1
|
Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Silicon Action in Salt Stress Amelioration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:525. [PMID: 38498577 PMCID: PMC10893008 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Snunit 51, Karmiel 2161002, Israel;
| | - Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidi-Vyshneveckogo Str. 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geng X, Ge B, Liu Y, Wang X, Dong K, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Lu C. Genome-wide identification and functional analysis of silicon transporter family genes in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1705-1719. [PMID: 36252629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) has crucial effects on plant development and stress resistance. Silicon transporters regulate Si absorption, transport, and distribution in plants. In this study, we identified and characterized the Si transporter gene family of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and cloned seven putative Si transporter genes. Moso bamboo Si transporters contain conserved functional domains that mediate the accumulation of considerable amounts of Si. The analysis of gene duplication patterns and divergence times suggested that the expansion of the moso bamboo Si transporter family was mainly due to segmental duplications. The expression of moso bamboo Si transporter genes, which varied among organs, was significantly modulated by Si treatments. The subcellular localization analysis showed that Si transporters are plasma membrane proteins. The Si content increased in transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing PeLsi1-1 or PeLsi1-2, which affected vegetative and reproductive growth. Our single-particle tracking analysis revealed the four diffusion modes of PeLsi1-1 on the plasma membrane. Moreover, the particle velocity, dwell time, and motion range of PeLsi1-1 decreased in response to Si treatments. The results of this study will further clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying Si absorption and accumulation in bamboo plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Geng
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bohao Ge
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjing Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kuo Dong
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuzhen Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Cunfu Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Fei S, Xu Y, He Y, Zhu Z, Liu Y. The structure, function and expression analysis of the nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein subfamily of plant aquaporins in tomato. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9180. [PMID: 35655083 PMCID: PMC9163140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The nodulin 26-like intrinsic protein (NIP) family belonging to a group of aquaporin proteins is unique to plants. NIPs have a wide of transport activities and are involved in developmental processes and stress tolerance. The well reported Lsi1 and Lsi6 belonging to NIP III were characterized as Si transporters. However, except Lsi1 and Lsi6, most NIPs remain unknown. Here, we identified 43 putative aquaporins in tomato. We found there are 12 NIPs, including 8 NIP I proteins, 3 NIP II proteins, and 1 NIP III protein among the 43 aquaporins. Also, there are two Si efflux transporters SlLsi2-1 and SlLsi2-2 identified by using Lsi2 proteins from other species. By analysing the phylogenetic relationships, conserved residues and expression patterns, we propose that three NIP I members (SlNIP-2, SlNIP-3 and SlNIP-11) may transport water, ammonia, urea, and boric acid, and contribute to pollen development. Three NIP II proteins (SlNIP-7, SlNIP-9 and SlNIP-12) may be boric acid facilitators, and affect plant growth and anther development. Overall, the study provides valuable candidates of Si transporters and other NIP proteins to further explore their roles in uptake and transport for silicon, boron, and other substrates in tomato.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihong Fei
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunmin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong He
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhujun Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shivaraj SM, Mandlik R, Bhat JA, Raturi G, Elbaum R, Alexander L, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Sonah H. Outstanding Questions on the Beneficial Role of Silicon in Crop Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:4-18. [PMID: 34558628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is widely accepted as a beneficial element for plants. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding Si transport mechanisms and modes of action in plants, several questions remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss such outstanding questions and issues commonly encountered by biologists studying the role of Si in plants in relation to Si bioavailability. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the role of Si-solubilizing bacteria and the efficacy of Si nanoparticles have been made. However, there are many unknown aspects associated with structural and functional features of Si transporters, Si loading into the xylem, and the role of specialized cells like silica cells and compounds preventing Si polymerization in plant tissues. In addition, despite several 1,000 reports showing the positive effects of Si in high as well as low Si-accumulating plant species, the exact roles of Si at the molecular level are yet to be understood. Some evidence suggests that Si regulates hormonal pathways and nutrient uptake, thereby explaining various observed benefits of Si uptake. However, how Si modulates hormonal pathways or improves nutrient uptake remains to be explained. Finally, we summarize the knowledge gaps that will provide a roadmap for further research on plant silicon biology, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake to enhance crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lux Alexander
