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Perez-Nakai A, Lerma-Canto A, Dominguez-Candela I, Ferri JM, Fombuena V. Novel Epoxidized Brazil Nut Oil as a Promising Plasticizing Agent for PLA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15091997. [PMID: 37177145 PMCID: PMC10180567 DOI: 10.3390/polym15091997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This work evaluates for the first time the potential of an environmentally friendly plasticizer derived from epoxidized Brazil nut oil (EBNO) for biopolymers, such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA). EBNO was used due to its high epoxy content, reaching an oxirane oxygen content of 4.22% after 8 h of epoxidation for a peroxide/oil ratio of 2:1. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA formulations with different EBNO contents in the range of 0-10 phr. The effects of different amounts of EBNO in the PLA matrix were studied by performing mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphological characterizations. The tensile test demonstrated the feasibility of EBNO as a plasticizer for PLA by increasing the elongation at break by 70.9% for the plasticized PLA with 7.5 phr of EBNO content in comparison to the unplasticized PLA. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) of the fractured surfaces from the impact tests showed an increase in porosity and roughness in the areas with EBNO addition, which was characteristic of ductile failure. In addition, a disintegration test was performed, and no influence on the PLA biodegradation process was observed. The overall results demonstrate the ability of EBNO to compete with other commercial plasticizers in improving the ductile properties of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Perez-Nakai
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lerma-Canto
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Ivan Dominguez-Candela
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Ferri
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
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2
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The Influence of Different Sustainable Silk-Based Fillers on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polylactic Acid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14225016. [PMID: 36433143 PMCID: PMC9695667 DOI: 10.3390/polym14225016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, different silk fillers combined with maleinized corn oil (MCO), as environmentally friendly plasticizers, were used to modify the mechanical and thermal properties of polylactic acid (PLA) composites. Melt extrusion and injection were used to obtain samples with a content of 10 wt.% of MCO and 0.5 phr of different silk fillers: crushed silk (CS), silk fibroin microparticles (SFM), and silk fibroin nanoparticles (SFN). PLA formulation with 10 wt.% of MCO and 0.5 g of CS per hundred grams of composite (phr) showed the highest increase in mechanical ductile properties with an increase in elongation at break of approximately 1400%, compared with PLA. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a decrease of 2 °C in their glass transition temperature with the addition of different silk fillers. In addition, SFM and SFN increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA. This increment was also confirmed by infrared spectroscopy analysis. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images revealed a good dispersion of the different silk fillers. Among them, PLA formulation with 10 wt.% MCO and 0.5 phr of SFN, showed an optimal balance between maximum resistance and elongation at break, with 52.0 MPa and 10.8%, respectively, improving elongation at break by 635%. Furthermore, all samples were satisfactorily disintegrated under composting conditions.
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3
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Sempere-Torregrosa J, Ferri JM, de la Rosa-Ramírez H, Pavon C, Samper MD. Effect of Epoxidized and Maleinized Corn Oil on Properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA) and Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Blend. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194205. [PMID: 36236152 PMCID: PMC9571960 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work analyzes the influence of modified, epoxidized and maleinized corn oil as a plasticizing and/or compatibilizing agent in the PLA-PHB blend (75% PLA and 25% PHB wt.%). The chemical modification processes of corn oil were successfully carried out and different quantities were used, between 0 and 10% wt.%. The different blends obtained were characterized by thermal, mechanical, morphological, and disintegration tests under composting conditions. It was observed that to achieve the same plasticizing effect, less maleinized corn oil (MCO) is needed than epoxidized corn oil (ECO). Both oils improve the ductile properties of the PLA-PHB blend, such as elongation at break and impact absorb energy, however, the strength properties decrease. The ones that show the highest ductility values are those that contain 10% ECO and 5% MCO, improving the elongation of the break of the PLA-PHB blend by more than 400% and by more than 800% for the sample PLA.
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4
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Zhang Z, Jiang P, Wai PT, Feng S, Lu M, Zhang P, Leng Y, Pan L, Pan J. Construction and Synthesis of High-Stability Biobased Oligomeric Lactate Plasticizer: Applicable to PVC and PLA Polymers. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Phyu Thin Wai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Minjia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Pingbo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yan Leng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lingen Pan
- Wuxi Jiasheng High-Tech Modified Material Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214116, P. R. China
| | - Jie Pan
- Wuxi Jiasheng High-Tech Modified Material Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214116, P. R. China
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5
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Safari M, Kasmi N, Pisani C, Berthé V, Müller AJ, Habibi Y. Effect of the structural features of biobased linear polyester plasticizers on the crystallization of polylactides. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 214:128-139. [PMID: 35700846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents, for the first time, a detailed report on how the nucleation and crystallization of polylactide (PLLA) are affected by biobased aliphatic polyesters plasticizers. Three biobased polyesters were synthesized via solvent-free two-stage melt polycondensation of adipic acid (AdA) with three different biobased aliphatic diols and used as plasticizers for poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA). The molecular structure of the synthesized polyesters was proved using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. PLLA/AdA-based blends containing 10 wt% of the polyester plasticizers were studied by tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). Adding the plasticizers to PLLA decreased Tg by up to 11 °C and significantly increased the elongation at break by about 8 times compared with neat PLLA. The addition of 10 wt% of any AdA-based plasticizer to PLLA increases the nucleation rate from the glassy state by around 50-110 % depending on the plasticizer. The overall crystallization rate from the glassy state was 2-3 times faster for the plasticized PLLAs than neat PLLA. These results are a consequence of the lower energy barrier for both nucleation and growth processes. The incorporation of AdA-based linear polyesters had an incremental impact on the crystal growth rate (or secondary nucleation) of PLLA spherulites from the melt and glassy states. In conclusion, the AdA-based aliphatic polyesters allowed to enhance PLLA crystallization rates and showed interesting potential for the formulation of fully biobased PLLA blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Safari
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Nejib Kasmi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Carla Pisani
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Berthé
