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Bailey C, Lim SL. Investigating psychological mechanisms of self-controlled decisions for food and leisure activity. J Behav Med 2024; 47:458-470. [PMID: 38342789 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-024-00469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Maintaining a healthy body weight requires balancing energy intake and expenditure. While previous research investigated energy input or food decisions, little is known about energy output or leisure activity decisions. By combining experimental decision-making paradigms and computational approaches, we investigated the psychological mechanisms of self-controlled food and leisure activity decisions through the effects of reward-oriented and health-oriented preferences as well as body weight status, stress, and coping. Based on individual's responses, the self-controlled food and leisure activity choices were indexed as the proportions of "no" unhealthy but tasty (or enjoyable) (inhibitory self-control against short-term pleasure) and "yes" healthy but not tasty (or not enjoyable) responses (initiatory self-control for long-term health benefits). The successful self-control decisions for food and leisure activity were positively correlated with each other, r = 22, p < .01. In beta regression analyses, the successful self-controlled food decisions decreased as the taste-oriented process increased, β = - 0.50, z = -2.99, p < .005, and increased as the health-oriented process increased, β = 1.57, z = 4.68, p < .001. Similarly, the successful self-controlled leisure activity decisions decreased as the enjoyment-oriented process increased, β = - 0.79, z = -5.31, p < .001, and increased as the health-oriented process increased, β = 0.66, z = 2.19, p < .05. The effects of the other factors were not significant. Overall, our findings demonstrated the mutual interrelationship between food and leisure activity decision-making and suggest that encouraging health-oriented processes may benefit both energy input and expenditure domains and improve self-controlled choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Bailey
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Seung-Lark Lim
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Missouri - Kansas City, 5030 Cherry St, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
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2
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Samaan L, Klock L, Weber S, Reidick M, Ascone L, Kühn S. Low-Level Visual Features of Window Views Contribute to Perceived Naturalness and Mental Health Outcomes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:598. [PMID: 38791812 PMCID: PMC11121429 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that natural window views are beneficial for mental health, but it is still unclear which specific features constitute a 'natural' window view. On the other hand, studies on image analysis found that low-level visual features (LLVFs) are associated with perceived naturalness, but mainly conducted experiments with brief stimulus presentations. In this study, research on the effects of window views on mental health was combined with the detailed analysis of LLVFs. Healthy adults rated window views from their home and sent in photographs of those views for analysis. Content validity of the 'ecological' view assessment was evaluated by checking correlations of LLVFs with window view ratings. Afterwards, it was explored which of the LLVFs best explained variance in perceived percentage of nature and man-made elements, and in ratings of view quality. Criterion validity was tested by investigating which variables were associated with negative affect and impulsive decision-making. The objective and subjective assessments of nature/sky in the view were aligned but objective brightness was unreliable. The perceived percentage of nature was significantly explained by green pixel ratio, while view quality was associated with fractals, saturation, sky pixel ratio and straight edge density. The higher subjective brightness of rooms was associated with a lower negative affect, whereas results for impulsive decision-making were inconsistent. The research highlights the validity to apply LLVFs analysis to ecological window views. For affect, subjective brightness seemed to be more relevant than LLVFs. For impulsive decision-making, performance context needs to be controlled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Samaan
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Leonie Klock
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Sandra Weber
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Mirjam Reidick
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Leonie Ascone
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
| | - Simone Kühn
- Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (L.K.); (S.W.); (M.R.); (L.A.); (S.K.)
