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Bleidorn W, Lenhausen MR, Schwaba T, Hopwood CJ. Psychological change before and after religious conversion and deconversion. J Pers 2024; 92:1193-1210. [PMID: 37664880 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theory and anecdotal evidence suggest that people undergo psychological changes before and after religious conversion and deconversion. Yet, existing research provided inconclusive evidence. Here, we examined psychological change before, during, and after institutional conversion and deconversion in a large-scale longitudinal study. METHOD We used 11-wave longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of Dutch adults (N ~ 20,000) to assess changes in religious beliefs and practices, personality traits, and well-being before, during, and after conversion to and deconversion from Christianity. RESULTS Converts (N = 181) increased in service attendance and prayer, but not in their belief in God, as they approached conversion. Deconverts (N = 450) declined in religious beliefs and practices before, during, and after deconversion. In terms of personality, converts displayed small, unexpected declines in emotional stability, extraversion, and agreeableness at time of conversion. Deconverts declined in agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness at time of deconversion. Neither group showed changes in their well-being. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that psychological changes during religious conversion and deconversion are generally small and mostly manifest as changes in people's religious beliefs and practices. Findings are discussed in the context of person-religion fit, meaning-making, and sociocultural motive perspectives on religious change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ted Schwaba
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Mayer JD, Bryan VM. On Personality Measures and Their Data: A Classification of Measurement Approaches and Their Recommended Uses. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:325-345. [PMID: 38314773 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231222519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
We employ a new approach for classifying methods of personality measurement such as self-judgment, mental ability, and lifespace measures and the data they produce. We divide these measures into two fundamental groups: personal-source data, which arise from the target person's own reports, and external-source data, which derive from the areas surrounding the person. These two broad classes are then further divided according to what they target and the response processes that produce them. We use the model to organize roughly a dozen kinds of data currently employed in the field. With this classification system in hand, we describe how much we might expect two types of measures of the same attribute to converge-and explain why methods often yield somewhat different results. Given that each measurement method has its own strengths and weaknesses, we examine the pros and cons of selecting a given type of measure to assess a specific area of personality.
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3
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Pfund GN, Burrow AL, Hill PL. Purpose in Daily Life: Considering Within-Person Sense of Purpose Variability. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2024; 109:104473. [PMID: 38495083 PMCID: PMC10938924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sense of purpose refers to the extent to which one feels that they have personally meaningful goals and directions guiding them through life. Though this construct predicts a host of benefits, little is known regarding the extent to which sense of purpose fluctuates within an individual and the affective changes tied to those fluctuations. The current study uses daily diary data to addresses this gap by exploring (1) how much sense of purpose and different components of purpose fluctuate from one day to the next, (2) the extent to which these fluctuations correlate with positive and negative affect, and (3) whether dispositional sense of purpose and age correlate with greater variability. Participants (N = 354) reported on their sense of purpose and positive and negative affect every day for 10 days. Results suggest that approximately 45-61% of the variability in sense of purpose scores occurs between-person depending on how it is assessed. Furthermore, the within-person variability in sense of purpose is more strongly correlated with changes in positive affect relative to negative affect. Finally, higher levels of dispositional sense of purpose and age do not appear to be associated with how much variability an individual experiences in their purposefulness from one day to next. The discussion focuses on what these findings mean for the trait-like nature of sense of purpose, short-term sense of purpose measurement, lifespan development, and intervention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle N. Pfund
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University; Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
| | - Anthony L. Burrow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
- Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Patrick L. Hill
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, USA
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4
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Daurio AM, Taylor J. Daily general discrimination predicts changes in trait negative affectivity: A 30-year cohort longitudinal study using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. J Pers 2024. [PMID: 38462941 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing evidence indicates discrimination is an emerging risk factor for reducing psychological well-being. Negative affectivity is a personality trait that has been associated with discrimination. Yet, few studies to date have examined the longitudinal relationship between discrimination and personality. The current study addresses this gap by examining how general discrimination and negative affectivity influence each other longitudinally. METHOD The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) dataset was used for the current study. The MIDUS sample (N = 4244) was predominately white (90.7%), 52% female, and had an average age of 46 years old. Individuals completed follow-up measures 10 and 20 years after baseline. Data were analyzed using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. RESULTS Individuals that scored higher on trait negative affectivity also tended to score higher on perceived daily discrimination. We found general perceived discrimination at age 55 unidirectionally predicted changes in negative affectivity around retirement age, but not from age 45 to 55. In contrast, negative affectivity did not significantly predict increases in perceived discrimination at any timepoint. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that perceived discrimination has pernicious impacts on well-being up to a decade later and may do so by increasing an individual's tendency to experience negative emotions (i.e., negative affectivity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Daurio
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jeanette Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Fonagy P, Luyten P, Allison E, Campbell C. Taking stock to move forward: Where the field of developmental psychopathology might be heading. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38389294 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, dedicated to Dante Cicchetti's contributions and enduring influence, we explore the prospective directions of developmental psychopathology. Our focus centers on key domains where Cicchetti's significant achievements have continually shaped our evolving thinking about psychological development. These domains include (a) the concepts of equifinality and multifinality, along with the challenges in predicting developmental trajectories, (b) the imperative to integrate wider sociocultural viewpoints into developmental psychopathology frameworks, (c) the interplay of genetic and environmental influences in developmental courses, (d) the significance of mental state language, and (e) the progress, or its absence, in the development of prevention and intervention tactics for children, adolescents, and their caregivers. While many of our forecasts regarding the future of developmental psychopathology may not materialize, we maintain optimistic that the essential ideas presented will influence the research agenda in this field and contribute to its growth over the next fifty years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Luyten
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Allison
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Chloe Campbell
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Stahlhofen L, Hartung J, Schilling O, Wahl HW, Hülür G. The relevance of perceived work environment and work activities for personality trajectories in midlife. J Pers 2024; 92:278-297. [PMID: 36131683 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Work is an important developmental context in adulthood, yet little is known about how it contributes to personality trajectories in midlife. The present study examines how subjectively perceived work environment (autonomy, innovation, social integration, stress) and objectively measured work activities (activities related to information and people, physical/manual activities) are related to levels of Big Five personality traits at age 44 and to change over 20 years. METHODS We analyzed four-wave longitudinal data from N = 374 participants (born 1950-1952; Mage T1 = 44 years, SD = 1; 44% women) from the Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study of Adult Development and Aging (ILSE) within the structural equation modeling framework. RESULTS At baseline, subjective perceptions of work environments showed a higher number of significant associations with personality than objective work activities. Over time, small declines in neuroticism and extraversion and small increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness were observed, which were largely independent of work characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show slight changes in most Big Five traits from age 44 to 64, which were mostly unrelated to work characteristics. More research is needed to uncover the sources and dynamics of personality trait change in midlife and the role of work for personality trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Schilling
