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Pan B, Wang W. Practical implications of ICD-11 personality disorder classifications. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:191. [PMID: 38454364 PMCID: PMC10921591 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05640-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) are associated with an inferior quality of life, poor health, and premature mortality, leading to heavy clinical, familial, and societal burdens. The International Classification of Diseases-11 (ICD-11) makes a thorough, dramatic paradigm shift from the categorical to dimensional diagnosis of PD and expands the application into adolescence. We have reviewed the recent literature on practical implications, and severity and trait measures of ICD-11 defined PDs, by comparing with the alternative model of personality disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), by mentioning the relevance in forensic and social concerns, and by referencing the developmental implication of life span, especially in adolescence. Study results strongly support the dimensional utility of ICD-11 PD diagnosis and application in adolescence which warrants early detection and intervention. More evidence-based research is needed along the ICD-11 PD application, such as its social relevance, measurement simplification, and longitudinal design of lifespan observation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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2
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Sellbom M, Chiasson PM, Brown TA, Bach B. Examining the construct validity of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire for ICD-11 (PAQ-11) personality trait domains in a community sample. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:197-207. [PMID: 36527327 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ICD-11 has a new diagnostic system for personality disorder, which includes five optional trait specifiers to characterize the diagnosed pathology. The current study evaluated the internal structure and construct validity of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire for ICD-11 (PAQ-11) personality trait domains in a US population-representative community sample. An exploratory factor analysis revealed the support for a four-factor model underlying the 17 PAQ-11 items, reflecting four of the five ICD-11 trait domains (Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Disinhibition and Anankastia). Moreover, correlation analyses revealed that the PAQ-11 domain scale scores were associated, as expected, with their counterparts from two other ICD-11 trait domain measures, as well as with traditional personality disorder scores. More broadly, the results raised questions about the structural integrity of the Dissociality domain scale, and the discriminant validity of the Disinhibition and Anankastia scales. The overall conclusion was nevertheless promising with respect to the PAQ-11 serving as a brief screening measure for the ICD-11 trait domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Payton M Chiasson
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tiffany A Brown
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
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Levin-Aspenson HF, Khoo S, Stanton K, King B, Zimmerman M. A Bridge Between DSM-5 Section II Personality Disorder Criteria and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Trait Domains. J Pers Disord 2023; 37:317-336. [PMID: 37367819 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2023.37.3.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The organization of personality pathology into trait domains (vs. specific disorders) in ICD-11 represents an important shift in personality disorder (PD) nosology. However, to facilitate clinical implementation, a bridge is needed between this system and the DSM-5 Section II system familiar to many researchers and clinicians. In this study, individual DSM-5 PD criteria were assigned to ICD-11 trait domains based on the published Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements. This scoring scheme was examined empirically alongside DSM-5 PD dimensions (using SIDP ratings from the MIDAS project; N = 2,147 outpatients) in terms of descriptive properties and relations with psychosocial morbidity and functioning. Most PD criteria could be matched to at least one ICD-11 trait domain, indicating considerable cross-system continuity. However, points of incongruity are noteworthy for research and clinical applications. Results provide key information for bridging categorical and dimensional frameworks, indicating that the shift toward trait-based PD models need not be as disruptive as feared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly F Levin-Aspenson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Shereen Khoo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kasey Stanton
- Department of Psychology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming
| | - Brittany King
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Mark Zimmerman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University School of Medicine, and Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
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Monaghan C, Bizumic B. Dimensional models of personality disorders: Challenges and opportunities. