Detection of fluoroquinolone-induced tendon disorders using a hospital database in Japan

Research trends in ergonomics, industrial safety and health: semantic network and topic analyses

We evaluated the research trends in ergonomics, industrial safety and health from the 1980s to the present. In the ergonomics area, keywords and abstracts from five journals were analyzed. For industrial safety and health, six journal databases were evaluated. A frequency analysis, a semantic network of keywords and a topic network of abstracts were conducted. The results of ergonomics showed that 'macro-ergonomics' and 'manual material handling' were the most popular topics, and 'ergonomic' and 'electromyography' were the most cited keywords. 'Posture' and 'biomechanics' were the most frequently used with high centrality. The results of industrial safety and health showed that 'job stress' and 'organizational safety' were the most popular topics, and 'occupational exposure' and 'occupational health' were the most cited keywords. 'Dust' and 'exposure' were frequently used with high centrality. The results would be helpful in understanding the trends of research efforts and foreseeing trends of future research.

Positive Association Between Fluoroquinolone Exposure and Tendon Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan

Introduction: Fluoroquinolone exposure is reportedly associated with a higher risk of tendon disorders, tendonitis, or tendon rupture. However, studies in East Asian populations have not confirmed these risks in patients with comorbidities or concomitant medication use. This cohort study was designed to investigate the associations among fluoroquinolone exposure, comorbidities, medication use, and tendon disorders in Taiwan.

Materials and Methods: This population-based, nationwide, observational, cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Research database in Taiwan, a nationwide claims database that covers more than 99% of the Taiwanese population. The study period was from January 2000 to December 2015, and the median follow-up time was 11.05 ± 10.91 years. Patients who were exposed to fluoroquinolones for more than three consecutive days were enrolled, and patients without fluoroquinolone exposure who were matched by age, sex, and index year were enrolled as controls. The associations of comorbidities and concomitant medication use with tendon disorder occurrence were analyzed using Cox regression models.

Results: The incidence of tendon disorders were 6.61 and 3.34 per 10⁵ person-years in patients with and without fluoroquinolone exposure, respectively (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.423; 95% confidence interval [1.02,1.87]; p = 0.021). Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. Patients under 18 and over 60 years with fluoroquinolone exposure; those with chronic kidney disease, diabetes, rheumatologic disease, cardiac disease, lipid disorder, or obesity; and those who concomitantly used statins, aromatase inhibitors, or glucocorticoids, had a significantly higher risk of tendon disorders.

Conclusion: The long-term risk of tendon disorders was higher in patients with fluoroquinolone exposure than in those without fluoroquinolone exposure. Clinicians should assess the benefits and risks of fluoroquinolone use in patients at high risk of tendon disorders who require fluoroquinolone administration.

Toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin: oxidative stress and metabolism

Ciprofloxacin (CIP) (human use) and enrofloxacin (ENR) (veterinary use) are synthetic anti-infectious medications that belong to the second generation of fluoroquinolones. They have a wide antimicrobial spectrum and strong bactericidal effects at very low concentrations via enzymatic inhibition of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are required for DNA replication. They also have high bioavailability, rapid absorption with favorable pharmacokinetics and excellent tissue penetration, including cerebral spinal fluid. These features have made them the most applied antibiotics in both human and veterinary medicine. ENR is marketed exclusively for animal medicine and has been widely used as a therapeutic veterinary antibiotic, resulting in its residue in edible tissues and aquatic environments, as well as the development of resistance and toxicity. Estimation of the risks to humans due to antimicrobial resistance produced by CIP and ENR is important and of great interest. Moreover, in rare cases due to their overdose and/or prolonged administration, the development of CIP and ENR toxicity may occur. The toxicity of these fluoroquinolones antimicrobials is mainly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress (OS) generation, besides metabolism-related toxicity. Therefore, CIP is restricted in pregnant and lactating women, pediatrics and elderly similarly ENR do in the veterinary field. This review manuscript aims to identify the toxicity induced by ROS and OS as a common sequel of CIP and ENR. Furthermore, their metabolism and the role of metabolizing enzymes were reported.

