1
|
Vande Ryse R, Van Osta M, Gruyaert M, Oosterlinck M, Kalácska Á, Edeleva M, Pille F, D’hooge DR, Cardon L, De Baets P. Playing with Low Amounts of Expanded Graphite for Melt-Processed Polyamide and Copolyester Nanocomposites to Achieve Control of Mechanical, Tribological, Thermal and Dielectric Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:606. [PMID: 38607140 PMCID: PMC11013309 DOI: 10.3390/nano14070606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyamide 11 (PA11) and copolyester (TPC-E) were compounded through melt extrusion with low levels (below 10%) of expanded graphite (EG), aiming at the manufacturing of a thermally and electrically conductive composite resistant to friction and with acceptable mechanical properties. Thermal characterisation showed that the EG presence had no influence on the onset degradation temperature or melting temperature. While the specific density of the produced composite materials increased linearly with increasing levels of EG, the tensile modulus and flexural modulus showed a significant increase already at the introduction of 1 wt% EG. However, the elongation at break decreased significantly for higher loadings, which is typical for composite materials. We observed the increase in the dielectric and thermal conductivity, and the dissipated power displayed a much larger increase where high frequencies (e.g., 10 GHz) were taken into account. The tribological results showed significant changes at 4 wt% for the PA11 composite and 6 wt% for the TPC-E composite. Morphological analysis of the wear surfaces indicated that the main wear mechanism changed from abrasive wear to adhesive wear, which contributes to the enhanced wear resistance of the developed materials. Overall, we manufactured new composite materials with enhanced dielectric properties and superior wear resistance while maintaining good processability, specifically upon using 4-6 wt% of EG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Vande Ryse
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Michiel Van Osta
- Internet Technology and Data Science Lab (IDLab), Department of Information Technology (INTEC), Ghent University—imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 126, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Mounia Gruyaert
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (M.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Maarten Oosterlinck
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (M.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Ádám Kalácska
- Soete Laboratory, Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (Á.K.); (P.D.B.)
| | - Mariya Edeleva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Frederik Pille
- Department of Large Animal Surgery, Anaesthesia and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (M.G.); (F.P.)
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
- Centre for Textiles Science and Engineering (CTSE), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 70A, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies (CPMT), Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 130, 9052 Ghent, Belgium;
| | - Patrick De Baets
- Soete Laboratory, Department of Electromechanical, Systems and Metal Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 46, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (Á.K.); (P.D.B.)
- Flanders Make @ UGent-Core Lab MIRO, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Systems and Component Design, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Lindstedtvägen 3, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muhammad A, Srivastava R, Koutroumanis N, Semitekolos D, Chiavazzo E, Pappas PN, Galiotis C, Asinari P, Charitidis CA, Fasano M. Mesoscopic Modeling and Experimental Validation of Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Nanocomposites Reinforced By Graphene-Based Fillers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:9969-9982. [PMID: 38161324 PMCID: PMC10753874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of nanocomposites relies on structure-property relations, which necessitate multiscale modeling approaches. This study presents a modeling framework that exploits mesoscopic models to predict the thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites starting from their molecular structure. In detail, mesoscopic models of polypropylene (PP)- and graphene-based nanofillers (graphene (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)) are considered. The newly developed mesoscopic model for the PP/Gr nanocomposite provides mechanistic information on the thermal and mechanical properties at the filler-matrix interface, which can then be exploited to enhance the prediction accuracy of traditional continuum simulations by calibrating the thermal and mechanical properties of the filler-matrix interface. Once validated through a dedicated experimental campaign, this multiscale model demonstrates that with the modest addition of nanofillers (up to 2 wt %), the Young's modulus and thermal conductivity show up to 35 and 25% enhancement, respectively, whereas the Poisson's ratio slightly decreases. Among the different combinations tested, the PP/Gr nanocomposite shows the best mechanical properties, whereas PP/rGO demonstrates the best thermal conductivity. This validated mesoscopic model can contribute to the development of smart materials with enhanced mechanical and thermal properties based on polypropylene, especially for mechanical, energy storage, and sensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atta Muhammad
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Mehran University
of Engineering and Technology, SZAB Campus, 66020 Khairpur Mir’s, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rajat Srivastava
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Department
of Engineering for Innovation, University
of Salento, Piazza Tancredi
7, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nikolaos Koutroumanis
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Dionisis Semitekolos
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Eliodoro Chiavazzo
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Panagiotis-Nektarios Pappas
