo C, Tortellini E, Guardiani M, Zingaropoli MA, Mengoni F, Petrozza V, Di Troia L, Marcucci I, Kertusha B, Scerpa MC, Turriziani O, Vullo V, Ciardi MR, Mastroianni CM, Marocco R, Lichtner M. Systemic, Mucosal Immune Activation and Psycho-Sexual Health in ART-Suppressed Women Living with HIV: Evaluating Biomarkers and Environmental Stimuli. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040960. [PMID: 37112940 PMCID: PMC10144999 DOI: 10.3390/v15040960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gender medicine is now an approach that can no longer be neglected and must be considered in scientific research. We investigated the systemic and mucosal immune response in a population of women living with HIV (WLWH) who were receiving successful ART and the sexual and psychological repercussions of HIV infection on the women's health. As control group, healthy women (HW) matched for age and sex distribution, without any therapy, were included. In summary, our study highlighted the persistence of immune-inflammatory activation in our population, despite virological suppression and a normal CD4 cell count. We found a hyperactivation of the systemic monocyte and an increase in inflammatory cytokine concentrations at the systemic level. The analysis carried out showed a significantly higher risk of HPV coinfection in WLWH compared to HW. Furthermore, our data revealed that WLWH have a profile compatible with sexual dysfunction and generalized anxiety disorders. Our study underlines that patients living with HIV should be evaluated by multidisciplinary teams. These findings also support the idea that more and different immunological markers, in addition to those already used in clinical practice, are needed. Further studies should be carried out to clarify which of these could represent future therapy targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parni Nijhawan
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Serena Vita
- INMI IRCCS Lazzaro Spallanzani, via Portuense, 00149 Rome, Italy
| | - Cosmo Del Borgo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Mengoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Petrozza
- UOC of Pathology, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Bio-Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome Polo Pontino, I.C.O.T, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Luciana Di Troia
- Department of Andrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Immacolata Marcucci
- Department of Andrology and Pathophysiology of Reproduction, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Blerta Kertusha
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Scerpa
- Hematology Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, AUSL Latina, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Ombretta Turriziani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Santa Maria (SM) Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
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14
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Machado-Rivas F, Cortes-Albornoz MC, Afacan O, Bedoya MA, Calixto C, Choi JJ, Ruggiero M, Gholipour A, Jaimes C. Fetal MRI at 3 T: Principles to Optimize Success. Radiographics 2023; 43:e220141. [PMID: 36995947 PMCID: PMC10091224 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Fetal MRI has emerged as a cornerstone of prenatal imaging, helping to establish the correct diagnosis in pregnancies affected by congenital anomalies. In the past decade, 3 T imaging was introduced as an alternative to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the pulse sequences and improve anatomic detail. However, imaging at a higher field strength is not without challenges. Many artifacts that are barely appreciable at 1.5 T are amplified at 3 T. A systematic approach to imaging at 3 T that incorporates appropriate patient positioning, a thoughtful protocol design, and sequence optimization minimizes the impact of these artifacts and allows radiologists to reap the benefits of the increased SNR. The sequences used are the same at both field strengths and include single-shot T2-weighted, balanced steady-state free-precession, three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient-echo, and echo-planar imaging. Synergistic use of these acquisitions to sample various tissue contrasts and in various planes provides valuable information about fetal anatomy and pathologic conditions. In the authors' experience, fetal imaging at 3 T outperforms imaging at 1.5 T for most indications when performed under optimal circumstances. The authors condense the cumulative experience of fetal imaging specialists and MRI technologists who practice at a large referral center into a guideline covering all major aspects of fetal MRI at 3 T, from patient preparation to image interpretation. © RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedel Machado-Rivas
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Maria Camila Cortes-Albornoz
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Onur Afacan
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Maria Alejandra Bedoya
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Camilo Calixto
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Jungwhan John Choi
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Matthew Ruggiero
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Ali Gholipour
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
| | - Camilo Jaimes
- From the Department of Radiology, Boston Children’s Hospital,
300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02215 (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., M.R.,
A.G., C.J.); Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
(J.J.C.); and Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital,
Cincinnati, Ohio (F.M.R., M.C.C.A., O.A., M.A.B., C.C., A.G., C.J.)
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15
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Sartori P, Egloff C, Hcini N, Vauloup Fellous C, Périllaud-Dubois C, Picone O, Pomar L. Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040819. [PMID: 37112800 PMCID: PMC10146889 DOI: 10.3390/v15040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus infection is the most common congenital infection, affecting about 1% of births worldwide. Several primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies are already available during the prenatal period to help mitigate the immediate and long-term consequences of this infection. In this review, we aim to present and assess the efficacy of these strategies, including educating pregnant women and women of childbearing age on their knowledge of hygiene measures, development of vaccines, screening for cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy (systematic versus targeted), prenatal diagnosis and prognostic assessments, and preventive and curative treatments in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Sartori
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Egloff
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
| | - Najeh Hcini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, West French Guiana Hospital Center, French 97320, Guyana
- CIC Inserm 1424 et DFR Santé Université Guyane, 97320 ST Laurent du Maroni, France
| | - Christelle Vauloup Fellous
- Université Paris-Saclay, INSERM U1193, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94804 Villejuif, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Claire Périllaud-Dubois
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Virology Laboratory, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Picone
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris APHP, Nord, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Hôpital Louis Mourier, 92700 Colombes, France
- Université de Paris, 75006 Paris, France
- INSERM, IAME, B.P. 416, 75870 Paris, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Infections Pendant la Grossesse (GRIG), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Léo Pomar
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Agarwal S, Tarui T, Patel V, Turner A, Nagaraj U, Venkatesan C. Prenatal Neurological Diagnosis: Challenges in Neuroimaging, Prognostic Counseling, and Prediction of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes. Pediatr Neurol 2023; 142:60-67. [PMID: 36934462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis of fetal brain abnormalities is rapidly evolving with the advancement of neuroimaging techniques, thus adding value to prognostic counseling and perinatal management. However, challenges and uncertainties persist in prenatal counseling due to limitations of prenatal imaging, continued development and maturation of the brain structure, and the heterogeneity and paucity of outcome studies. This topical review of fetal neurological consultations highlights prenatally diagnosed brain abnormalities that challenged prognostic counseling and perinatal management. Representative cases across multiple centers that highlighted diagnostic challenges were selected. Charts were reviewed for neuroimaging, genetic evaluation, prenatal prognostic discussion, postnatal imaging and testing, and infant outcome. We present case studies with prenatal and postnatal information discussing prenatal testing, fetal MRI interpretation, and complexities in the prognostic counseling process. Advocating for large-scale multicenter studies and a national collaborative fetal neurological registry to help guide the ever-expanding world of prenatal diagnostics and prognostic counseling is critical to this field. Study of large-scale outcomes data from such a registry can better guide fetal neurological consultations and facilitate comprehensive multidisciplinary planning and program development for educational curriculum for fetal-neonatal neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonika Agarwal
- Division of Neurology & Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Tomo Tarui
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Virali Patel
- Division of Neurology & Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Abigail Turner
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Usha Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Charu Venkatesan
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Schaeffer A, Padhye A, Vachharajani A, Anders A. Late Preterm Infant Presenting with Petechiae. Neoreviews 2023; 24:e125-e129. [PMID: 36720692 DOI: 10.1542/neo.24-2-e125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Schaeffer
- Women's and Children's Hospital, Columbia, MO.,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
| | - Amruta Padhye
- Women's and Children's Hospital, Columbia, MO.,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
| | - Akshaya Vachharajani
- Women's and Children's Hospital, Columbia, MO.,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
| | - Anjali Anders
- Women's and Children's Hospital, Columbia, MO.,University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO