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1098452. [PMID: 36960458 PMCID: PMC10028270 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1098452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Categorical models of personality disorders have been beneficial throughout psychiatric history, providing a mechanism for organizing and communicating research and treatment. However, the view that individuals with personality disorders are qualitatively distinct from the general population is no longer tenable. This perspective has amassed steady criticism, ranging from inconsequential to irreconcilable. In response, stronger evidence has been accumulated in support of a dimensional perspective that unifies normal and pathological personality on underlying trait continua. Contemporary nosology has largely shifted toward this dimensional perspective, yet broader adoption within public lexicon and routine clinical practice appears slow. This review focuses on challenges and the related opportunities of moving toward dimensional models in personality disorder research and practice. First, we highlight the need for ongoing development of a broader array of measurement methods, ideally facilitating multimethod assessments that reduce biases associated with any single methodology. These efforts should also include measurement across both poles of each trait, intensive longitudinal studies, and more deeply considering social desirability. Second, wider communication and training in dimensional approaches is needed for individuals working in mental health. This will require clear demonstrations of incremental treatment efficacy and structured public health rebates. Third, we should embrace cultural and geographic diversity, and investigate how unifying humanity may reduce the stigma and shame currently generated by arbitrarily labeling an individual's personality as normal or abnormal. This review aims to organize ongoing research efforts toward broader and routine usage of dimensional perspectives within research and clinical spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conal Monaghan
- Research School of Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Simon J, Lambrecht B, Bach B. Cross-walking personality disorder types to ICD-11 trait domains: An overview of current findings. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1175425. [PMID: 37091704 PMCID: PMC10116048 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1175425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ICD-11 has adopted a classification of Personality Disorders (PD) that abolishes the established categorical PD types in favor of global severity classification with specification of individual trait domains. To facilitate and guide this profound transition, an overview of current research on empirical associations between established PD types and ICD-11 trait domains seems warranted. We identified a total of 9 relevant studies from 2018 to 2022, which were based on both clinical and community samples from U.S., China, Brazil, Denmark, Spain, Korea, and Canada. The patterns of associations with ICD-11 trait domains were systematically synthesized and portrayed for each PD type. Findings overall showed expected and conceptually meaningful associations between categorical PD types and ICD-11 trait domains, with only few deviations. Based on these findings, we propose a cross-walk for translating categorical PD types into ICD-11 trait domains. More research is needed in order to further guide continuity and translation between ICD-10 and ICD-11 PD classification in mental healthcare, including facet-level ICD-11 trait information. Moreover, the nine reviewed studies only relied on self-reported ICD-11 trait domains, which should be expanded with clinician-rated trait domains in future research. Finally, future research should also take ICD-11's essential PD severity classification into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Simon
- Center for Personality Disorder Research (CPDR), Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bastian Lambrecht
- Center for Personality Disorder Research (CPDR), Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bo Bach
- Center for Personality Disorder Research (CPDR), Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Bo Bach,
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Bach B, Mulder R. Clinical Implications of ICD-11 for Diagnosing and Treating Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2022; 24:553-563. [PMID: 36001221 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-022-01364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (ICD-11) introduced a new approach to personality disorders and related traits. This paper reviews recent literature on the assessment of ICD-11 personality disorders and implications for clinical diagnosis, decision-making, and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS We reviewed findings on two measures developed for the ICD-11 model of personality dysfunction and six inventories for the ICD-11 trait specifiers. The psychometric qualities of these tools are promising, and they allow for both rapid screening and fine-grained assessment. Implications for clinical diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders are reviewed including utility for forensic practice. Based on evidence and our experience, we provide some recommendations for severity- and trait-informed interventions. Initial evidence supports the available instruments for assessing ICD-11 personality disorders. More research is needed including development of clinician-rating forms and diagnostic interviews as well as treatment protocols and trials based on the new ICD-11 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Center for Personality Disorder Research (CPDR), Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Fælledvej 6, Bygning 3, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark. .,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Roger Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Clark LA, Corona-Espinosa A, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y, Levin-Aspenson HF, Serapio-García G, Watson D. Preliminary Scales for ICD-11 Personality Disorder: Self and Interpersonal Dysfunction Plus Five Personality Disorder Trait Domains. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668724. [PMID: 34322060 PMCID: PMC8311289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ICD-11 personality disorder model is the first fully dimensional assessment of personality pathology. It consists of a personality disorder (PD) dysfunction-severity dimension, which encompasses both self- and interpersonal dysfunction, and six optional qualifiers for five prominent personality traits-Negative Affectivity (NA), Detachment (DET), Dissociality (DSL), Disinhibition (DSN), and Anankastia (ANK)-plus a borderline pattern that is defined by the criteria of DSM-IV borderline PD. This article reports on the development of a new self-report measure to assess self- and interpersonal dysfunction and the five trait qualifiers. It is the first comprehensive measure of the ICD-11 PD model in that (a) it is the only one to include both PD dysfunction-severity as well as trait scales and because (b) it is based on the Clinical Description and Diagnostic Guidelines, which are more detailed than the "statistical" model description that is currently on the ICD-11 website. The authors wrote 992 items and then reduced the pool to 300 items by eliminating redundancy and selecting the consensus best few items for each subconstruct. Data were collected using an online sample of 383 Prolific workers. Using exploratory factor analysis, seven domain scales were developed, each of which contained two to four scales assessing components of the domain. These preliminary scales' psychometrics were excellent, as were the domains' and their components' convergent and discriminant validity, with a few generally minor exceptions. Structural analyses at the component level revealed a three-factor structure consisting of two moderately correlated Internalizing factors, one centered on Self Dysfunction with two NA components and a DSN component (Distractibility) and the other on Interpersonal Dysfunction with DET and ANK components; as well as an Externalizing factor with DSL and a DSN component (Reckless Impulsivity) that was uncorrelated with the other two factors. Two aspects of the results in particular are striking: (1) ANK was not the opposite end of a DSN dimension, but rather contributed to an Internalizing Interpersonal Dysfunction dimension and (2) DSN had both an Internalizing and an Externalizing component. Implications of the findings and study limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | | | - Shereen Khoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | | | - Greg Serapio-García
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Hemmati A, Rahmani F, Bach B. The ICD-11 Personality Disorder Trait Model Fits the Kurdish Population Better Than the DSM-5 Trait Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:635813. [PMID: 33859581 PMCID: PMC8042144 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders and the DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) operate with trait domains that contribute to the individual expression of personality disturbance (i.e., negative affectivity, detachment, dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia, and psychoticism). To date, these trait frameworks have not been investigated sufficiently in Middle Eastern cultures. Thus, the present study explored the structure of the ICD-11 and AMPD personality disorder (PD) trait domains in a large mixed sample from the Kurdistan zone of Iran. The ICD-11 and AMPD trait domains were operationalized using empirically supported algorithms for the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). The PID-5 was administered to a large mixed sample (N = 3,196) composed of 2,678 community and 518 clinical participants. Structural validity was investigated using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), whereas differential construct validity was explored by comparing clinical and community scores. Model fit and the expected factor structure were deemed appropriate for the ICD-11 trait model, but less adequate for the DSM-5 trait model (i.e., disinhibition did not emerge as a separate factor). All domain and facet scores showed significant differences between clinical and community subsamples with moderate to large effects, mostly for disinhibition and dissociality/antagonism while least for anankastia. The findings of the present study may suggest that the ICD-11 trait model is more cross-culturally fitting than the DSM-5 AMPD trait model, at least with respect to a large mixed sample from the region of Kurdistan. Accordingly, there is evidence for using PID-5 data for WHO ICD-11 purposes in this part of the World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azad Hemmati
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Fateh Rahmani
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Bo Bach
- Psychiatric Research Unit, Center for Personality Disorder Research, Region Zealand Psychiatry, Slagelse, Denmark
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Zhang P, Ouyang Z, Fang S, He J, Fan L, Luo X, Zhang J, Xiong Y, Luo F, Wang X, Yao S, Wang X. Personality inventory for DSM-5 brief form(PID-5-BF) in Chinese students and patients: evaluating the five-factor model and a culturally informed six-factor model. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:107. [PMID: 33596861 PMCID: PMC7890813 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Brief Form (PID-5-BF) is a 25-item measuring tool evaluating maladaptive personality traits for the diagnosis of personality disorders(PDs). As a promising scale, its impressive psychometric properties have been verified in some countries, however, there have been no studies about the utility of the PID-5-BF in Chinese settings. The current study aimed to explore the maladaptive personality factor model which was culturally adapted to China and to examine psychometric properties of the PID-5-BF among Chinese undergraduate students and clinical patients. METHODS Seven thousand one hundred fifty-five undergraduate students and 451 clinical patients completed the Chinese version of the PID-5-BF. Two hundered twenty-eight students were chosen randomly for test-retest reliability at a 4-week interval. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted to discover the most suitable factor structure in China, measurement invariance(MI), internal consistency, and external validity were also calculated. RESULTS The theoretical five-factor model was acceptable, but the exploratory six-factor model was more applicable in both samples (Undergraduate sample: CFI = 0.905, TLI = 0.888, RMSEA = 0.044, SRMR = 0.039; Clinical sample: CFI = 0.904, TLI = 0.886, RMSEA = 0.047, SRMR = 0.060). In the Chinese six-factor model, the Negative Affect domain was divided into two factors and the new factor was named "Interpersonal Relationships", which was in line with the Big-Six Personality model in Chinese. Measurement invariance across non-clinical and clinical sample was established (configural, weak, strong MI, and partial strict MI). Aside from acceptable internal consistency (Undergraduate sample: alpha = 0.84, MIC = 0.21; Clinical sample: alpha = 0.86, MIC = 0.19) and test-retest reliability(0.73), the correlation between the 25-item PID-5-BF and the 220-item PID-5 was significant(p < 0.01). The six PDs measured by Personality diagnostic questionnaire-4+ (PDQ-4+) were associated with and predicted by expected domains of PID-5-BF. CONCLUSIONS Both the theoretical five-factor model and the exploratory six-factor model of the PID-5-BF were acceptable to the Chinese population. The five-factor model could allow for comparison and integration with other work on the original theoretical model. However, the Chinese six-factor structure may be more culturally informed in East Asian settings. In sum, the PID-5-BF is a convenient and useful screening tool for personality disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwen Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zirong Ouyang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lejia Fan
- Institute of Mental Health, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingwei Luo
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fusheng Luo
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Mulder RT. ICD-11 Personality Disorders: Utility and Implications of the New Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:655548. [PMID: 34040555 PMCID: PMC8141634 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.655548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ICD-11 classification of personality disorders represents a paradigm shift in diagnosis. This was felt necessary because previous personality disorder classifications had major problems. These included unnecessary complexity, inconsistency with data on normal personality traits, and minimal consideration of severity despite this being shown to be the major predictor of outcome. The ICD-11 classification abolishes all categories of personality disorder except for a general description of personality disorder. This diagnosis can be further specified as "mild," "moderate," or "severe." Patient behavior can be described using one or more of five personality trait domains; negative affectivity, dissociality, anankastia, detachment, and disinhibition. Clinicians may also specify a borderline pattern qualifier. The ICD-11 shows considerable alignment with the DSM-5 Alternative Model for Personality Disorders. Early evidence around the reliability and validity of the new model appear promising, although at present there is still limited specific evidence due to the model being so recently finalized. However, for the model to be successful, it needs to be embraced by clinicians and used widely in normal clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger T Mulder
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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11
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Oliveira SESD, Bandeira DR, Primi R, Krueger RF. Psychometric Properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in Brazilian Samples. PSICO-USF 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-8271202126nesp11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract This study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) in Brazilian community and clinical samples. This research included 1,210 people, 554 of them with psychopathology indicators. The participants answered the PID-5 and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire, in addition to a sociodemographic and health data questionnaire that included the six items of the suicidality module of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The results showed that the 25 facets of the PID-5 had adequate reliability coefficients and evidence of unidimensionality. The instrument’s five-factor structure was replicated with high levels of congruence with the representative sample from North America. PID-5 scores were statistically different between clinical and community groups and were positively correlated with measures of suicide risk and psychopathological symptoms. This study presents the psychometric properties of PID-5 and its suitability for use in the Brazilian population.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) officially adopted a dimensional system of personality disorder that was a paradigm shift for the classification of personality disorders. The purpose of this article is to review the growing amount of research on one component of that system - the personality trait domain model. Importantly, several self-report measures have been developed to measure the ICD-11 domains and have been subjected to initial validation through examination of their factor structure, multimethod use, convergent and discriminant validity with other prominent dimensional personality models (such as the Five-Factor Model), and criterion validity for important life outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Studies indicate the ICD-11 domains align with the Five-Factor Model and prior influential models of dimensional personality traits, as expected, and thus rest on an impressive body of empirical research. They also capture large amounts of variance included in the ICD-10/Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition Section II personality disorders. SUMMARY Together these findings support the construct validity of the ICD-11 trait domains. However, continued validation research is necessary, as well as research on how to implement these domains into clinical practice, and research on the more specific facet-level of the trait domains - although the ICD-11 model is only officially at the domain-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Oltmanns
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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13