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Wahl
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gizem Hülür
- Department of Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Dugan KA, Vogt RL, Zheng A, Gillath O, Deboeck PR, Fraley RC, Briley DA. Life events sometimes alter the trajectory of personality development: Effect sizes for 25 life events estimated using a large, frequently assessed sample. J Pers 2024; 92:130-146. [PMID: 37041673 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes across the life span. Life events, such as marriage, becoming a parent, and retirement, have been proposed as facilitating personality growth via the adoption of novel social roles. However, empirical evidence linking life events with personality development is sparse. Most studies have relied on few assessments separated by long time intervals and have focused on a single life event. In contrast, the content of life is composed of small, recurrent experiences (e.g., getting sick or practicing a hobby), with relatively few major events (e.g., childbirth). Small, frequently experienced life events may play an important and overlooked role in personality development. METHOD The present study examined the extent to which 25 major and minor life events alter the trajectory of personality development in a large, frequently assessed sample (Nsample = 4904, Nassessments = 47,814, median retest interval = 35 days). RESULTS Using a flexible analytic strategy to accommodate the repeated occurrence of life events, we found that the trajectory of personality development shifted in response to a single occurrence of some major life events (e.g., divorce), and recurrent, "minor" life experiences (e.g., one's partner doing something special). CONCLUSION Both stark role changes and frequently reinforced minor experiences can lead to personality change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keely A Dugan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - Randi L Vogt
- Department of Bioethics & Decision Sciences, Geisinger, PA, Danville, USA
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, CA, Riverside, USA
| | - Omri Gillath
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, KS, Lawrence, USA
| | - Pascal R Deboeck
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, UT, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - R Chris Fraley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
| | - D A Briley
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, Champaign, USA
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Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ. A motivational framework of personality development in late adulthood. Curr Opin Psychol 2024; 55:101731. [PMID: 38007918 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Meta-analytic evidence shows that most personality traits tend to increase through early adulthood and middle age but decrease in late adulthood, whereas Emotional Stability continues to increase throughout late adulthood. We propose that these normative patterns of personality development can be explained by motivational theories of aging. Specifically, decreases in Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience may reflect a reduced capacity to control one's environment, whereas continued increases in Emotional Stability reflect increases in individual's ability to compensate and cope with age-graded losses. Pairing motivational theories of aging with longitudinal evidence in personality science provides an explanation for empirical patterns of personality trait development and raises interesting possibilities to promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher J Hopwood
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmühlestrasse 14/7, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland
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Zheng A, Hoff KA, Hanna A, Einarsdóttir S, Rounds J, Briley DA. Job characteristics and personality change in young adulthood: A 12-year longitudinal study and replication. J Pers 2024; 92:298-315. [PMID: 37072929 PMCID: PMC10949344 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality changes are related to successfully performing adult occupational roles which require teamwork, duty, and managing stress. However, it is unclear how personality development relates to specific job characteristics that vary across occupations. METHOD We investigated whether 151 objective job characteristics, derived from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET), were associated with personality levels and changes in a 12-year longitudinal sample followed over the school to work transition. Using cross-validated regularized modeling, we combined two Icelandic longitudinal datasets (total N = 1054) and constructed an individual-level, aggregated job characteristics score that maximized prediction of personality levels at baseline and change over time. RESULTS The strongest association was found for level of openness (0.25), followed by conscientiousness (0.16) and extraversion (0.14). Overall, aggregated job characteristics had a stronger prediction for personality intercepts (0.14) than slopes (0.10). These results were subsequently replicated in a U.S. sample using levels of the Big Five as the dependent variable. This indicates that associations between job characteristics and personality are generalizable across life stages and nations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that job titles are a valuable resource that can be linked to personality to better understand factors that influence psychological development. Further work is needed to document the prospective validity of job characteristics across a wider range of occupations and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqing Zheng
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCAUSA
| | - Kevin A. Hoff
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Alexis Hanna
- Department of ManagementUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNVUSA
| | - Sif Einarsdóttir
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Ethnography and FolkloristicsUniversity of IcelandReykjavikIceland
| | - James Rounds
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
| | - D. A. Briley
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Illinois, Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaILUSA
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10
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Arumäe K, Mõttus R, Vainik U. Body mass predicts personality development across 18 years in middle to older adulthood. J Pers 2023; 91:1395-1409. [PMID: 36718127 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various personality traits have longitudinal relations with body mass index (BMI), a measure of body weight and a risk factor for numerous health concerns. We tested these associations' compatibility with causality in either direction. METHOD Using three waves of the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (N = 12,235, Mage = 53.33 at baseline), we tested how accurately the Five-Factor Model personality domains and their items could collectively predict BMI and change in it with elastic net models. With multilevel models, we tested (a) bidirectional and (b) within-person associations between BMI and personality traits. RESULTS The five domains were able to predict concurrent (r = 0.08), but not future BMI. Twenty-nine personality items predicted concurrent and future BMI at r = 0.21 and r = 0.16 to 0.25, respectively. Neither the domains nor items could collectively predict change in BMI. Similarly, no individual trait predicted change in BMI, but BMI predicted changes in Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and several items (|b*| = 0.03 to 0.08). BMI had within-person correlations with these same traits; time-invariant third factors like genetics or childhood environments therefore could not (fully) account for their relations. CONCLUSIONS Body weight may contribute to adults' personality development, but the reverse appears less likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadri Arumäe
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - René Mõttus
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Uku Vainik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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11
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Granfield P, Kemps E, Yager Z, Alleva JM, Prichard I. Enhancing body image in motherhood: A randomised controlled trial of Expand Your Horizon among mothers of young children. Body Image 2023; 47:101648. [PMID: 37992557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Motherhood can increase vulnerability to body dissatisfaction, but positive body image interventions may mitigate this. Expand Your Horizon (Alleva et al., 2015), an online writing intervention, enhances functionality appreciation, an aspect of positive body image. The intervention's demonstrated efficacy and focus on body functionality indicate its potential use among mothers. However, its original 3-session format may be unfeasible for mothers alongside other commitments. Thus, we tested the impact of a single 15-minute Expand Your Horizon session on state body appreciation and functionality appreciation. Mothers (N = 143) of 0-10-year-olds were randomly allocated to either the intervention group, or an active control group. State body appreciation and functionality appreciation were assessed pre- and post-intervention. Trait self-compassion was tested as a potential moderator. Participants who completed Expand Your Horizon reported greater state body appreciation and functionality appreciation post-intervention than those in the control group. Self-compassion moderated the intervention's effect on state functionality appreciation, with effects strongest for those with lower levels of self-compassion. Overall, findings support the intervention's suitability for mothers, particularly those with low self-compassion. Practical implications include possibly tailoring Expand Your Horizon and similar interventions to benefit all mothers. Future research directions include longitudinal and qualitative designs, and extension to other specific populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Granfield