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Mappa I, De Vito M, Flacco ME, di Mascio D, D'Antonio F, Rizzo G. Prenatal predictors of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus infection: a retrospective multicenter study. J Perinat Med 2023; 51:102-110. [PMID: 35993868 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. METHODS In a multicenter study fetuses with congenital CMV infection diagnosed by PCR on amniotic fluid and normal prenatal imaging at the time of diagnosis were included. Primary outcome was the occurrence of structural anomalies at follow-up ultrasound or prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Secondary outcomes were the occurrence of anomalies detected exclusively postnatally and the rate of symptomatic infection. RESULTS One hundred and four fetuses with congenital CMV were included in the study. Anomalies were detected at follow-up ultrasound or MRI in 18.3% (19/104) cases. Additional anomalies were found after birth in 11.9% (10/84) of cases and 15.5% (13/85) of newborns showed clinical symptoms related to CMV infection. There was no difference in either maternal age (p=0.3), trimester (p=0.4) of infection and prenatal therapy (p=0.4) between fetuses with or whiteout anomalies at follow-up. Conversely, median viral load in the amniotic fluid was higher in fetuses with additional anomalies at follow-up (p=0.02) compared to those without. At multivariate logistic regression analysis, high viral load in the amniotic fluid, defined as ≥100,000 copies/mL was the only independent predictor for the occurrence of anomalies detected exclusively at follow-up ultrasound assessment or MRI, with an OR of 3.12. CONCLUSIONS Viral load in the amniotic fluid is a strong predictor of adverse perinatal outcome in congenital CMV infection. The results of this study emphasize the importance of adequate follow up even in case of negative neurosonography to better predict postnatal adverse outcomes of infected newborns, especially in amniotic fluid high viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Mappa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika De Vito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Daniele di Mascio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco D'Antonio
- Centre for Fetal Care and High-risk Pregnancy, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Chiety, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rizzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Garnham J, Gaur P, Basheer N, Lyall H, Jan W, Kachramanoglou C. Evolution of the intracranial features of congenital cytomegalovirus on MRI. Clin Radiol 2023; 78:e451-e457. [PMID: 36702711 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM To describe the evolution of the intracranial features of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen infants with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed cCMV who had undergone at least two MRI examinations of the brain were identified. Two paediatric neuroradiologists reviewed the baseline studies retrospectively for intracranial features of cCMV, including white matter signal abnormalities, subependymal cysts, malformations of cortical development, and intracranial calcification. The subsequent MRI studies were then reviewed and directly compared to the baseline examinations. RESULTS White matter signal abnormalities were seen on all 16 baseline studies (100%); these persisted on all subsequent examinations but were patchier, more focal, and associated with an interval reduction in white matter volume. Subependymal cysts were present on 11 (69%) of the baseline scans; these almost universally regressed (in 10 of the 11 cases [91%]), with no new cysts appreciable on subsequent imaging. Malformations of cortical development, exclusively in the form of polymicrogyria, were seen in six (38%) patients and persisted, unchanged, on subsequent imaging. Intracranial calcification was seen in a minority of baseline studies (4 [25%]) and remained stable on subsequent scans. CONCLUSION Children with cCMV who present later in life without an established or suspected underlying pathology can pose a challenge to the assessing radiologist. The radiological sequelae of cCMV can be non-specific; in some cases, white matter signal abnormalities and focal loss of white matter volume may be the only intracranial features. It is therefore important that radiologists are aware of cCMV as a potential differential for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Garnham
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
| | - P Gaur
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - N Basheer
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - H Lyall
- Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - W Jan
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C Kachramanoglou
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Kwok PL, Lai AYT, Lai BMH, Luk SY, Tang KYK, Wong WWC, Khoo JLS. Magnetic resonance imaging of disorders with white matter changes in children and adolescents: a pictorial essay. Pediatr Radiol 2023; 53:1188-1206. [PMID: 36625927 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-022-05580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
White matter changes are seen in a spectrum of disorders in children and adolescents. Understanding their distribution and appearance helps to reach diagnoses in daily radiologic practice. This pictorial essay will outline the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearances of diseases with white matter changes including demyelinating diseases, dysmyelinating disorders/leukodystrophies, infections, autoimmune diseases, vascular causes, mitochondrial disorders and neurocutaneous syndromes, along with a brief overview of clinical aspects of the diseases such as typical age of presentation, etiology, symptoms and signs and treatment options. This article highlights important features in common white matter diseases in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Lam Kwok
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Alta Y T Lai
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Billy M H Lai
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Shiobhon Y Luk
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Kendrick Y K Tang
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wendy W C Wong
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Jennifer L S Khoo
- Department of Radiology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, 3 Lok Man Road, Chai Wan, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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21
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Aguilera S, de la Fuente S. Infección congénita por citomegalovirus. nuevos desafíos en la práctica clínica. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
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22
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Moradi B, Golezar MH, Saleh Gargari S, Kazemi MA, Golezar S, Taheri MS, Tahmasebpour AR. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging features of fetal intracranial cystic lesions: A pictorial essay. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2022; 50:1297-1311. [PMID: 35749299 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This pictorial essay focuses on ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of fetal intracranial cysts. Intracranial cysts are common findings in prenatal imaging, and if great attention is paid to their size, location, and imaging features, they can be diagnosed accurately. They are usually detected by fetal ultrasound exams. However, when ultrasound data on cystic lesion characteristics is insufficient, MRI and fetal neurosonogram are the best options for detecting other associated anomalies. The prognosis is highly dependent on their location and whether they are associated with other fetal anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Moradi
- Department of Radiology, Yas Complex Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Soraya Saleh Gargari
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, school of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Kazemi
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Medical Imaging Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Amiralam Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Golezar
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Morteza Sanei Taheri
- Department of Radiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Plotogea M, Isam AJ, Frincu F, Zgura A, Bacinschi X, Sandru F, Duta S, Petca RC, Edu A. An Overview of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12102429. [PMID: 36292118 PMCID: PMC9600407 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12102429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review was to bring to attention cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy, taking into consideration all relevant aspects, such as maternal diagnosis, fetal infection and prevention, prenatal diagnosis, and postnatal prognosis. A literature review was performed regarding adult and congenital infection. General information regarding this viral infection and potential related medical conditions was provided, considering the issues of maternal infection during pregnancy, transmission to the fetus, and associated congenital infection management. Prenatal diagnosis includes maternal serum testing and the confirmation of the infection in amniotic fluid or fetal blood. Additionally, prenatal diagnosis requires imaging techniques, ultrasound, and complementary magnetic resonance to assess cortical and extracortical anomalies. Imaging findings can predict both fetal involvement and the postnatal prognosis of the newborn, but they are difficult to assess, even for highly trained physicians. In regard to fetal sequelae, the early diagnosis of a potential fetal infection is crucial, and methods to decrease fetal involvement should be considered. Postnatal evaluation is also important, because many newborns may be asymptomatic and clinical anomalies can be diagnosed when sequelae are permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Plotogea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Nicolae Malaxa” Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Al Jashi Isam
- Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Francesca Frincu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.J.I.); (F.F.)
| | - Anca Zgura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Xenia Bacinschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florica Sandru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Simona Duta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Cosmin Petca
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Antoine Edu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Nicolae Malaxa” Clinical Hospital, 022441 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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Wade J, Johnson SM, Burkhardt I, Egloff A, Thomas J, Guy E, Demirjian A. Discordant Congenital Toxoplasmosis and Cytomegalovirus Infection in Dichorionic Diamniotic Twins. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e377-e382. [PMID: 35797707 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection present with similar clinical pictures. Both infections have long-term sequelae that can be mitigated by early detection and treatment. Coinfection is uncommonly reported. METHODS Dichorionic diamniotic twins born at 35 weeks of gestation were investigated for congenital infections due to abnormalities on the antenatal scan at 31 weeks of gestation. Antenatal investigations were delayed due to late booking and delay in maternal investigations. In the neonatal period, they suffered discordant symptoms and were both investigated for Toxoplasma gondii infection. This diagnosis was confirmed in twin 2 but proved difficult in twin 1 who had a weakly positive polymerase chain reaction with inconclusive serology. Twin 1 was also diagnosed with congenital CMV, further complicating the clinical picture. Toxoplasmosis can cause long-term sequelae, and definitive diagnosis requires serology at 12 months of age; in view of this, treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis was initiated in both twins. Twin 1 was also treated for congenital CMV. RESULTS Due to limitations in serological investigations in neonates, diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis can be challenging, and initiating treatment may be warranted in suspected cases, given the risk of infective complications. Discordant presentations between twins are known in congenital toxoplasmosis and CMV, but coinfection has rarely been reported without concurrent immunocompromise. A high index of suspicion should be maintained in the twin of an infected neonate, and the possibility of multiple infections should be considered. Multidisciplinary working is crucial in reaching a diagnosis and treating appropriately.
