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Ohayon S, Goldzweig G, Vilchinsky N, Hasson-Ohayon I. The Associations Among Observers' Openness to Experience and Agreeableness With Social Distance: The Moderating Role of Disability Type. J Nerv Ment Dis 2024; 212:325-331. [PMID: 38810095 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Despite abundant literature on personality and stigma, the role of disability type in this relationship has remained unaddressed. In the current study, we examined whether the relationship between observers' openness to experience and agreeableness on the one hand, and social distance on the other, was moderated by the target person's type of disability (psychiatric vs. physical). One hundred thirty-nine participants were randomly assigned to complete a social distance questionnaire referring to a vignette of a person in three conditions (physical disability, psychiatric disability, and control). A main effect of openness on social distance was found. Additionally, we found an interaction effect of agreeableness and the type of disability. Namely, the relationship between agreeableness and social distance was significant only in the physical disability condition but not in the other two conditions. To conclude, the current study emphasizes the role of personality traits in social distance toward individuals with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Ohayon
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gil Goldzweig
- Department of Behavioral Science, The Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Noa Vilchinsky
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gries
- Department of Economics, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Veronika Müller
- School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, D.C
| | - John T. Jost
- Departments of Psychology, Politics, & Data Science, New York University, New York, New York
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Jaśkiewicz M, Sobiecki J. When out-groups are perceived as out of place: urban disorder sensitivity and environmental distance. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 10:123-134. [PMID: 38013917 PMCID: PMC10653558 DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2021.110842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND These studies aimed to determine whether a stronger preference for order, structure, and predictability in the urban environment (measured by the Space Intrusion subscale of the Urban Socio-Spatial Disorder Sensitivity Scale) and a higher score on the Out-Group Visual Encroachment scale are associated with more aversive reactions towards the idea of people of another race, ethnicity, or religion settling in the neighborhood. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE Participants were recruited through online snowball sampling (pilot study) as well as from among university students. Students were also asked to send links to the study to their acquaintances. The pilot study, as well as Study 1B, were conducted online, whereas in Study 1A the paper-pencil method was used. RESULTS Scores on the Space Intrusion subscale and the Out-group Visual Encroachment scale were associated with outgroup negativity. Out-group Visual Encroachment was found to mediate the relationship between Space Intrusion and environmental distance toward Muslims. CONCLUSIONS Perceiving out-groups as out of place is a joint product of environmental features (visual cues of belonging) and characteristics of the individual (sensitivity to urban disorder). The challenge for neighborhoods in times of increased migration is how to shape the public domain to increase the chances of strangers becoming more familiar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jurand Sobiecki
- Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland
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Roets A, Van Hiel A, Dhont K. Is Sexism a Gender Issue? A Motivated Social Cognition Perspective on Men's and Women's Sexist Attitudes toward Own and Other Gender. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present research investigated the antecedents of ambivalent sexism (i.e., hostile and benevolent forms) in both men and women toward own and other gender. In two heterogeneous adult samples (Study 1: N = 179 and Study 2: N = 222), it was revealed that gender itself was only a minor predictor of sexist attitudes compared with the substantial impact of individual differences in general motivated cognition (i.e., need for closure). Analyses further showed that the relationship between need for closure and sexism was mediated by social attitudes (i.e., right–wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation), which were differently related to benevolent and hostile forms of sexism. In the discussion, it is argued that sexism primarily stems from individual differences in motivated cognitive style, which relates to peoples‘ perspective on the social world, rather than from group differences between men and women. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Roets
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Belgium
| | - Alain Van Hiel
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Belgium
| | - Kristof Dhont
- Ghent University, Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Belgium
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Onraet E, Van Hiel A, Roets A, Cornelis I. The closed mind: ‘Experience’ and ‘cognition’ aspects of openness to experience and need for closure as psychological bases for right–wing attitudes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Openness to Experience and Need for Closure (NFC) are dispositional variables related to social–cultural right–wing attitudes. The present study investigated their joint effects. Factor analysis revealed an ‘experiential’ dimension with high loading openness items, and a ‘cognition’ dimension with high loadings for most NFC items and about a quarter of the openness item set. The experiential openness items were weakly related to right–wing attitudes, demonstrating little predictive value. Conversely, the cognitive openness and NFC items were powerful predictors of right–wing attitudes, and also played an important role in integrative models, both as a predictor of authoritarianism–based racism and as a mediator of age related increments in right–wing attitudes. It is concluded that right–wing attitudes should be primarily understood in terms of (motivated) cognition, and to a smaller extent in terms of experiential openness. The distinction between ‘experiential’ and ‘cognitive’ openness is critically assessed, and it is asserted that because cognition is a multifaceted construct openness contains more than one cognitive dimension. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Onraet
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Alain Van Hiel
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Arne Roets
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ilse Cornelis