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Torres-Marín J, Gómez-Benito J, Guerrero E, Guilera G, Barrios M. Testing the latent structure, factorial equivalence, and external correlates of the brief self-control scale in a community sample of Spanish adults. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296719. [PMID: 38394086 PMCID: PMC10889899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS) is a 13-item personality measure capturing how people differ in their capacity to exert self-control. Although the BSCS was originally regarded as a one-dimensional scale, subsequent psychometric studies have provided support for the empirical distinction of two and four interrelated but distinct components of self-control. Using a large sample of Spanish adults (n = 1,558; 914 female, 58.7%), we performed a comprehensive data-driven comparison of the most well-established item-level latent structures for the BSCS. Results showed that the differentiation between general self-discipline and impulse control offered a better fit to the observed data than did the unidimensional representation of self-control. This two-dimensional structure for the BSCS scores was also supported in terms of its internal consistency, measurement invariance across gender and age groups, and meaningful correlations with wellbeing-related indicators and Big Five personality traits. Plausible implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Torres-Marín
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juana Gómez-Benito
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estefania Guerrero
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Georgina Guilera
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maite Barrios
- Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Conour CN, Sugiwaka H, Nelson CI, Duncan CL. Self-Control in Pediatric Migraine Management: A Topical Review. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:107-110. [PMID: 37949096 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review examines the role that two types of self-control may play in youth's self-management of migraine. Although traditionally conceptualized from an inhibitory lens, self-control has both initiatory and inhibitory functions, and the authors suggest the distinction is important in relation to youth's ability to adhere to different components of migraine treatment regimens. METHODS A topical review of the literature was conducted to identify evidence-based interventions to treat pediatric migraine and conceptualize the role self-control (both initiatory and inhibitory) may play in adherence to its regimen. Both PsycInfo and PubMed databases were used to identify relevant articles. RESULTS Existing evidence-based interventions and recommendations for pediatric migraine require inhibitory self-control (e.g., avoiding caffeine, tobacco) and initiatory self-control (e.g., taking medication). Formal intervention programs (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy) tend to employ initiatory self-control (e.g., modifying physical reactions in response to biofeedback). CONCLUSIONS Understanding the distinct types of self-control required for adherence to different interventions allows for a better conceptualization of self-management of pediatric migraine. Individuals may struggle with adherence when they have deficits in one or both types of self-control skills. Future research should consider whether self-control is associated with differential adherence patterns in pediatric migraine management.
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Zhang S, Shi R, Ma G, Peng J, Wang Z. The Interaction Between Measurement and Individual Difference in Ego Depletion: Task Type, Trait Self-Control and Action Orientation. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231198054. [PMID: 37625123 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231198054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research found that performing an initial self-control task impairs subsequent self-control performance, which is referred to as ego depletion. However, recent meta-analyses and replication studies have led to controversies over whether the ego depletion effect is as reliable as previously assumed. The present study aimed to shed more light on these controversies by combining depletion measurement task type and personality as moderators. Study 1 investigated trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on stop-signal task (inhibitory control). Study 2 examined the trait self-control and action orientation's moderation role for depletion effects on a majority congruent Stroop task (goal maintenance). Results showed that trait self-control moderated the ego depletion effect on stop-signal reaction time (SSRT). High trait self-control people were less vulnerable to the ego depletion effect on the reactive inhibitory control task, whereas the moderating role of trait self-control for ego depletion was not found in the goal maintenance task. More particularly, high action-oriented people were less susceptible to the ego depletion effect on the goal maintenance task, but there was no moderation effect of action orientation for ego depletion in the stop-signal task. We discuss types of task for depletion measurement and individual differences in ego depletion, and we suggest possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Zhang
- Psychological Counseling Centre, Chang'an University, Xi'an, China
- School of psychology, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi, China
| | - Rui Shi
- College of Humanities and Social Development, Northwest A&F University, Yang ling, China
| | - Gaoxiang Ma
- Psychological Counseling Centre, Northwest Normal University, Lan Zhou, China
| | - Jiaxi Peng
- College of Teachers, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Gökalp ZŞ, Haktanir A. An evaluation of the self-report instruments assessing self-control: A systematic review. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:238-251. [PMID: 36303428 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-control is regarded as a necessary trait in almost every aspect of human life. Numerous self-control scales have been developed and utilized in various fields, but their psychometric characteristics have not been reviewed and evaluated. In this regard, the objective of this review is to identify and evaluate original self-report self-control measures. We examined relevant studies published before November 2021 using Web of Science, PsycArticles, ProQuest, and Medline electronic databases and conducted reference list searches. Then, we selected a total of 34 measures that met the defined selection criteria and evaluated the quality of the instruments using the standards proposed by Terwee and colleagues. Overall, our findings demonstrated that no instruments received a perfect score; however, some performed better than others in quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Şimşir Gökalp