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Department of Materials Research and Technology (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Fully Biobased Reactive Extrusion of Biocomposites Based on PLA Blends and Hazelnut Shell Powders (HSP). CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3040104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of biocomposites based on natural fiber waste and biopolymers is constantly increasing because of their renewability, biodegradability, and the accordance with the circular economy principles. The aim of this work is to contrast the disadvantages in the production of biocomposites, such as reduction of molecular weight through the use of biobased chain extenders. For this purpose, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) were used to contrast the slight chain scission observed in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA) binary blend caused by the melt mixing with hazelnut shell powder (HSP). Two different dimensions of HSPs were considered in this study as well as different concentrations of the ESO/DCA system, comparing succinic acid and malic acid as dicarboxylic acids. Melt viscosity parameters, such as torque and melt volume rate (MVR), were measured to investigate the chain extender effect during the extrusion. In addition, the reactivity of the ESO/DCA system was investigated through infrared spectroscopy. The effect of chain extenders on thermal properties, in particular on the crystallinity of PLA, and on mechanical properties of final biocomposites was investigated to understand their potentialities in industrial application. Results of this study evidenced a modest increase in melt viscosity due to ESO/malic acid chain extension system, but only for the HSP with the lower dimension (so the higher surface area) and adding 0.5 wt.% of ESO/malic acid. Thus, the slight chain scission of polyesters, not significantly affecting the final properties of these biocomposites, is the most relevant effect that was revealed in this complex reactive system.
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Rojas-Lema S, Arevalo J, Gomez-Caturla J, Garcia-Garcia D, Torres-Giner S. Peroxide-Induced Synthesis of Maleic Anhydride-Grafted Poly(butylene succinate) and Its Compatibilizing Effect on Poly(butylene succinate)/Pistachio Shell Flour Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195927. [PMID: 34641470 PMCID: PMC8512837 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Framing the Circular Bioeconomy, the use of reactive compatibilizers was applied in order to increase the interfacial adhesion and, hence, the physical properties and applications of green composites based on biopolymers and food waste derived lignocellulosic fillers. In this study, poly(butylene succinate) grafted with maleic anhydride (PBS-g-MAH) was successfully synthetized by a reactive melt-mixing process using poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and maleic anhydride (MAH) that was induced with dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as a radical initiator and based on the formation of macroradicals derived from the hydrogen abstraction of the biopolymer backbone. Then, PBS-g-MAH was used as reactive compatibilizer for PBS filled with different contents of pistachio shell flour (PSF) during melt extrusion. As confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), PBS-g-MAH acted as a bridge between the two composite phases since it was readily soluble in PBS and could successfully form new esters by reaction of its multiple MAH groups with the hydroxyl (–OH) groups present in cellulose or lignin of PSF and the end ones in PBS. The resultant compatibilized green composites were, thereafter, shaped by injection molding into 4-mm thick pieces with a wood-like color. Results showed significant increases in the mechanical and thermomechanical rigidity and hardness, meanwhile variations on the thermal stability were negligible. The enhancement observed was related to the good dispersion and the improved filler-matrix interfacial interactions achieved by PBS-g-MAH and also to the PSF nucleating effect that increased the PBS’s crystallinity. Furthermore, water uptake of the pieces progressively increased as a function of the filler content, whereas the disintegration in controlled compost soil was limited due to their large thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.-L.); (S.T.-G.)
| | - Jordi Arevalo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Jaume Gomez-Caturla
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Garcia
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (J.A.); (J.G.-C.); (D.G.-G.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Research Institute of Food Engineering for Development (IIAD), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.R.-L.); (S.T.-G.)
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8
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Alarcon RT, Gaglieri C, Santos GC, Moralles AC, Morgon NH, Souza AR, Bannach G. AIE Effect by Oxygen Clustering in Vegetable Oil‐Based Polymers. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael T. Alarcon
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry UNESP- São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260, SP Brazil
| | - Caroline Gaglieri
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry UNESP- São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260, SP Brazil
| | - Giovanny C. Santos
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry UNESP- São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260, SP Brazil
| | - Ana C. Moralles
- Institute of Chemistry Department of Physical Chemistry UNICAMP-Campinas State University Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Nelson H. Morgon
- Institute of Chemistry Department of Physical Chemistry UNICAMP-Campinas State University Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Aguinaldo R. Souza
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry UNESP- São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260, SP Brazil
| | - Gilbert Bannach
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry UNESP- São Paulo State University Bauru 17033-260, SP Brazil
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9
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Perez-Nakai A, Lerma-Canto A, Domingez-Candela I, Garcia-Garcia D, Ferri JM, Fombuena V. Comparative Study of the Properties of Plasticized Polylactic Acid with Maleinized Hemp Seed Oil and a Novel Maleinized Brazil Nut Seed Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142376. [PMID: 34301132 PMCID: PMC8309596 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, Brazil nut seed oil was chemically modified with maleic anhydride to obtain maleinized Brazil nut seed oil (MBNO). The same process was developed to obtain maleinized hemp seed oil (MHO). The use of MBNO and MHO was studied as bio-based plasticizers by incorporating them with different contents ranging from 0 to 10 phr in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. By means of mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical characterization techniques, the properties of the different formulations were studied to evaluate the plasticizing effect of the MBNO and MHO. With the addition of both plasticizers, a significant increase in ductile properties was observed, reaching an increase in elongation at break of 643% with 7.5 phr MBNO and 771% with 10 phr MHO compared to neat PLA. In addition, it has been observed that the mechanical resistant properties do not decrease, since the oils enhance the crystallization of PLA by increasing the free volume between its chains and counteracting the effect. Finally, a disintegration test was carried out under thermophilic conditions at 58 °C for 27 days, demonstrating that the incorporation of MHO and MBNO does not significantly affect the biodegradability of neat PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Perez-Nakai
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (A.L.-C.); (D.G.-G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Alejandro Lerma-Canto
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (A.L.-C.); (D.G.-G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Ivan Domingez-Candela
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Daniel Garcia-Garcia
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (A.L.-C.); (D.G.-G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Jose Miguel Ferri
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (A.L.-C.); (D.G.-G.); (J.M.F.)