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25
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Powers AM, White C, Neuberger I, Maloney JA, Stence NV, Mirsky D. Fetal MRI Neuroradiology: Indications. Clin Perinatol 2022; 49:573-586. [PMID: 36113923 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Fetal MRI is a safe, noninvasive examination of the fetus and placenta, a complement to ultrasonography. MRI provides detailed CNS evaluation, including depicting parenchymal architecture and posterior fossa morphology, and is key in prenatal assessment of spinal dysraphism, neck masses, and ventriculomegaly. Fetal MRI is typically performed after 22 weeks gestation, and ultrafast T1 and T2-weighted MRI sequences are the core of the exam, with advanced sequences such as diffusion weighted imaging used for specific questions. The fetal brain grows and develops rapidly, and familiarity with gestational age specific norms is essential to MRI interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andria M Powers
- Children's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68114, USA.
| | - Christina White
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Box 125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ilana Neuberger
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Box 125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - John A Maloney
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Box 125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Nicholas V Stence
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Box 125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - David Mirsky
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Box 125, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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26
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From Fetal to Neonatal Neuroimaging in TORCH Infections: A Pictorial Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9081210. [PMID: 36010101 PMCID: PMC9406729 DOI: 10.3390/children9081210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Congenital infections represent a challenging and varied clinical scenario in which the brain is frequently involved. Therefore, fetal and neonatal neuro-imaging plays a pivotal role in reaching an accurate diagnosis and in predicting the clinical outcome. Congenital brain infections are characterized by various clinical manifestations, ranging from nearly asymptomatic diseases to syndromic disorders, often associated with severe neurological symptoms. Brain damage results from the complex interaction among the infectious agent, its specific cellular tropism, and the stage of development of the central nervous system at the time of the maternal infection. Therefore, neuroradiological findings vary widely and are the result of complex events. An early detection is essential to establishing a proper diagnosis and prognosis, and to guarantee an optimal and prompt therapeutic perinatal management. Recently, emerging infective agents (i.e., Zika virus and SARS-CoV2) have been related to possible pre- and perinatal brain damage, thus expanding the spectrum of congenital brain infections. The purpose of this pictorial review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on fetal and neonatal brain neuroimaging patterns in congenital brain infections used in clinical practice.
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Aertsen M, Dymarkowski S, Vander Mijnsbrugge W, Cockmartin L, Demaerel P, De Catte L. Anatomical and diffusion-weighted imaging of brain abnormalities in third-trimester fetuses with cytomegalovirus infection. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2022; 60:68-75. [PMID: 35018680 DOI: 10.1002/uog.24856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected fetuses with first-trimester seroconversion, we aimed to evaluate the detection of brain abnormalities using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neurosonography (NSG) in the third trimester, and compare the grading systems of the two modalities. We also evaluated the feasibility of routine use of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) fetal MRI and compared the regional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values between CMV-infected fetuses and presumed normal, non-infected fetuses in the third trimester. METHODS This was a retrospective review of MRI and NSG scans in fetuses with confirmed first-trimester CMV infection performed between September 2015 and August 2019. Brain abnormalities were recorded and graded using fetal MRI and NSG grading systems to compare the two modalities. To investigate feasibility of DWI, a four-point rating scale (poor, suboptimal, good, excellent) was applied to assess the quality of the images. Quantitative assessment was performed by placing a freehand drawn region of interest in the white matter of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and the basal ganglia, pons and cerebellum to calculate ADC values. Regional ADC measurements were obtained similarly in a control group of fetuses with negative maternal CMV serology in the first trimester, normal brain findings on fetal MRI and normal genetic testing. RESULTS Fifty-three MRI examinations of 46 fetuses with confirmed first-trimester CMV infection were included. NSG detected 24 of 27 temporal cysts seen on MRI scans, with a sensitivity of 78% and an accuracy of 83%. NSG did not detect abnormal gyration visible on two (4%) MRI scans. Periventricular calcifications were detected on two MRI scans compared with 10 NSG scans. While lenticulostriate vasculopathy was detected on 11 (21%) NSG scans, no fetus demonstrated this finding on MRI. MRI grading correlated significantly with NSG grading of brain abnormalities (P < 0.0001). Eight (15%) of the DWI scans in the CMV cohort were excluded from further analysis because of insufficient quality. The ADC values of CMV-infected fetuses were significantly increased in the frontal (both sides, P < 0.0001), temporal (both sides, P < 0.0001), parietal (left side, P = 0.0378 and right side, P = 0.0014) and occipital (left side, P = 0.0002 and right side, P < 0.0001) lobes and decreased in the pons (P = 0.0085) when compared with non-infected fetuses. The ADC values in the basal ganglia and the cerebellum were not significantly different in CMV-infected fetuses compared with normal controls (all P > 0.05). Temporal and frontal ADC values were higher in CMV-infected fetuses with more severe brain abnormalities compared to fetuses with mild abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound and MRI are complementary during the third trimester in the assessment of brain abnormalities in CMV-infected fetuses, with a significant correlation between the grading systems of the two modalities. On DWI in the third trimester, the ADC values in several brain regions are abnormal in CMV-infected fetuses compared with normal controls. Furthermore, they seem to correlate in the temporal area and, to a lesser extent, frontal area with the severity of brain abnormalities associated with CMV infection. Larger prospective studies are needed for further investigation of the microscopic nature of diffusion abnormalities and correlation of different imaging findings with postnatal outcome. © 2022 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aertsen
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Dymarkowski
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - L Cockmartin
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P Demaerel
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - L De Catte
- Division Woman and Child, Fetal Medicine Unit, Clinical Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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De Asis-Cruz J, Andescavage N, Limperopoulos C. Adverse Prenatal Exposures and Fetal Brain Development: Insights From Advanced Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:480-490. [PMID: 34848383 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence from clinical and preclinical studies suggests that fetal vulnerability to adverse prenatal exposures increases the risk for neuropsychiatric diseases such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and depression. Recent advances in fetal magnetic resonance imaging have allowed us to characterize typical fetal brain growth trajectories in vivo and to interrogate structural and functional alterations associated with intrauterine exposures, such as maternal stress, environmental toxins, drugs, and obesity. Here, we review proposed mechanisms for how prenatal influences disrupt neurodevelopment, including the role played by maternal and fetal inflammatory responses. We summarize insights from magnetic resonance imaging research in fetuses, highlight recent discoveries in normative fetal development using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging techniques (i.e., three-dimensional volumetry, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, placental diffusion imaging, and functional imaging), and discuss how baseline trajectories are shaped by prenatal exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepheen De Asis-Cruz
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Nickie Andescavage
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC; Department of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Developing Brain Institute, Department of Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC.