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Abdulkadir Haktanir
- Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance, Necmettin Erbakan University, Eregli, Türkiye
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7
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Wenzel M, Bürgler S, Brandstätter V, Kreibich A, Hennecke M. Self-Regulatory Strategy Use, Efficacy, and Strategy-Situation-Fit in Self-Control Conflicts of Initiation, Persistence, and Inhibition. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221150478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-control is the ability to (1) initiate, and (2) persist in boring, difficult or disliked activity, and to (3) inhibit impulses to act. We explored the self-regulatory strategies that people use for these three types of self-control conflicts and their subjective efficacy as a function of conflict type. In addition, we hypothesized that people who more frequently create strategy-situation fit by tying strategies to the conflict types they are effective for, are more successful at self-control. A pilot study identified 22 different self-regulatory strategies that could be used for more than one type of self-control conflict. We then used a large data set from two pooled experience sampling datasets ( n = 14,067 reported self-control conflicts) to quantify these strategies’ popularity and subjective efficacy in daily life. Eight strategies were positively and three negatively associated with subjective self-regulatory success but subjective efficacy often depended on type of conflict: Some strategies were effective and some maladaptive only for some types of self-control conflicts. Individuals who created strategy-situation fit for some strategies also reported greater self-regulatory success, as hypothesized. We discuss regulatory flexibility as a crucial component of good self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Wenzel
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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8
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Wennerhold L, Friese M. Challenges in the conceptualization of trait self‐control as a psychological construct. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Wennerhold
- Department of Psychology Saarland University Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Malte Friese
- Department of Psychology Saarland University Saarbruecken Germany
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9
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Character Strengths and Health-Related Quality of Life in a Large International Sample: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Tornquist M, Miles E. Trait self-control and beliefs about the utility of emotions and emotion regulation in self-control performance. SELF AND IDENTITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2022.2146183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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van Hooff MLM, van Hooft EAJ. Dealing with daily boredom at work: does self-control explain who engages in distractive behaviour or job crafting as a coping mechanism? WORK AND STRESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2022.2129515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madelon L. M. van Hooff
- Faculty of Psychology, Open Universiteit, Heerlen, Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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12
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Blalock DV, Schrader SW, Stuewig J, Tangney JP, Masicampo EJ. Resisting vs. Persisting: Different Types of Self-Control Predict Different Outcomes Following Incarceration. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.5.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Trait self-control is one of the most robust predictors of important life outcomes. Recent evidence suggests at least two domains of self-control: inhibitory self-control (refraining from more attractive but goal-inconsistent behaviors) and initiatory self-control (engaging in and persisting in less attractive but goal-consistent behaviors). Methods: We examined longitudinal associations between these two self-control domains and subsequent post-incarceration behaviors in 492 jail inmates with a combination of self-reported questionnaires and official arrest records. Results: The two constructs were moderately associated, evidencing a similar-yet-distinct association of the same magnitude as depression and anxiety. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that inhibitory self-control uniquely predicted less recidivism and substance dependence, and better community adjustment. Initiatory self-control uniquely predicted less recidivism and better community adjustment. As expected, inhibitory self-control was a significantly better predictor of substance dependence than initiatory self-control. Discussion: These results have theoretical implications for the measurement of self-control and practical implications for the prediction of impactful post-incarceration behaviors and more precise interventions targeting specific self-control deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan V. Blalock
- Center of Innovation to Accelerate Discovery and Practice Transformation, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shannon W. Schrader
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Stuewig
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - June P. Tangney
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - E. J. Masicampo
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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13
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Heiland AM, Veilleux JC. Because you had a bad day: the role of negative affect and justification in self-control failure. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:912-927. [PMID: 35475950 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2067134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Justification thinking (using excuses to "allow" giving into temptation) has been identified as a potential link between negative affect and self-control failure. We hypothesised that negative affect would prompt greater justification thinking, specifically deservingness thinking (i.e. "I deserve a treat"), and tested this for both inhibitory (temptation is to approach reward; self-control is to inhibit) and initiatory (temptation is to refrain from action, self-control is to initiate action) hypothetical self-control dilemmas. We found that only for inhibitory self-control (Study 1; N = 105) but not initiatory (Study 2; N = 116), negative affect resulted in greater deservingness thinking compared to neutral affect. We also hypothesised that negative mood coupled with justification would prompt greater likelihood of imagined self-control failure. We found that for inhibitory self-control (Study 3; N = 569), participants in negative affect (vs. neutral) and justification (vs. no justification) conditions were independently more likely to report they would fail at self-control. For initiatory self-control (Study 4; N = 321), we found an effect of negative affect on hypothetical self-control failure but no effect of justification. Overall, these studies confirm the role of negative affect in self-control processes and highlight differences between inhibitory and initiatory self-control situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ally M Heiland
