1
|
Lenhausen MR, Bleidorn W, Hopwood CJ. Effects of Reference Group Instructions on Big Five Trait Scores. Assessment 2024; 31:669-677. [PMID: 37248663 PMCID: PMC10903113 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231175850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
People responding to personality questionnaires rate themselves by comparing themselves to some reference group, but this reference group is typically not specified. In this study, we examined the differences between Big Five trait scores when people responded to trait questionnaires without a specified reference group, as is typical in personality assessment, and when they were asked to compare themselves to people in general, close others, people their age, people their same gender, their ideal self, or their past self. We found that personality scores tended to be more adaptive for between-person comparisons than for within-person comparisons. We also found that unprompted instructions produced mildly higher scores across all traits. There were few differences among between-person reference group conditions. Men rated themselves as slightly more agreeable when comparing themselves to other men. Implications for basic and applied personality assessment are discussed.
Collapse
|
2
|
Thalmayer AG, Saucier G, Rotzinger JS. Absolutism, Relativism, and Universalism in Personality Traits Across Cultures: The Case of the Big Five. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220221221111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Personality is a broad concept used to organize the myriad ways that people differ psychologically from one another. There is evidence that such differences have been important to humans everywhere, in that personality-relevant terms appear in all known languages. Empirical attempts to identify the most useful individual differences and their structure have emphasized cross-cultural evidence, but rigid adherence to a Big Five model has sometimes meant ignoring heterogenous results. We start with a framework for more precisely defining the universality versus cultural-specificity of personality concepts and models in order to better assess cross-cultural evidence. As this 50th anniversary of the IACCP is also the 50th anniversary of the first large lexical study of personality and more or less of the Big Five model, we take the opportunity to explore both how personality has been studied across contexts using the lexical method, and in 100 articles on personality topics (most using questionnaires) that were identified in the pages of JCCP. Personality articles in JCCP, classified into three types based on their balance of emic and etic components, illustrate larger trends in personality psychology. With the benefit of hindsight, we reflect on what each type has to offer going forward, and we encourage cross-cultural personality psychologists to go beyond imposed etic studies that seek primarily to confirm Western models in other contexts. The kinds of insights that more integrative emic and etic approaches can bring to the study of psychology across cultures are highlighted, and a future research agenda is provided.
Collapse
|
3
|
An In-depth Review of Conscientiousness and Educational Issues. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10648-022-09693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
4
|
Demir S, Özkan T, Demir B. Social comparison orientation mediates the association between
HEXACO
and
self‐presentation. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:405-414. [DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sıla Demir
- Department of Psychology Antalya Bilim University Antalya Turkey
| | - Türker Özkan
- Safety Research Unit, Department of Psychology Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey
| | - Başar Demir
- Department of Psychology Akdeniz University Antalya Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bayes Factors show evidence against systematic relationships between the anchoring effect and the Big Five personality traits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7021. [PMID: 33782455 PMCID: PMC8007589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Examining personality traits as predictors of human behaviour is of high interest. There are several but inconclusive reported relationships of personality and the susceptibility to the "anchoring effect", a tendency to adjust estimates towards a given anchor. To provide an answer to variably reported links between personality traits and the anchoring effect, we collected data from 1000 participants in the lab and validated typical anchoring effects and representative personality scores of the sample. Using Bayesian statistical data analyses, we found evidence for the absence of a relationship between anchoring effects and personality scores. We, therefore, conclude that there are no specific personality traits that relate to a higher susceptibility to the anchoring effect. The lack of a relationship between personality and the susceptibility to the anchoring effect might be due to the specific anchoring design, be limited to specific cognitive domains, or the susceptibility to anchors might reflect no reliable individual cognitive phenomena. In the next step, studies should examine the reliability of anchoring effects on the individual level, and testing relationships of individual traits and anchoring effects for other types of anchors, anchoring designs, or cognitive domains.