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Psychology, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Psychology, Australia
| | - Zali Yager
- The Embrace Collective, Australia; Victoria University, Australia
| | - Jessica M Alleva
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, Australia; Flinders University, College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Health & Exercise Sciences, Australia
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12
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Wang Y, Sedikides C, Wildschut T, Yang Y, Cai H. Distress prospectively predicts higher nostalgia, and nostalgia prospectively predicts lower distress. J Pers 2023; 91:1478-1492. [PMID: 36805555 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We were concerned with the relation between distress and nostalgia. At the state level, extensive research has established that momentary nostalgia is evoked by (experimentally manipulated) distress. However, at the trait level, the directionality of this relation is unclear. We conducted a longitudinal study to clarify the directional relation between these two constructs. METHOD We surveyed first-year university students (N = 3167) twice across six months. We assessed nostalgia, psychological distress (depression), and physical distress (somatization) at both timepoints. We also assessed Big Five personality at the first timepoint. RESULTS Initial distress prospectively predicted increased nostalgia, and initial nostalgia prospectively predicted reduced distress, six months later and independently of the Big Five. CONCLUSIONS Habitual nostalgia follows rather than precedes naturalistically occurring distress and serves to relieve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Tim Wildschut
- School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ying Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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13
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Brandt ND, Drewelies J, Willis SL, Schaie KW, Ram N, Gerstorf D, Wagner J. Beyond Big Five trait domains: Stability and change in personality facets across midlife and old age. J Pers 2023; 91:1171-1188. [PMID: 36325745 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulated evidence indicates both stable and malleable parts of inter-individual differences in the broad Big Five domains. Less is known, however, about stability and change at the more diversified facet level. With the current study, we fill this gap by investigating personality stability and change across midlife and old age. METHOD We apply local structural equation measurement models and second-order growth curve models to four waves of data obtained with the full NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) collected over 11 years from 1667 adults (Mage = 62.69 years, SDage = 15.62, 55% female) who participated in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. RESULTS Measurement invariance analyses indicated that the psychometric properties of the NEO-PI-R facets are comparable across time and age. Results revealed substantial rank-order stabilities across all facets, yet the exact pattern varied strongly between facets of the same trait and across traits. Mean-level change of facets from midlife to old age largely mirrored the mean-level change observed for the broader traits. CONCLUSION We discuss conceptual implications and argue that in the face of overall stability across midlife and old age, changes in the rank-ordering of people reveals a much more complex and diverse pattern of development than analyses at the trait level suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemi D Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institut for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sherry L Willis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - K Warner Schaie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nilam Ram
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Dubourg E, Thouzeau V, de Dampierre C, Mogoutov A, Baumard N. Exploratory preferences explain the human fascination for imaginary worlds in fictional stories. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8657. [PMID: 37246187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaginary worlds are present and often central in many of the most culturally successful modern narrative fictions, be it in novels (e.g., Harry Potter), movies (e.g., Star Wars), video games (e.g., The Legend of Zelda), graphic novels (e.g., One Piece) and TV series (e.g., Game of Thrones). We propose that imaginary worlds are popular because they activate exploratory preferences that evolved to help us navigate the real world and find new fitness-relevant information. Therefore, we hypothesize that the attraction to imaginary worlds is intrinsically linked to the desire to explore novel environments and that both are influenced by the same underlying factors. Notably, the inter-individual and cross-cultural variability of the preference for imaginary worlds should follow the inter-individual and cross-cultural variability of exploratory preferences (with the personality trait Openness-to-experience, age, sex, and ecological conditions). We test these predictions with both experimental and computational methods. For experimental tests, we run a pre-registered online experiment about movie preferences (N = 230). For computational tests, we leverage two large cultural datasets, namely the Internet Movie Database (N = 9424 movies) and the Movie Personality Dataset (N = 3.5 million participants), and use machine-learning algorithms (i.e., random forest and topic modeling). In all, consistent with how the human preference for spatial exploration adaptively varies, we provide empirical evidence that imaginary worlds appeal more to more explorative people, people higher in Openness-to-experience, younger individuals, males, and individuals living in more affluent environments. We discuss the implications of these findings for our understanding of the cultural evolution of narrative fiction and, more broadly, the evolution of human exploratory preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Dubourg
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Valentin Thouzeau
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Charles de Dampierre
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Andrei Mogoutov
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Baumard
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, Ecole normale supérieure, Université PSL, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
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15
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Hatano K, Hihara S, Sugimura K, Kawamoto T. Patterns of Personality Development and Psychosocial Functioning in Japanese Adolescents: A Four-Wave Longitudinal Study. J Youth Adolesc 2023; 52:1074-1087. [PMID: 36680631 PMCID: PMC9864498 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While patterns of adolescent personality development are country-specific, previous studies that have examined them have been limited to the Netherlands and Finland. This study aimed to identify the patterns of personality development and examine the relationship between these patterns and psychosocial functioning among Japanese adolescents. Overall, 618 Japanese adolescents (49.5% girls; 16 years) participated in the annual longitudinal survey from 2013 to 2016. Using latent class growth analysis, the following four patterns of personality development were identified: resilient, over-controlled, vulnerable, and moderate. Although the mean-level changes in the Big Five domains were generally insignificant among the four patterns, the vulnerable pattern showed a progressive increase in conscientiousness, and the moderate pattern showed a decrease in neuroticism and an increase in conscientiousness. Furthermore, multivariate analysis of variance tests indicated that the resilient pattern showed higher subjective well-being and lower psychosocial problems than the other personality patterns; the over-controlled pattern showed higher internalizing problems than the resilient pattern; the vulnerable pattern showed lower subjective well-being and higher internalizing problems than the other patterns; and the moderate pattern scored between the resilient, over-controlled, and vulnerable patterns in both subjective well-being and psychosocial problems. These findings suggest that the vulnerable and moderate patterns, which are immature patterns compared to the resilient and over-controlled ones, showed positive changes to the direction of maturity from middle to late adolescence in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hatano
- Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai City, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
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16