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (A.L.-C.); (D.G.-G.); (J.M.F.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Aldas M, Ferri JM, Motoc DL, Peponi L, Arrieta MP, López-Martínez J. Gum Rosin as a Size Control Agent of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT) Domains to Increase the Toughness of Packaging Formulations Based on Polylactic Acid (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121913. [PMID: 34201407 PMCID: PMC8229187 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gum rosin (GR) was used as a natural additive to improve the compatibility between polylactic acid, PLA, and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate, PBAT, blended with 20 wt.% of PBAT (PLA/PBAT). The PBAT was used as a soft component to increase the ductility of PLA and its fracture toughness. The coalescence of the PBAT domains was possible due to the plasticization effect of the GR component. These domains contributed to increasing the toughness of the final material due to the variation and control of the PBAT domains’ size and consequently, reducing the stress concentration points. The GR was used in contents of 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr. Consequently, the flexural properties were improved and the impact resistance increased up to 80% in PLA/PBAT_15GR with respect to the PLA/PBAT formulation. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images allowed observing that the size of PBAT domains of 2–3 µm was optimal to reduce the impact stress. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis showed a reduction of up to 8 °C on the PLA melting temperature and up to 5.3 °C of the PLA glass transition temperature in the PLA/PBAT_20GR formulation, which indicates an improvement in the processability of PLA. Finally, transparent films with improved oxygen barrier performance and increased hydrophobicity were obtained suggesting the potential interest of these blends for the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Aldas
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
- Departamento de Ciencia de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 170517 Quito, Ecuador
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (J.M.F.); Tel.: +593-999-736-444 (M.A.); +34-699-495-982 (J.M.F.)
| | - José Miguel Ferri
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (J.M.F.); Tel.: +593-999-736-444 (M.A.); +34-699-495-982 (J.M.F.)
| | - Dana Luca Motoc
- Department of Automotive and Transport Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Eroilor Av., 500036 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marina Patricia Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan López-Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
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11
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Development of Polylactic Acid Thermoplastic Starch Formulations Using Maleinized Hemp Oil as Biobased Plasticizer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091392. [PMID: 33922939 PMCID: PMC8123297 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, hemp seed oil was reacted with maleic anhydride in an ene reaction to obtain maleinized hemp seed oil (MHO). The use of MHO as a plasticizer and compatibilizer has been studied for polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) blends (80/20, respectively). By mechanical, thermal and morphological characterizations, the addition of MHO provides a dual effect, acting as plasticizer and compatibilizer between these two partially miscible biopolymers. The addition of MHO up to 7.5 phr (parts by weight of MHO per hundred parts of PLA and TPS) revealed a noticeable increase in the ductile properties, reaching an elongation at break 155% higher than the PLA/TPS blend. Furthermore, contrary to what has been observed with maleinized oils such as linseed oil, the thermal properties do not decrease significantly as a result of the plasticizing effect, due to the compatibilizing behavior of the MHO and the natural antioxidants present in the oil. Finally, a disintegration test was carried out in aerobic conditions at 58 °C, for 24 days, to demonstrate that the incorporation of the MHO, although causing a slight delay, does not impair the biodegradability of the blend, obtaining total degradation in 24 days.
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12
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Dominguez-Candela I, Ferri JM, Cardona SC, Lora J, Fombuena V. Dual Plasticizer/Thermal Stabilizer Effect of Epoxidized Chia Seed Oil ( Salvia hispanica L.) to Improve Ductility and Thermal Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13081283. [PMID: 33920060 PMCID: PMC8071061 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of a new bio-based plasticizer derived from epoxidized chia seed oil (ECO) was applied in a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix. ECO was used due to its high epoxy content (6.7%), which led to an improved chemical interaction with PLA. Melt extrusion was used to plasticize PLA with different ECO content in the 0–10 wt.% range. Mechanical, morphological, and thermal characterization was carried out to evaluate the effect of ECO percentage. Besides, disintegration and migration tests were studied to assess the future application in packaging industry. Ductile properties improve by 700% in elongation at break with 10 wt.% ECO content. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed a phase separation with ECO content equal or higher than 7.5 wt.%. Thermal stabilization was improved 14 °C as ECO content increased. All plasticized PLA was disintegrated under composting conditions, not observing a delay up to 5 wt.% ECO. Migration tests pointed out a very low migration, less than 0.11 wt.%, which is to interest to the packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Dominguez-Candela
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jose Miguel Ferri
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
| | - Salvador Cayetano Cardona
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jaime Lora
- Instituto de Seguridad Industrial, Radiofísica y Medioambiental (ISIRYM) Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (I.D.-C.); (S.C.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Vicent Fombuena
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Dynamic-Mechanical and Decomposition Properties of Flax/Basalt Hybrid Laminates Based on an Epoxidized Linseed Oil Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040479. [PMID: 33546216 PMCID: PMC7913315 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This contribution focuses on the development of flax and flax/basalt hybrid reinforced composites based on epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) resin, exploiting the feasibility of different ratios of glutaric anhydride (GA) to maleinized linseed oil (MLO) in the hardener system (50:0, 40:10 and 30:20 wt.%) to provide crosslinked thermosets with balanced properties. The hybrid laminates have been manufactured by resin transfer molding (RTM) and subjected to dynamic–mechanical (DMA) and thermal gravimetry (TGA) analysis. The presence of glutaric anhydride (GA) resulted in hard and relatively brittle flax and flax/basalt laminates, whose loss moduli decreased as the number of basalt plies diminished. Furthermore, the increase in MLO content in the GA:MLO hardener system shifted the glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 70 °C to 59 and 56 °C, which is representative of a decrease in brittleness of the crosslinked resin. All samples exhibited two stages of their decomposition process irrespective of the MLO content. The latter influenced the residual mass content that increased with the increase of the MLO wt.% from 10 to 30 wt.%, with shifts of the final degradation temperatures from 410 °C to 425 °C and 445 °C, respectively.