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29
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Andreou D, Jørgensen KN, Nerland S, Yolken RH, Haukvik UK, Andreassen OA, Agartz I. Cytomegalovirus Infection Associated with Smaller Total Cortical Surface Area in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Schizophr Bull 2022; 48:1164-1173. [PMID: 35388401 PMCID: PMC9434442 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cytomegalovirus (CMV) congenital infection and in immunodeficiency can have deleterious effects on human cortex. In immunocompetent adults, the putative association between CMV infection and cortical measures has not been explored. We hypothesized that CMV exposure is associated with smaller cortical surface area or cortical thinning mainly in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. STUDY DESIGN We included 67 adult patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 262 adult healthy controls. We measured circulating CMV IgG antibody concentrations with solid-phase immunoassay techniques. We measured the total cortical surface area, regional cortical surface areas and the overall mean cortical thickness based on T1-weighted MRI scans processed in FreeSurfer v6.0. STUDY RESULTS In the whole sample analysis, we found a significant diagnostic group-by-CMV status interaction on the total surface area (P = .020). Among patients, CMV antibody positivity was significantly associated with smaller total surface area (P = .002, partial eta2 = 0.138) whereas no such association was found in healthy controls (P = .059). Post hoc analysis among patients showed that higher CMV antibody concentrations were also significantly associated with smaller total surface area (P = .038), and that CMV antibody positivity was significantly inversely associated with 14 left and 16 right regional surface areas mainly in the frontal and temporal lobes. CMV infection was not associated with the overall mean cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS The results are indicative of a cortical surface area vulnerability to CMV infection in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders but not in healthy controls. CMV infection may contribute to the established cortical surface area aberrations in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Andreou
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Department of Psychiatric Research, Forskningsveien 7, 0373, Oslo, Norway; tel: +46737678848, fax: +4722029901, e-mail:
| | - Kjetil Nordbø Jørgensen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stener Nerland
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Robert H Yolken
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Unn K Haukvik
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Forensic Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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Denef M, Noel L, Bruck G, Gudelj J, Tebache M, Viellevoye R, Nisolle M, Chantraine F. First-line noninvasive management of cytomegalovirus primary infection in pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2022; 50:270-276. [PMID: 34923781 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To introduce a first-line noninvasive antenatal management of maternal cytomegalovirus (CMV) primary infection based on ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Amniocentesis (AC) is used as a second-line tool in cases of abnormalities compatible with fetal CMV infection on US and/or MRI screening. METHODS Between January 2011 and October 2018, pregnant women referred with a CMV primary infection on antibody screening were followed up by monthly US scans and a brain MRI at approximately 32 weeks. In cases with US and/or MRI abnormalities compatible with congenital CMV infection, AC was performed to confirm the diagnosis. RESULTS Ninety pregnant women with a primary CMV infection were included (89 singleton and one twin pregnancy). The first-line screening by US and/or MRI was normal for 72 of 91 fetuses (79%). At birth, 19 of these 72 neonates (26%) had a positive urine sample for CMV but were asymptomatic. US and/or MRI abnormalities were identified in 19 fetuses (21%). AC confirmed a fetal CMV infection in 16 fetuses (84%); 12 pregnancies were terminated, and four were continued, with three symptomatic neonates at birth and one poor neurodevelopmental outcome at postnatal follow-up. CONCLUSIONS First-line noninvasive management of maternal CMV primary infection based on serial US scans and brain MRI can be offered to identify fetuses with severe symptomatic congenital CMV infection and reduce the number of ACs without compromising the fetal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Denef
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | - Laure Noel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Bruck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | - Justine Gudelj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | | | - Renaud Viellevoye
- Service de Néonatologie, University of Liege, site CHR Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Michelle Nisolle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Chantraine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, site CHR Citadelle, Liege, Belgium
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31
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Cushing SL, Purcell PL, Papaiaonnou V, Neghandi J, Daien M, Blaser SI, Ertl-Wagner B, Wagner M, Sheng M, James AL, Bitnun A, Papsin BC, Gordon KA. Hearing Instability in Children with Congenital Cytomegalovirus: Evidence and Neural Consequences. Laryngoscope 2022; 132 Suppl 11:S1-S24. [PMID: 35302239 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a common sequela of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV), potentially exacerbating neurocognitive delay. The objectives of this study were to assess: (1) age at which SNHL in children with cCMV; (2) stimulability of the auditory system in children with cCMV following cochlear implantation (CI); and (3) whether features of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) potentially are predictive of hearing outcomes. METHODS In this retrospective study of a prospectively acquired cohort, 123 children with cCMV who were referred for hearing loss at a single tertiary referral hospital over 20 years were compared with an unmatched comparative group of 90 children with GJB2-related deafness. Outcome measures were results of newborn hearing screening (NHS), behavioral audiograms, and, in a subgroup of cochlear implant (CI) users, responses from the auditory nerve and brainstem evoked by CI at initial activation, as well as lesional volume of FLAIR-hyperintense signal alterations on MRI. RESULTS All but 3 of 123 children with cCMV had confirmed and persistent SNHL. At birth, 113 children with cCMV underwent NHS, 31 (27%) passed in both ears and 23 (20%) passed in one ear (no NHS data in 10 children). At the first audiologic assessment, 32 of 123 (26%) had normal hearing bilaterally; 35 of 123 (28%) had unilateral SNHL; and 57 of 123 (46%) had bilateral SNHL. More than half (67 of 123, 54%) experienced hearing deterioration in at least one ear. Survival analyses suggested that 60% of children who developed SNHL did so by 2.5 years and 80% by 5 years. In the children who passed NHS in one or both ears, 50% developed hearing loss by 3.5 years in the ear, which passed unilaterally (n = 23 ears), and 50% by 5 years in bilateral passes (n = 62 ears). Hearing loss was significant enough in all but one child with isolated high-frequency loss for rehabilitation to be indicated. Hearing thresholds in individual ears were in the CI range in 83% (102 of 123), although duration of deafness was sufficient to preclude implantation at our center in 13 children with unilateral SNHL. Hearing aids were indicated in 16% (20 of 123). Responses from the auditory nerve and brainstem to initial CI stimulation were similar in children with cCMV-related SNHL compared with GJB2-related SNHL. Characteristic white matter changes on MRI were seen in all children with cCMV-related SNHL (n = 91), but the lesion volume in each cortical hemisphere did not predict degree of SNHL. CONCLUSIONS cCMV-related SNHL is often not detected by NHS but occurs with high prevalence in early childhood. Electrophysiological measures suggest equivalent stimulability of the auditory nerve and brainstem with CI in children with cCMV and GJB2-related SNHL. Hyperintense white matter lesions on FLAIR MRI are consistently present in children with cCMV-related SNHL but cannot be used to predict its time course or degree. Combined, the data show early and rapid deterioration of hearing in children with cCMV-related SNHL with potential for good CI outcomes if SNHL is identified and managed without delay. Findings support universal newborn screening for cCMV followed by careful audiological monitoring. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Cushing
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia L Purcell
- C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Vicky Papaiaonnou
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaina Neghandi
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maya Daien
- Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan I Blaser
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Paediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Paediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Paediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Sheng
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Division of Paediatric Neuroradiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian L James
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ari Bitnun
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake C Papsin
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen A Gordon
- Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Communication Disorders, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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Gullo G, Scaglione M, Cucinella G, Riva A, Coldebella D, Cavaliere AF, Signore F, Buzzaccarini G, Spagnol G, Laganà AS, Noventa M, Zaami S. Congenital Zika Syndrome: Genetic Avenues for Diagnosis and Therapy, Possible Management and Long-Term Outcomes. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051351. [PMID: 35268441 PMCID: PMC8911172 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered in Uganda in 1947 and was originally isolated only in Africa and Asia. After a spike of microcephaly cases in Brazil, research has closely focused on different aspects of congenital ZIKV infection. In this review, we evaluated many aspects of the disease in order to build its natural history, with a focus on the long-term clinical and neuro-radiological outcomes in children. The authors have conducted a wide-ranging search spanning the 2012–2021 period from databases PubMed, PubMed Central, Web of Science, Medline, Scopus. Different sections reflect different points of congenital ZIKV infection syndrome: pathogenesis, prenatal diagnosis, clinical signs, neuroimaging and long-term developmental outcomes. It emerged that pathogenesis has not been fully clarified and that the clinical signs are not only limited to microcephaly. Given the current absence of treatments, we proposed schemes to optimize diagnostic protocols in endemic countries. It is essential to know the key aspects of this disease to guarantee early diagnosis, even in less severe cases, and an adequate management of the main chronic problems. Considering the relatively recent discovery of this congenital infectious syndrome, further studies and updated long-term follow-up are needed to further improve management strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gullo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Marco Scaglione
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaspare Cucinella
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Villa Sofia Cervello Hospital IVF UNIT, University of Palermo, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (G.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Arianna Riva
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Padova Hospital, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Davide Coldebella
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Anna Franca Cavaliere
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Santo Stefano Hospital, ULS Toscana Centro, 59100 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sant’Eugenio Hospital, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Buzzaccarini
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Giulia Spagnol