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Jennifer C Veilleux
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Andrade FC, Hoyle RH. The Experience of Succeeding and Failing at Self-Control: A Qualitative Analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:774059. [PMID: 35465500 PMCID: PMC9019582 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.774059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of emotions for learning and performance of future behaviors, few studies have attempted to qualitatively describe emotions that arise in response to self-control successes and failures. This study is the first qualitative analysis to examine the complexity of goals that give rise to self-control challenges of two types—initiation and inhibition—and the emotions that follow success and failure experiences. Thematic analysis revealed a sometimes blurred line between inhibition and initiation, and a variety of goals that challenge views that successful self-control is good and unsuccessful self-control is bad. Descriptions of self-control challenges and resulting experiences further uncovered distinctions and apparent emotional profiles characteristic of self-control dilemmas involving inhibition or initiation, suggesting that these two forms of self-control are not only theoretically but also experientially distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda C Andrade
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rick H Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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15
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van Hooft EAJ, Van Hoye G, van den Hee SM. How to Optimize the Job Search Process: Development and Validation of the Job Search Quality Scale. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10690727211052812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Job search quality is important for unemployed individuals pursuing reemployment. To comprehensively measure job search quality, we develop and test a 20-item Job Search Quality Scale (JSQS), using four samples of unemployed individuals (pilot sample, N=218; exploration sample, N=3372; confirmation sample, N=3372; and replication sample, N=434). Results show a four-dimensional structure, composed of (a) goal establishment and planning, (b) preparation and alignment, (c) emotion regulation and persistence, and (d) learning and improvement. Substantial evidence was found for its reliability, convergent and discriminant validity. Building job search quality’s nomological net, conscientiousness, learning goal orientation, self-efficacy, employment commitment, autonomous job search motivation, and social support emerged as positive correlates. Supporting its criterion-related validity, the JSQS predicted key job search and employment outcomes. Moreover, usefulness analyses supported its incremental validity beyond extant job search measures. Our findings have important implications for studying and measuring job search quality in future research and career counseling practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. J. van Hooft
- Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Greet Van Hoye
- Department of Marketing, Innovation and Organisation, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Sarah M. van den Hee
- Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Arend I, Beeri MS, Yuen K. Choices of (in)action in obesity: Implications for research on treatment and prevention. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:988495. [PMID: 36304561 PMCID: PMC9592758 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.988495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has crossed social-demographic barriers and is a matter of significant concern. Why do individuals fail to restrain from eating high-calorie foods and fail to follow treatment routines that reduce the risk of health complications? These questions have been addressed through behavioral and brain imaging studies on prefrontal cortex inhibitory mechanisms. Failure to inhibit undesirable behaviors has become a hallmark of obesity. In many life situations, obesity risk is increased by inaction (e.g., not taking blood pressure medication, not following a healthy diet). Risk by inaction has been defined as passive risk-taking, and it is correlated with traits such as procrastination, future time perspective, and cognitive avoidance. To the present, passive tendencies, specifically in the context of risk-taking behaviors, have not been addressed in the obesity literature. We introduce a framework in which active and passive risk-taking behaviors are integrated within the scope of bidirectional models of obesity that describe the brain as both the cause and the consequence of obesity vulnerability. The present perspective aims to foster new research on treatment and prevention, and also on the neurobiology of passive behaviors in obesity and other metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arend
- The Joseph Sagol Center for Neuroscience, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Center for Neuroscience, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth Yuen
- Neuroimaging Center (NIC), Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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van Hooft EAJ, Kreemers LM. Stop and start control at work: Differential validity of two types of self‐control for work behavior and emotion regulation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. J. van Hooft
- Work and Organizational Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Loes M. Kreemers
- Psychology for Sustainable Cities Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands
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18