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Costas Galiotis
- Foundation
of Research and Technology-Hellas, Institute
of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Stadioustr Rion26504, Patras, Greece
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 1 Caratheodory26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Pietro Asinari
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Istituto
Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Costas A. Charitidis
- School
of Chemical Engineering, National Technical
University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Matteo Fasano
- Department
of Energy, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Liu S, Guo H, Hu B, Li Y, Wang J, Li B. Thermal Conductivity of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Films with a Multi-Scale Framework. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102331. [PMID: 37242904 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The orientation of amorphous regions in pure polymers has been noted to be critical to the enhancement of thermal conductivity (TC), but the available reports are still rather few. Here, we propose to prepare a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film with a multi-scale framework by introducing anisotropic amorphous nanophases in the form of cross-planar alignments among the in-planar oriented extended-chain crystals (ECCs) lamellae, which show an enhanced TC of 1.99 Wm-1 K-1 in the through-plane direction (K⟂) and 4.35 Wm-1 K-1 in the in-plane direction (K∥). Structural characterization determination using scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray scattering showed that shrinking the dimension of the amorphous nanophases can effectively reduce entanglement and lead to alignments formation. Moreover, the thermal anisotropy of the amorphous region is quantitatively discussed with the aid of the two-phase model. Superior thermal dissipation performances are intuitively displayed by means of finite element numerical analysis and heat exchanger applications. Moreover, such unique multi-scale architecture also results in significant benefit in the improvement of dimensional stability and thermal stability. This paper provides a reasonable solution for fabricating inexpensive thermal conducting polymer films from the perspective of practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Ren'ai College, Tianjin 301636, China
| | - Boyang Hu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yi Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jixiao Wang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Baoan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Response-Surface-Methodology-Based Increasing of the Isotropic Thermal Conductivity of Polyethylene Composites Containing Multiple Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010039. [PMID: 36616389 PMCID: PMC9824124 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To optimize the thermal conductivity of high-density polyethylene, 15 hybrid filler composites containing either aluminum oxide, graphite, expanded graphite, carbon nanotubes or a combination of the former, have been studied using an extrusion-compression processing tandem. The experimental density of the cube-shaped specimens is substantially lower than the theoretical density calculated by the linear mixing rule, mainly for the composites with high filler contents. The morphology of the composites, as studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), highlighted a good dispersion quality and random orientation of the fillers in the test specimens but also revealed air inclusions in the composites, explaining the density results. It is shown that the addition of filler(s) increases both the melt viscosity (up to ca. 270%) and the thermal conductivity (up to ca. 1000%). Hence, a very strong increase of TC can be practically hampered by a too high viscosity to enable processing. Supported by ANOVA analysis, the application of response surface methodology (RSM), assuming a perfect compression, indicates that all fillers have a significant effect on the thermal conductivity and synergistic effects can be achieved. The regression model obtained can adequately predict the thermal conductivity of composites of various compositions, as already confirmed based on three validation experiments in the present work.
Collapse
|
5
|
Scalable Fabrication of Thermally Conductive Layered Nacre-like Self-Assembled 3D BN-Based PVA Aerogel Framework Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163316. [PMID: 36015573 PMCID: PMC9412551 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, three-dimensional (3D) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/aligned boron nitride (BN) aerogel framework nanocomposites with high performance were fabricated by a facile strategy. The boron nitride powder was initially hydrolyzed and dispersed with a chemically crosslinked plasticizer, diethyl glycol (DEG), in the PVA polymer system. The boron nitride and DEG/PVA suspensions were then mixed well with different stoichiometric ratios to attain BN/PVA nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that BN platelets were well dispersed and successfully aligned/oriented in one direction in the PVA matrix by using a vacuum-assisted filtration technique. The formed BN/PVA aerogel cake composite showed excellent in-plane and out-of-plane thermal conductivities of 0.76 W/mK and 0.61 W/mK with a ratio of BN/PVA of (2:1) in comparison with 0.15 W/mK for the pure PVA matrix. These high thermal conductivities of BN aerogel could be attributed to the unidirectional orientation of boron nitride nanoplatelets with the post-two days vacuum drying of the specimens at elevated temperatures. This aerogel composite is unique of its kind and displayed such high thermal conductivity of the BN/PVA framework without impregnation by any external polymer. Moreover, the composites also presented good wettability results with water and displayed high electrical resistivity of ~1014 Ω cm. These nanocomposites thus, with such exceptional characteristics, have a wide range of potential uses in packaging and electronics for thermal management applications.
