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Wang Y, Mertiny P. Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resin upon Addition of Low-Viscosity Modifier. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2403. [PMID: 39274036 PMCID: PMC11396896 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoset-based polymer composites containing functional fillers are promising materials for a variety of applications, such as in the aerospace and medical fields. However, the resin viscosity is often unsuitably high and thus impedes a successful filler dispersion in the matrix. This challenge can be overcome by incorporating suitable low-viscosity modifiers into the prepolymer. While modifiers can aptly influence the prepolymer rheology, they can also affect the prepolymer curing behavior and the mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting matrix material. Therefore, this study investigates the effects that a commercial-grade low-viscosity additive (butyl glycidyl ether) has on a common epoxy polymer system (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy with a methylene dianiline curative). The weight percentage of the modifier inside the epoxy was varied from 0 to 20%. The rheological properties and cure kinetics of the resulting materials were investigated. The prepolymer viscosity decreased by 97% with 20 wt% modifier content at room temperature. Upon curing, 20 wt% modifier addition reduced the exothermic peak temperature by 12% and prolonged the time to reach the peak by 60%. For cured material samples, physical and thermo-mechanical properties were characterized. A moderate reduction in glass transition temperature and an increase in elastic modulus was observed with 20 wt% modifier content (in the order of 10%). Based on these findings, the selected material system is seen as an expedient base for material design due to the ease of processing and material availability. The present study thus provides guidance to researchers developing polymer composites requiring reduced prepolymer viscosity for successful functional filler addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Pierre Mertiny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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2
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Jayan JS, Deeraj B, Joseph K, Saritha A. Designed and tailor-made double hydrophilic block copolymer-graphene nanoplatelet hybrids for reinforcing epoxy thermosets. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8812. [PMID: 38627569 PMCID: PMC11021408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Because of their propensity to build micellar nanostructures, amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs) are an appropriate and unique toughening agent for epoxy systems individually on their own and in grafted form. The presence of epoxiphilic and phobic ends in ABCs is responsible for the self-assembly and the micellar structure. Nanofiller-grafted ABCs can effectively enhance the toughness of epoxy via the synergistic interaction of nanofillers and the ABCs. Even though there is sound literature supporting the effect of ABCs in epoxy, the action of double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBC) in the epoxy matrix is less handled. Hence, the grafting of nanofillers in DHBCs and their subsequent role in tuning the properties of epoxy is a new concept. Hence this paper tries to bridge the gap via studying the effect of grafted fillers based on DHBCs in epoxy matrix. As a result, the current study focuses on the synthesis of double hydrophilic graphene nanoplatelets (rGO-g-DHBC) via nitrogen oxide-mediated polymerization for epoxy toughening application. The prepared rGO-g-DHBC was effectively utilized for epoxy toughening applications, resulting in a 457% improvement in toughness without compromising its inherent tensile strength. The mechanism behind the improved toughness was elucidated with the help of a scanning electron microscope, and the thermal, and rheological characteristics were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitha S Jayan
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
| | - Bds Deeraj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Valiyamala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
| | - Appukuttan Saritha
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, Kerala, India.
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3
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Li L, Peng W, Liu L, Zheng S. Toughening of epoxy by nanostructures with
ABA
triblock copolymers: An influence of organosilicon modification of block copolymer. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Wenjun Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Liyue Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Sixun Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and the State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
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4
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Uhlig C, Kahle O, Schäfer O, Ewald D, Oswaldbauer H, Bauer J, Bauer M. Blends of tri-block copolymers and addition curing resins: Influence of block copolymer-resin compatibility on toughness and matrix properties on toughenability. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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5
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Saviano G, Muhammad S, Bianco S, Benussi L, Piccolo D, Caponero M, Passamonti L, Pierluigi D, Russo A, Lalli A, Valente M, Sarasini F, Marra F, Tirillò J, Ferrini M, Sharma A, Langeslag S, Sgobba S, Santillana I, Vai I. A study of mechanical properties of foil materials for the GEM detector proposed for the CMS muon system upgrade at LHC. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Saviano
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - S. Muhammad
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
- National Center for Physics; Quaid-i-Azam University Campus; Islamabad Pakistan
| | - S. Bianco
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - L. Benussi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - D. Piccolo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - M.A. Caponero
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
- Centro Ricerche ENEA Frascati; Frascati Rome 00044 Italy
| | - L. Passamonti
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - D. Pierluigi
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - A. Russo
- Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati - INFN; Frascati, via Enrico Fermi, 40, Frascati Rome, 00044 Italy
| | - A. Lalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - M. Valente
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - F. Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - F. Marra
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - J. Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - M. Ferrini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment and UdR INSTM; University of Rome “La Sapienza”-Rome; Via Eudossiana, 18 00184 Rome Italy
| | - A. Sharma
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research; Geneva Switzerland
| | - S.A.E. Langeslag
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research; Geneva Switzerland
| | - S. Sgobba