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Ratner K, Zhu G, Li Q, Estevez M, Burrow AL. Interacting with supportive adults predicts greater same-day psychosocial functioning among adolescents in a self-driven learning program. J Adolesc 2023. [PMID: 36864724 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Supportive adults are a critical component of effective out-of-school time (OST) youth programs, yet the short-term dynamics that underlie their role are poorly understood. Within GripTape, a US-wide self-driven learning program, we examined if interactions with program-assigned adults (i.e., Champions) correspond with youths' daily psychosocial functioning (i.e., sense of purpose, self-concept clarity, and self-esteem). METHOD Participants were 204 North American adolescents (M [SD] = 16.42 [1.18] years; female = 70.1%, male = 25.0%) enrolled in GripTape, a remote OST program that empowers under-resourced teens to pursue their passions for ~10 weeks. During enrollment, youth are given autonomy to structure their learning goals and methods to best match their needs; a stipend of up to 500 USD; and an adult Champion to act as a touchpoint. Data collection consisted of a baseline survey before the program launch and a 5-min survey on each day of enrollment. RESULTS Across ~70 days, we found that youth reported greater psychosocial functioning on days they reported interacting with their Champion. After controlling for same-day psychosocial functioning, we failed to find evidence that Champion interactions predicted youths' next-day psychosocial functioning. CONCLUSION In addition to being among the first studies to investigate the daily benefits of youth-adult interactions within OST programming, this study documents the short-term incremental change that may underlie previous work on OST program outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin Ratner
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, Champaign, USA.,Department of Psychology, Cornell University, New York, Ithaca, USA
| | - Gaoxia Zhu
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, New York, Ithaca, USA.,Learning Sciences and Assessment, National Institute of Education at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingyi Li
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, New York, Ithaca, USA
| | | | - Anthony L Burrow
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, New York, Ithaca, USA
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17
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Baumert A, Maltese S, Lischetzke T. Linking the Momentary Processing of Injustice to Intraindividual Change in Dispositional Victim Sensitivity. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070231157451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how the dispositional sensitivity to becoming the victim of injustice (victim sensitivity) is linked to the momentary processing of injustice and how such processes predict dispositional change. In two samples ( N = 149, N = 513), we combined four dispositional assessments across students’ first year at university, with intensive assessments given on a weekly (Study 1) or daily (Study 2) basis at the beginning of the first semester. We assessed how frequently injustice from a victim perspective was perceived and ruminated about (Studies 1 and 2), and how intensely anger was experienced in reaction (Study 2). These indicators of momentary processes were tested as correlates of baseline victim sensitivity and as predictors of dispositional change. The intensity of anger reactions predicted dispositional change in victim sensitivity after 4 months, but not earlier or later, and did not generalize to predict change in neuroticism. These findings are in line with recent theorizing about personality development, emphasizing the relevance of patterns of momentary processes for understanding dispositional change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baumert
- School of Human and Social Sciences, Bergische University Wuppertal, and Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simona Maltese
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tanja Lischetzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
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18
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Haehner P, Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ. Examining individual differences in personality trait changes after negative life events. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070231156840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits can change throughout the entire life span, but people differ in their personality trait changes. To better understand individual differences in personality changes, we examined personal (personality functioning), environmental (environmental changes), and event-related moderators (e.g., perceived event characteristics) of personality trait changes. Therefore, we used a sample of 1069 participants who experienced a negative life event in the last 5 weeks and assessed their personality traits at five measurement occasions over 6 months. Employing preregistered multilevel lasso estimation, we did not find any significant effects. While exploratory analyses generally confirmed this conclusion, they also identified some effects that might being worth to be considered in future research (e.g., perceived impact and perceived social status changes were associated with changes in agreeableness after experiencing a relationship breakup). In total, our moderators explained less than 2% of variance in personality traits. Nonetheless, our study has several important implications for future research on individual differences in personality change. For example, future research should consider personal, environmental, and event-related moderators, use different analytical methods, and rely on highly powered samples to detect very small effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haehner
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Reitz AK. Self‐esteem development and life events: A review and integrative process framework. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Reitz
- Department of Developmental Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
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20
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Hang Y, Soto C, Lee B, Speyer LG, Murray AL, Mõttus R. Social expectations and abilities to meet them as possible mechanisms of youth personality development. J Pers 2022; 91:601-612. [PMID: 35900800 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Personality traits change from childhood through late-adolescence, however the effects of social expectations and self-regulatory efforts remain unknown. This study aims to explore mechanisms underlying personality development by assessing mean levels personality traits from childhood to late-adolescence. METHOD We used Common-Language California Child Q-Set to measure youths' (N=11,000) mean personality trait levels; social expectations for these traits as perceived by parents (N=47), teachers (N=42) and students (N=120); and self-regulatory efforts required for achieving the desired levels in these traits as perceived by parents (N=27), teachers (N=26) and students (N=54). RESULTS Expectations for youths' traits were consistent, regardless of raters' or youths' age. In our unique between-trait study design, traits' mean levels were positively associated with expectations for them, but age differences minimally tracked these expectations. Traits' required self-regulatory efforts were not associated with their developmental trends. CONCLUSIONS Results were only partially consistent with existing developmental theories of personality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhan Hang
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Billy Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Gabriela Speyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aja Louise Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Luo J, Zhang B, Cao M, Roberts BW. The Stressful Personality: A Meta-Analytical Review of the Relation Between Personality and Stress. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022; 27:128-194. [PMID: 35801622 DOI: 10.1177/10888683221104002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study presented the first meta-analytic review on the associations between the Big Five personality traits and stress measured under different conceptualizations (stressor exposure, psychological and physiological stress responses) using a total of 1,575 effect sizes drawn from 298 samples. Overall, neuroticism was found to be positively related to stress, whereas extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness were negatively linked to stress. When stress assessed under different conceptualizations was tested, only neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were related to stressor exposure. All of the Big Five personality traits were significantly associated with psychological stress perception, whereas the five personality traits showed weak to null associations with physiological stress response. Further moderation analyses suggested that the associations between personality traits and stress under different conceptualizations were also contingent upon different characteristics of stress, sample, study design, and measures. The results supported the important role of personality traits in individual differences in stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
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22
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Chereches FS, Brehmer Y, Olaru G. Personality and limitations in instrumental activities of daily living in old age: Reciprocal associations across 12 years. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221111856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits have been reported to predict difficulties in performing instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in old age, such as preparing meals or shopping. However, little is known about the reciprocal effects on personality. In this study, we examined bidirectional relationships between personality traits and the capacity to perform IADL using four waves of longitudinal data from 3540 older adults (aged 65 years and older) from the Health and Retirement Study. We applied a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model to separate between- and within-person effects across time and compared it to a traditional cross-lagged panel model. At the between-person level, higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness were associated with more IADL limitations. Within individuals across time, increases in neuroticism and decreases in conscientiousness and extraversion were associated with increases in IADL limitations 4 years later. In contrast, increases in IADL limitations only predicted increases in neuroticism and decreases in extraversion. These results indicate that some personality traits affect and are affected by limitations in functional capacities in old age. Results of the within-person model build a strong foundation for future personality interventions as a pathway to maintain high functioning in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Brehmer