Collapse
|
6
|
Fang H, Chen A, Zhang L, Chen S, Wu F, Chen H. Synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity in thermal interface materials by fabricating
3D‐BN‐ZnO
scaffolds. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Anlin Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Lingjie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Sheng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Fangjuan Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Machine Engineering and Automation Fuzhou University Fuzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Increasing the Sustainability of the Hybrid Mold Technique through Combined Insert Polymeric Material and Additive Manufacturing Method Design. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To reduce plastic waste generation from failed product batches during industrial injection molding, the sustainable production of representative prototypes is essential. Interesting is the more recent hybrid injection molding (HM) technique, in which a polymeric mold core and cavity are produced via additive manufacturing (AM) and are both placed in an overall metal housing for the final polymeric part production. HM requires less material waste and energy compared to conventional subtractive injection molding, at least if its process parameters are properly tuned. In the present work, several options of AM insert production are compared with full metal/steel mold inserts, selecting isotactic polypropylene as the injected polymer. These options are defined by both the AM method and the material considered and are evaluated with respect to the insert mechanical and conductive properties, also considering Moldex3D simulations. These simulations are conducted with inputted measured temperature-dependent AM material properties to identify in silico indicators for wear and to perform cooling cycle time minimization. It is shown that PolyJetted Digital acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer and Multi jet fusioned (MJF) polyamide 11 (PA11) are the most promising. The former option has the best durability for thinner injection molded parts, and the latter option the best cooling cycle times at any thickness, highlighting the need to further develop AM options.
Collapse
|
8
|
Testing the PTT Rheological Model for Extrusion of Virgin and Composite Materials in View of Enhanced Conductivity and Mechanical Recycling Potential. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9111969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges for the manufacturing processes of polymeric parts is the dedicated control of composite melt flow. In the present work, the predictive capability of the Phan-Thien-Tanner (PTT) viscoelastic model is evaluated in relation to the extrudate swell from slit dies at 200 °C, considering polypropylene and graphite filler, and applying ANSYS Polyflow software. It is shown that for sufficiently low filler amounts (below 10%; volumetric) the PTT accurately reflects the viscoelastic interactions, but at higher filler amounts too large swellings are predicted. One can although obtain insights on the swelling in the height direction and consider a broader range of swelling areas compared to virgin materials. Guidelines are also provided for future experiments and model development, including the omission of the no-slip process boundary condition.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ge C, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhao G. Poly(ether‐block‐amide) membrane with deformability and adjustable surface hydrophilicity for water purification. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengbiao Ge
- Key Laboratory for Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education) Shandong University Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Guilong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education) Shandong University Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Jinchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education) Shandong University Jinan People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid‐Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education) Shandong University Jinan People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Edeleva M, Marien YW, D'hooge DR, Van Steenberge PHM. Exploiting (Multicomponent) Semibatch and Jacket Temperature Procedures to Safely Tune Molecular Properties for Solution Free Radical Polymerization of
n
‐Butyl Acrylate. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Edeleva
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | - Yoshi W. Marien
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT) Ghent University Technologiepark 125 Ghent 9052 Belgium
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering (CTSE) Ghent University Technologiepark 70A Ghent 9052 Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Thermal, Rheological, Mechanical, and Electrical Properties of Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020187. [PMID: 33430190 PMCID: PMC7825608 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, nanocomposites based on polypropylene (PP) filled with up to 5 wt.% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were investigated for determining the material property data used in numerical simulation of manufacturing processes such as the injection molding and extrusion. PP/MWCNT nanocomposite pellets were characterized for rheological behavior, crystallinity, specific volume and thermal conductivity, while injection-molded samples were characterized for mechanical and electrical properties. The addition of MWCNTs does not significantly change the melting and crystallization behavior of the PP/MWCNT nanocomposites. The effect of MWCNTs on melt shear viscosity is more pronounced at low shear rates and MWCNT loadings of 1-5 wt.