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Katzir M, Baldwin M, Werner KM, Hofmann W. Moving beyond Inhibition: Capturing a Broader Scope of the Self-Control Construct with the Self-Control Strategy Scale (SCSS). J Pers Assess 2021; 103:762-776. [PMID: 33683926 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1883627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to develop a more comprehensive measure of self-control that reflects recent theoretical advancements that extend beyond inhibition. Across six samples (N = 1,946, 48.95% males, Ages 18-76, US-MTurkers/Israelis), we sought to develop and validate the Self-Control Strategies Scale (SCSS), as well as examine its predictive validity across important life domains (e.g., weight, physical activity, savings). The SCSS is comprised of eight self-control strategies that represent three categories: anticipatory control (situation selection, reward, punishment, pre-commitment), down-regulation of temptation (distraction, cognitive change, acceptance), and behavioral inhibition. Results indicate that there was a strong association between the widely used Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). and the behavioral inhibition strategy of the SCSS. While the behavioral inhibition strategy was a strong and consistent predictor of most self-control related outcomes, results further indicate that in some domains, but not others, certain strategies may be beneficial whereas others may be detrimental. While inhibition remains to be an important factor of self-control, our findings point to the importance of adapting the use of different strategies to different domains. The SCSS can therefore be used to gain a more fine-grained understanding of the self-control construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Katzir
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program on Conflict Management, Resolution and Negotiation, Bar Ilan University
| | - Matthew Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Moon NA, Converse PD, Merlini KP, Vaghef K. The role of off-task thoughts and behaviors in linking self-control with achievement-related and well-being outcomes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McGrath RE. Darwin meets Aristotle: evolutionary evidence for three fundamental virtues. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1752781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. McGrath
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ, USA
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Adams RC, Sedgmond J, Maizey L, Chambers CD, Lawrence NS. Food Addiction: Implications for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Overeating. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2086. [PMID: 31487791 PMCID: PMC6770567 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With the obesity epidemic being largely attributed to overeating, much research has been aimed at understanding the psychological causes of overeating and using this knowledge to develop targeted interventions. Here, we review this literature under a model of food addiction and present evidence according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) criteria for substance use disorders. We review several innovative treatments related to a food addiction model ranging from cognitive intervention tasks to neuromodulation techniques. We conclude that there is evidence to suggest that, for some individuals, food can induce addictive-type behaviours similar to those seen with other addictive substances. However, with several DSM-5 criteria having limited application to overeating, the term 'food addiction' is likely to apply only in a minority of cases. Nevertheless, research investigating the underlying psychological causes of overeating within the context of food addiction has led to some novel and potentially effective interventions. Understanding the similarities and differences between the addictive characteristics of food and illicit substances should prove fruitful in further developing these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Adams
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Jemma Sedgmond
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Leah Maizey
- CUBRIC, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | | | - Natalia S Lawrence
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
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Trait self‐control and beliefs about the utility of emotions for initiatory and inhibitory self‐control. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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“Are you in full possession of your capacity?”. A mechanistic self-control approach at trait and state levels to predict different health behaviors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Repke MA, Berry MS, Conway LG, Metcalf A, Hensen RM, Phelan C. How does nature exposure make people healthier?: Evidence for the role of impulsivity and expanded space perception. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202246. [PMID: 30133499 PMCID: PMC6104990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature exposure has been linked to a plethora of health benefits, but the mechanism for this effect is not well understood. We conducted two studies to test a new model linking the health benefits of nature exposure to reduced impulsivity in decision-making (as measured by delay discounting) via psychologically expanding space perception. In study 1 we collected a nationwide U.S. sample (n = 609) to determine whether nature exposure was predictive of health outcomes and whether impulsive decision-making mediated the effect. Results indicated that Nature Accessibility and Nature Exposure From Home significantly predicted reduced scores on the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales (DASS) (p < .001, p = .03, respectively) and improved general health and wellbeing (p < .001, p < .01, respectively). Nature Accessibility also predicted reduced impulsive decision-making (p < .01), and Nature Accessibility showed significant indirect effects through impulsive decision-making on both the DASS (p = .02) and general health and wellbeing (p = .04). In Study 2, a lab-based paradigm found that nature exposure expanded space perception (p < .001), and while the indirect effect of nature exposure through space perception on impulsive decision-making did not meet conventional standards of significance (p < .10), the pattern was consistent with hypotheses. This combination of ecologically-valid and experimental methods offers promising support for an impulsivity-focused model explaining the nature-health relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Repke
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Meredith S. Berry
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucian G. Conway
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Alexander Metcalf
- College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Reid M. Hensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Conor Phelan
- College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