Collapse
|
6
|
Normal Personality, the Dark Triad, Proactive Attitude and Perceived Employability: A Cross-Cultural Study in Belgium, Switzerland and Togo. Psychol Belg 2020; 60:217-235. [PMID: 32742708 PMCID: PMC7380056 DOI: 10.5334/pb.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research examined the link between both normal and malevolent personality, proactive attitude, and self-perceived employability across some highly investigated (Belgium, Switzerland) and under-investigated populations of sub-Saharan Africa (e.g., Togo), considering proactive attitude as a potential mediator and self-perceived employability as an outcome. Conducting such a study in contexts which present notable differences in political organization and linguistic diversity, might contribute to enriching the literature on the relationships between personality and self-perceived employability. A sample of 968 participants aged 18 to 85 including 335 Belgians (50% women), 279 Swiss (58.1% women) and 354 Togolese (43.5% women) completed a French version of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ/SF), Short Dark Triad (SD3), Proactive Attitude Scale (PAS), and Perceived Employability Scale (PES). All four instruments exhibited metric invariance but did not systematically show scalar invariance across the three countries. ZKA-PQ/SF’s activity and neuroticism and SD3’s narcissism dimensions predicted perceived employability, and these relations were fully or partially mediated by proactive attitude in all cultural contexts. Moreover, perceived employability was predicted by aggressiveness and psychopathy in the Swiss sample and by sensation seeking in both the Swiss and the Belgian samples. Finally, proactive attitude fully mediated between sensation seeking and employability in Belgium and partially between psychopathy and employability in Switzerland. This study illustrates that the link between personality and employability may be mediated by proactive attitude and that these links may be quite robust across cultures.
Collapse
|
7
|
David D, Ştefan S, Terracciano A. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Cross-Cultural Context: An Extension of the Standard Paradigm from Individual to Country/Culture Level—A Brief Introduction into a New Research Line. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10942-018-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Costello CK, Wood D, Tov W. Revealed Traits: A Novel Method for Estimating Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Personality. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022118757914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross-cultural research on personality has often led to surprising and countertheoretical findings, which have led to concerns over the validity of country-level estimates of personality (e.g., Heine, Buchtel, & Norenzayan, 2008). The present study explores how cross-cultural differences can be indexed via revealed trait estimates, which index the personality traits of individuals or groups indirectly through their likelihood of responding in particular ways to particular situations. In two studies, we measure self-reports of personality, revealed traits, and revealed preferences for different expected effects (e.g., experiencing excitement) of two cultural groups (U.S. and Singaporean participants). We found typical East–West differences in personality using self-report scales, such as lower levels of Conscientiousness- and Extraversion-related characteristics among Singaporean participants relative to U.S. participants. We found evidence of scale use extremity differences in self-report personality scales but not in revealed trait estimates. Using revealed traits, we found evidence of strikingly high levels of similarity in terms of overall action endorsement, revealed trait estimates, and revealed preferences. However, this was qualified by consistent differences in revealed trait estimates of Extraversion-related characteristics and less consistent differences in revealed trait estimates of Conscientiousness-related characteristics. We also found consistent differences in preferences for different expected effects; for example, Singaporean participants reported lower likelihood of performing actions expected to result in experiencing stimulation or excitement than U.S. participants. Results suggest that similarities in action endorsements and revealed traits may be driven by common preferences for social inclusion and benevolence, and differences may be driven by differing preferences for expending effort, experiencing stimulation, and social attention.