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research; Geneva Switzerland
| | - I.A. Santillana
- CERN, European Organisation for Nuclear Research; Geneva Switzerland
| | - I. Vai
- INFN Pavia and University of Pavia; Pavia 27100 Italy
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6
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Sumdani MG, Islam MR, Yahaya ANA. Effects of variation of steric repulsion between multiwall carbon nanotubes and anionic surfactant in epoxy nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Sumdani
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology; Universiti Kuala Lumpur; 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka Malaysia
| | - M. R. Islam
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology; Universiti Kuala Lumpur; 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka Malaysia
| | - A. N. A. Yahaya
- Malaysian Institute of Chemical & Bioengineering Technology; Universiti Kuala Lumpur; 78000 Alor Gajah Melaka Malaysia
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7
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Pini T, Briatico-Vangosa F, Frassine R, Rink M. Fracture toughness of acrylic resins: Viscoelastic effects and deformation mechanisms. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Pini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Francesco Briatico-Vangosa
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Roberto Frassine
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133 Italy
| | - Marta Rink
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milano 20133 Italy
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8
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Klingler A, Wetzel B. Fatigue crack propagation in triblock copolymer toughened epoxy nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Klingler
- Institute for Composite Materials (IVW GmbH); University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße; Build. 58 Kaiserslautern 67655 Germany
| | - Bernd Wetzel
- Institute for Composite Materials (IVW GmbH); University of Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße; Build. 58 Kaiserslautern 67655 Germany
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9
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Sáiz LM, Orofino AB, Rodríguez ES, Zucchi IA, Williams RJJ. Epoxy formulation including an acrylic triblock copolymer adapted for use in filament winding. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana M. Sáiz
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA); University of Mar Del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET); 7600 Mar Del Plata Av. J. B. Justo 4302 Argentina
| | - Antonela B. Orofino
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA); University of Mar Del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET); 7600 Mar Del Plata Av. J. B. Justo 4302 Argentina
| | - Exequiel S. Rodríguez
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA); University of Mar Del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET); 7600 Mar Del Plata Av. J. B. Justo 4302 Argentina
| | - Ileana A. Zucchi
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA); University of Mar Del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET); 7600 Mar Del Plata Av. J. B. Justo 4302 Argentina
| | - Roberto J. J. Williams
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA); University of Mar Del Plata and National Research Council (CONICET); 7600 Mar Del Plata Av. J. B. Justo 4302 Argentina
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10
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Ye Y, Yuan L, Liang G, Gu A. Simultaneously toughening and strengthening cyanate ester resin with better dielectric properties by building nanostructures in its crosslinked network using polyimide-block-polysiloxane rod-coil block copolymers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08229g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The fabrication and origin of high performance cyanate ester resins by building nanostructures in its crosslinked network with polyimide-block-polysiloxane block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayi Ye
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Li Yuan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Guozheng Liang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Aijuan Gu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
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11
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The effect of amino-terminated hyperbranched polymers on the impact resistance of epoxy resins. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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The change in the environment of the immiscible block stabilizes an unexpected HPC phase in a cured block copolymer/epoxy blend. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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He R, Zhan X, Zhang Q, Chen F. Improving the toughness of epoxy with a reactive tetrablock copolymer containing maleic anhydride. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ren He
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoli Zhan
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqiu Chen
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
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14
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Pan L, Ban J, Lu S, Chen G, Yang J, Luo Q, Wu L, Yu J. Improving thermal and mechanical properties of epoxy composites by using functionalized graphene. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09410k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel reduced graphene oxide/perylene bisimide-containing hyperbranched polyglycerol was successfully prepared via π–π stacking interactions. The thermal and mechanical properties of the epoxy composite were enhanced significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Jianfeng Ban
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- China
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo 315201
| | - Jin Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Qiyun Luo
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Linyan Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
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15
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Pan L, Lu S, Xiao X, He Z, Zeng C, Gao J, Yu J. Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy with hyperbranched polyester grafted perylene diimide. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13609h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy were significantly enhanced modified by H20-g-PDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Shaorong Lu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Xiane Xiao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Zihai He
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Cen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Jian Gao
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
| | - Jinhong Yu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metals and Materials
- Ministry of Education
- School of Material Science and Engineering
- Guilin University of Technology
- Guilin 541004
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