%. However, with the addition of up to 5 wt.% of MWCNTs, the PP/MWCNT nanocomposite still behaves like a non-Newtonian fluid. The specific volume of the PP/MWCNT nanocomposites decreases with increasing MWCNT loading, especially in the MWCNT range of 1-5 wt.%, indicating better dimensional stability. The thermal conductivity, depending on the pressure, MWCNT wt.% and temperature, did not exceed 0.35 W/m·K. The PP/MWCNT nanocomposite is electrical non-conductive up to 3 wt.%, whereas after the percolating path is created, the nanocomposite with 5 wt.% becomes semi-conductive with an electrical conductivity of 10-1 S/m. The tensile modulus, tensile strength and stress at break increase with increasing MWCNT loading, whereas the elongation at break significantly decreases with increasing MWCNT loading. The Cross and modified 2-domain Tait models are suitable for predicting the melt shear viscosity and specific volume as a function of MWCNTs, respectively. These results enable users to integrate the PP/MWCNT nanocomposites into computer aided engineering analysis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Mold-Face Heating Mechanism, Overflow-Well Design, and Their Effect on Surface Weldline and Tensile Strength of Long-Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112474. [PMID: 33113821 PMCID: PMC7692597 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-fiber polymers offer the advantage of a lower production cost because specific tool designs are required for conventional injection molding equipment to produce long-fiber polymer parts. The use of long fibers allows relatively high fiber aspect ratios to be obtained, thereby enhancing composite stiffness, strength, creep endurance, and fatigue endurance. However, the multigate design of the injection-molded part can result in weldline formation during the molding process, which reduces the structural strength of the molded part. Therefore, in this study, the surface quality, fiber compatibility, and structural strength of long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP/LGF) injection-molded samples were compared in the use versus nonuse of a mold-cavity overflow-well area and the mold-face infrared heating method. The experimental results indicate that the mold-cavity overflow-well area more greatly improved the surface roughness of the PP/LGF molded samples. Moreover, the infrared heating of the mold-face decreased the weldline depth of the samples. Optical-microscopy images and mold-cavity pressure distributions indicated that the weldline tensile strength and the interface compatibility between fibers and melts at the weldline region during the molding stage were higher in the use than in the nonuse of the mold-cavity overflow-well and mold-face infrared heating method.
Collapse
|
13
|
Progress in Reaction Mechanisms and Reactor Technologies for Thermochemical Recycling of Poly(methyl methacrylate). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12081667. [PMID: 32727004 PMCID: PMC7464549 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical or feedstock recycling of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) by thermal degradation is an important societal challenge to enable polymer circularity. The annual PMMA world production capacity is over 2.4 × 106 tons, but currently only 3.0 × 104 tons are collected and recycled in Europe each year. Despite the rather simple chemical structure of MMA, a debate still exists on the possible PMMA degradation mechanisms and only basic batch and continuous reactor technologies have been developed, without significant knowledge of the decomposition chemistry or the multiphase nature of the reaction mixture. It is demonstrated in this review that it is essential to link PMMA thermochemical recycling with the PMMA synthesis as certain structural defects from the synthesis step are affecting the nature and relevance of the subsequent degradation reaction mechanisms. Here, random fission plays a key role, specifically for PMMA made by anionic polymerization. It is further highlighted that kinetic modeling tools are useful to further unravel the dominant PMMA degradation mechanisms. A novel distinction is made between global conversion or average chain length models, on the one hand, and elementary reaction step-based models on the other hand. It is put forward that only by the dedicated development of the latter models, the temporal evolution of degradation product spectra under specific chemical recycling conditions will become possible, making reactor design no longer an art but a science.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pawelski‐Hoell C, Bhagwat S, Altstädt V. Thermal, fire, and mechanical properties of solvent‐free processed BN/boehmite‐filled prepregs. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Bhagwat