Collapse
|
9
|
van Aarde N, Meiring D, Wiernik BM. The validity of the Big Five personality traits for job performance: Meta‐analyses of South African studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ninette van Aarde
- Department of Human Resource ManagementUniversity of PretoriaPretoria South Africa
| | - Deon Meiring
- Department of Human Resource ManagementUniversity of PretoriaPretoria South Africa
| | - Brenton M. Wiernik
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium and Department of PsychologyUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Allik J, Church AT, Ortiz FA, Rossier J, Hřebíčková M, de Fruyt F, Realo A, McCrae RR. Mean Profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117692100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and its latest version, the NEO-PI-3, were designed to measure 30 distinctive personality traits, which are grouped into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains. The mean self-rated NEO-PI-R scores for 30 subscales have been reported for 36 countries or cultures in 2002. As a follow-up, this study reports the mean scores of the NEO-PI-R/3 for 71,870 participants from 76 samples and 62 different countries or cultures and 37 different languages. Mean differences in personality traits across countries and cultures were about 8.5 times smaller than differences between any two individuals randomly selected from these samples. Nevertheless, a multidimensional scaling of similarities and differences in the mean profile shape showed a clear clustering into distinctive groups of countries or cultures. This study provides further evidence that country/culture mean scores in personality are replicable and can provide reliable information about personality dispositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anu Realo
- University of Tartu, Estonia
- University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Mõttus alerts us to the widespread predictive heterogeneity of different indicators of the same trait. This heterogeneity violates the assumption that traits have causal unity in their developmental antecedents and effects on outcomes. I would go a step further: broader traits are useful units for description and prediction but not for explaining personality development and personality effects. In most cases, the measured trait indicators are closer to relevant causal mechanisms, and within a network perspective on personality, broader traits as entities with causal potential can be dismissed completely. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Collapse
|
12
|
Danner D, Blasius J, Breyer B, Eifler S, Menold N, Paulhus DL, Rammstedt B, Roberts RD, Schmitt M, Ziegler M. Current Challenges, New Developments, and Future Directions in Scale Construction. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Danner
- GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Survey Design and Methodology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Blasius
- University of Bonn, Institut für Politische Wissenschaft und Soziologie, Germany
| | - Bianka Breyer
- GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Survey Design and Methodology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Eifler
- Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Sociology Institute, Germany
| | - Natalja Menold
- GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Survey Design and Methodology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Delroy L. Paulhus
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Beatrice Rammstedt
- GESIS – Leibniz-Institute for the Social Sciences, Survey Design and Methodology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard D. Roberts
- Center for Innovative Assessments, Professional Examination Service, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Fachbereich Psychologie, Germany
| | - Matthias Ziegler
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Primi R, Zanon C, Santos D, De Fruyt F, John OP. Anchoring Vignettes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Individuals differ in the way they use rating scales to describe themselves, and these differences are particularly pronounced in children and early adolescents. One promising remedy is to correct (or “anchor”) an individual’s responses according to the way they use the scale when they rate an anchoring vignette (a set of hypothetical targets differing on the attribute of interest). Studying adolescents’ self-reports of their socio-emotional attributes, we compared traditional self-report scores with vignette-corrected scores in terms of reliability (internal consistency), discriminant validity (scale intercorrelations), and criterion validity (predicting achievement test scores in language and math). A large and representative sample of 12th grade Brazilian students (N = 8,582, 62% female, mean age 18.2) were administered a Portuguese-language self-report inventory assessing social-emotional skills related to the Big Five personality dimensions. Correcting scores according to vignette ratings led to increases in the reliability of scales measuring Conscientiousness and Openness, but discriminant validity and criterion validity increased only when each scale was corrected using its own corresponding vignette set. Moreover, accuracy in rating the vignettes was correlated with language achievement test scores, suggesting that verbal factors play a role in providing both normative vignette ratings of others and self-reports that are reliable and valid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Primi
- Graduate Program in Psychological Assessment, Universidade São Francisco, Itatiba, Brazil
- EduLab21, Ayrton Senna Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristian Zanon
- Graduate Program in Psychological Assessment, Universidade São Francisco, Itatiba, Brazil
| | - Daniel Santos
- Economics Department, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- EduLab21, Ayrton Senna Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
- EduLab21, Ayrton Senna Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oliver P. John