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Marco Noventa
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Gynaecological Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (D.C.); (G.B.); (G.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Simona Zaami
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
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33
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Huang Z, Xia S, Mei S, Wen Y, Liu J, Dong C, Chen W, Yu P, Qu L, Luo Y, Zheng L. Integrated Analysis Reveals the Characteristics and Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Maternal–Fetal Transmission. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:813187. [PMID: 35154056 PMCID: PMC8828581 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is threatening global health. SARS-CoV-2 spreads by air with a transmission rate of up to 15%, but the probability of its maternal–fetal transmission through the placenta is reported to be low at around 3.28%. However, it is still unclear that which tissues and developmental periods hold higher risks and what the underlying molecular mechanisms are. We conducted an integrated analysis of large-scale transcriptome and single-cell sequencing data to investigate the key factors that affect SARS-CoV-2 maternal–fetal transmission as well as the characteristics and effects of them. Our results showed that the abundance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) infection-associated factors in the placenta were higher than their primarily infected tissues, while the expression levels of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) were similar between lung and placenta. By contrast, an important SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated factor, type II transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2), was poorly expressed in placenta. Further scRNA-Seq analysis revealed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were co-expressed in very few trophoblastic cells. Interestingly, during the embryonic development stages, the abundance of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 was much higher in multiple embryonic tissues than in the placenta. Based on our present analysis, the intestine in 20th week of embryonic development was at a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, we found that during the fetal development, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were enriched in pathogen infection-associated pathways and may involve in the biological processes related to T-cell activation. In conclusion, our present study suggests that though the placenta provides a good physical barrier against SARS-CoV-2 infection for healthy fetal development, multiple embryonic tissues are under risks of the virus infection, which may be adversely affected once infected prenatally. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance maternal care to prevent the potential impact and harm of SARS-CoV-2 maternal–fetal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Mei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanzi Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiu Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengzhi Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peijie Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lianghu Qu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Yanmin Luo,
| | - Lingling Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Zheng,
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The Role of Fetal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Current Fetal Medicine. J Belg Soc Radiol 2022; 106:130. [PMID: 36569393 PMCID: PMC9756908 DOI: 10.5334/jbsr.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In open spina bifida we studied the use of MRI for the assessment of the posterior fossa and prevalence of supratentorial anomalies before and after in utero repair. New postprocessing techniques were applied to evaluate fetal brain development in this population compared to controls. In fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, we evaluated the brain development in comparison to controls. Diffusion weighted imaging was applied to study difference between fetuses with proven first trimester cytomegalovirus infection and controls. Finally, we investigated the value of third trimester fetal brain MRI after treatment for complicated monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies.
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35
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Hart AR, Vasudevan C, Griffiths PD, Foulds N, Piercy H, de Lacy P, Boxall S, Howe D, Vollmer B. Antenatal counselling for prospective parents whose fetus has a neurological anomaly: part 2, risks of adverse outcome in common anomalies. Dev Med Child Neurol 2022; 64:23-39. [PMID: 34482539 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After diagnosis of a fetal neurological anomaly, prospective parents want to know the best and worst-case scenarios and an estimation of the risk to their infant of having an atypical developmental outcome. The literature on developmental outcomes for fetal neurological anomalies is poor: studies are characterized by retrospective design, small sample size, often no standardized assessment of development, and differing definitions of anomalies. This review provides an aide-memoir on the risks of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome for ventriculomegaly, cortical anomalies, microcephaly, macrocephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, posterior fossa anomalies, and myelomeningocele, to assist healthcare professionals in counselling. The data in this review should be used alongside recommendations on counselling and service design described in part 1 to provide antenatal counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R Hart
- Department of Perinatal and Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Ryegate Children's Centre, Sheffield, UK
| | - Chakra Vasudevan
- Department of Neonatology, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Paul D Griffiths
- Academic Unit of Radiology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Princess Anne Hospital, University Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Hilary Piercy
- The Centre for Health and Social Care, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Patricia de Lacy
- Department of Paediatric Neuosurgery, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sally Boxall
- Wessex Fetal Medicine Unit, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - David Howe
- Wessex Fetal Medicine Unit, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Brigitte Vollmer
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Paediatric and Neonatal Neurology, Southampton Children's Hospital, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Fitzpatrick D, Holmes NE, Hui L. A systematic review of maternal TORCH serology as a screen for suspected fetal infection. Prenat Diagn 2021; 42:87-96. [PMID: 34893980 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acronym 'TORCH' refers to well-recognised causes of perinatal infections: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). A TORCH serology panel is often used to test for maternal primary infection following detection of ultrasound abnormalities in pregnancy. AIM This review aims to estimate the diagnostic yield of maternal TORCH serology in pregnancy following fetal ultrasound abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary studies published since 2000 that assessed maternal TORCH serology for suspected fetal infection and included information on indications for testing, definition of positive TORCH serology results, and perinatal outcomes were included. RESULTS Eight studies with a total of 2538 pregnancies were included. The main indications for testing were polyhydramnios, fetal growth restriction and hyperechogenic bowel. There were 26 confirmed cases of congenital CMV, of which 15 had multiple ultrasound abnormalities. There were no cases of congenital toxoplasmosis, rubella or HSV confirmed in any of the eight studies. CONCLUSIONS The clinical utility of TORCH serology for non-specific ultrasound abnormalities such as isolated fetal growth restriction or isolated polyhydramnios is low. It is time to retire the TORCH acronym and the reflex ordering of 'TORCH' panels, as their continued use obscures, rather than illuminates, appropriate investigation for fetal ultrasound abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Fitzpatrick
- Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natasha E Holmes
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Hui
- Department of Perinatal Medicine, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Annelies K, Leenheer D, Alexandra C, Veerle C, Sabine L, Ludo M, Christine VM, Ingeborg D, Koenraad S. Results of a multicenter registry for congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Flanders, Belgium: From prenatal diagnosis over neonatal management to therapy. Early Hum Dev 2021; 163:105499. [PMID: 34743933 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2006, a consensus was made on management and follow up of children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) in Flanders, Belgium. Since 2007 systematic registration of those children was initiated. In this report, focus is on the perinatal data of our population. STUDY DESIGN Children with confirmed diagnosis of cCMV were eligible for registration. Information on prenatal/neonatal investigations, management and therapy in those children was obtained. RESULTS Over 14 years, 1059 children were included. Symptomatic disease was diagnosed in 319/1059 (30,5%) children. Of those 13,5% were classified as mild, 16% as moderate and 70,5% as severe infections. Clinical signs at birth were present in 9,1%, central nervous system involvement in 31,2% and hearing loss in 15,5%. Antiviral therapy was given in 63,9% of patients eligible for therapy. Some of our data seem to confirm some hypotheses regarding cCMV or support the current recommendations for counselling and management. However, some data, although sometimes acquired in small groups, add to the discussion on some topics. Neonatal/prenatal screening or not, correlation between viral load and neonatal outcome or the use of both MRI and US in every child are some of those topics. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report on perinatal characteristics of children with cCMV in Flanders, Belgium during a 14-year period, based on a large multicenter CMV dataset. Worldwide, the systematic registration and follow-up of children with cCMV infection will become increasingly important to document the impact of forthcoming preventive and therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keymeulen Annelies
- Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - De Leenheer
- Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Cossey Veerle
- University Hospital Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Laroche Sabine
- Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Mahieu Ludo
- Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650 Edegem, Belgium; Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - Dhooghe Ingeborg
- Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Smets Koenraad
- Ghent University Hospital Ghent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Papaioannou G, Klein W, Cassart M, Garel C. Indications for magnetic resonance imaging of the fetal central nervous system: recommendations from the European Society of Paediatric Radiology Fetal Task Force. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:2105-2114. [PMID: 34137935 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fetal central nervous system MRI is a well-established method to complement a high-quality fetal ultrasound and to clarify sonographically detected abnormalities in complex pregnancies. However, there is still worldwide heterogeneity and confusion regarding the indications of fetal central nervous system MRI, which has roots in differences among countries regarding the performance of ultrasound examinations and legislation on pregnancy termination. The purpose of this article is to clarify the indications for fetal central nervous system MRI by focusing on the ultrasound findings that guide further investigation with MRI and highlight the strengths and the weaknesses of each modality on imaging the fetal central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papaioannou
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Mitera Maternity and Children's Hospital, 6 Erythrou Stavrou str, Maroussi, 15123, Athens, Greece.
