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Boudabbous M, Ben Hmad I, Zaidi M, Saibi W, Jlaiel L, Gargouri A. Biosynthesis and one-step enrichment process of potentially prebiotic cello-oligosaccharides produced by β-glucosidase from Fusarium solani. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:395. [PMID: 39249579 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) become a new type of functional oligosaccharides. COS transglycosylation reactions were studied to enhance COS yield production. Seeking the ability of the free form of Fusarium solani β-glucosidase (FBgl1) to synthesize COS under low substrate concentrations, we found out that this biocatalyst initiates this reaction with only 1 g/L of cellobiose, giving rise to the formation of cellotriose. Cellotriose and cellopentaose were detected in biphasic conditions with an immobilized FBgl1 and when increased to 50 g/L of cellobiose as a starter concentration. After the biocatalyst recycling process, the trans-glycosylation yield of COS was maintained after 5 cycles, and the COS concentration was 6.70 ± 0.35 g/L. The crude COS contained 20.15 ± 0.25 g/L glucose, 23.15 ± 0.22 g/L non-reacting substrate cellobiose, 5.25 ± 0.53 g/L, cellotriose and 1.49 ± 0.32 g/L cellopentaose. A bioprocess was developed for cellotriose enrichment, using whole Bacillus velezensis cells as a microbial purification tool. This bacteria consumed glucose, unreacted cellobiose, and cellopentaose while preserving cellotriose in the fermented medium. This study provides an excellent enzyme candidate for industrial COS production and is also the first study on the single-step COS enrichment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Boudabbous
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Ines Ben Hmad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Zaidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Saibi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lobna Jlaiel
- Analytical Service Unit, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology of Eukaryotes, Center of Biotechnology of Sfax (CBS), University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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2
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Maccow A, Kulyk H, Severac E, Morel S, Moulis C, Boissonnat G, Remaud-Simeon M, Guieysse D. A chemo-enzymatic pathway to expand cellooligosaccharide chemical space through amine bond introduction. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 338:122168. [PMID: 38763718 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic functionalization of oligosaccharides is a useful and environmentally friendly way to expand their structural chemical space and access to a wider range of applications in the health, food, feed, cosmetics and other sectors. In this work, we first tested the laccase/TEMPO system to generate oxidized forms of cellobiose and methyl β-D-cellobiose, and obtained high yields of novel anionic disaccharides (>60 %) at pH 6.0. Laccase/TEMPO system was then applied to a mix of cellooligosaccharides and to pure D-cellopentaose. The occurrence of carbonyl and carboxyl groups in the oxidation products was shown by LC-HRMS, MALDI-TOF and reductive amination of the carbonyl groups was attempted with p-toluidine a low molar mass amine to form the Schiff base, then reduced by 2-picoline borane to generate a more stable amine bond. The new grafted products were characterized by LC-HRMS, LC-UV-MS/MS and covalent grafting was evidenced. Next, the same procedure was adopted to successfully graft a dye, the rhodamine 123, larger in size than toluidine. This two-step chemo-enzymatic approach, never reported before, for functionalization of oligosaccharides, offers attractive opportunities to anionic cellooligosaccharides and derived glucoconjugates of interest for biomedical or neutraceutical applications. It also paves the way for more environmentally-friendly cellulose fabric staining procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awilda Maccow
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Hanna Kulyk
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France; MetaboHUB-MetaToul, National Infrastructure of Metabolomics and Fluxomics, France.