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
- Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Olaru
- Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
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23
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Pfund GN, Hofer M, Allemand M, Hill PL. Being Social May Be Purposeful in Older Adulthood: A Measurement Burst Design. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2022; 30:777-786. [PMID: 34924274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sense of purpose predicts a wide array of positive health, cognitive, and well-being outcomes during older adulthood. However, work is limited regarding how social relations correspond to purposefulness in daily life. The current study explored daily social interactions as a route to daily purposefulness in older adults, using a measurement burst design. METHODS Older adults completed surveys for three 5-day bursts each spread 6 months apart (Mage = 70.75, SD = 7.23; N = 104). RESULTS Multilevel models demonstrated that on days when individuals reported more positive social interactions, they reported feeling more purposeful (est. = 0.39, 95% CI [0.28, 0.51]) when accounting for health, employment, and relationship status. Employment status moderated this association, as daily social interactions were more strongly associated with daily purpose for unemployed/retired individuals (est. = -0.23, 95% CI [-0.38, -0.08]). CONCLUSION Positive social interactions thus may help older adults maintain purposefulness, particularly after retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle N Pfund
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (GNP, PLH), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
| | - Matthias Hofer
- Department of Communication and Media Research (MH), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging Research, University of Zurich (MH, MA), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Allemand
- Department of Psychology (MA), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; University Research Priority Program Dynamics of Healthy Aging Research, University of Zurich (MH, MA), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick L Hill
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences (GNP, PLH), Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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24
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Haehner P, Rakhshani A, Fassbender I, Lucas RE, Donnellan MB, Luhmann M. Perception of major life events and personality trait change. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Major life events can trigger personality trait change. However, a clear, replicable pattern of event-related personality trait change has yet to be identified. We examined whether the perception of major life events is associated with personality trait change. Therefore, we assessed young adults’ personality traits at five measurement occasions within 1 year. At the second measurement occasion, we also assessed their perception of a recently experienced major life event using the Event Characteristics Questionnaire. Contrary to our expectations, perceived impact of the event was not associated with the amount of personality trait change, but perceived valence was associated with changes in agreeableness and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses revealed some weak associations between other perceived event characteristics and the amount of personality trait change as well as interactions between perceived event characteristics and event categories in predicting changes in neuroticism. In general, effect sizes were small, and associations depended on the time interval between pre-event and post-event personality assessment. Results indicate that perceived event characteristics should be considered when examining event-related personality trait change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Haehner
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrew Rakhshani
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ina Fassbender
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Richard E Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Hatano K, Hihara S, Sugimura K, Crocetti E. Direction of associations between personality traits and educational identity processes: Between- and within-person associations. J Adolesc 2022; 94:763-775. [PMID: 35694957 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In adolescence, personality traits and educational identity processes are interwoven. Previous studies have shown that personality traits predict healthy identity commitment and exploration in education. However, the direction of associations between personality traits and an identity process that searches for another identity option (i.e., reconsideration of commitment) is unclear. Furthermore, there is a lack of prospective studies regarding the direction of the association between personality traits and the educational identity process using within-person methods. Therefore, this study examined the direction of these associations. METHODS Participants of this four-wave longitudinal study comprised 618 Japanese 13-year-old adolescents (53.3% girls). This study involved a 1-year-interval assessment. RESULTS Cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) indicated that four personality traits (neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) predicted three educational identity processes, while reconsideration of commitment predicted two personality traits (i.e., neuroticism and conscientiousness). Random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPM) indicated that agreeableness predicted healthy commitment, while commitment predicted agreeableness at within-person level. CONCLUSION The findings from CLPM suggest that reconsideration of commitment is a significant factor to predict healthy (i.e., conscientiousness) and unhealthy (i.e., neuroticism) personality traits in individual differences. Furthermore, the findings from RI-CLPM suggest that agreeableness may be a key trait in promoting healthy educational identity commitment. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hatano
- Graduate School of Sustainable System Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Hihara
- Faculty of Business Administration, Matsuyama University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazumi Sugimura
- Department of Psychology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Elisabetta Crocetti
- Department of Psychology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Forgeard M, Roepke AM, Atlas S, Bayer-Pacht E, Björgvinsson T, Silvia PJ. Openness to experience is stable following adversity: A case-control longitudinal investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221076902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although many people retrospectively report feeling more open-minded after experiencing highly stressful events, relevant longitudinal studies are scarce and have yielded contradictory findings. The present study used a 12-month longitudinal case-control design to test whether growth in openness (assessed every 4 months using multiple methods) occurs following major stressors, and whether changes relate to clinical symptoms of depression and/or posttraumatic stress. To do so, we compared participants (a) with a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 66), (b) without a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 76), and (c) with a recent major stressor and with significant symptoms ( n = 76). Overall, growth curve models showed that group membership was not associated with changes in openness over 12 months for most outcomes. Other variables (e.g., education) predicted changes in openness. This study provides robust evidence that openness to experience is mostly stable following major stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Forgeard
- McLean Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
- William James College, Newton MA, USA
| | | | - Sara Atlas
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Paul J. Silvia
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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27
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Kritzler S, Rakhshani A, Terwiel S, Fassbender I, Donnellan MB, Lucas RE, Luhmann M. How are common major live events perceived? Exploring differences between and variability of different typical event profiles and raters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221076586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on major life events and personality change often focuses on the occurrence of specific life events such as childbirth, unemployment, or divorce. However, this typical approach has three important limitations: (1) Life events are typically measured categorically, (2) it is often assumed that people experience and change from the same event in the same way, and (3) external ratings of life events have unknown levels of validity. To address these limitations, we examined how common life events are typically perceived, how much perceptions of life events vary within events, and how well external ratings of events correspond to subjective ratings from people who experienced the events. We analyzed ratings of nine psychologically relevant characteristics of 10 common major life events from three different types of raters ( N = 2,210). Each life event had a distinct subjectively rated profile that corresponded well to external ratings. Collectively, this study demonstrates that life events can be meaningfully described and differentiated with event characteristics. However, people’s individual perceptions of life events varied considerably even within events. Therefore, research on major life events and their associations with personality change should incorporate individual perceptions of the events to advance the understanding of these associations.