MIHARI project, a preceding study of MID-NET, adverse event detection database of Ministry Health of Japan-Validation study of the signal detection of adverse events of drugs using export data from EMR and medical claim data

We studied the effectiveness of the direct data collection from electronic medical records (EMR) when it is used for monitoring adverse drug events and also detection of already known adverse events. In this study, medical claim data and SS-MIX2 standardized storage data were used to identify four diseases (diabetes, dyslipidemia, hyperthyroidism, and acute renal failure) and the validity of the outcome definitions was evaluated by calculating positive predictive values (PPV). The maximum positive predictive value (PPV) for diabetes based on medical claim data was 40.7% and that based on prescription data from SS-MIX2 Standardized Storage was 44.7%. The PPV for dyslipidemia was 50% or higher under either of the conditions. The PPV for hyperthyroidism based on disease name data alone was 20–30%, but exceeded 60% when prescription data was included in the evaluation. Acute renal failure was evaluated using information from medical records in addition to the data. The PPV for acute renal failure based on the data of disease names and laboratory examination results was slightly higher at 53.7% and increased to 80–90% when patients who previously had a high serum creatinine (Cre) level were excluded. When defining a disease, it is important to include the condition specific to the disease; furthermore, it is very useful if laboratory examination results are also included. Therefore, the inclusion of laboratory examination results in the definitions, as in the present study, was considered very useful for the analysis of multi-center SS-MIX2 standardized storage data.

A VigiBase descriptive study of fluoroquinolone induced disabling and potentially permanent musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders

Recent drug safety concerns described fluoroquinolone (FQ)-induced serious musculoskeletal reactions. The objective of this study was to characterize reports with FQ-associated disabling musculoskeletal disorders, from VigiBase. The analysis included all FQ-induced musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports (up to July-2019), (disabling/incapacitating, or recovered/resolved with sequelae or fatal). We described aspects like reporter, suspected FQs, ADRs, associated corticosteroid therapy. We also looked into the disproportionality data in terms of proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and information component (IC) values. A total of 5355 reports with 13,563 ADRs and 5558 FQs were reported. The majority of reports were for patients aged 18-64 (62.67%), and the female gender prevailed (61.76%). Consumers reported almost half (45.99%), with a peak in reporting rates in 2017. Top reported ADRs were arthralgia (16.34%), tendonitis (11.04%), pain in extremity (9.98%), tendon pain (7.63%), and myalgia (7.17%). Top suspected FQs were levofloxacin (50.04%), ciprofloxacin (38.41%), moxifloxacin (5.16%), ofloxacin (3.17%) and norfloxacin (1.01%). For these, FQs-ADR association was supported by the disproportionality analysis. Corticosteroids were associated with about 7% of tendon related reports. The results augment the existing data on FQs safety concerns, specifically their potential effect on the musculoskeletal system.

Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics and Tendon Injury in Adolescents

OBJECTIVES

To estimate the association between fluoroquinolone use and tendon injury in adolescents.

METHODS

We conducted an active-comparator, new-user cohort study using population-based claims data from 2000 to 2018. We included adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with an outpatient prescription fill for an oral fluoroquinolone or comparator broad-spectrum antibiotic. The primary outcome was Achilles, quadricep, patellar, or tibial tendon rupture identified by diagnosis and procedure codes. Tendinitis was a secondary outcome. We used weighting to adjust for measured confounding and a negative control outcome to assess residual confounding.