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Siltala J. In Search of the Missing Links Between Economic Insecurity and Political Protest: Why Does Neoliberalism Evoke Identity Politics Instead of Class Interests? FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2020; 5:28. [PMID: 33869436 PMCID: PMC8022748 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The prospect of the social backsliding of middle-class groups in western countries has not benefited the left but fueled right-wing populism. This article examines mediating and moderating factors between economic threat and political choices. The shift of liberals toward conservatism and the activation of passive authoritarians explain sudden changes more than dispositional factors. Attachment to groups under stress activates coalitional mindsets, and coalitional competition for scarce resources matches the conservative propensity to detect threats from outgroups. Risk-averse right-wing authoritarians should recoil from social-dominance oriented risk-takers but they follow winners despite their mutual differences concerning family values. Authoritarian aggression unites RWA and SDO, but politically passive right-wing authoritarians can also follow their economic interests, when these are not entangled with cultural values. Right-wing populists have been able to compensate economic insecurity with epistemic security. Identity politics supports the coherence of right-wing populist parties but divides leftist/liberal groups due to intersectional competition for victimhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Siltala
- Department of Philosophy, History and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Berggren M, Akrami N, Bergh R, Ekehammar B. Motivated Social Cognition and Authoritarianism. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The domain of motivated social cognition includes a variety of concepts dealing with a need to seek structure and avoid ambiguity, and several of these concepts are also powerful predictors of social attitudes, such as authoritarianism. It is possible though that these relations are due to certain facets reoccurring in the different scales. In this paper, we tested the notion that authoritarianism is predicted specifically by rigidity in beliefs (closed-mindedness), rather than broader cognitive styles. Thus, we initially identified items in the motivated social cognition scales that are specifically measuring closed-mindedness. These items included the closed-mindedness facet of the need for closure scale and items from intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognition. We used these items to predict right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and their common factor authoritarianism (generalized). In line with our prediction, two studies showed that the motivated social cognition scales did not provide a significant prediction of authoritarianism beyond the closed-mindedness items. We conclude that the relation between motivated social cognition and authoritarianism is captured entirely by the former’s closed-mindedness component.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazar Akrami
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Robin Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Bo Ekehammar
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Harms P, Wood D, Landay K, Lester PB, Vogelgesang Lester G. Autocratic leaders and authoritarian followers revisited: A review and agenda for the future. THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid A. M. Nicol
- Military Psychology and Leadership Department, The Royal Military College of Canada
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Knoll M, Schyns B, Petersen LE. How the Influence of Unethical Leaders on Followers Is Affected by Their Implicit Followership Theories. JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP & ORGANIZATIONAL STUDIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1548051817705296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Our research examines the role of followers in unethical leadership. Drawing on a social–cognitive approach to leadership and recent research in the field of behavioral ethics, we focus on how leader behavior and follower information processing interact to produce unethical outcomes. In two experimental studies simulating a personnel selection context, we examine to what extent individual implicit assumptions regarding the follower role (i.e., implicit followership theories, IFTs) relate to employees’ tendency to comply with leader unethical suggestions. In Study 1, controlling for possible alternative explanations such as personal need for structure, romance of leadership, and moral disengagement, we found that the IFT Good Citizen increased and the IFT Insubordination decreased followers’ tendencies to contribute to unethical leadership. In Study 2, we varied the leader’s unethical suggestions to further investigate the conditions under which these effects occur and included authoritarianism as an additional control variable. Overall, our findings suggest that IFTs make a unique contribution to our understanding of the role of followers in unethical leadership, and that this contribution depends on the way leaders frame their unethical request. Interaction effects suggest that follower characteristics need to be considered as they are embedded in specific situational settings rather than as isolated traits.
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Bergh R, Akrami N. Are non-agreeable individuals prejudiced? Comparing different conceptualizations of agreeableness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kelemen L, Szabó ZP, Mészáros NZ, László J, Forgas JP. Social Cognition and Democracy: The Relationship Between System Justification, Just World Beliefs, Authoritarianism, Need for Closure, and Need for Cognition in Hungary. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v2i1.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This research was aimed at examining just-world beliefs, system justification, authoritarianism, and cognitive style in a nationally representative sample (N = 1000) in Hungary, and at relating these phenomena to various demographic and political variables to find out whether the findings in Hungary would differ from its Western counterparts. According to system justification theory, there is a psychological motive to defend and justify the status quo. This theory has been tested several times in North American and Western European samples. The core finding of our study was that Hungarian people, unlike people in Western democracies, did not justify the existing establishment. There was strong pessimism with regard to the idea that the system serves the interests of the people. Members of disadvantaged groups (people with low economic income and/or far right political preference) strongly rejected the system. System justification beliefs were moderately related to just world beliefs, and there was a significant relationship between some aspects of need for closure (need for order, discomfort with ambiguity, and closed-mindedness) and authoritarian beliefs. Need for cognition was only related to one aspect of need for closure: closed-mindedness. The voters of right-wing parties did not display higher levels of authoritarianism than the voters of the left social-democrat party. The role of demographic and political variables, limitations, and possible developments of this research are discussed.