| | - Willemijn Klein
- Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Anatomy, Radboud Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marie Cassart
- Department of Radiology and Fetal Medicine, Iris South Hospitals, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Garel
- Department of Radiology, Armand-Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
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Lazarte-Rantes C, Rodríguez-Anccasi R, Rivas-Campos C, Silva E. Congenital Toxoplasmosis: Findings in Fetal MRI. Cureus 2021; 13:e16894. [PMID: 34513467 PMCID: PMC8417349 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infection, when acquired as an acute infection during pregnancy, can have substantial adverse effects on fetuses. We present the case of a 19-year-old pregnant woman with no previous relevant medical history. The ultrasound in the third trimester showed brain and abdominal abnormalities such as congenital hydrocephalus, volume loss of the brain parenchyma, and hepatosplenomegaly. The laboratory test showed positive IgM for Toxoplasma gondii. MRI was performed for better assessment and it shows the lesions in the central nervous system and other organs with more details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lazarte-Rantes
- Pediatric Radiology, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, PER.,Pediatric Radiology, Resocentro, Lima, PER
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Interleukins and Toll-like Receptors and Neuroimaging Results in Newborns with Congenital HCMV Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091783. [PMID: 34578364 PMCID: PMC8473223 DOI: 10.3390/v13091783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection (cCMV) is the most common intrauterine infection with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. There is limited data on the associations between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involving the first-line defense mechanism and the risk of CNS damage during cCMV. We investigated the associations between neuroimaging findings and SNPs in genes encoding the following cytokines and cytokine receptors in 92 infants with cCMV: interleukins (IL1B rs16944, IL12B rs3212227, IL28B rs12979860), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2 rs1024611), dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN rs735240), Toll-like receptors (TLR2 rs5743708, TLR4 rs4986791, TLR9 rs352140). The SNP of IL1B rs16944 (G/A) was associated with a reduced risk of ventriculomegaly on MRI (OR = 0.46, 95% CI, 0.22-0.95; p = 0.03) and cUS (OR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.0-0.93; p = 0.034). Infants carrying heterozygous (T/C) genotype at IL28B rs12979860 had an increased risk of cystic lesions on cUS (OR = 3.31, 95% CI, 1.37-8.01; p = 0.0064) and MRI (OR = 4.97, 95% CI, 1.84-13.43; p = 0.001), and an increased risk of ventriculomegaly on MRI (OR = 2.46, 95% CI, 1.03-5.90; p = 0.04). No other associations between genotyped SNPs and neuroimaging results were found. This is the first study demonstrating new associations between SNPs of IL1B and IL28B and abnormal neuroimaging in infants with cCMV.
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Brain fetal magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate maturation of normal white matter during the third trimester of pregnancy. Pediatr Radiol 2021; 51:1826-1838. [PMID: 34019102 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could improve the estimation of fetal brain maturation and the interpretation of white matter signal intensity in pathological conditions. OBJECTIVE To investigate T2-based and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) measurements for the evaluation of fetal brain maturation during the last trimester of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred sixty-eight fetal brain MRIs were retrospectively analyzed (age range: 28-37 weeks of gestation) after ensuring that none of the children developed psychomotor or cognitive impairment (median follow-up: 4.7 years). Bilateral regions of interest were drawn on the frontal, occipital, parietal and temporal lobes from T2-W imaging and DWI, when available, to evaluate signal intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Ratios were calculated with two references (pons or thalamus and cerebrospinal fluid) to standardize signal intensities. Reproducibility was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots. Correlations with gestational age were evaluated with univariate and multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS T2 measurements were achieved in all cases, and DWI was available in 37 cases. Measurements and ratios were reproducible in eight localizations (i.e. intra- and interobserver ICCs >0.5): frontal T2/thalamus, parietal T2/thalamus, occipital T2/pons, parietal ADC/thalamus, occipital ADC/pons, temporal ADC/pons, occipital ADC and temporal ADC. The frontal T2/thalamus and parietal T2/thalamus correlated with gestational age (P<0.0001 and P=0.014, respectively). In the multivariate modeling, frontal T2/thalamus remained an independent predictor of the gestational age (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION The frontal T2/thalamus ratio emerged as a potential additional biomarker of fetal brain maturation during the last trimester of pregnancy.
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Moulden J, Sung CYW, Brizic I, Jonjic S, Britt W. Murine Models of Central Nervous System Disease following Congenital Human Cytomegalovirus Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:1062. [PMID: 34451526 PMCID: PMC8400215 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus infection of the developing fetus is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disorders in infants and children, leading to long-term neurological sequela in a significant number of infected children. Current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of this intrauterine infection is limited because of the complexity of this infection, which includes maternal immunological responses that are overlaid on virus replication in the CNS during neurodevelopment. Furthermore, available data from human cases are observational, and tissues from autopsy studies have been derived from only the most severe infections. Animal models of this human infection are also limited by the strict species specificity of cytomegaloviruses. However, informative models including non-human primates and small animal models have been developed. These include several different murine models of congenital HCMV infection for the study of CMV neuropathogenesis. Although individual murine models do not completely recapitulate all aspects of the human infection, each model has provided significant information that has extended current understanding of the neuropathogenesis of this human infection. This review will compare and contrast different murine models in the context of available information from human studies of CNS disease following congenital HCMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Moulden
- Department of Microbiology, UAB School of Medicine, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA;
| | - Cathy Yea Won Sung
- Laboratory of Hearing Biology and Therapeutics, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Center for Proteomics and Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (I.B.); (S.J.)
| | - William Britt
- Department of Microbiology, UAB School of Medicine, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurobiology, UAB School of Medicine, Birmingham, Al 35294, USA
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New evidence on prognostic features, prevention and treatment of congenital Cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2021; 32:342-350. [PMID: 32739974 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection remains a major cause of lifelong disability, with no systematic screening implemented in pregnancy or the postnatal period. In this review article, we outline the preventive strategies, antenatal prognostic features and experimental therapies as well as evidence of efficacy from recent trials. RECENT FINDINGS A recent randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy of Valaciclovir in women contracting primary CMV in the periconception period or first trimester. They concluded that Valaciclovir at a dose of 8 g/day is effective in reducing the rate of foetal CMV infection following early maternal primary infection. Administration of CMV hyperimmune globulin (HIG) was investigated in a recent randomized double-masked controlled trial. This study concluded that CMV HIG was ineffective at reducing the risk of congenital CMV among women with primary CMV in early pregnancy. SUMMARY Congenital CMV infection remains a significant cause of disability. There is currently no vaccine available, with the best preventive strategy being patient education on transmission as well as hygiene measures to reduce risk of exposure. Experimental therapies have been investigated in recent years and there is evidence supporting the use of Valaciclovir. Data for the efficacy of CMV HIG remains inconsistent and administration is currently limited to clinical trial settings.