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Development and Characterization of Sustainable Composites from Bacterial Polyester Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate -co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and Almond Shell Flour by Reactive Extrusion with Oligomers of Lactic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051097. [PMID: 32403400 PMCID: PMC7285348 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Eco-efficient Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) have been obtained using poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hexanoate) (PHBH) as the polymer matrix, and almond shell flour (ASF), a by-product from the agro-food industry, as filler/reinforcement. These WPCs were prepared with different amounts of lignocellulosic fillers (wt %), namely 10, 20 and 30. The mechanical characterization of these WPCs showed an important increase in their stiffness with increasing the wt % ASF content. In addition, lower tensile strength and impact strength were obtained. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study revealed the lack of continuity and poor adhesion among the PHBH-ASF interface. Even with the only addition of 10 wt % ASF, these green composites become highly brittle. Nevertheless, for real applications, the WPC with 30 wt % ASF is the most attracting material since it contributes to lowering the overall cost of the WPC and can be manufactured by injection moulding, but its properties are really compromised due to the lack of compatibility between the hydrophobic PHBH matrix and the hydrophilic lignocellulosic filler. To minimize this phenomenon, 10 and 20 phr (weight parts of OLA-Oligomeric Lactic Acid per one hundred weight parts of PHBH) were added to PHBH/ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) suggested poor plasticization effect of OLA on PHBH-ASF composites. Nevertheless, the most important property OLA can provide to PHBH/ASF composites is somewhat compatibilization since some mechanical ductile properties are improved with OLA addition. The study by thermomechanical analysis (TMA), confirmed the increase of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) with increasing OLA content. The dynamic mechanical characterization (DTMA), revealed higher storage modulus, E’, with increasing ASF. Moreover, DTMA results confirmed poor plasticization of OLA on PHBH-ASF (30 wt % ASF) composites, but interesting compatibilization effects.
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Ramos M, Dominici F, Luzi F, Jiménez A, Garrigós MC, Torre L, Puglia D. Effect of Almond Shell Waste on Physicochemical Properties of Polyester-Based Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E835. [PMID: 32268549 PMCID: PMC7240503 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester-based biocomposites containing INZEA F2® biopolymer and almond shell powder (ASP) at 10 and 25 wt % contents with and without two different compatibilizers, maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400®, were prepared by melt blending in an extruder, followed by injection molding. The effect of fine (125-250 m) and coarse (500-1000 m) milling sizes of ASP was also evaluated. An improvement in elastic modulus was observed with the addition of< both fine and coarse ASP at 25 wt %. The addition of maleinized linseed oil and Joncryl ADR 4400 produced some compatibilizing effect at low filler contents while biocomposites with a higher amount of ASP still presented some gaps at the interface by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Some decrease in thermal stability was shown which was related to the relatively low thermal stability and disintegration of the lignocellulosic filler. The added modifiers provided some enhanced thermal resistance to the final biocomposites. Thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis suggested the presence of two different polyesters in the polymer matrix, with one of them showing full disintegration after 28 and 90 days for biocomposites containing 25 and 10 wt %, respectively, under composting conditions. The developed biocomposites have been shown to be potential polyester-based matrices for use as compostable materials at high filler contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ramos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Franco Dominici
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.D.); (F.L.); (L.T.)
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.D.); (F.L.); (L.T.)
| | - Alfonso Jiménez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Maria Carmen Garrigós
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition & Food Sciences, University of Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, ES-03690 Alicante, Spain; (M.R.); (A.J.)
| | - Luigi Torre
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.D.); (F.L.); (L.T.)
| | - Debora Puglia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy; (F.D.); (F.L.); (L.T.)