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Weissflog M, Choma BL, Dywan J, van Noordt SJR, Segalowitz SJ. The political (and physiological) divide: Political orientation, performance monitoring, and the anterior cingulate response. Soc Neurosci 2014; 8:434-47. [PMID: 24028311 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2013.833549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our goal was to test a model of sociopolitical attitudes that posits a relationship between individual differences in liberal versus conservative political orientation and differential levels of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) responsivity. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) while participants who varied along a unidimensional liberal-conservative continuum engaged in a standard Go/NoGo task. We also measured component attitudes of political orientation in the form of traditionalism (degree of openness to social change) and egalitarianism (a preference for social equality). Generally, participants who reported a more liberal political orientation made fewer errors and produced larger ACC-generated ERPs (the error-related negativity, or ERN and the NoGo N2). This ACC activation, especially as indicated by a larger NoGo N2, was most strongly associated with greater preference for social equality. Performance accuracy, however, was most strongly associated with greater openness to social change. These data are consistent with a social neuroscience view that sociopolitical attitudes are related to aspects of neurophysiological responsivity. They also indicate that a bidimensional model of political orientation can enhance our interpretation of the nature of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Weissflog
- a Department of Psychology , Brock University , St. Catharines , Canada
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Openness to Experience, Honesty–Humility and ideological attitudes: A fine-grained analysis. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Rietzschel EF, Slijkhuis M, Van Yperen NW. Close monitoring as a contextual stimulator: How need for structure affects the relation between close monitoring and work outcomes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2012.752897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric F. Rietzschel
- a Department of Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marjette Slijkhuis
- b Department of Psychology , Hanze University , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Nico W. Van Yperen
- a Department of Psychology , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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Thoroughgood CN, Padilla A, Hunter ST, Tate BW. The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated with destructive leadership. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Duriez B, Klimstra TA, Luyckx K, Beyers W, Soenens B. Right–Wing Authoritarianism: Protective Factor against Or Risk Factor for Depression? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/per.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Because the authoritarian personality was introduced to explain the rise of fascism during World War II, research focused on its ability to predict prejudice, leaving its associations with well–being largely unexplored. Studies that did examine these associations yielded inconsistent results, and some authors even argued that authoritarianism buffers against the negative effects of psychological vulnerability factors (i.e. D–type personality) and negative life events on well–being, especially among people in an authoritarian environment. Using a cross–sectional community sample (N = 1010), Study 1 failed to support the idea that authoritarianism relates to depressive symptoms and buffers against the negative effects of D–type personality on depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal college student sample (N = 499), Study 2 showed that authoritarianism did not moderate the effects of life events either and even predicted over–time increases in depressive symptoms. Using a longitudinal high school sample (N = 590), Study 3 showed that this effect emerged regardless of degree of fit with the social environment (i.e. with family and friends). Taken together, results suggest that authoritarianism constitutes a risk factor for rather than a protective factor against depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Duriez
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Theo A. Klimstra
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Luyckx
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Beyers
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Bart Soenens
- Department of Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Cavazos JT, Judice-Campbell N, Ditzfeld CP. Differing emotional sensitivities in the two factors of personal need for structure. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Dhont K, Van Hiel A. Direct contact and authoritarianism as moderators between extended contact and reduced prejudice. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430210391121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Using a representative sample of Dutch adults ( N = 1238), we investigated the moderating influence of direct contact and authoritarianism on the potential of extended contact to reduce prejudice. As expected, direct contact and authoritarianism moderated the effect of extended contact on prejudice. Moreover, the third-order moderation effect was also significant, revealing that extended contact has the strongest effect among high authoritarians with low levels of direct contact. We identified trust and perceived threat as the mediating processes underlying these moderation effects. The present study thus attests to the theoretical and practical relevance of reducing prejudice via extended contact. The discussion focuses on the role of extended contact in relation to direct contact and authoritarianism as well as on the importance of trust in intergroup contexts.
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Duckitt J, Sibley CG. Personality, ideology, prejudice, and politics: a dual-process motivational model. J Pers 2010; 78:1861-93. [PMID: 21039534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Early theorists assumed that sociopolitical or ideological attitudes were organized along a single left-right dimension and directly expressed a basic personality dimension. Empirical findings, however, did not support this and suggested that there seem to be 2 distinct ideological attitude dimensions, best captured by the constructs of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, which express 2 distinct sets of motivational goals or values. We outline a dual-process motivational (DPM) model of how these 2 dimensions originate from particular personality dispositions and socialized worldview beliefs and how and why their different underlying motivational goals or values generate their wide-ranging effects on social outcomes, such as prejudice and politics. We then review new research bearing on the model and conclude by noting promising directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Duckitt
- University of Auckland, Department of Psychology, New Zealand.
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