| | - Etienne Severac
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Claire Moulis
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - David Guieysse
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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3
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Bottom-Up Synthesized Glucan Materials: Opportunities from Applied Biocatalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400436. [PMID: 38514194 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Linear d-glucans are natural polysaccharides of simple chemical structure. They are comprised of d-glucosyl units linked by a single type of glycosidic bond. Noncovalent interactions within, and between, the d-glucan chains give rise to a broad variety of macromolecular nanostructures that can assemble into crystalline-organized materials of tunable morphology. Structure design and functionalization of d-glucans for diverse material applications largely relies on top-down processing and chemical derivatization of naturally derived starting materials. The top-down approach encounters critical limitations in efficiency, selectivity, and flexibility. Bottom-up approaches of d-glucan synthesis offer different, and often more precise, ways of polymer structure control and provide means of functional diversification widely inaccessible to top-down routes of polysaccharide material processing. Here the natural and engineered enzymes (glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and phosphorylases, glycosynthases) for d-glucan polymerization are described and the use of applied biocatalysis for the bottom-up assembly of specific d-glucan structures is shown. Advanced material applications of the resulting polymeric products are further shown and their important role in the development of sustainable macromolecular materials in a bio-based circular economy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, 8010, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Krenngasse 37, Graz, 8010, Austria
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Storani A, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA. Insights to improve the activity of glycosyl phosphorylases from Ruminococcus albus 8 with cello-oligosaccharides. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176537. [PMID: 37090251 PMCID: PMC10119399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorolysis of cello-oligosaccharides is a critical process played in the rumen by Ruminococcus albus to degrade cellulose. Cellodextrins, made up of a few glucosyl units, have gained lots of interest by their potential applications. Here, we characterized a cellobiose phosphorylase (RalCBP) and a cellodextrin phosphorylase (RalCDP) from R. albus 8. This latter was further analyzed in detail by constructing a truncated mutant (Ral∆N63CDP) lacking the N-terminal domain and a chimeric protein by fusing a CBM (RalCDP-CBM37). RalCBP showed a typical behavior with high activity on cellobiose. Instead, RalCDP extended its activity to longer soluble or insoluble cello-oligosaccharides. The catalytic efficiency of RalCDP was higher with cellotetraose and cellopentaose as substrates for both reaction directions. Concerning properties of Ral∆N63CDP, results support roles for the N-terminal domain in the conformation of the homo-dimer and conferring the enzyme the capacity to catalyze the phosphorolytic reaction. This mutant exhibited reduced affinity toward phosphate and increased to glucose-1-phosphate. Further, the CBM37 module showed functionality when fused to RalCDP, as RalCDP-CBM37 exhibited an enhanced ability to use insoluble cellulosic substrates. Data obtained from this enzyme's binding parameters to cellulosic polysaccharides agree with the kinetic results. Besides, studies of synthesis and phosphorolysis of cello-saccharides at long-time reactions served to identify the utility of these enzymes. While RalCDP produces a mixture of cello-oligosaccharides (from cellotriose to longer oligosaccharides), the impaired phosphorolytic activity makes Ral∆N63CDP lead mainly toward the synthesis of cellotetraose. On the other hand, RalCDP-CBM37 remarks on the utility of obtaining glucose-1-phosphate from cellulosic compounds.