RESULTS

The cohort included 4.4 million adolescents with 7.6 million fills for fluoroquinolone (275 767 fills) or comparator (7 365 684) antibiotics. In the 90 days after the index antibiotic prescription, there were 842 tendon ruptures and 16 750 tendinitis diagnoses (crude rates 0.47 and 9.34 per 1000 person-years, respectively). The weighted 90-day tendon rupture risks were 13.6 per 100 000 fluoroquinolone-treated adolescents and 11.6 per 100 000 comparator-treated adolescents (fluoroquinolone-associated excess risk: 1.9 per 100 000 adolescents; 95% confidence interval -2.6 to 6.4); the corresponding number needed to treat to harm was 52 632. For tendinitis, the weighted 90-day risks were 200.8 per 100 000 fluoroquinolone-treated adolescents and 178.1 per 100 000 comparator-treated adolescents (excess risk: 22.7 per 100 000; 95% confidence interval 4.1 to 41.3); the number needed to treat to harm was 4405.

CONCLUSIONS

The excess risk of tendon rupture associated with fluoroquinolone treatment was extremely small, and these events were rare. The excess risk of tendinitis associated with fluoroquinolone treatment was also small. Other more common potential adverse drug effects may be more important to consider for treatment decision-making, particularly in adolescents without other risk factors for tendon injury.

Association Between Third-Generation Fluoroquinolones and Achilles Tendon Rupture: A Self-Controlled Case Series Analysis

PURPOSE

We investigated whether use of third-generation fluoroquinolones is associated with occurrence of Achilles tendon rupture using a case series analysis in which patients served as their own control.

METHODS

We used administrative claims data to identify residents in a single Japanese prefecture who were enrolled in National Health Insurance and Elderly Health Insurance from April 2012 to March 2017 and experienced Achilles tendon rupture after receiving an antibiotic prescription. Antibiotics were categorized into 3 groups: first- and second-generation fluoroquinolones, third-generation fluoroquinolones, and nonfluoroquinolones. We used a conditional Poisson regression model to estimate the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of Achilles tendon rupture during the antibiotic exposure period relative to the nonexposure period for each patient. An exposure period was defined as 30 days from start of the prescription.

RESULTS

Analyses were based on 504 patients with Achilles tendon rupture who had received antibiotic prescriptions. Risk of rupture was not significantly elevated during exposure to third-generation fluoroquinolones (IRR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.33-3.37) and nonfluoroquinolones (IRR = 1.08; 95% CI, 0.80-1.47). In contrast, risk was significantly elevated during exposure to first- and second-generation fluoroquinolones (IRR = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.90-4.54). Findings were similar across subgroups stratified by sex and by recent corticosteroid use.

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis showed that third-generation fluoroquinolone use was not associated with an increased risk of Achilles tendon rupture. These antibiotics may be a safer option for patients in whom this risk is elevated, such as athletes.

Achilles Tendon Rupture Associated with the Use of Fluoroquinolones in Patients Over 60 Years of AGE: Experience From a Single Tertiary Centre

BACKGROUND

Fluoroquinolones have been associated with increased risk of tendinopathy and Achilles tendon rupture (ATR), especially in patients over 60 years of age.

METHODS

A retrospective study was carried out including patients over 60 years of age with ATR attended in our centre over the period 2000-2017.

RESULTS

We identified 44 patients with RTA, of whom 18% (8/44) had been previously treated with fluoroquinolones, with a mean age at diagnosis of ATR of 77.37 years and concomitant corticotherapy in 4 of them. In 7patients, the rupture was spontaneous and all required surgical management. A significantly higher frequency of smoking, concomitant corticotherapy and spontaneous ruptures were found in the group treated with fluoroquinolones.

CONCLUSIONS

ATR is an adverse event that can occur in patients over 60 years of age treated with fluoroquinolones, so an adequate risk-benefit assessment should be carried out in this population, especially in the presence of associated risk factors.

Association between tendon ruptures and use of fluoroquinolone, and other oral antibiotics: a 10-year retrospective study of 1 million US senior Medicare beneficiaries

OBJECTIVES

To assess the association of fluoroquinolone use with tendon ruptures compared with no fluoroquinolone and that of the four most commonly prescribed non-fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the USA.

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

SETTING

US seniors enrolled in the federal old-age, survivor's insurance programme.

PARTICIPANTS

1 009 925 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries and their inpatient, outpatient, prescription drug records were used.