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- EduLab21, Ayrton Senna Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Is conscientiousness positively or negatively related to intelligence? Insights from the national level. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Church AT. Personality traits across cultures. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 8:22-30. [PMID: 29506798 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current questions in the study of personality traits across cultures include (a) the universality versus cultural uniqueness of trait structure, (b) cultural differences in trait levels, (c) the consistency and validity of traits and their measures across cultures, and (d) the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural contexts of personality. Although the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality continues to find cross-cultural support, new research suggests that the model may be difficult to replicate in less educated or preliterate groups and that indigenous social-relational concepts may be distinguishable from the FFM in some cultures. In lexical studies, two or three broad dimensions may replicate better across cultures than alternative models. Substantial evidence suggests that mean trait profiles of cultures may be reasonably accurate. Nonetheless, research on response styles and measurement invariance raises questions about cross-cultural trait comparisons. Findings regarding cultural differences in trait-related consistency and validity are mixed. Researchers are offering innovative theory and research on the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural contexts of personality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Timothy Church
- Department of Educational Leadership, Sport Studies, and Educational/Counseling Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2136, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A reanalysis of national intelligence and personality: The role of the general factor of personality. INTELLIGENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
17
|
The Conscientiousness Paradox: Cultural Mindset Shapes Competence Perception. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Studies comparing personality across cultures have found inconsistencies between self–reports and measures of national character or behaviour, especially on evaluative traits such as Conscientiousness. We demonstrate that self–perceptions and other–perceptions of personality vary with cultural mindset, thereby accounting for some of this inconsistency. Three studies used multiple methods to examine perceptions of Conscientiousness and especially its facet Competence that most characterizes performance evaluations. In Study 1, Mainland Chinese reported lower levels of self–efficacy than did Canadians, with the country effect partially mediated by Canadian participants’ higher level of independent self–construal. In Study 2, language as a cultural prime induced similar effects on Hong Kong bilinguals, who rated themselves as more competent and conscientious when responding in English than in Chinese. Study 3 demonstrated these same effects on ratings of both self–perceived and observer–perceived competence and conscientiousness, with participants changing both their competence–communicating behaviours and self–evaluations in response to the cultural primes of spoken language and ethnicity of an interviewer. These results converge to show that self–perceptions and self–presentations change to fit the social contexts shaped by language and culture. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Collapse
|
18
|
Allik J. A mixed-binomial model for Likert-type personality measures. Front Psychol 2014; 5:371. [PMID: 24847291 PMCID: PMC4023022 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality measurement is based on the idea that values on an unobservable latent variable determine the distribution of answers on a manifest response scale. Typically, it is assumed in the Item Response Theory (IRT) that latent variables are related to the observed responses through continuous normal or logistic functions, determining the probability with which one of the ordered response alternatives on a Likert-scale item is chosen. Based on an analysis of 1731 self- and other-rated responses on the 240 NEO PI-3 questionnaire items, it was proposed that a viable alternative is a finite number of latent events which are related to manifest responses through a binomial function which has only one parameter—the probability with which a given statement is approved. For the majority of items, the best fit was obtained with a mixed-binomial distribution, which assumes two different subpopulations who endorse items with two different probabilities. It was shown that the fit of the binomial IRT model can be improved by assuming that about 10% of random noise is contained in the answers and by taking into account response biases toward one of the response categories. It was concluded that the binomial response model for the measurement of personality traits may be a workable alternative to the more habitual normal and logistic IRT models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu Tartu, Estonia ; Estonian Academy of Sciences Tallinn, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Specht J, Bleidorn W, Denissen JJA, Hennecke M, Hutteman R, Kandler C, Luhmann M, Orth U, Reitz AK, Zimmermann J. What Drives Adult Personality Development? A Comparison of Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Evidence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of empirical studies provide compelling evidence that personality traits change across the entire lifespan. What initiates this continuing personality development and how does this development proceed? In this paper, we compare six theoretical perspectives that offer testable predictions about why personality develops the way it does and identify limitations and potentials of these perspectives by reviewing how they hold up against the empirical evidence. While all of these perspectives have received some empirical support, there is only little direct evidence for propositions put forward by the five–factor theory of personality and the theory of genotype → environment effects. In contrast, the neo–socioanalytic theory appears to offer a comprehensive framework that fits the empirical findings and allows the integration of other, more specialized, perspectives that focus on specific aspects of personality development like the role of time, systematic differences between categories of social roles or the active partake of the person himself or herself. We draw conclusions on the likely driving factors for adult personality development and identify avenues for future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jule Specht