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Bockisch C, Lorance ED, Hartnett HE, Shock EL, Gould IR. Kinetics and Mechanisms of Hydrothermal Dehydration of Cyclic 1,2- and 1,4-Diols. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14299-14307. [PMID: 36227689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal dehydration is an attractive method for deoxygenation and upgrading of biofuels because it requires no reagents or catalysts other than superheated water. Although mono-alcohols cleanly deoxygenate via dehydration under many conditions, polyols such as those derived from saccharides and related structures are known to be recalcitrant with respect to dehydration. Here, we describe detailed mechanistic and kinetic studies of hydrothermal dehydration of 1,2- and 1,4-cyclohexanediols as model compounds to investigate how interactions between the hydroxyls can control the reaction. The diols generally dehydrate more slowly and have more complex reaction pathways than simple cyclohexanol. Although hydrogen bonding between hydroxyls is an important feature of the diol reactions, hydrogen bonding on its own does not explain the reduced reactivity. Rather, it is the way that hydrogen bonding influences the balance between the E1 and E2 elimination mechanisms. We also describe the reaction pathways and follow-up secondary reactions for the slower-dehydrating diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Bockisch
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Edward D Lorance
- Department of Chemistry, Vanguard University, Costa Mesa, California 92926, United States
| | - Hilairy E Hartnett
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Everett L Shock
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ian R Gould
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Chen G, Hong FF, Yuan J, Li L, Fang M, Wei W, Wang X, Wei Y. Super solvent of cellulose with extra high solubility for tunable cellulose structure with versatile application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Schwaiger KN, Voit A, Wiltschi B, Nidetzky B. Engineering cascade biocatalysis in whole cells for bottom-up synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides: flux control over three enzymatic steps enables soluble production. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:61. [PMID: 35397553 PMCID: PMC8994397 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01781-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soluble cello-oligosaccharides (COS, β-1,4-D-gluco-oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization DP 2-6) have been receiving increased attention in different industrial sectors, from food and feed to cosmetics. Development of large-scale COS applications requires cost-effective technologies for their production. Cascade biocatalysis by the three enzymes sucrose-, cellobiose- and cellodextrin phosphorylase is promising because it enables bottom-up synthesis of COS from expedient substrates such as sucrose and glucose. A whole-cell-derived catalyst that incorporates the required enzyme activities from suitable co-expression would represent an important step towards making the cascade reaction fit for production. Multi-enzyme co-expression to reach distinct activity ratios is challenging in general, but it requires special emphasis for the synthesis of COS. Only a finely tuned balance between formation and elongation of the oligosaccharide precursor cellobiose results in the desired COS. RESULTS Here, we show the integration of cellodextrin phosphorylase into a cellobiose-producing whole-cell catalyst. We arranged the co-expression cassettes such that their expression levels were upregulated. The most effective strategy involved a custom vector design that placed the coding sequences for cellobiose phosphorylase (CbP), cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP) and sucrose phosphorylase (ScP) in a tricistron in the given order. The expression of the tricistron was controlled by the strong T7lacO promoter and strong ribosome binding sites (RBS) for each open reading frame. The resulting whole-cell catalyst achieved a recombinant protein yield of 46% of total intracellular protein in an optimal ScP:CbP:CdP activity ratio of 10:2.9:0.6, yielding an overall activity of 315 U/g dry cell mass. We demonstrated that bioconversion catalyzed by a semi-permeabilized whole-cell catalyst achieved an industrial relevant COS product titer of 125 g/L and a space-time yield of 20 g/L/h. With CbP as the cellobiose providing enzyme, flux into higher oligosaccharides (DP ≥ 6) was prevented and no insoluble products were formed after 6 h of conversion. CONCLUSIONS A whole-cell catalyst for COS biosynthesis was developed. The coordinated co-expression of the three biosynthesis enzymes balanced the activities of the individual enzymes such that COS production was maximized. With the flux control set to minimize the share of insolubles in the product, the whole-cell synthesis shows a performance with respect to yield, productivity, product concentration and quality that is promising for industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina N. Schwaiger
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alena Voit
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Wiltschi
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- grid.432147.70000 0004 0591 4434ACIB-Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria ,grid.410413.30000 0001 2294 748XInstitute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria
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8
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Gan J, Iqbal HMN, Show PL, Rahdar A, Bilal M. Upgrading recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis by immobilized cellulolytic enzyme–based nanobiocatalytic systems: a review. BIOMASS CONVERSION AND BIOREFINERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13399-022-02642-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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9
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Precision synthesis of reducing-end thiol-modified cellulose enabled by enzyme selection. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEnzyme-catalyzed iterative β-1,4-glycosylation of β-glycosides is promising for bottom-up polymerization of reducing-end-modified cello-oligosaccharide chains. Self-assembly of the chains from solution yields crystalline nanocellulose materials with properties that are tunable by the glycoside group used. Cellulose chains with a reducing-end thiol group are of interest to install a controllable pattern of site-selective modifications into the nanocellulose material. Selection of the polymerizing enzyme (cellodextrin phosphorylase; CdP) was pursued here to enhance the synthetic precision of β-1-thio-glucose conversion to generate pure “1-thio-cellulose” (≥95%) unencumbered by plain (unlabeled) cellulose resulting from enzymatic side reactions. The CdP from Clostridium stercorarium (CsCdP) was 21 times more active on β-1-thio-glucose (0.17 U/mg; 45 °C) than the CdP from Clostridium cellulosi (CcCdP), and it lacked hydrolase activity, which is substantial in CcCdP, against the α-d-glucose 1-phosphate donor substrate. The combination of these enzyme properties indicated that CsCdP is a practical catalyst for 1-thio-cellulose synthesis directly from β-1-thio-glucose (8 h; 25 mol% yield) that does not require a second enzyme (cellobiose phosphorylase), which was essential when using the less selective CcCdP. The 1-thio-cellulose chains had an average degree of polymerization of ∼10 and were assembled into highly crystalline cellulose II crystallinity material.