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Agüero Á, Garcia-Sanoguera D, Lascano D, Rojas-Lema S, Ivorra-Martinez J, Fenollar O, Torres-Giner S. Evaluation of Different Compatibilization Strategies to Improve the Performance of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces Made of Polylactide Reinforced with Short Flaxseed Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E821. [PMID: 32260439 PMCID: PMC7240506 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Green composites made of polylactide (PLA) and short flaxseed fibers (FFs) at 20 wt % were successfully compounded by twin-screw extrusion (TSE) and subsequently shaped into pieces by injection molding. The linen waste derived FFs were subjected to an alkalization pretreatment to remove impurities, improve the fiber surface quality, and make the fibers more hydrophobic. The alkali-pretreated FFs successfully reinforced PLA, leading to green composite pieces with higher mechanical strength. However, the pieces also showed lower ductility and toughness and the lignocellulosic fibers easily detached during fracture due to the absence or low interfacial adhesion with the biopolyester matrix. Therefore, four different compatibilization strategies were carried out to enhance the fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion. These routes consisted on the silanization of the alkalized FFs with a glycidyl silane, namely (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), and the reactive extrusion (REX) with three compatibilizers, namely a multi-functional epoxy-based styrene-acrylic oligomer (ESAO), a random copolymer of poly(styrene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-co-GMA), and maleinized linseed oil (MLO). The results showed that all the here-tested compatibilizers improved mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness as well as the thermal stability and thermomechanical properties of the green composite pieces. The highest interfacial adhesion was observed in the green composite pieces containing the silanized fibers. Interestingly, PS-co-GMA and, more intensely, ESAO yielded the pieces with the highest mechanical performance due to the higher reactivity of these additives with both composite components and their chain-extension action, whereas MLO led to the most ductile pieces due to its secondary role as plasticizer for PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Agüero
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - David Garcia-Sanoguera
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (Á.A.); (D.G.-S.); (J.I.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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Varol N, Delpouve N, Araujo S, Domenek S, Guinault A, Golovchak R, Ingram A, Delbreilh L, Dargent E. Amorphous rigidification and cooperativity drop in semi−crystalline plasticized polylactide. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dominici F, Samper MD, Carbonell-Verdu A, Luzi F, López-Martínez J, Torre L, Puglia D. Improved Toughness in Lignin/Natural Fiber Composites Plasticized with Epoxidized and Maleinized Linseed Oils. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030600. [PMID: 32012947 PMCID: PMC7040621 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of maleinized (MLO) and epoxidized (ELO) linseed oils as potential biobased plasticizers for lignin/natural fiber composites formulations with improved toughness was evaluated. Arboform®, a lignin/natural fiber commercial composite, was used as a reference matrix for the formulations. The plasticizer content varied in the range 0–15 wt % and mechanical, thermal and morphological characterizations were used to assess the potential of these environmentally friendly modifiers. Results from impact tests show a general increase in the impact-absorbed energy for all the samples modified with bio-oils. The addition of 2.5 wt % of ELO to Arboform (5.4 kJ/m2) was able to double the quantity of absorbed energy (11.1 kJ/m2) and this value slightly decreased for samples containing 5 and 10 wt %. A similar result was obtained with the addition of MLO at 5 wt %, with an improvement of 118%. The results of tensile and flexural tests also show that ELO and MLO addition increased the tensile strength as the percentage of both oils increased, even if higher values were obtained with lower percentages of maleinized oil due to the possible presence of ester bonds formed between multiple maleic groups present in MLO and the hydroxyl groups of the matrix. Thermal characterization confirmed that the mobility of polymer chains was easier in the presence of ELO molecules. On the other hand, MLO presence delayed the crystallization event, predominantly acting as an anti-nucleating agent, interrupting the folding or packing process. Both chemically modified vegetable oils also efficiently improved the thermal stability of the neat matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Dominici
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, Terni 05100, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0744-492910
| | - María Dolores Samper
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrandiz y Carbonell, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (M.D.S.); (A.C.-V.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Alfredo Carbonell-Verdu
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrandiz y Carbonell, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (M.D.S.); (A.C.-V.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, Terni 05100, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.); (D.P.)
| | - Juan López-Martínez
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales, Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrandiz y Carbonell, 03801 Alcoy-Alicante, Spain; (M.D.S.); (A.C.-V.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Luigi Torre
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, Terni 05100, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.); (D.P.)
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Perugia, UdR INSTM, Strada di Pentima 4, Terni 05100, Italy; (F.L.); (L.T.); (D.P.)
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Valorization of Linen Processing By-Products for the Development of Injection-Molded Green Composite Pieces of Polylactide with Improved Performance. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the development and characterization of green composites based on polylactide (PLA) containing fillers and additives obtained from by-products or waste-streams from the linen processing industry. Flaxseed flour (FSF) was first produced by the mechanical milling of golden flaxseeds. The resultant FSF particles were melt-compounded at 30 wt% with PLA in a twin-screw extruder. Two multi-functionalized oils derived from linseed, namely epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) and maleinized linseed oil (MLO), were also incorporated during melt mixing at 2.5 and 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of composite. The melt-compounded pellets were thereafter shaped into pieces by injection molding and characterized. Results showed that the addition of both multi-functionalized linseed oils successfully increased ductility, toughness, and thermal stability of the green composite pieces whereas water diffusion was reduced. The improvement achieved was related to both a plasticizing effect and, more interestingly, an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion between the biopolymer and the lignocellulosic particles by the reactive vegetable oils. The most optimal performance was attained for the MLO-containing green composite pieces, even at the lowest content, which was ascribed to the higher solubility of MLO with the PLA matrix. Therefore, the present study demonstrates the potential use of by-products or waste from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) to obtain renewable raw materials of suitable quality to develop green composites with high performance for market applications such as rigid food packaging and food-contact disposable articles in the frame of the Circular Economy and Bioeconomy.