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44
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Wang S, Zou F, Wu S, Wu Y, Yue Y, Sun Z. Neurotrophic factor levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of neonates infected with human cytomegalovirus. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:373-382. [PMID: 34019717 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is most likely to damage the central nervous system (CNS) during early embryonic development; however, the early neurodevelopmental abnormalities caused by HCMV infection and the regulation of cytokines remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated neuronal factors in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of newborns infected with HCMV using protein microarray technology with a view to elucidating the changes in specific neuronal factors for use in the development of a reliable index for predicting CNS injury caused by HCMV infection. Serum and CSF were collected from four newborns with HCMV infection and CNS injury (HCMV-infected group) and from four newborns without CNS infection (control group). A protein microarray containing 29 kinds of CNS-related cytokines was used to identify differentially expressed neuronal factors in the serum and CSF of the HCMV-infected and control groups. The levels of the differentially expressed proteins were verified further in 30 CSF samples from an HCMV-infected group using enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA). Between newborns in the HCMV-infected and control groups, the protein microarray analysis identified three differentially expressed neurotrophic factors in the CSF samples: Acrp30, MMP-3, and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α). No differential cytokine expression was seen in the serum. ELISA showed significantly higher expression levels of Acrp30 and MMP-3 in the CSF of the 30 newborns with HCMV infection and CNS injury than in those in the control group, whereas the expression of IL-1α was significantly lower. Our results demonstrate that changes in the expression levels of Acrp30, MMP-3, and IL-1α in the CSF of newborns infected with HCMV may be related to the pathogenesis of CNS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Si Wu
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanyi Yue
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengrong Sun
- Department of BioBank, Sheng Jing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Buca D, Di Mascio D, Rizzo G, Giancotti A, D'Amico A, Leombroni M, Makatsarya A, Familiari A, Liberati M, Nappi L, Flacco ME, Manzoli L, Salomon LJ, Scambia G, D'Antonio F. Outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection and normal ultrasound at diagnosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 57:551-559. [PMID: 33030767 DOI: 10.1002/uog.23143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report the outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis, and to evaluate the rate of an additional anomaly detected only on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting on the outcome of fetuses with congenital CMV infection. Inclusion criteria were fetuses with confirmed CMV infection and normal ultrasound assessment at the time of the initial evaluation. The outcomes observed were an anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan, an anomaly detected on prenatal MRI but missed on ultrasound, an anomaly detected on postnatal assessment but missed prenatally, perinatal mortality, symptomatic infection at birth, neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing and visual deficits. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed only in cases of isolated CMV infection confirmed at birth. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included, comprising 2603 fetuses with congenital CMV infection, of which 1178 (45.3%) had normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis and were included in the analysis. The overall rate of an associated central nervous system (CNS) anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 4.4% (95% CI, 1.4-8.8%) (32/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on prenatal MRI or on postnatal imaging were 5.8% (95% CI, 1.9-11.5%) (19/357; 11 studies) and 3.2% (95% CI, 0.3-9.0%) (50/660; 17 studies), respectively. The rate of an associated extra-CNS anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 2.9% (95% CI, 0.8-6.3%) (19/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on MRI or on postnatal imaging were 0% (95% CI, 0.0-1.7%) (0/357; 11 studies) and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3-1.8%) (4/660; 17 studies), respectively. Intrauterine death and perinatal death each occurred in 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3-1.4%) (2/824; 23 studies) of cases. In cases without an associated anomaly detected pre- or postnatally, symptomatic infection was found in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.7-2.7%) (6/548; 19 studies) of infants, the overall rate of a neurodevelopmental anomaly was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.6-5.1%) (16/550; 19 studies), and hearing problems affected 6.5% (95% CI, 3.8-10.0%) (36/550; 19 studies) of children. Subanalyses according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred were affected by the very small number of included cases and lack of comparison of the observed outcomes in the original studies. Compared with fetuses infected in the second or third trimester, those infected in the first trimester had a relatively higher risk of having an additional anomaly detected on follow-up ultrasound or MRI, abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing problems. CONCLUSIONS In fetuses with congenital CMV infection in which no anomalies are detected on prenatal ultrasound or MRI, the risk of adverse postnatal outcome is lower than that reported previously in the published literature when not considering the role of antenatal imaging assessment. The results from this review also highlight the potential role of MRI, even in fetuses with no anomalies detected on ultrasound, as an anomaly can be detected exclusively on MRI in about 6% of cases. The findings from this study could enhance prenatal counseling of pregnancies with congenital CMV infection with normal prenatal imaging. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buca
- Centre for High Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - D Di Mascio
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Rizzo
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Ospedale Cristo Re, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Giancotti
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A D'Amico
- Centre for High Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - M Leombroni
- Centre for High Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - A Makatsarya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First I.M. Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Familiari
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, University of Milan, and Department of Woman Child and Neonate, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - M Liberati
- Centre for High Risk Pregnancy and Fetal Care, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chieti, Italy
| | - L Nappi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - M E Flacco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L Manzoli
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - L J Salomon
- Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Paris Descartes and Fetus & LUMIERE team, Paris, France
| | - G Scambia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - F D'Antonio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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Birnbaum R, Winsteen A, Brusilov M, Wolman I, Ben-Sira L, Malinger G, Krajden Haratz K. A unique brain germinal matrix involvement in cytomegalovirus infected fetuses: A retrospective neurosonographic analysis with outcome correlation. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:877-883. [PMID: 33440022 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinical significance of brain germinal matrix (GM) changes in cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected fetuses. METHOD This is a retrospective analysis. Group A; isolated GM finding, with or without lenticulostriatal vasculopathy (LSV). Group B; non-isolated lesion. Amniocentesis, urinalysis, postnatal US and developmental assessment, were obtained. RESULTS Group A and B included 18 and four fetuses, respectively. In group A, mean fetal age at diagnosis was 34.3 weeks (31-38 weeks). In 15/18 (83.3%), the lesion was bilateral and LSV was present in 8/18 (44.4%). Small cysts appeared inside the lesion in 5/18 (27.7%). MRI was normal in 8/18 (44.4%). Subtle or inconclusive findings were reported in the remaining fetuses. Brain ultrasound was normal in 10/18 (55.5%) of newborns. In the remaining, caudothalamic cyst with or without LSV, or isolated LSV were found. All newborns are developing normally at a mean follow-up age of 33.3 months (+/- 19.6 moths). In group B, all four patients requested for termination of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Fetal CMV infection may cause focal GM changes, frequently accompanied by LSV, late in pregnancy. These changes may be isolated, or as part of a more generalized brain damage. When isolated, favorable prognosis is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roee Birnbaum
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Winsteen
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Brusilov
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Igal Wolman
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Liat Ben-Sira
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Pediatric Radiology Unit, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gustavo Malinger
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Karina Krajden Haratz