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Zhang X, Jiang F, Torres-Luna C, Nishiyama Y, Briber RM, Wang H. Solvent-Assisted Fractionation of Oligomeric Cellulose and Reversible Transformation of Cellulose II and IV. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:4792-4797. [PMID: 34491726 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligomeric cellulose with an average degree of polymerization of 7.68 and a polydispersity of 1.04 has been fractionated using solution processes. Three fractions have been obtained through initial dissolution, subsequent crystallization, and solvent precipitation, respectively. The resulting oligocellulose fraction has an average degree of polymerization of 7.70 and a polydispersity of 1.01, respectively. Cellulose IV2 crystals form in the oligocellulose fraction, and reversibly transform to II and back to IV using simple solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Cesar Torres-Luna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | | | - Robert M Briber
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Howard Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States.,Neutron Science Platform, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Klimacek M, Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Kinetic modeling of phosphorylase-catalyzed iterative β-1,4-glycosylation for degree of polymerization-controlled synthesis of soluble cello-oligosaccharides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:134. [PMID: 34112242 PMCID: PMC8194188 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellodextrin phosphorylase (CdP; EC 2.4.1.49) catalyzes the iterative β-1,4-glycosylation of cellobiose using α-D-glucose 1-phosphate as the donor substrate. Cello-oligosaccharides (COS) with a degree of polymerization (DP) of up to 6 are soluble while those of larger DP self-assemble into solid cellulose material. The soluble COS have attracted considerable attention for their use as dietary fibers that offer a selective prebiotic function. An efficient synthesis of soluble COS requires good control over the DP of the products formed. A mathematical model of the iterative enzymatic glycosylation would be important to facilitate target-oriented process development. RESULTS A detailed time-course analysis of the formation of COS products from cellobiose (25 mM, 50 mM) and α-D-glucose 1-phosphate (10-100 mM) was performed using the CdP from Clostridium cellulosi. A mechanism-based, Michaelis-Menten type mathematical model was developed to describe the kinetics of the iterative enzymatic glycosylation of cellobiose. The mechanistic model was combined with an empirical description of the DP-dependent self-assembly of the COS into insoluble cellulose. The hybrid model thus obtained was used for kinetic parameter determination from time-course fits performed with constraints derived from initial rate data. The fitted hybrid model provided excellent description of the experimental dynamics of the COS in the DP range 3-6 and also accounted for the insoluble product formation. The hybrid model was suitable to disentangle the complex relationship between the process conditions used (i.e., substrate concentration, donor/acceptor ratio, reaction time) and the reaction output obtained (i.e., yield and composition of soluble COS). Model application to a window-of-operation analysis for the synthesis of soluble COS was demonstrated on the example of a COS mixture enriched in DP 4. CONCLUSIONS The hybrid model of CdP-catalyzed iterative glycosylation is an important engineering tool to study and optimize the biocatalytic synthesis of soluble COS. The kinetic modeling approach used here can be of a general interest to be applied to other iteratively catalyzed enzymatic reactions of synthetic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Klimacek
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (Acib), Graz, Austria.