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Self-control over time: Implications for work, relationship, and well-being outcomes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Andre L, van Vianen AEM, Peetsma TTD, Oort FJ. Motivational power of future time perspective: Meta-analyses in education, work, and health. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190492. [PMID: 29364917 PMCID: PMC5783357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Future time perspective (FTP) may predict individual attitudes and behaviors. However, FTP research includes different FTP conceptualizations and outcomes which hinder generalizing its findings. To solve the inconsistencies in FTP research and generalize the magnitude of FTP as a driver of motivation and behavior, we conducted the first systematical synthesis of FTP relationships in three crucial life domains. Our meta-analyses of FTP studies in education (k = 28), work (k = 17), and health (k = 32) involved N = 31,558 participants, and used a conceptual model for grouping FTP constructs. To address different outcome types, we applied the Theory of Planned Behavior when coding the studies. FTP relationships with outcomes were small-to-medium, were generalizable across domains, and were strongest when the FTP construct included a mixture of cognition, behavioral intention, and affect and, in education, when the FTP measure was domain specific rather than general. There were cross-cultural differences in FTP-outcome relationships. The strength of the FTP-outcome types relationship varied for attitudes, perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, and behaviors. The lowest effect sizes were found for FTP predicting actual behaviors in education, work, and health and between FTP and health attitudes. Theoretical implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Andre
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thea T. D. Peetsma
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frans J. Oort
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Heller S, Borsay F, Ullrich J. Social power and dimensions of self-control: Does power benefit initiatory self-control but impair inhibitory self-control? COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1288351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Heller
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/15, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Florence Borsay
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/15, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Ullrich
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Binzmuehlestrasse 14/15, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
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Wyckoff EP, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Butryn ML, Forman EM. Executive functioning and dietary intake: Neurocognitive correlates of fruit, vegetable, and saturated fat intake in adults with obesity. Appetite 2016; 111:79-85. [PMID: 28042040 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a significant public health issue, and is associated with poor diet. Evidence suggests that eating behavior is related to individual differences in executive functioning. Poor executive functioning is associated with poorer diet (few fruits and vegetables and high saturated fat) in normal weight samples; however, the relationship between these specific dietary behaviors and executive functioning have not been investigated in adults with obesity. The current study examined the association between executive functioning and intake of saturated fat, fruits, and vegetables in an overweight/obese sample using behavioral measures of executive function and dietary recall. One-hundred-ninety overweight and obese adults completed neuropsychological assessments measuring intelligence, planning ability, and inhibitory control followed by three dietary recall assessments within a month prior to beginning a behavioral weight loss treatment program. Inhibitory control and two of the three indices of planning each independently significantly predicted fruit and vegetable consumption such that those with better inhibition and planning ability consumed more fruits and vegetables. No relationship was found between executive functioning and saturated fat intake. Results increase understanding of how executive functioning influences eating behavior in overweight and obese adults, and suggest the importance of including executive functioning training components in dietary interventions for those with obesity. Further research is needed to determine causality as diet and executive functioning may bidirectionally influence each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P Wyckoff
- University of Connecticut, Department of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, United States.
| | - Brittney C Evans
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Manasse
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Meghan L Butryn
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Evan M Forman
- Drexel University, Department of Psychology, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Haynes A, Kemps E, Moffitt R. Does trait self-control predict weaker desire for unhealthy stimuli? A lab-based study of unhealthy snack intake. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lindner C, Nagy G, Retelsdorf J. The dimensionality of the Brief Self-Control Scale—An evaluation of unidimensional and multidimensional applications. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gillebaart M, Schneider IK, De Ridder DTD. Effects of Trait Self-Control on Response Conflict About Healthy and Unhealthy Food. J Pers 2015; 84:789-798. [PMID: 26269964 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Self-control leads to positive life outcomes, but it is poorly understood. While previous research has focused on self-control failure, self-control success remains unexplored. The current studies aim to shed more light on the mechanisms of self-control by focusing on the resolution of response conflict as a key component in self-control success. Trait self-control was measured, and participants reported on the magnitude of response conflict they experienced about healthy and unhealthy foods in Study 1 (N = 146; Mage = 33.03; 59 females, 83 males, 4 unknown). The response conflict process was assessed in Study 2 (N = 118; Mage = 21.45; 68 females, 41 males, 9 unknown). Outcomes showed that self-reported evaluative response conflict about food items was smaller for people high in trait self-control. Study 2 revealed that higher trait self-control predicted faster resolution of self-control conflict, and an earlier peak of the response conflict. Taken together, these results provide insight into what makes people with high trait self-control successful, namely, how they handle response conflict. Implications for self-control theories and future directions are discussed.