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava SK-84215, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Coskun D, Deshmukh R, Shivaraj SM, Isenring P, Bélanger RR. Lsi2: A black box in plant silicon transport. PLANT AND SOIL 2021; 466:1-20. [PMID: 34720209 PMCID: PMC8550040 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon (Si) is widely considered a non-essential but beneficial element for higher plants, providing broad protection against various environmental stresses (both biotic and abiotic), particularly in species that can readily absorb the element. Two plasma-membrane proteins are known to coordinate the radial transport of Si (in the form of Si(OH)4) from soil to xylem within roots: the influx channel Lsi1 and the efflux transporter Lsi2. From a structural and mechanistic perspective, much more is known about Lsi1 (a member of the NIP-III subgroup of the Major Intrinsic Proteins) compared to Lsi2 (a putative Si(OH)4/H+ antiporter, with some homology to bacterial anion transporters). SCOPE Here, we critically review the current state of understanding regarding the physiological role and molecular characteristics of Lsi2. We demonstrate that the structure-function relationship of Lsi2 is largely uncharted and that the standing transport model requires much better supportive evidence. We also provide (to our knowledge) the most current and extensive phylogenetic analysis of Lsi2 from all fully sequenced higher-plant genomes. We end by suggesting research directions and hypotheses to elucidate the properties of Lsi2. CONCLUSIONS Given that Lsi2 is proposed to mediate xylem Si loading and thus root-to-shoot translocation and biosilicification, it is imperative that the field of Si transport focus its efforts on a better understanding of this important topic. With this review, we aim to stimulate and advance research in the field of Si transport and thus better exploit Si to improve crop resilience and agricultural output. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-021-05061-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - S. M. Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Paul Isenring
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| | - Richard R. Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Faculté Des Sciences de L’Agriculture Et de L’Alimentation (FSAA), Université Laval, Québec, Québec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumar S, Adiram-Filiba N, Blum S, Sanchez-Lopez JA, Tzfadia O, Omid A, Volpin H, Heifetz Y, Goobes G, Elbaum R. Siliplant1 protein precipitates silica in sorghum silica cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6830-6843. [PMID: 32485738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is absorbed by plant roots as silicic acid. The acid moves with the transpiration stream to the shoot, and mineralizes as silica. In grasses, leaf epidermal cells called silica cells deposit silica in most of their volume using an unknown biological factor. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a previously uncharacterized protein in Sorghum bicolor, which we named Siliplant1 (Slp1). Slp1 is a basic protein with seven repeat units rich in proline, lysine, and glutamic acid. We found Slp1 RNA in sorghum immature leaf and immature inflorescence. In leaves, transcription was highest just before the active silicification zone (ASZ). There, Slp1 was localized specifically to developing silica cells, packed inside vesicles and scattered throughout the cytoplasm or near the cell boundary. These vesicles fused with the membrane, releasing their content in the apoplastic space. A short peptide that is repeated five times in Slp1 precipitated silica in vitro at a biologically relevant silicic acid concentration. Transient overexpression of Slp1 in sorghum resulted in ectopic silica deposition in all leaf epidermal cell types. Our results show that Slp1 precipitates silica in sorghum silica cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Shula Blum
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javier Arturo Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, VIB/Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ayelet Omid
- Danziger Innovations Limited, Mishmar Hashiva, Israel
| | - Hanne Volpin
- Danziger Innovations Limited, Mishmar Hashiva, Israel
| | - Yael Heifetz