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Liu X, Yan P, Xu Z, Zhang ZC. The effect of mix-milling with P 2O 5 on cellulose physicochemical properties responsible for increased glucose yield. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117652. [PMID: 33593540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Breaking the recalcitrant structure of native crystalline cellulose is an energy demanding rate liming step in the production of glucose from cellulosic biomass. Mix-milling of lignocellulosic substrates (with P2O5) dramatically increased glucose yield. In this work, the changes of physicochemical characteristics (morphology, structure, degree of polymerization (DP), solubility) of cellulose during mix-milling (with P2O5) are correlated with glucose yield in the subsequent chemical hydrolysis process. The mix-milling enables highly efficient breakdown of cellulose I crystalline to smaller amorphous particles with low DP, which is recrystallized into cellulose II structure after water-wetting. As a result, the mix-milled cellulose (MMC) shows higher hydrolysis reactivity than that of single-milled cellulose (SMC). The results showed that small particle size, low DP, higher solubility and cellulose II content are correlated with the hydrolysis reactivity of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Peifang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Zhanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Z Conrad Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Key Laboratory of Energy Biotechnology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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14
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Zhong C, Ukowitz C, Domig KJ, Nidetzky B. Short-Chain Cello-oligosaccharides: Intensification and Scale-up of Their Enzymatic Production and Selective Growth Promotion among Probiotic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:8557-8567. [PMID: 32687709 PMCID: PMC7458430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain cello-oligosaccharides (COS; degree of polymerization, DP ≤ 6) are promising water-soluble dietary fibers. An efficient approach to their bottom-up synthesis is from sucrose and glucose using glycoside phosphorylases. Here, we show the intensification and scale up (20 mL; gram scale) of COS production to 93 g/L product and in 82 mol % yield from sucrose (0.5 M). The COS were comprised of DP 3 (33 wt %), DP 4 (34 wt %), DP 5 (24 wt %), and DP 6 (9 wt %) and involved minimal loss (≤10 mol %) to insoluble fractions. After isolation (≥95% purity; ≥90% yield), the COS were examined for growth promotion of probiotic strains. Benchmarked against inulin, trans-galacto-oligosaccharides, and cellobiose, COS showed up to 4.1-fold stimulation of cell density for Clostridium butyricum, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus but were less efficient with Bifidobacterium sp. This study shows the COS as selectively functional carbohydrates with prebiotic potential and demonstrates their efficient enzymatic production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Christina Ukowitz
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Konrad J. Domig
- Institute
of Food Science, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute
of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz 8010, Austria
- Austrian
Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib), Graz 8010, Austria
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15
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Wu Z, Beltran-Villegas DJ, Jayaraman A. Development of a New Coarse-Grained Model to Simulate Assembly of Cellulose Chains Due to Hydrogen Bonding. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:4599-4614. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy
St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Daniel J. Beltran-Villegas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy
St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy
St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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16
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Chen P, Shrotri A, Fukuoka A. Unraveling the hydrolysis of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds in cello-oligosaccharides over carbon catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Larger cello-oligosaccharides undergo faster hydrolysis over carbon catalysts. This is attributed to reduction in activation energy caused by conformational change in the structure of oligosaccharides as they adsorb within the micropores of carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengru Chen
- Institute for Catalysis
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
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17