- OB-GYN Ultrasound Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Linh LT, Duc NM, Nhung NTH, My TTT, Luu DT, Lenh BV. Detecting Fetal Central Nervous System Anomalies Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Ultrasound. Med Arch 2021; 75:45-49. [PMID: 34012199 PMCID: PMC8116073 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2021.75.45-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Most fetal abnormalities can be detected on ultrasound, the evaluation of fetal CNS abnormalities can be limited by various factors, including obesity, polyhydramnios, multiple pregnancies, and increased cranial ossification during the third trimester. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the ability to detect fetal central nervous system (CNS) anomalies using in utero magnetic resonance imaging (iuMRI) and ultrasound (US) techniques. Methods: This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board (Ref: 2968/QĐ-ĐHYHN dated 11 July 2019), and the requirement to obtain the informed consent of patients was waived. This study included 66 fetuses with diagnosed or suspected CNS abnormalities based on the results of a prenatal screening US performed at the antenatal diagnosis center of the Central Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital. All pregnant women with a suspected diagnosis of abnormal fetal CNS on US underwent 1.5-Tesla iuMRI within 14 days of the US at Hanoi Medical University Hospital between June 2019 and June 2020. Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) was used to determine the agreement between US and iuMRI findings. Results: A total of 66 pregnant women were examined, including 66 fetuses, for which 79 abnormalities were detected by US and 98 abnormalities were detected by iuMRI. The average gestational age was 29 weeks and 6 days. The comparison of iuMRI and US findings revealed similar diagnoses for 71 abnormalities (67%) and different diagnoses for 35 abnormalities (33%). The level of agreement between US and iuMRI was almost perfect for ventriculomegaly and cystic lesions, with κ values 0.87 and 0.84, respectively. The level of agreement between US and iuMRI was the weakest for hemorrhage, with a κ value 0 (no agreement), and cortical abnormalities, with a κ value of 0.46 (weak agreement). Conclusion: The level of agreement between US and iuMRI diagnoses was almost perfect for the detection of ventriculomegaly and was weakest for the detection of hemorrhage and cortical abnormalities, which were abnormalities detected by iuMRI but not by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Tuan Linh
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Minh Duc
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam.,Department of Radiology, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thieu-Thi Tra My
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Doan Tien Luu
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Bui Van Lenh
- Department of Radiology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Walsh H, Zuwala J, Hunter J, Oh Y. Congenital Cytomegalovirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Effects on Hearing, Speech and Language Development, and Clinical Outcomes in Children. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:771192. [PMID: 34976894 PMCID: PMC8716614 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.771192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal infections can have adverse effects on an infant's hearing, speech, and language development. Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are two such infections that may lead to these complications, especially when left untreated. CMV is commonly associated with sensorineural hearing loss in children, and it can also be associated with anatomical abnormalities in the central nervous system responsible for speech, language, and intellectual acquisition. In terms of speech, language, and hearing, HIV is most associated with conductive and/or sensorineural hearing loss and expressive language deficits. Children born with these infections may benefit from cochlear implantation for severe to profound sensorineural hearing losses and/or speech therapy for speech/language deficits. CMV and HIV simultaneously present in infants has not been thoroughly studied, but one may hypothesize these speech, language, and hearing deficits to be present with potentially higher severity. Early identification of the infection in combination with early intervention strategies yields better results for these children than no identification or intervention. The purpose of this review was to investigate how congenital CMV and/or HIV may affect hearing, speech, and language development in children, and the importance of early identification for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Walsh
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jillian Zuwala
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jessica Hunter
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yonghee Oh
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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49
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Wilson M, Muir K, Reddy D, Webster R, Kapoor C, Miller E. Prognostic Accuracy of Fetal MRI in Predicting Postnatal Neurodevelopmental Outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020; 41:2146-2154. [PMID: 32943421 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The superior diagnostic accuracy of fetal MR imaging in detecting fetal brain abnormalities has been previously demonstrated; however, the ability of fetal MR imaging to prognosticate postnatal outcome is not well-studied. We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the prognostic accuracy of fetal MR imaging in predicting postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified all fetal MR imaging performed at the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario during a 10-year period and assessed agreement between prenatal prognosis and postnatal outcome. Prenatal prognosis was determined by a pediatric neurologist who reviewed the fetal MR imaging report and categorized each pregnancy as having a favorable, indeterminate, or poor prognosis. Assessment of postnatal neurodevelopmental outcome was made solely on the basis of the child's Gross Motor Function Classification System score and whether the child developed epilepsy. Postnatal outcome was categorized as favorable, intermediate, or poor. We also assessed the diagnostic accuracy of fetal MR imaging by comparing prenatal and postnatal imaging diagnoses. RESULTS We reviewed 145 fetal MR images: 114 were included in the assessment of diagnostic accuracy, and 104 were included in the assessment of prognostic accuracy. There was 93.0% agreement between prenatal and postnatal imaging diagnoses. Prognosis was favorable in 44.2%, indeterminate in 50.0%, and poor in 5.8% of pregnancies. There was 93.5% agreement between a favorable prenatal prognosis and a favorable postnatal outcome. CONCLUSIONS A favorable prenatal prognosis is highly predictive of a favorable postnatal outcome. Further studies are required to better understand the role of fetal MR imaging in prognosticating postnatal development, particularly in pregnancies with indeterminate and poor prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wilson
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.W., C.K., E.M.).,Department of Neurology (M.W.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K Muir
- Pediatric Neurology (K.M.)
| | - D Reddy
- Research Institute (D.R., R.W.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Webster
- Research Institute (D.R., R.W.), Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Kapoor
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.W., C.K., E.M.)
| | - E Miller
- From the Department of Medical Imaging (M.W., C.K., E.M.)
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Goergen S, Lim Z, Clark J, Teoh M, Humnabadkar K, Fahey M, Giles M. Prenatal cranial MR findings in fetuses with suspected CMV infection: Correlation with postnatal outcome and differential diagnostic considerations. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2020; 64:769-778. [PMID: 32741149 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.13083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To: (1) Evaluate intrauterine MRI (iuMRI) findings in fetuses with suspected cCMV and correlate these with final diagnosis(es). (2) Correlate iuMRI in cases of confirmed cCMV with clinical outcomes. METHODS Retrospective cohort of iuMRI referrals for suspected cCMV between 2010 and 2018. Confirmed cCMV defined as positive amniotic fluid or postnatal CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and excluded cCMV defined by negative postnatal PCR. RESULTS Twenty-nine singleton fetuses had iuMRI for suspected cCMV (median gestation 28 weeks (IQR 24-32). No postnatal outcome (n = 6) and no cCMV ascertainment (n = 5) provided 18 cases for analysis. cCMV positive (n = 11): three fetal deaths occurred, one spontaneous and two terminations of pregnancy (TOP), one for microcephaly and one for extensive polymicrogyria; 4/ 8 survivors had normal US and iuMRI with normal newborn hearing screen (AABR)/ neurological examination; two had polymicrogyria and cerebral palsy (CP) GMFCS II and V; 1 had isolated ventriculomegaly and failed newborn AABR; 1 had ventriculomegaly with germinolytic cysts, normal AABR and development at 3/12. cCMV negative (n = 7): Germinolytic cysts were present in 4 cases with 2/4 also having callosal hypogenesis and postnatal genetic and clinical diagnosis of mitochondrial disorder. The third and fourth had a normal newborn metabolic screen and neurological examination. Three deaths were due to toxoplasmosis (n = 1), TOP for severe ventriculomegaly (n = 1) and bilateral schizencephaly (n = 1). CONCLUSIONS Polymicrogyria in fetuses with cCMV, undetected with prenatal US, was associated with CP. Germinolytic cysts were non-specific for cCMV and due to mitochondrial disorders when callosal hypogenesis was present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy Goergen
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhengjie Lim
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenni Clark
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Teoh
- Fetal Diagnostic Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kedar Humnabadkar
- Fetal Diagnostic Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Paediatric Neurology and Neurogenetics Unit, Monash Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Giles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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