INTERVENTIONS

Seven oral antibiotics, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) and amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, azithromycin and cephalexin.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

All tendon ruptures combined, and three types of tendon ruptures by anatomic site, Achilles tendon rupture, rupture of rotator cuff and other tendon ruptures occurred in 2007-2016.

RESULTS

Of three fluoroquinolones, only levofloxacin exhibited a significant increased risk of tendon ruptures-16% (HR=1.16; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.28), and 120% (HR=2.20; 95% CI 1.50 to 3.24) for rotator cuff and Achilles tendon rupture, respectively, in the ≤30 days window. Ciprofloxacin (HR=0.96; 95% CI 0.89 to 1.03) and moxifloxacin (HR=0.59; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.93) exhibited no increased risk of tendon ruptures combined.Among the non-fluoroquinolone antibiotics, cephalexin exhibited increased risk of combined tendon ruptures (HR=1.31; 95% CI 1.22 to 1.41) and modest to large risks across all anatomic rupture sites (HRs 1.19-1.93) at ≤30 days window. Notably, the risk of levofloxacin never exceeded the risk of the non-fluoroquinolone, cephalexin in any comparison.

CONCLUSIONS

In our study, fluoroquinolones as a class were not associated with the increased risk of tendon ruptures. Neither ciprofloxacin nor moxifloxacin exhibited any risk for tendon ruptures. Levofloxacin did exhibit significant increased risk. Cephalexin with no reported effect on metalloprotease activity had an equal or greater risk than levofloxacin; so we question whether metalloprotease activity has any relevance to observed associations with tendon rupture. Confounding by indication bias may be more relevant and should be given more consideration as explanation for significant associations in observational studies of tendon rupture.

Fluoroquinolone Use and the Risk of Collagen-Associated Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

INTRODUCTION

It has been suggested that fluoroquinolone antibiotics increase the risk of developing collagen-associated adverse events such as aortic dissection and aortic aneurysm. These are life-threatening emergencies that need to be prevented.

OBJECTIVES

We performed this systematic review to clarify the association between fluoroquinolones and three collagen-associated adverse events: aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, retinal detachment, and tendon disorders.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for observational studies up to January 2019. Cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported data on the risk of collagen-related adverse events associated with fluoroquinolone exposure versus no exposure. We assessed the quality of the included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Effect statistics were pooled using random-effects models. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to identify any source of heterogeneity.

RESULTS

After screening 2729 citations, we included 22 observational studies (12 cohort studies and ten case-control studies) with 19,207,552 participants. Current use of fluoroquinolones was significantly associated with aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection (odds ratio [OR] 2.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.92-2.52), tendon disorders (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.53-2.33), and retinal detachment (sensitivity analysis, OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.01-1.53). Past fluoroquinolone use (> 30 and ≤ 365 days) was associated with retinal detachment (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.09-1.47).

CONCLUSIONS

Fluoroquinolone use incurs a risk of developing three collagen-associated diseases (aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection, retinal detachment, and tendon disorders). Patients at an increased risk of collagen-associated diseases should not use fluoroquinolones unless no other options are available.

Cephalexin-associated Achilles Tendonitis: Case Report and Review of Drug-induced Tendinopathy

Tendon disorders include tenosynovitis or tendonitis, tendinosis, and tendon rupture. Tendinopathy associated with drug administration has been associated with the systemic or local administration of several medications. A 90-year-old man who developed toxic tendinopathy after receiving cephalexin 500 mg twice daily has been described. Unilateral pain of his left Achilles tendon pain during walking appeared three weeks after starting the antibiotic. The drug was stopped after four weeks of treatment; within one week after discontinuing the cephalexin, all tendonitis symptoms spontaneously resolved. Drug-induced tendinopathy has most commonly been associated with fluoroquinolones, statins, glucocorticoids, and aromatase inhibitors. In addition, other systemic agents have caused tendinopathy; they include amlodipine, anabolic steroids, antiretrovirals, isotretinoin, renin-angiotensin II receptor antagonists, rituximab, and sitagliptin. Albeit less frequent, other oral antibiotics, including cephalosporins, azithromycin, and sulfonamides, have also been associated with toxic tendinopathy. Also, injections of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum, corticosteroids, and polidocanol have been followed by tendon rupture. The features of tendinopathy associated with drug treatment are summarized and their postulated mechanisms of pathogenesis are reviewed. The onset of tendon pain following the initiation of treatment with a new medication, especially if the agent has previously been associated with drug-induced tendonitis, tendinosis, or tendon rupture, should prompt the consideration of drug-associated toxic tendinopathy.