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Zhong C, Nidetzky B. Three-Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade for Integrated Production of Short-Chain Cellodextrins. Biotechnol J 2019; 15:e1900349. [PMID: 31677345 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellodextrins are linear β-1,4-gluco-oligosaccharides that are soluble in water up to a degree of polymerization (DP) of ≈6. Soluble cellodextrins have promising applications as nutritional ingredients. A DP-controlled, bottom-up synthesis from expedient substrates is desired for their bulk production. Here, a three-enzyme glycoside phosphorylase cascade is developed for the conversion of sucrose and glucose into short-chain (soluble) cellodextrins (DP range 3-6). The cascade reaction involves iterative β-1,4-glucosylation of glucose from α-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P) donor that is formed in situ from sucrose and phosphate. With final concentration and yield of the soluble cellodextrins set as targets for biocatalytic synthesis, three major factors of reaction efficiency are identified and partly optimized: the ratio of enzyme activity, the ratio of sucrose and glucose, and the phosphate concentration used. The efficient use of the phosphate/αGlc1-P shuttle for cellodextrin production is demonstrated and the soluble product at 40 g L-1 is obtained under near-complete utilization of the donor substrate offered (88 mol% from 200 mm sucrose). The productivity is 16 g (L h)-1 . Through a simple two-step route, the soluble cellodextrins are recovered from the reaction mixture in ≥95% purity and ≈92% yield. Overall, this study provides the basis for their integrated production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, NAWI Graz, 8010, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
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18
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Zhong C, Luley‐Goedl C, Nidetzky B. Product solubility control in cellooligosaccharide production by coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2146-2155. [PMID: 31062868 PMCID: PMC6767486 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble cellodextrins (linear β-1,4-d-gluco-oligosaccharides) have interesting applications as ingredients for human and animal nutrition. Their bottom-up synthesis from glucose is promising for bulk production, but to ensure a completely water-soluble product via degree of polymerization (DP) control (DP ≤ 6) is challenging. Here, we show biocatalytic production of cellodextrins with DP centered at 3 to 6 (~96 wt.% of total product) using coupled cellobiose and cellodextrin phosphorylase. The cascade reaction, wherein glucose was elongated sequentially from α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (αGlc1-P), required optimization and control at two main points. First, kinetic and thermodynamic restrictions upon αGlc1-P utilization (200 mM; 45°C, pH 7.0) were effectively overcome (53% → ≥90% conversion after 10 hrs of reaction) by in situ removal of the phosphate released via precipitation with Mg2+ . Second, the product DP was controlled by the molar ratio of glucose/αGlc1-P (∼0.25; 50 mM glucose) used in the reaction. In optimized conversion, soluble cellodextrins in a total product concentration of 36 g/L were obtained through efficient utilization of the substrates used (glucose: 98%; αGlc1-P: ∼80%) after 1 hr of reaction. We also showed that, by keeping the glucose concentration low (i.e., 1-10 mM; 200 mM αGlc1-P), the reaction was shifted completely towards insoluble product formation (DP ∼9-10). In summary, this study provides the basis for an efficient and product DP-controlled biocatalytic synthesis of cellodextrins from expedient substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI GrazGrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)GrazAustria
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19
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Chen P, Shrotri A, Fukuoka A. Soluble Cello-Oligosaccharides Produced by Carbon-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:2576-2580. [PMID: 31020806 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cello-oligosaccharides are biologically important molecules that can elicit a defensive immune response in plants and improve the health of animals. Cellulose, a polymer of glucose linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, is an ideal feedstock for synthesis of cello-oligosaccharides. However, cello-oligosaccharides rapidly degrade under the conditions used for cellulose hydrolysis. Here, cellulose was hydrolyzed over a carbon catalyst in a semi-flow reactor to achieve a high yield of cello-oligosaccharides (72 %). The excellent activity of the oxidized carbon catalyst, the adsorption of cellulose on the catalyst, and the high space velocity of products in the reactor were essential. Moreover, a method for quantification of individual cello-oligosaccharides was developed, which suggested a reduction in the rate of hydrolysis with a reduction in chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengru Chen
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Abhijit Shrotri
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0021, Japan
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20
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de Souza JF, Lessa EF, Nörnberg A, Gularte MS, Quadrado RF, Fajardo AR. Enzymatic depolymerization – An easy approach to reduce the chondroitin sulfate molecular weight. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Environmentally friendly pathways towards the synthesis of vinyl-based oligocelluloses. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 193:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.03.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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