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Lascano D, Moraga G, Ivorra-Martinez J, Rojas-Lema S, Torres-Giner S, Balart R, Boronat T, Quiles-Carrillo L. Development of Injection-Molded Polylactide Pieces with High Toughness by the Addition of Lactic Acid Oligomer and Characterization of Their Shape Memory Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2099. [PMID: 31847359 PMCID: PMC6960981 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the effect of the addition of an oligomer of lactic acid (OLA), in the 5-20 wt% range, on the processing and properties of polylactide (PLA) pieces prepared by injection molding. The obtained results suggested that the here-tested OLA mainly performs as an impact modifier for PLA, showing a percentage increase in the impact strength of approximately 171% for the injection-molded pieces containing 15 wt% OLA. A slight plasticization was observed by the decrease of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA of up to 12.5 °C. The OLA addition also promoted a reduction of the cold crystallization temperature (Tcc) of more than 10 °C due to an increased motion of the biopolymer chains and the potential nucleating effect of the short oligomer chains. Moreover, the shape memory behavior of the PLA samples was characterized by flexural tests with different deformation angles, that is, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. The obtained results confirmed the extraordinary effect of OLA on the shape memory recovery (Rr) of PLA, which increased linearly as the OLA loading increased. In particular, the OLA-containing PLA samples were able to successfully recover over 95% of their original shape for low deformation angles, while they still reached nearly 70% of recovery for the highest angles. Therefore, the present OLA can be successfully used as a novel additive to improve the toughness and shape memory behavior of compostable packaging articles based on PLA in the new frame of the Circular Economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Giovanni Moraga
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Juan Ivorra-Martinez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Sandra Rojas-Lema
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, 17-01-2759 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (D.L.); (G.M.); (J.I.-M.); (S.R.-L.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (L.Q.-C.)
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Agüero A, Morcillo MDC, Quiles-Carrillo L, Balart R, Boronat T, Lascano D, Torres-Giner S, Fenollar O. Study of the Influence of the Reprocessing Cycles on the Final Properties of Polylactide Pieces Obtained by Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1908. [PMID: 31756897 PMCID: PMC6960523 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This research work aims to study the influence of the reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of polylactide (PLA). To this end, PLA was subjected to as many as six extrusion cycles and the resultant pellets were shaped into pieces by injection molding. Mechanical characterization revealed that the PLA pieces presented relatively similar properties up to the third reprocessing cycle, whereas further cycles induced an intense reduction in ductility and toughness. The effect of the reprocessing cycles was also studied by the changes in the melt fluidity, which showed a significant increase after four reprocessing cycles. An increase in the bio-polyester chain mobility was also attained with the number of the reprocessing cycles that subsequently favored an increase in crystallinity of PLA. A visual inspection indicated that PLA developed certain yellowing and the pieces also became less transparent with the increasing number of reprocessing cycles. Therefore, the obtained results showed that PLA suffers a slight degradation after one or two reprocessing cycles whereas performance impairment becomes more evident above the fourth reprocessing cycle. This finding suggests that the mechanical recycling of PLA for up to three cycles of extrusion and subsequent injection molding is technically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Agüero
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Maria del Carmen Morcillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 17-01-2759, Ecuador
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.A.); (M.d.C.M.); (L.Q.-C.); (R.B.); (T.B.); (O.F.)
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Enhancement of the processing window and performance of polyamide 1010/bio‐based high‐density polyethylene blends by melt mixing with natural additives. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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Effect of Different Compatibilizers on Injection-Molded Green Fiber-Reinforced Polymers Based on Poly(lactic acid)-Maleinized Linseed Oil System and Sheep Wool. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11091514. [PMID: 31533307 PMCID: PMC6780267 DOI: 10.3390/polym11091514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A method to modify polymers is that of introducing fibers in a matrix to produce a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP). Consequently, the aim of this work was to study the compatibility effect of four coupling agents on wool FRP properties, using poly(lactic acid) plasticized with maleinized linseed oil as polymer matrix. The content of wool assessed was 1 phr. The compatibilizers were (3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl)-trimethoxysilane, trimethoxy (2-(7-oxabicyclo (4.1.0)hept-3-yl) ethyl) silane, tris(2-methoxyethoxy)(vinyl) silane and titanium (IV) (triethanolaminate)isopropoxide. Initially, wool was modified with coupling agents in an acetone/water (50/50) solution. Mechanical properties were evaluated by tensile and flexural properties, hardness by Shore D measurement and impact resistance by Charpy’s energy. Differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted to evaluate the interaction among components and the effect of the coupling agents on the thermal properties of the original material. Color, wettability and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe physical and microstructural properties. Modification of fibers allows achieving improved mechanical properties and changes the thermal properties of the FRPs slightly. Coupling agent treatment helps to formulate PLA–MLO and sheep wool materials and to improve their performance, thereby creating a broader spectrum of applications for PLA maintaining the bio-based character of the material.
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Hassan AA, Abbas A, Rasheed T, Bilal M, Iqbal HMN, Wang S. Development, influencing parameters and interactions of bioplasticizers: An environmentally friendlier alternative to petro industry-based sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:394-404. [PMID: 31125753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The current industrial revolution emphasized the necessity to use environmentally friendlier sources and strategies to meet the bio-based economy challenges of the modern world. Owing to the finiteness, human health and environmental impacts of fossil resources, current research efforts are switched to search and develop renewable, sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives of commercial plasticizers to meet the green agenda to establish a green society. The substitution of petroleum-based plasticizers with bioplasticizers offers noteworthy advantages, such as recyclability, biodegradability, high lubricant power, low diffusion coefficients in the polymeric matrix and very low volatility. Moreover, bioplasticizers provide the most suitable platform due to their global availability and industrially-relevant applications. Numerous parameters such as solubility, polarity, and structural compatibility are considered important and can influence the designing of efficient plasticizers. In this context, a plethora of research has given their structural attributes along with their compatibility with different elastomers and plastics. Herein, the valorization of bioplasticizers in several industrial and biotechnological processes is presented with suitable examples. Additionally, it highlights the insight of selection criteria and generalities concerning plasticization theories. A brief discussion is also given on the mechanism of plasticization and modifications, which are being made in the current industrial practices. The description extends towards the design of effective plasticizers with their dependence on structure and how we can improve their performance to the polymer industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab. of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Anees Abbas
- Chemistry Department University of Sargodha, Mianwali Campus, Pakistan
| | - Tahir Rasheed
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Muhamad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China.