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Costantini G, Richetin J, Borsboom D, Fried EI, Rhemtulla M, Perugini M. Development of Indirect Measures of Conscientiousness: Combining a Facets Approach and Network Analysis. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because indirect measures of personality self–concepts such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT) allow tapping into automatic processes, they can offer advantages over self–report measures. However, prior investigations have led to mixed results regarding the validity of indirect measures of conscientiousness. We suggest that these results might be due to a failure to consider the different facets of conscientiousness. These facets are of crucial importance because they are associated differentially with other psychobiological constructs and they are also characterized by different mechanisms. Therefore, focusing on facets while developing indirect measures of conscientiousness may improve the validity of such measures. In Study 1, we conducted a psycholexical investigation to develop one IAT for each conscientiousness facet. In Study 2, we examined the convergent and discriminant validities of each facet IAT in relation to self–report measures, peer–report measures and self–report behavioural indicators, and we investigated differential associations of the conscientiousness facets with working memory capacity and self–control. We employed network analysis as a novel approach to elucidate differential relationships involving personality facets. The results corroborated the convergent and discriminant validity of the conscientiousness facet IATs with self–reports and showed that the conscientiousness facets were differentially associated with working memory capacity and with self–control. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eiko I. Fried
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mijke Rhemtulla
- Department of Psychological Methods, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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de Boer BJ, van Hooft EAJ, Bakker AB. Self-control at work: its relationship with contextual performance. JOURNAL OF MANAGERIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/jmp-08-2012-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
– Individuals differ in their levels of self-control. Trait self-control has been found to relate positively to desirable and negatively to undesirable behaviors in contexts like physical health, academic performance, and criminality. The purpose of this study is to examine the relevance of trait self-control in work-settings. The authors distinguished between two types of self-control, stop-control (inhibitory control) and start-control (initiatory control), and tested their differential validity in predicting contextual performance.
Design/methodology/approach
– In two independent employee samples, stop-control, start-control, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), personal initiative, and proactive coping were measured. Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) was added in Study 2.
Findings
– Results showed that only start-control was positively related to OCB, personal initiative, and proactive coping. Both stop-control and start-control were negatively related to CWB.
Research limitations/implications
– Findings support the validity of distinguishing between stop-control and start-control, suggesting that self-control theory and models should be refined to incorporate this distinction. Limitations include the correlational design and self-report measures. Although results were similar across two independent studies, future research is needed to test the generalizability of the conclusions in other settings, using non-self-report data.
Practical implications
– The distinction between stop-control and start-control may help organizations in selecting staff and assigning tasks.
Originality/value
– The present research introduces the distinction between two conceptually different types of self-control (stop-control and start-control), demonstrating their relevance to work-related behavior.