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28
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Hopwood CJ, Bleidorn W, Zimmermann J. Assessing Personality Change: Introduction to the Special Section. J Pers Assess 2022; 104:431-434. [PMID: 35238675 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2022.2041650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Both clinical and personality psychologists are interested in assessing personality change, although they have tended to approach the issue in different ways. In this paper we argue that both sub-fields should focus more on basic issues in the assessment of personality change, and that they would make more progress on this issue together than alone. This Special Section on the Assessment of Personality Change includes four papers by researchers working primarily in basic personality science. Each paper addresses specific ways to advance the assessment of personality change that have both basic and applied clinical relevance, but collectively they show how far the field still has to go.
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29
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Israel A, Brandt ND, Spengler M, Göllner R, Lüdtke O, Trautwein U, Wagner J. The longitudinal interplay of personality and school experiences in adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The school environment is one key developmental context that is assumed to shape individual characteristics during adolescence. However, little is known about which school experiences are central to personality change or whether school experiences and personality co-shape each other over time. We address this gap by examining the longitudinal interplay between seven school experiences in the three domains of achievement, social relationships, and well-being, and the Big Five personality traits at four measurement points from fifth to eighth grade. By using data from the German TRAIN study ( N = 3,473, MageT1 = 11.1 years, 45% female), we estimated bivariate latent growth curve models and cross-lagged panel models to illustrate this longitudinal interplay. Results demonstrated correlated change between school experiences and personality with differentiated patterns for achievement variables and a general longitudinal interplay with the social relationship and well-being variables. Furthermore, we found cross-lagged effects in both directions, although there were more effects of personality on school experiences. The most consistent predictor of school experiences was conscientiousness, whereas well-being in school in particular was related to personality change 1 year later. We integrate our findings into the current picture of personality development in adolescence and the role of school-related environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Israel
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Naemi D Brandt
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marion Spengler
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Göllner
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Lüdtke
- Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
- Centre for International Student Assessment (ZIB), Germany
| | - Ulrich Trautwein
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jenny Wagner
- Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, Germany
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30
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Etiology of Basic Psychological Needs and Their Association with Personality: A Twin Study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Weststrate NM, Jayawickreme E, Wrzus C. Advancing a Three-Tier Personality Framework for Posttraumatic Growth. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211062327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adversity has been assumed to foster positive personality change under certain conditions. In this article, we examine this assumption within the context of the three-tier personality framework integrating traits, characteristic adaptations, and narrative identity to provide a comprehensive understanding of personality growth. We first review findings on how adverse events affect personality on each of these three levels. Second, we summarize knowledge on event-based and person-based predictors of personality change in the face of adversity. Third, we specify affective, behavioral, and cognitive processes that explain personality change across levels of personality. Innovatively, our proposed process model addresses change at all three levels of personality, as well as similarities and differences in processes across the levels. We conclude by discussing unresolved issues, asking critical questions, and posing challenging hypotheses for testing this framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology & Program for Leadership and Character, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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32
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Hopwood CJ, Bleidorn W, Wright AGC. Connecting Theory to Methods in Longitudinal Research. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:884-894. [PMID: 34739347 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211008407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in methods for longitudinal data collection and analysis have prompted a surge of research on psychological processes. However, decisions about how to time assessments are often not explicitly tethered to theories about psychological processes but are instead justified on methodological (e.g., power) or practical (e.g., feasibility) grounds. In many cases, methodological decisions are not explicitly justified at all. The disconnect between theories about processes and the timing of assessments in longitudinal research has contributed to misspecified models, interpretive errors, mixed findings, and nonspecific conclusions. In this article, we argue that higher demands should be placed on researchers to connect theories to methods in longitudinal research. We review instances of this disconnect and offer potential solutions as they pertain to four general questions for longitudinal researchers: how time should be scaled, how many assessments are needed, how frequently assessments should occur, and when assessments should happen.