The Relative Risk of Achilles Tendon Injury in Patients Taking Quinolones

OBJECTIVE

To examine the association between quinolone use and Achilles tendon injury, comparing well-matched cohorts of users of quinolone and nonquinolone antibiotics, and well-matched cohorts of quinolone users and patients not using any nonquinolone antibiotics.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort study used Clinformatics data from 2008-2014. Using the propensity score, we matched quinolone users with other antibiotic users and quinolone users with nonusers. The primary outcome was Achilles tendon injury within 6 months. Bivariate analyses determined risk factors for Achilles tendon injury, and conditional logistic regression assessed the impact of quinolone use on these injuries.

RESULTS

A total of 716,522 fluoroquinolone users were matched with other antibiotic users, and 645,034 fluoroquinolone users were matched with nonusers. Rates of Achilles tendon injury were less than 0.5% in all groups. Quinolone use increased the risk of Achilles tendon injury compared with other antibiotic users (odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.31) and nonusers (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.44-1.64). Interaction with age did not significantly impact the relationship between quinolone use and Achilles injury; however, older quinolone users had a slightly higher relative risk of injury than nonusers versus younger patients. Furthermore, the youngest group of patients had similarly elevated relative risk for injury with quinolone use as did the elderly.

CONCLUSION

Although quinolone use increases the risk of Achilles tendon injury, the absolute risk increase is minimal, especially when compared with similar morbidity patients taking other nonquinolone antibiotics. In relatively healthy populations, such as the one studied here, quinolone use may not make a clinically significant contribution to risk of Achilles tendon injury, at any age range, among those in need of such drugs.

From a Viewpoint of Clinical Settings: Pharmacoepidemiology as Reverse Translational Research (rTR)

Clinical pharmacology and pharmacoepidemiology research may converge in practise. Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of pharmacotherapy and risk management in patient groups. For many drugs, adverse reaction(s) that were not seen and/or clarified during research and development stages have been reported in the real world. Pharmacoepidemiology can detect and verify adverse drug reactions as reverse translational research. Recently, development and effective use of medical information databases (MID) have been conducted in Japan and elsewhere for the purpose of post-marketing safety of drugs. The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan has been promoting the development of 10-million scale database in 10 hospitals and hospital groups as "the infrastructure project of medical information database (MID-NET)". This project enables estimation of the frequency of adverse reactions, the distinction between drug-induced reactions and basal health-condition changes, and usefulness verification of administrative measures of drug safety. However, because the database information is different from detailed medical records, construction of methodologies for the detection and evaluation of adverse reactions is required. We have been performing database research using medical information system in some hospitals to establish and demonstrate useful methods for post-marketing safety. In this symposium, we aim to discuss the possibility of reverse translational research from clinical settings and provide an introduction to our research.

BET 2: Do fluoroquinolones increase the incidence of tendinopathy?

A shortcut review of the literature was carried out to establish whether the use of fluoroquinolones was associated with an increased risk of tendinopathy in adult patients. 10 trials were found to be directly relevant to the three-part question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these papers are tabulated. The clinical bottom line is that there is an association between the use of fluoroquinolones and a broad range of tendinopathies.