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Lab. of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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26
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Gonzalez L, Agüero A, Quiles-Carrillo L, Lascano D, Montanes N. Optimization of the Loading of an Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizer Derived from Linseed Oil in Poly(Lactic Acid)/Diatomaceous Earth Composites. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101627. [PMID: 31108954 PMCID: PMC6566712 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maleinized linseed oil (MLO) has been successfully used as biobased compatibilizer in polyester blends. Its efficiency as compatibilizer in polymer composites with organic and inorganic fillers, compared to other traditional fillers, has also been proved. The goal of this work is to optimize the amount of MLO on poly(lactic acid)/diatomaceous earth (PLA/DE) composites to open new potential to these materials in the active packaging industry without compromising the environmental efficiency of these composites. The amount of DE remains constant at 10 wt% and MLO varies from 1 to 15 phr (weight parts of MLO per 100 g of PLA/DE composite). The effect of MLO on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and morphological properties is described in this work. The obtained results show a clear embrittlement of the uncompatibilized PLA/DE composites, which is progressively reduced by the addition of MLO. MLO shows good miscibility at low concentrations (lower than 5 phr) while above 5 phr, a clear phase separation phenomenon can be detected, with the formation of rounded microvoids and shapes which have a positive effect on impact strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Gonzalez
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Angel Agüero
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Diego Lascano
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 17-01-2759, Ecuador.
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
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Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion of Polylactide/Poly(ε-caprolactone)/Walnut Shell Flour Composites by Reactive Extrusion with Maleinized Linseed Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050758. [PMID: 31052255 PMCID: PMC6572400 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel green composites were prepared by melt compounding a binary blend of polylactide (PLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) at 4/1 (wt/wt) with particles of walnut shell flour (WSF) in the 10–40 wt % range, which were obtained as a waste from the agro-food industry. Maleinized linseed oil (MLO) was added at 5 parts per hundred resin (phr) of composite to counteract the intrinsically low compatibility between the biopolymer blend matrix and the lignocellulosic fillers. Although the incorporation of WSF tended to reduce the mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA/PCL, the MLO-containing composites filled with up to 20 wt % WSF showed superior ductility and a more balanced thermomechanical response. The morphological analysis revealed that the performance improvement attained was related to a plasticization phenomenon of the biopolymer blend and, more interestingly, to an enhancement of the interfacial adhesion of the green composites achieved by extrusion with the multi-functionalized vegetable oil.
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28
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Lu M, Liu Y, Du X, Zhang S, Chen G, Zhang Q, Yao S, Liang L, Lu M. Cure Kinetics and Properties of High Performance Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins Cured with Anhydride. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b06442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maoping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangxiang Du
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Touch Significant Devices Electronic Materials, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guokang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering & Technology Research Center for Touch Significant Devices Electronic Materials, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sa Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mangeng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cellulose and Lignocellulosics Chemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, People’s Republic of China
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Aguero A, Quiles‐Carrillo L, Jorda‐Vilaplana A, Fenollar O, Montanes N. Effect of different compatibilizers on environmentally friendly composites from poly(lactic acid) and diatomaceous earth. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Aguero
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM)Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Luis Quiles‐Carrillo
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM)Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Amparo Jorda‐Vilaplana
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM)Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Octavio Fenollar
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM)Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM)Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) Alcoy Spain
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30
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Optimization of Maleinized Linseed Oil Loading as a Biobased Compatibilizer in Poly(Butylene Succinate) Composites with Almond Shell Flour. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12050685. [PMID: 30813517 PMCID: PMC6427745 DOI: 10.3390/ma12050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Green composites of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) were manufactured with almond shell flour (ASF) by reactive compatibilization with maleinized linseed oil *MLO) by extrusion and subsequent injection molding. ASF was kept constant at 30 wt %, while the effect of different MLO loading on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and morphology properties was studied. Uncompatibilized PBS/ASF composites show a remarkable decrease in mechanical properties due to the nonexistent polymer‒filler interaction, as evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). MLO provides a plasticization effect on PBS/ASF composites but, in addition, acts as a compatibilizer agent since the maleic anhydride groups contained in MLO are likely to react with hydroxyl groups in both PBS end chains and ASF particles. This compatibilizing effect is observed by FESEM with a reduction of the gap between the filler particles and the surrounding PBS matrix. In addition, the Tg of PBS increases from −28 °C to −12 °C with an MLO content of 10 wt %, thus indicating compatibilization. MLO has been validated as an environmentally friendly additive to PBS/ASF composites to give materials with high environmental efficiency.