- Department of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Bleidorn
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Hennecke
- Department of Psychology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Roos Hutteman
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maike Luhmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ulrich Orth
- Department of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anne K. Reitz
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Zimmermann
- Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lönnqvist JE, Konstabel K, Lönnqvist N, Verkasalo M. Accuracy, consensus, in-group bias, and cultural frame shifting in the context of national character stereotypes. The Journal of Social Psychology 2014; 154:40-58. [PMID: 24689336 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2013.843500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined Finns' and bilingual Swedish-Finns' stereotypes regarding personality differences between Finns and Swedish-Finns and compared them with their respective self-ratings. Stereotype ratings by both groups converged on depicting Swedish-Finns as having a more desirable personality. In-group bias also influenced stereotypes. Contrary to predictions based on the Stereotype Content Model, out-group stereotypes were not compensatory. Consistent with the kernel of truth hypothesis of national stereotypes, Swedish-Finns' aggregate self-ratings resembled their stereotype of personality differences between the two groups, and their personality self-ratings were more desirable than Finns' self-ratings. Tentatively suggesting the occurrence of cultural frame shifting, the resemblance between Swedish-Finns' self-ratings and their stereotype of Swedish-Finns was, although only marginally statistically significantly, somewhat stronger when the self-ratings were provided in Swedish.
Collapse
|
21
|
Lunn TE, Nowson CA, Worsley A, Torres SJ. Does personality affect dietary intake? Nutrition 2014; 30:403-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
McCrae RR, Chan W, Jussim L, De Fruyt F, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Yik M, Ficková E, Brunner-Sciarra M, Reátigui N, de Figueora NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Purić D, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, Terracciano A. The Inaccuracy of National Character Stereotypes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 47:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006. [PMID: 24187394 PMCID: PMC3811946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy; and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N=3,323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Chan
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marleen De Bolle
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul T. Costa
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Yoshiko Shimonaka
- Department of Human Studies, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emília Ficková
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Norma Reátigui
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Vanina Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chang-kyu Ahn
- Department of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-nie Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jerzy Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Thomas R. Cain
- School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jarret T. Crawford
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khairul Anwar Mastor
- Personality Research Group, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Daniel R. Miramontez
- Office of Institutional Research and Planning, San Diego Community College District, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Veronica Benet-Martínez
- ICREA and Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Rossier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Bratko
- Department of Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iris Marušić
- Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mami Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danka Purić
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thomas A. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirona Gheorghiu
- School of Psychology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane Shakespeare-Finch
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margarida P. Lima
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Waldemar Klinkosz
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lidia Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Simonetti
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatyana V. Avdeyeva