Tendon Injury and Fluoroquinolone Use: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

Fluoroquinolone antibiotics are commonly used to treat infections and are prescribed by general practitioners, medical specialists and surgeons. Tendon injury has been associated with the use of these medications but the risk associated with newer fluoroquinolones has not been established.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence from observational studies to determine the strength of the association between fluoroquinolone use and tendinopathy, and to identify risk factors for this complication.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Collaboration from inception through May 2013 to identify observational studies focused on tendon injury and fluoroquinolones. Studies with original data were selected for inclusion following the PRISMA guidelines. Of the 560 abstracts screened, 16 relevant studies were independently rated by three authors (WW, AS, DC) using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale, and assigned a quality score out of 9. High-quality studies (i.e. scored 4.5 or higher) are summarized in detail in this article. Data were independently extracted by two authors (WW, AS).

RESULTS

Overall, 16 studies were included in our study. Eight were deemed to be of high quality and five specifically evaluated Achilles tendon rupture. In addition, three studies examined Achilles tendinitis, and three included tendon disorders (including any tendon rupture) as an outcome. Results from these studies suggest that individuals exposed to fluoroquinolones are at increased risk for Achilles tendon rupture, particularly within the first month following exposure to the drug (odds ratios ranged from 1.1 to 7.1). One study showed an increased risk of tendon rupture in those over 60 years of age. Five studies stated that individuals taking fluoroquinolones and oral corticosteroids are at increased risk for tendon injury compared with those taking fluoroquinolones alone. Four studies examined the differential effect of a limited number of fluoroquinolones. Ofloxacin had the highest risk of tendon injury in three of the studies.

LIMITATIONS

Included studies are observational in nature and rely on self-report, which may lead to misclassification or underestimation of tendon injury.

CONCLUSIONS

Observational studies showed an increased risk of tendon injury, including tendon rupture and tendinitis, with exposure to fluoroquinolone antibiotic therapy. Although this complication appears to be rare, concomitant corticosteroids increase the risk for tendon injury, which varies depending on the fluoroquinolone used.

Ciprofloxacin-Induced Extensor Tendon Rupture in the Hand: A Case Report

CASE

An eighty-one-year-old man had begun taking ciprofloxacin one week prior to the sudden inability to extend the metacarpophalangeal joint of the ring finger of the dominant right hand. He presented to us three months after he initially noticed this finding.

CONCLUSION

Ciprofloxacin-induced tendon rupture appears to be possible in the extensor digitorum communis tendons of the hand. Our patient was managed operatively and had a good functional outcome.

[Clinical pharmacology and pharmacoepidemiology for medication safety in clinical settings]

In this review, optimization of individualized analgesic therapy in cancer-pain patients (1), pharmacoepidemiological studies using a hospital database (DB) (2), and other clinical and practical research studies (3) were summarized. (1) The aim of the analgesic study was to evaluate individual factors in the effects of pain-relief, and ADR of analgesics from the viewpoints of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Oxycodone, fentanyl, and gabapentin were used. For the dose escalation and ADR of oxycodone, the plasma disposition of noroxycodone regulated by CYP3A5 polymorphisms and cancer cachexia were found to be individual factors. The ADR and clinical response of fentanyl were affected by polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin, concomitant magnesium oxide reduced the intestinal absorption of gabapentin. (2) The aim of the DB study was to demonstrate a pharmacoepidemiological advantage using a hospital DB of a million-scale for post-marketing safety management. We tried to detect fluoroquinolone (FQ)-induced tendon disorders, because its risk ratio in Japan has not been clarified. The risk of a tendon disorder in FQ-prescribed patients was 0.082% (95%CI: 0.049-0.137%), and significantly higher than that in cephalosporin-prescribed patients. The risk ratio in FQ-prescribed patients in relation to cephalosporin-prescribed patients was 6.29 (95%CI: 2.27-17.46). (3) Individual variation of plasma exposure of free linezolid and its ratio to minimum inhibitory concentration in critically ill patients, as well as three other studies, were described. In conclusion, our achievement in accurately assessing these would contribute to medication safety and the appropriate use of medicines in clinical settings.