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33
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Kandler C, Rauthmann JF. Conceptualizing and Studying Characteristics, Units, and Fits of Persons and Environments: A Coherent Synthesis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211048728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on a perspective on personality coherence as the extent to which personality-relevant characteristics are differentiated and integrated within a person in his or her environment, we propose a synthesis that builds on and harmonizes existing and partly conflicting theories, methodological approaches, and empirical findings. This understanding of personality coherence needs clear definitions of person and environment characteristics. We define traits as characteristics of the person, adaptations as characteristics of the person-in-contexts, and states as characteristics of the person-in-situations. Thus, our synthesis involves concepts of environments and person-environment units. Next, we provide testable criteria to differentiate characteristics of persons from characteristics of person-environment units and to identify dispositional traits for a narrow-sense perspective on personality coherence. We raise awareness of the importance of fit between (profiles of) person and environment characteristics for an understanding of the integrated uniqueness of persons in their environments. We outline implications of this broader perspective on personality coherence for personality development, self-regulation, social integration, well-being, and psychological interventions. Lastly, we conclude that the analysis of an individual’s uniqueness and personality differences requires information about how well-defined, well-differentiated, well-integrated, and well-operationalized person(ality) variables are actually expressed in, or interact and transact with, the individual environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kandler
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - John F. Rauthmann
- Department of Psychology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Hennecke M, Brandstätter V, Oettingen G. The Self-Regulation of Healthy Aging: Goal-Related Processes in Three Domains. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:S125-S134. [PMID: 34515771 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As people age, they experience typical age-graded challenges and opportunities, for example, their own retirement, changes in their social networks, or a decline in health condition. The extent to which people successfully process, respond to, and act on these challenges and opportunities is highly important for their health, at the core of which the WHO sees the possibility of "doing what one has reason to value." In this article, we posit that individuals can play an active role in determining whether they can, in response to these age-graded influences, continue doing what they have reason to value, and that they can do so by deploying the self-regulatory processes of goal setting (including reengagement in new goals after disengaging from a previous goal), goal pursuit, and goal disengagement. We discuss the role of these self-regulatory processes in three important goal domains: work/retirement, interpersonal relationships, and health. Across these domains, we consider typical challenges and opportunities including the increased availability of daily time in old age, the long past that lies behind older adults, and their limited future time perspective. Finally, we derive open research questions that may be studied to better understand how the very old may self-regulate their response to age-graded influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Oettingen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, USA.,Department of Psychology, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
Personality psychology, which seeks to study individual differences in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persist over time and place, has experienced a renaissance in the last few decades. It has also not been reviewed as a field in the Annual Review of Psychology since 2001. In this article, we seek to provide an update as well as a meta-organizational structure to the field. In particular, personality psychology has a prescribed set of four responsibilities that it implicitly or explicitly tackles as a field: (a) describing what personality is-i.e., what the units of analysis in the field are; (b) documenting how it develops; (c) explaining the processes of personality and why they affect functioning; and (d) providing a framework for understanding individuals and explaining their actions, feelings, and motivations. We review progress made over the last 20 years to address these four agendas and conclude by highlighting future directions and ongoing challenges to the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent W Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA; , .,Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology, University of Tübingen, 72072 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hee J Yoon
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA; ,
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36
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Rakhshani A, Lucas RE, Donnellan MB, Fassbender I, Luhmann M. Personality Traits and Perceptions of Major Life Events. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211045825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research examining the associations between major life events and personality trait development is mixed. Work that evaluates perceptions of life events and how those perceptions are themselves associated with personality traits may help clarify the existing literature. We used a large student sample ( N = 1,509) and a demographically diverse sample from a Qualtrics panel ( N = 552) to conduct exploratory analyses examining the associations between the big five personality traits and perceptions of life events. Results suggested that (a) associations between personality and beliefs about event-related personality change differ between students and more representative samples, (b) associations between personality and event perceptions are often nuanced, and (c) event perceptions are not merely proxies for personality traits. These studies highlight the importance of subjective event perceptions in the study of major life events and personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rakhshani
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Richard E. Lucas
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - M. Brent Donnellan
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Ina Fassbender
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Wundrack R, Asselmann E, Specht J. Personality development in disruptive times: The impact of personal versus collective life events. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Wundrack
- Department of Psychology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Eva Asselmann
- Department of Psychology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
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Fassbender I, Haehner P, Buecker S, Luhmann M. Perceived Characteristics of Life Events—Short-Term Changes in Prosociality and Empathy? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211031762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic growth can be understood as positive change in desirable personality traits after adverse life events. However, recent research questioned whether adversity is a relevant, necessary, and sufficient condition for change in desirable personality traits. Using five-wave longitudinal data, this study explored changes in the desirable personality traits prosociality and empathy before and after life events. We included all life events participants had experienced between the second and third assessment, that is, adverse, ambiguous, and positive events. Participants rated their life events on the Event Characteristics Questionnaire which assesses the individual perception of life events on nine continuous dimensions: challenge, emotional significance, extraordinariness, external control, impact, valence, social status change, predictability, and change in world views. We used multilevel growth curve models to explore changes in prosociality and empathy as a function of these event characteristics. Prosociality and empathy remained stable in the assessment period of 6 to 9 months after the reported life event, independently of whether the event had been perceived as adverse or not. We discuss our findings with respect to the inclusion of positive and ambiguous events as predictors of personality change and with respect to its theoretical implications for post-traumatic growth and personality development more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Fassbender
- Department of Education Studies and Psychology, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Peter Haehner
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Maike Luhmann
- Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany
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Luyten P, Fonagy P. Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology: A psychodynamic perspective. J Pers 2021; 90:75-88. [PMID: 34170512 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several strands of research converge to suggest that personality and psychopathology can be integrated in the form of a hierarchical model of individual differences. The notion that personality and psychopathology are intrinsically linked has a long tradition within psychodynamic approaches. In this article, we first summarize empirical evidence supporting two related key assumptions of psychodynamic approaches to personality and psychology: that a developmental, person-centered approach is needed to complement a static, disorder-centered approach in the conceptualization and treatment of psychopathology; and that personality and psychopathology are best conceptualized as dynamic attempts at adaptation. Research in each of these areas supports the notion that personality and psychopathology are difficult to separate and may be moderated by severity (i.e., general psychopathology) such that increasing levels of severity result in increased intrinsic coupling between the two. We then discuss these findings in the context of a newly emerging social-communicative approach to human development that suggests that personality and psychopathology are better conceptualized in terms of a disorder of social communication, and that the purported rigidity and stability typically attributed to them are largely explained by the stability of the environmental mechanisms that underpin them, rather than by stable intrapersonal traits. The implications of these new views for the future of the science of personality and psychopathology, and for treatment strategies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Luyten