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of Bayreuth Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wieme T, Duan L, Mys N, Cardon L, D'hooge DR. Effect of Matrix and Graphite Filler on Thermal Conductivity of Industrially Feasible Injection Molded Thermoplastic Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E87. [PMID: 30960070 PMCID: PMC6402235 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand how the thermal conductivity (TC) of virgin commercial polymers and their composites with low graphite filler amounts can be improved, the effect of material choice, annealing and moisture content is investigated, all with feasible industrial applicability in mind focusing on injection molding. Comparison of commercial HDPE, PP, PLA, ABS, PS, and PA6 based composites under conditions minimizing the effect of the skin-core layer (measurement at half the sample thickness) allows to deduce that at 20 m% of filler, both the (overall) in- and through-plane TC can be significantly improved. The most promising results are for HDPE and PA6 (through/in-plane TC near 0.7/4.3 W·m-1K-1 for HDPE and 0.47/4.3 W·m-1K-1 for PA6 or an increase of 50/825% and 45/1200% respectively, compared to the virgin polymer). Testing with annealed and nucleated PA6 and PLA samples shows that further increasing the crystallinity has a limited effect. A variation of the average molar mass and moisture content is also almost without impact. Intriguingly, the variation of the measuring depth allows to control the relative importance of the TC of the core and skin layer. An increased measurement depth, hence, a higher core-to-skin ratio measurement specifically indicates a clear increase in the through-plane TC (e.g., factor 2). Therefore, for basic shapes, the removal of the skin layer is recommendable to increase the TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wieme
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Lingyan Duan
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Mys
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Ludwig Cardon
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 915, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| | - Dagmar R D'hooge
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
- Centre for Textile Science and Engineering, Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Zwijnaarde (Ghent), Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bi H, Xu M, Ye G, Guo R, Cai L, Ren Z. Mechanical, Thermal, and Shape Memory Properties of Three-Dimensional Printing Biomass Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1234. [PMID: 30961159 PMCID: PMC6401767 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of heat-induced shape memory composites was prepared by the hot-melt extrusion and three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using wood flour (WF) with different contents of EPDM-g-MAH. The mechanical properties, microtopography, thermal property analysis, and heat-induced shape memory properties of the composites were examined. The results showed that, when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%, the tensile elongation and tensile strength of the composites reached the maximum value. The scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis results revealed a good interface bonding between TPU and WF when the EPDM-g-MAH content was 4%. The thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of TPU/WF composites was enhanced by the addition of 4% EPDM-g-MAH. Heat-induced shape memory test results showed that the shape memory performance of composites with 4% EPDM-g-MAH was better than that of unmodified-composites. The composites' shape recovery performance at a temperature of 60 °C was higher than that of the composites at ambient temperature. It was also found that, when the filling angle of the specimen was 45°, the recovery angle of the composites was larger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Bi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Min Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Gaoyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Rui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Liping Cai
- Mechanical and Energy Engineering Department, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76201, USA.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zechun Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liparoti S, Speranza V, Sorrentino A, Titomanlio G. Mechanical Properties Distribution within Polypropylene Injection Molded Samples: Effect of Mold Temperature under Uneven Thermal Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E585. [PMID: 30965891 PMCID: PMC6418651 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality of the polymer parts produced by injection molding is strongly affected by the processing conditions. Uncontrolled deviations from the proper process parameters could significantly affect both internal structure and final material properties. In this work, to mimic an uneven temperature field, a strong asymmetric heating is applied during the production of injection-molded polypropylene samples. The morphology of the samples is characterized by optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM), whereas the distribution of mechanical modulus at different scales is obtained by Indentation and HarmoniX AFM tests. Results clearly show that the temperature differences between the two mold surfaces significantly affect the morphology distributions of the molded parts. This is due to both the uneven temperature field evolutions and to the asymmetric flow field. The final mechanical property distributions are determined by competition between the local molecular stretch and the local structuring achieved during solidification. The cooling rate changes affect internal structures in terms of relaxation/reorganization levels and give rise to an asymmetric distribution of mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Liparoti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Vito Speranza
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), Via Previati, 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Titomanlio
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|