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Buczny J, Layton RL, Muraven M. The role of implicit affective responses and trait self-control in ego resource management. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2015; 39:669-679. [PMID: 26380534 PMCID: PMC4565882 DOI: 10.1007/s11031-015-9489-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Exertion of self-control requires reliance on ego resources. Impaired performance typically results once those resources have been depleted by previous use. Yet the mechanism behind the depletion processes is little understood. Beliefs, motivation, and physiological changes have been implicated, yet the source behind these remains unknown. We propose that implicit may form the fundamental building blocks that these processes rely upon to operate. Implicit affective responses to energy may trigger management of ego resources after depletion. Findings suggest that inhibitory trait self-control may interact with the depletion effect, indicating the importance of taking individual differences in chronic availability of ego-resources into account. After depletion, individuals high in trait self-control may be less motivated to conserve remaining resources than those low in self-control. This mechanism may also help explain the conservation of resources observed when expecting multiple tasks requiring self-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Buczny
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Polna 16/20, 81745 Sopot, Poland
| | - Rebekah L Layton
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Mark Muraven
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY USA
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Converse PD, Thackray M, Piccone K, Sudduth MM, Tocci MC, Miloslavic SA. Integrating self-control with physical attractiveness and cognitive ability to examine pathways to career success. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/joop.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Converse
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Michelle Thackray
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | - Katrina Piccone
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
| | | | - Michael C. Tocci
- School of Psychology; Florida Institute of Technology; Melbourne Florida USA
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Gillebaart M, de Ridder DTD. Effortless Self-Control: A Novel Perspective on Response Conflict Strategies in Trait Self-Control. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Imhoff R, Schmidt AF, Gerstenberg F. Exploring the Interplay of Trait Self–Control and Ego Depletion: Empirical Evidence for Ironic Effects. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Trait self–control (TSC) has been conceptualized as a general and abstract ability to exert self–regulation across multiple domains that has mostly beneficial effects. However, its relationship to situational depletion of self–regulatory resources has received little attention. We systematically explore the interplay of trait and situational self–control in two studies (total N = 264). In contrast with a positive view of TSC, the results show greater ego depletion effects for high (vs. low) self–control abilities across such diverse domains as candy consumption (Study 1), risk–taking behaviour (Study 2) and achievement motivation (Study 2). It is proposed that these ironic effects are attributable to high–TSC individuals’ less frequent active inhibition of impulses in everyday life and their resulting lack of experience in resisting acute temptations. A third study (N> = 358) corroborated this general reasoning by showing that TSC is indeed associated with less frequent impulse inhibition in daily routines. Our data point to a downside of dispositional self–control in ego depletion paradigms. Other explanations and potential future avenues for resolving inconsistent findings across the literature are discussed. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Imhoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Allom V, Mullan B. Individual differences in executive function predict distinct eating behaviours. Appetite 2014; 80:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Cheung TTL, Gillebaart M, Kroese F, De Ridder D. Why are people with high self-control happier? The effect of trait self-control on happiness as mediated by regulatory focus. Front Psychol 2014; 5:722. [PMID: 25071683 PMCID: PMC4085873 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While self-control has often been related to positive outcomes in life such as higher academic achievements and better health, recent insights reveal that people with high trait self-control (TSC) may even experience greater life satisfaction or happiness. OBJECTIVE The current study further scrutinizes this potential association between TSC and happiness, and examines how regulatory focus, defined as the way people frame and direct their goal pursuit strategies, plays a role in this relationship. Accordingly, the present study examines the mediating role of regulatory-focus (promotion and prevention focus) on the relationship between TSC and happiness. METHOD Data was collected from 545 individuals (65.9% female, M age = 27.52 years) regarding their TSC, regulatory focus, and happiness. RESULTS Mediation analyses demonstrate that TSC positively predicts happiness, while this effect was partially mediated by relatively more promotion focus and less prevention focus. CONCLUSION RESULTS suggest that people with higher TSC are happier possibly because they are: (1) more promotion-focused on acquiring positive gains thereby facilitating more approach-oriented behaviors, and (2) less prevention-focused on avoiding losses thereby reducing avoidance-oriented behaviors. These findings are relevant for topical scientific debates regarding the underlying mechanisms of self-control regarding initiatory and inhibitory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy T L Cheung
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Marleen Gillebaart
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Floor Kroese
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Denise De Ridder
- Self-Regulation Lab, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University Utrecht, Netherlands
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Bertrams A. How minimal grade goals and self-control capacity interact in predicting test grades. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Job seeking is an important aspect throughout people’s careers. Extant theory and research has focused on one particular dimension of job search, that is, intensity/effort (i.e., job search quantity), posing that intensity/effort importantly affects employment success. The present conceptual paper extends job search theory by arguing for the importance of job search quality in explaining job search and employment success. We conceptualize job search quality as consisting of process quality and product/behavior quality, and propose that high-quality job search products/behaviors are more likely with a high-quality job search process. A four-phased cyclical self-regulatory model is presented, specifying the components of job search process quality. We build theory regarding the interrelations between quality components, the antecedents and outcomes of job search quality, and the moderators of these relations. This theory offers new and more detailed explanations for previous findings, directions for future research, and practical guidelines regarding (re)employment success and services.
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