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Lynch JM, Corniuk RN, Brignac KC, Jung MR, Sellona K, Marchiani J, Weatherford W. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): An important tool for polymer identification and characterization of plastic marine debris. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123607. [PMID: 38382730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a routine thermoanalytical method in material science, is gaining utility in plastic pollution research to improve polymer identification. We optimized a DSC method, experimentally testing pan types, temperature ramps, number of melts, and minimum sample masses. Using the optimized method, we created an in-house thermogram library from 201 polymer reference standards. We determined peak melting temperature cutoffs for differentiating variants of PE and nylon. PE cutoffs remained stable after experimentally weathering standards outdoors or for severely weathered HDPE debris found on Hawaii's beaches. Marine debris samples, across a range of weathering severity and previously identified as either low-density or high-density polyethylene (LDPE or HDPE) based on the 1377 cm-1 peak indicating methyl groups by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), were analyzed by DSC to confirm or challenge the ATR-FTIR PE differentiation. ATR-FTIR was correct for >80% of the HDPE samples, but <40% of those initially identified as LDPE by ATR-FTIR. Accuracy did not relate to weathering extent. Most samples mis-identified as LDPE were HDPE that had formed methyl groups likely from chain scission during photooxidation. ATR-FTIR alone is unreliable for differentiating weathered PE, DSC is required. We provide a multiple-method workflow for complete and accurate polymer identification, even for microplastics ≥0.03 mg. Applying these methods can better identify the polymer composition of marine debris, essential for sourcing and recycling efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Lynch
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA; Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA.
| | - Raquel N Corniuk
- Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA
| | - Kayla C Brignac
- Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA
| | - Melissa R Jung
- Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA
| | - Kristine Sellona
- Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA
| | - Joelle Marchiani
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA; Hawaii Pacific University, Center for Marine Debris Research, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy, Suite 9, Waimanalo, HI, 96795, USA
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Khankrua R, Wiriya-Amornchai A, Triamnak N, Suttiruengwong S. Biopolymer blends based on poly(lactic acid) and polyamide for durable applications. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2096470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rattikarn Khankrua
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Rattanakosin, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Atiwat Wiriya-Amornchai
- Materials and Processing Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Rayong Campus, Rayong, Thailand
| | - Narit Triamnak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Sanamchandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Supakij Suttiruengwong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Sanamchandra Palace Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Cong D, Giang NV, Trung TH, Hoang T, Lam TD, Tham DQ, Huong NT. Biocomposites from polyamide 11 reinforced by organic silane modified jute fibers: Fabrication and characterization. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Do Cong
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Vu Giang
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tran Huu Trung
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thai Hoang
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tran Dai Lam
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Do Quang Tham
- Institute for Tropical Technology Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Huong
- Faculty of Chemical Technology Hanoi University of Industry Hanoi Vietnam
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Ali N, Ali F, Saeed S, Said A, Sheikh ZA, Salman SM, Bilal M. Synthesis and physicochemical investigation of imide‐functionalized silica nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ali
- Key Laboratory for Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology of Jiangsu Province, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock‐salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian China
| | - Farman Ali
- Department of Chemistry Hazara University Mansehra KPK Pakistan
| | - Shaukat Saeed
- Department of Chemistry Pakistan Institute of Applied Sciences (PIEAS) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Amir Said
- Department of Chemistry Hazara University Mansehra KPK Pakistan
| | | | | | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering Huaiyin Institute of Technology Huaian China
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Zou W, Xia M, Jiang K, Cao Z, Zhang X, Hu X. Photo-Oxidative Degradation Mitigated the Developmental Toxicity of Polyamide Microplastics to Zebrafish Larvae by Modulating Macrophage-Triggered Proinflammatory Responses and Apoptosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13888-13898. [PMID: 33078945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and pose substantial threats to the water ecosystem. However, the impact of natural aging of MPs on their toxicity has rarely been considered. This study found that visible light irradiation with hydrogen peroxide at environmentally relevant concentration for 90 days significantly altered the physicochemical properties and mitigated the toxicity of polyamide (PA) fragments to infantile zebrafish. The size of PA particles was reduced from ∼8.13 to ∼6.37 μm, and nanoparticles were produced with a maximum yield of 5.03%. The end amino groups were volatilized, and abundant oxygen-containing groups (e.g., hydroxyl and carboxyl) and carbon-centered free radicals were generated, improving the hydrophilicity and colloidal stability of degraded MPs. Compared with pristine PA, the depuration of degraded MPs mediated by multixenobiotics resistance was much quicker, leading to markedly lower bioaccumulation in fish and weaker inhibition on musculoskeletal development. By integrating transcriptomics and transgenic zebrafish [Tg(lyz:EGFP)] tests, differences in macrophages-triggered proinflammatory effects, apoptosis via IL-17 signaling pathway, and antioxidant damages were identified as the underlying mechanisms for the attenuated toxicity of degraded MPs. This work highlights the importance of natural degradation on the toxicity of MPs, which has great implications for risk assessment of MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mengli Xia
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Manufacturing and Characterization of Coatings from Polyamide Powders Functionalized with Nanosilica. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102298. [PMID: 33049946 PMCID: PMC7600192 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamide coatings are thermoplastics with great advantages such as a good corrosion protection of the base metal and wear resistance. Their application as powder coatings is an environmentally friendly option that is currently attracting growing interest. However, during their life service, they can sometimes be exposed to conditions that they are unable to stand. In this work, a polyamide 11 (PA11) powder was reinforced with different percentages of silica nanoparticles (1–3 wt. %). Powder mixtures were prepared through extrusion followed by compression molding processes to manufacture coatings. For the coatings under study, the effect of 500 h xenon exposure was studied in order to know their ultraviolet (UV) resistance. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed to study changes in polymer structure and if they are affected by nanoparticles. The effect of nanoadditions and xenon exposure on hardness and stiffness were also evaluated. Furthermore, reciprocal wear tests were performed before and after irradiation, and the wear tracks were analyzed using optoelectronic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, the aesthetic properties were measured. The results reveal improvements in mechanical and wear properties when 1% nanosilica is added to the PA11, which then become more relevant after xenon radiation exposure.
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