- Department of Entomology, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rasoolizadeh A, Santhanam P, Labbé C, Shivaraj SM, Germain H, Bélanger RR. Silicon influences the localization and expression of Phytophthora sojae effectors in interaction with soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6844-6855. [PMID: 32090252 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In plant-pathogen interactions, expression and localization of effectors in the aqueous apoplastic region play a crucial role in the establishment or suppression of pathogen development. Silicon (Si) has been shown to protect plants in several host-pathogen interactions, but its mode of action remains a source of debate. Its deposition in the apoplastic area of plant cells suggests that it might interfere with receptor-effector recognition. In this study, soybean plants treated or not with Si were inoculated with Phytophthora sojae and differences in the ensuing infection process were assessed through different microscopy techniques, transcript analysis of effector and defense genes, and effector (Avr6) localization through immunolocalization and fluorescence labeling. In plants grown without Si, the results showed the rapid (4 d post-inoculation) host recognition by P. sojae through the development of haustorium-like bodies, followed by expression and release of effectors into the apoplastic region. In contrast, Si treatment resulted in limited pathogen development, and significantly lower expression and presence of Avr6 in the apoplastic region. Based on immunolocalization and quantification of Avr6 through fluorescence labeling, our results suggest that the presence of Si in the apoplast interferes with host recognition and/or limits receptor-effector interactions, which leads to an incompatible interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caroline Labbé
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Hugo Germain
- Département de chimie, biochimie et physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Richard R Bélanger
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
De Rosa A, Watson-Lazowski A, Evans JR, Groszmann M. Genome-wide identification and characterisation of Aquaporins in Nicotiana tabacum and their relationships with other Solanaceae species. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:266. [PMID: 32517797 PMCID: PMC7285608 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular membranes are dynamic structures, continuously adjusting their composition, allowing plants to respond to developmental signals, stresses, and changing environments. To facilitate transmembrane transport of substrates, plant membranes are embedded with both active and passive transporters. Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute a major family of membrane spanning channel proteins that selectively facilitate the passive bidirectional passage of substrates across biological membranes at an astonishing 108 molecules per second. AQPs are the most diversified in the plant kingdom, comprising of five major subfamilies that differ in temporal and spatial gene expression, subcellular protein localisation, substrate specificity, and post-translational regulatory mechanisms; collectively providing a dynamic transportation network spanning the entire plant. Plant AQPs can transport a range of solutes essential for numerous plant processes including, water relations, growth and development, stress responses, root nutrient uptake, and photosynthesis. The ability to manipulate AQPs towards improving plant productivity, is reliant on expanding our insight into the diversity and functional roles of AQPs. RESULTS We characterised the AQP family from Nicotiana tabacum (NtAQPs; tobacco), a popular model system capable of scaling from the laboratory to the field. Tobacco is closely related to major economic crops (e.g. tomato, potato, eggplant and peppers) and itself has new commercial applications. Tobacco harbours 76 AQPs making it the second largest characterised AQP family. These fall into five distinct subfamilies, for which we characterised phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, protein sequences, selectivity filter compositions, sub-cellular localisation, and tissue-specific expression. We also identified the AQPs from tobacco's parental genomes (N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis), allowing us to characterise the evolutionary history of the NtAQP family. Assigning orthology to tomato and potato AQPs allowed for cross-species comparisons of conservation in protein structures, gene expression, and potential physiological roles. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive characterisation of the tobacco AQP family, and strengthens the current knowledge of AQP biology. The refined gene/protein models, tissue-specific expression analysis, and cross-species comparisons, provide valuable insight into the evolutionary history and likely physiological roles of NtAQPs and their Solanaceae orthologs. Collectively, these results will support future functional studies and help transfer basic research to applied agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria De Rosa
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Alexander Watson-Lazowski
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - John R Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Michael Groszmann
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, ACT, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lux A, Lukačová Z, Vaculík M, Švubová R, Kohanová J, Soukup M, Martinka M, Bokor B. Silicification of Root Tissues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E111. [PMID: 31952260 PMCID: PMC7020167 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in "stegmata" cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lukačová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Jana Kohanová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|