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31
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Jorda-Vilaplana A, Balart R, Torres-Giner S. A comparative study on the effect of different reactive compatibilizers on injection-molded pieces of bio-based high-density polyethylene/polylactide blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n; Alcoy 03801 Spain
| | - N. Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n; Alcoy 03801 Spain
| | - A. Jorda-Vilaplana
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n; Alcoy 03801 Spain
| | - R. Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n; Alcoy 03801 Spain
| | - S. Torres-Giner
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell s/n; Alcoy 03801 Spain
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Avenida Agustín Escardino 7 Paterna 46980 Spain
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32
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Pineiro F, Jorda-Vilaplana A, Torres-Giner S. Ductility and Toughness Improvement of Injection-Molded Compostable Pieces of Polylactide by Melt Blending with Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Thermoplastic Starch. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2138. [PMID: 30380751 PMCID: PMC6266747 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the preparation and characterization of binary and ternary blends based on polylactide (PLA) with poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) to develop fully compostable plastics with improved ductility and toughness. To this end, PLA was first melt-mixed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder with up to 40 wt % of different PCL and TPS combinations and then shaped into pieces by injection molding. The mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of the resultant binary and ternary blend pieces were analyzed and related to their composition. Although the biopolymer blends were immiscible, the addition of both PCL and TPS remarkably increased the flexibility and impact strength of PLA while it slightly reduced its mechanical strength. The most balanced mechanical performance was achieved for the ternary blend pieces that combined high PCL contents with low amounts of TPS, suggesting a main phase change from PLA/TPS (comparatively rigid) to PLA/PCL (comparatively flexible). The PLA-based blends presented an "island-and-sea" morphology in which the TPS phase contributed to the fine dispersion of PCL as micro-sized spherical domains that acted as a rubber-like phase with the capacity to improve toughness. In addition, the here-prepared ternary blend pieces presented slightly higher thermal stability and lower thermomechanical stiffness than the neat PLA pieces. Finally, all biopolymer pieces fully disintegrated in a controlled compost soil after 28 days. Therefore, the inherently low ductility and toughness of PLA can be successfully improved by melt blending with PCL and TPS, resulting in compostable plastic materials with a great potential in, for instance, rigid packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Fede Pineiro
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Amparo Jorda-Vilaplana
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain.
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Calle Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
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33
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Montanes N, Lagaron JM, Balart R, Torres-Giner S. On the use of acrylated epoxidized soybean oil as a reactive compatibilizer in injection-molded compostable pieces consisting of polylactide filled with orange peel flour. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Alcoy Spain
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Alcoy Spain
| | - Jose Maria Lagaron
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Paterna Spain
| | - Rafael Balart
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Alcoy Spain
| | - Sergio Torres-Giner
- Technological Institute of Materials (ITM); Universitat Politècnica de València; Alcoy Spain
- Novel Materials and Nanotechnology Group; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Paterna Spain
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34
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Brüster B, Montesinos A, Reumaux P, Pérez-Camargo RA, Mugica A, Zubitur M, Müller AJ, Dubois P, Addiego F. Crystallization kinetics of polylactide: Reactive plasticization and reprocessing effects. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Quiles-Carrillo L, Blanes-Martínez M, Montanes N, Fenollar O, Torres-Giner S, Balart R. Reactive toughening of injection-molded polylactide pieces using maleinized hemp seed oil. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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García-Campo MJ, Boronat T, Quiles-Carrillo L, Balart R, Montanes N. Manufacturing and Characterization of Toughened Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) Formulations by Ternary Blends with Biopolyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 10:E3. [PMID: 30966040 PMCID: PMC6415117 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ternary blends with a constant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) content (60 wt %) and varying amounts of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were manufactured by one step melt blending process followed by injection moulding, with the main aim of improving the low intrinsic toughness of PLA. Mechanical properties were obtained from tensile and Charpy impact tests. The miscibility and morphology of the system was studied by thermal analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The obtained results showed a clear phase separation, thus indicating poor miscibility between these three biopolyesters, i.e., PLA, the continuous component with dispersed PHB and PCL domains in the form of different sphere size. Nevertheless, the high fragility of PLA was remarkably reduced, as detected by the Charpy impact test. In accordance with the decrease in brittleness, a remarkable increase in elongation at break is achieved, with increasing PCL load due to its flexibility; in addition, increasing PCL load provides thermal stability at high temperatures. Thus, tailored materials can be manufactured by melt blending PLA, PHB, and PCL in different percentages to offer a wide range of biodegradable polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús García-Campo
- Materials Science Division, Technological Institute of Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Teodomiro Boronat
- Manufacturing Engineering Division, Technological Institute of Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Luis Quiles-Carrillo
- Materials Science Division, Technological Institute of Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Rafael Balart
- Materials Science Division, Technological Institute of Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Nestor Montanes
- Materials Science Division, Technological Institute of Materials, Universitat Politècnica de València, 03801 Alcoy, Alicante, Spain.
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37
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Environmentally Friendly Compatibilizers from Soybean Oil for Ternary Blends of Poly(lactic acid)-PLA, Poly(ε-caprolactone)-PCL and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-PHB. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10111339. [PMID: 29165359 PMCID: PMC5706286 DOI: 10.3390/ma10111339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ternary blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with a constant weight percentage of 60%, 10% and 30% respectively were compatibilized with soybean oil derivatives epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), maleinized soybean oil (MSO) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO). The potential compatibilization effects of the soybean oil-derivatives was characterized in terms of mechanical, thermal and thermomechanical properties. The effects on morphology were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). All three soybean oil-based compatibilizers led to a noticeable increase in toughness with a remarkable improvement in elongation at break. On the other hand, both the tensile modulus and strength decreased, but in a lower extent to a typical plasticization effect. Although phase separation occurred, all three soybean oil derivatives led somewhat to compatibilization through reaction between terminal hydroxyl groups in all three biopolyesters (PLA, PHB and PCL) and the readily reactive groups in the soybean oil derivatives, that is, epoxy, maleic anhydride and acrylic/epoxy functionalities. In particular, the addition of 5 parts per hundred parts of the blend (phr) of ESO gave the maximum elongation at break while the same amount of MSO and AESO gave the maximum toughness, measured through Charpy’s impact tests. In general, the herein-developed materials widen the potential of ternary PLA formulations by a cost effective blending method with PHB and PCL and compatibilization with vegetable oil-based additives.
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