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zecca G, Verardi S, Antonietti JP, Dahourou D, Adjahouisso M, Ah-Kion J, Amoussou-Yeye D, Barry O, Bhowon U, Bouatta C, Dougoumalé Cissé D, Mbodji M, Meyer de Stadelhofen F, Minga Minga D, Ng Tseung C, Nouri Romdhane M, Ondongo F, Rigozzi C, Sfayhi N, Tsokini D, Rossier J. African Cultures and the Five-Factor Model of Personality. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022112468943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess if a specific personality structure and personality profile might be observed in Africa comparing data from four African regions ( N = 1,774) with data from Burkina Faso ( N = 717) and Switzerland ( N = 1,787), according to the Five-Factor Model (FFM). A total of 4,278 participants completed the French version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) made up of 240 items. Concerning the structure, a recombination of Extraversion and Agreeableness in two factors labeled Love and Dominance was observed before targeted factor analyses. After Procrustes rotation, the Swiss factorial structure replicated well in Africa. The only specificity was that the Excitement Seeking facet scale loaded consistently on the Openness factor in Africa. However, personality structures obtained in different African regions were not more similar among themselves than they were to the structure found in Switzerland. Finally, multigroup confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the NEO-PI-R dimensions reached configural and metric invariances, but not scalar invariance, indicating that the mean personality profiles might be difficult to compare. Thus, this study showed no evidence for a unique pan-African structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Uma Bhowon
- University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Sfayhi
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences Humaines de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Slobodskaya HR, Gartstein MA, Nakagawa A, Putnam SP. Early Temperament in Japan, the United States, and Russia. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022112453316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study addressed differences in infant and toddler temperament, utilizing translations of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised (IBQ-R) and the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ), for children growing up in the United States, Russia, and Japan. Results indicated a number of significant differences in higher-order dimensions and fine-grained components of early temperament between the three cultural groups. U.S. children scored higher for Surgency and related traits, compared to Japanese and Russian children; Negative Affectivity showed the opposite pattern of cross-cultural differences, wherein Japanese children received the highest scores from their caregivers. In addition, Japanese infants and toddlers scored lower for Effortful Control. Significant Culture × Age interactions indicated that patterns of cross-cultural differences in different age groups varied across and within the three higher-order dimensions. Surgency, as well as positive affect to both low and high levels of intensity, showed a consistent pattern of decreasing cultural differences with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena R. Slobodskaya
- FSBI Institute of Physiology SB RAMS, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mõttus R, Allik J, Realo A, Rossier J, Zecca G, Ah-Kion J, Amoussou-Yéyé D, Bäckström M, Barkauskiene R, Barry O, Bhowon U, Björklund F, Bochaver A, Bochaver K, de Bruin G, Cabrera HF, Chen SX, Church AT, Cissé DD, Dahourou D, Feng X, Guan Y, Hwang HS, Idris F, Katigbak MS, Kuppens P, Kwiatkowska A, Laurinavicius A, Mastor KA, Matsumoto D, Riemann R, Schug J, Simpson B, Tseung-Wong CN, Johnson W. The Effect of Response Style on Self-Reported Conscientiousness Across 20 Countries. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2012; 38:1423-36. [PMID: 22745332 DOI: 10.1177/0146167212451275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rankings of countries on mean levels of self-reported Conscientiousness continue to puzzle researchers. Based on the hypothesis that cross-cultural differences in the tendency to prefer extreme response categories of ordinal rating scales over moderate categories can influence the comparability of self-reports, this study investigated possible effects of response style on the mean levels of self-reported Conscientiousness in 22 samples from 20 countries. Extreme and neutral responding were estimated based on respondents’ ratings of 30 hypothetical people described in short vignettes. In the vignette ratings, clear cross-sample differences in extreme and neutral responding emerged. These responding style differences were correlated with mean self-reported Conscientiousness scores. Correcting self-reports for extreme and neutral responding changed sample rankings of Conscientiousness, as well as the predictive validities of these rankings for external criteria. The findings suggest that the puzzling country rankings of self-reported Conscientiousness may to some extent result from differences in response styles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Mõttus
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jüri Allik
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oumar Barry
- University of Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Uma Bhowon
- University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Kuppens
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Allik J, Massoudi K, Realo A, Rossier J. Personality and Culture. SWISS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185/a000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A review of nearly three decades of cross-cultural research shows that this domain still has to address several issues regarding the biases of data collection and sampling methods, the lack of clear and consensual definitions of constructs and variables, and measurement invariance issues that seriously limit the comparability of results across cultures. Indeed, a large majority of the existing studies are still based on the anthropological model, which compares two cultures and mainly uses convenience samples of university students. This paper stresses the need to incorporate a larger variety of regions and cultures in the research designs, the necessity to theorize and identify a larger set of variables in order to describe a human environment, and the importance of overcoming methodological weaknesses to improve the comparability of measurement results. Cross-cultural psychology is at the next crossroads in it’s development, and researchers can certainly make major contributions to this domain if they can address these weaknesses and challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Estonia
| | - Koorosh Massoudi
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jérôme Rossier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|