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Brose A, Neubauer AB, Schmiedek F. Integrating state dynamics and trait change: A tutorial using the example of stress reactivity and change in well-being. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent theoretical accounts on the causes of trait change emphasize the potential relevance of states. In the same vein, reactions to daily stress have been shown to prospectively predict change in well-being, speaking for the proposition that state dynamics can be a precursor to long-term change in more stable individual-differences characteristics. A common analysis approach towards linking state dynamics such as stress reactivity and change in some more stable individual differences characteristic has been a two-step approach, modeling state dynamics and trait change separately. In this paper, we elaborate on one-step procedures to simultaneously model state dynamics and trait change, realized in the multilevel structural equation modeling framework. We highlight three distinct advantages over the two-step approach which pre-exists in the methodological literature, and we disseminate these advantages to a larger audience. We target a readership of substantive researchers interested in the relationships between state dynamics and traits or trait change, and we provide them with a tutorial style paper on state-of-the-art methods on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Brose
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Benjamin Neubauer
- DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Schmiedek
- DIPF
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Center for Research on Individual Development and Adaptive Education of Children at Risk (IDeA), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Brandt ND, Israel A, Becker M, Wagner J. The joint power of personality and motivation dynamics for occupational success: Bridging two largely separated fields. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0890207021996965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
When establishing a career in adulthood, two major socioemotional ingredients are expected to affect people’s success: how people act (personality) and what motivates them to act this way (motivation). However, little is known about whether and how personality and motivation change together and how their possible dynamic interplay predicts success. We investigated the roles that changes in personality and expectancy beliefs played in explaining occupational success in 4121 participants assessed after high school ( Mage = 22.80, SDage = 0.70; 63% female) and about 20 years later. We used latent change models and moderated structural equation modeling to investigate correlated change and latent change interactions of personality and expectancy beliefs in predicting success. Results illustrated that besides being related in a nomological net, personality and expectancy beliefs also illustrated a strong interrelatedness in change across time. We found the clearest joint change dynamics between emotional stability, conscientiousness, self-concept, and self-efficacy. Changes in personality and expectancy beliefs were furthermore associated with objective and subjective occupational success. The results call for a more integrative view on personality-motivation dynamics across time for understanding the long-term adaptive ingredients of occupational success stories in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naemi D Brandt
- University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Germany
| | - Anne Israel
- University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Germany
| | - Michael Becker
- Technical University Dortmund, Center for Research on Education and School Development, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education, Educational Governance, Berlin/Frankfurt a.M., Germany
| | - Jenny Wagner
- University of Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Germany
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42
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Wilson S, Olino TM. A developmental perspective on personality and psychopathology across the life span. J Pers 2021; 89:915-932. [PMID: 33550639 PMCID: PMC10142293 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Taking a developmental perspective, guided by core principles of developmental science and developmental psychopathology, is necessary to move the fields of personality science and psychopathology forward. Personality and psychopathology can be delineated using hierarchical models of individual differences, as evidenced by decades of converging evidence across community and psychiatric samples, countries and cultures, and ages and developmental periods. A large body of empirical research likewise documents associations between personality and various forms of psychopathology. Cross-sectional investigations of personality-psychopathology links in samples of adults now yield diminishing returns. Prospective, longitudinal investigations that assess personality, psychopathology, and their co-development across the life span are needed to determine their temporal ordering, capture dynamic associations over time and development, and elucidate causal origins and underlying mechanisms. We lay out a developmental framework that integrates across the developmental, personality, and psychopathology literatures in order to further understanding and guide future investigations of the nature of personality-psychopathology links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylia Wilson
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Jayawickreme E, Infurna FJ, Alajak K, Blackie LE, Chopik WJ, Chung JM, Dorfman A, Fleeson W, Forgeard MJ, Frazier P, Furr RM, Grossmann I, Heller A, Laceulle OM, Lucas RE, Luhmann M, Luong G, Meijer L, McLean KC, Park CL, Roepke AM, al Sawaf Z, Tennen H, White RMB, Zonneveld R. Post-traumatic growth as positive personality change: Challenges, opportunities, and recommendations. J Pers 2021; 89:145-165. [PMID: 32897574 PMCID: PMC8062071 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Post-traumatic growth typically refers to enduring positive psychological change experienced as a result of adversity, trauma, or highly challenging life circumstances. Critics have challenged insights from much of the prior research on this topic, pinpointing its significant methodological limitations. In response to these critiques, we propose that post-traumatic growth can be more accurately captured in terms of personality change-an approach that affords a more rigorous examination of the phenomenon. METHOD We outline a set of conceptual and methodological questions and considerations for future work on the topic of post-traumatic growth. RESULTS We provide a series of recommendations for researchers from across the disciplines of clinical/counseling, developmental, health, personality, and social psychology and beyond, who are interested in improving the quality of research examining resilience and growth in the context of adversity. CONCLUSION We are hopeful that these recommendations will pave the way for a more accurate understanding of the ubiquity, durability, and causal processes underlying post-traumatic growth.
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Lenhausen MR, van Scheppingen MA, Bleidorn W. Self–other agreement in personality development in romantic couples. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0890207020969011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence indicates that personality traits show high rank-order stability and substantial mean-level changes across the lifespan. However, the majority of longitudinal research on personality development has relied on repeated assessments of self-reports, providing a narrow empirical base from which to draw conclusions and develop theory. Here, we (1) tested whether self- and informant-reports provided by couples show similar patterns of rank-order stability and mean-level change and (2) assessed self–other agreement in personality development. We charted the Big Five personality trajectories of 255 couples ( N = 510; M age = 27.01 years) who provided both self- and partner-reports at four assessments across 1.5 years. Results indicated similar rank-order stabilities in self- and partner-report data. Latent growth curve models indicated no significant differences between self- and partner-reported personality trajectories, with exceptions to extraversion and agreeableness. We further found strong cross-sectional agreement across all Big Five traits and assessment waves as well as moderate self–other agreement in personality change in emotional stability and agreeableness. These findings highlight the relevance of multi-method assessments in personality development, while providing information about personality stability and change. Discussion focuses on the theoretical implications and future directions for multi-method assessments in longitudinal personality research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, USA
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45
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Perlstein S, Waller R. Integrating the study of personality and psychopathology in the context of gene-environment correlations across development. J Pers 2020; 90:47-60. [PMID: 33251591 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A key principle of individual differences research is that biological and environmental factors jointly influence personality and psychopathology. Genes and environments interact to influence the emergence and stability of both normal and abnormal behavior (i.e., genetic predisposition, X, is exacerbated or buffered under environmental conditions, Y, or vice versa), including by shaping the neural circuits underpinning behavior. The interplay of genes and environments is also reflected in various ways in which they are correlated (i.e., rGE). That is, the same genetic factors that give rise to personality or psychopathology also shape that person's environment. METHODS In this review, we outline passive, evocative, and active rGE processes and review the findings of studies that have addressed rGE in relation to understanding individual differences in personality and psychopathology across development. RESULTS Throughout, we evaluate the question of whether it is possible, not only to differentiate the person from their problems, but also to differentiate the person from their problems and their environment. CONCLUSIONS We provide recommendations for future research to model rGE and better inform our ability to study personality and psychopathology, while separating the influence of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Perlstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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