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Anderson JL, Sellbom M. Assessing ICD-11 personality trait domain qualifiers with the MMPI-2-RF. J Clin Psychol 2020; 77:1090-1105. [PMID: 33320342 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) in assessing ICD-11 personality psychopathology trait domain qualifiers. METHOD Using a community sample (N = 217) weighted for externalizing dysfunction, this study evaluated the convergence between ICD-11 trait domains as measured by the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) with hypothesized MMPI-2-RF scales. Particular emphasis was placed on evaluating the convergence between the ICD-11 trait domain qualifiers and the MMPI-2-RF personality psychopathology-5 (PSY-5) scales, as the latter are meant to represent broadband domains of personality pathology. RESULTS Correlation and regression analyses demonstrated expected associations between ICD-11 domains and conceptually expected MMPI-2-RF scales, with some minor exceptions. Notably, the Anankastia domain showed associations with scales assessing negative affect, but did not show expected negative associations with scales related to disinhibition. CONCLUSIONS The findings generally supported the use of the MMPI-2-RF in assessing individual expressions of personality dysfunction from the ICD-11 trait domain qualifier perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L Anderson
- Department of Psychology and Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, USA
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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14
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King AR. PID-5 Trait Indicators of Emotional Instability and Childhood Adversity Antecedents. Psychol Rep 2020; 125:310-327. [PMID: 33215552 DOI: 10.1177/0033294120973940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Personality traits provide natural mechanisms through which childhood maltreatment may translate into psychiatric symptomatology. The PID-5 has provided a DSM-supported exemplar for canvassing traits that may contribute to the developmental trajectories of many personality and mood disorders. This general population survey (N = 2,430) examined associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACE questionnaire) and selected PID-5 trait indicators of emotional well-being (Depressivity, Anxiousness, and Emotional Lability). These associations were contrasted with others derived from traditional dimensional measures of childhood maltreatment. ACE counts and all six of the dimensional maltreatment indicators were linked to the three trait scores. Family emotional abuse and ACE counts provided equally strong correlates of Depressivity and Anxiousness. ACE counts and childhood sexual abuse were especially strong in their associations with all three traits. Graded relationships were found in these trait-adversity relationships with polyvictimized respondents generating the highest personality maladjustment. The odds of a trait score elevation (>1 SD) were raised substantially (two to five fold) by singular adversity exposures, and the co-occurrence of only two different forms of adversity maximized odds of extreme trait expression. These results contribute to an evidentiary base suggesting steeper developmental trajectories for personality maladjustment among maltreated youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R King
- Department of Psychology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
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Barroilhet SA, Pellegrini AM, McCoy TH, Perlis RH. Characterizing DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality disorder features in psychiatric inpatients at scale using electronic health records. Psychol Med 2020; 50:2221-2229. [PMID: 31544723 PMCID: PMC9980721 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719002320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigation of personality traits and pathology in large, generalizable clinical cohorts has been hindered by inconsistent assessment and failure to consider a range of personality disorders (PDs) simultaneously. METHODS We applied natural language processing (NLP) of electronic health record notes to characterize a psychiatric inpatient cohort. A set of terms reflecting personality trait domains were derived, expanded, and then refined based on expert consensus. Latent Dirichlet allocation was used to score notes to estimate the extent to which any given note reflected PD topics. Regression models were used to examine the relationship of these estimates with sociodemographic features and length of stay. RESULTS Among 3623 patients with 4702 admissions, being male, non-white, having a low burden of medical comorbidity, being admitted through the emergency department, and having public insurance were independently associated with greater levels of disinhibition, detachment, and psychoticism. Being female, white, and having private insurance were independently associated with greater levels of negative affectivity. The presence of disinhibition, psychoticism, and negative affectivity were each significantly associated with a longer stay, while detachment was associated with a shorter stay. CONCLUSIONS Personality features can be systematically and scalably measured using NLP in the inpatient setting, and some of these features associate with length of stay. Developing treatment strategies for patients scoring high in certain personality dimensions may facilitate more efficient, targeted interventions, and may help reduce the impact of personality features on mental health service utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Barroilhet
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- University Psychiatric Clinic, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amelia M. Pellegrini
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas H. McCoy
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy H. Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Division of Clinical Research and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Zatti C, de Oliveira SES, Guimarães LSP, Calegaro VC, Benetti SPDC, Serralta FB, Freitas LHM. Translation and cultural adaptation of the DSM-5 Personality Inventory - Brief Form (PID-5-BF). TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2020; 42:291-301. [PMID: 32520169 PMCID: PMC7879088 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 - Brief Form (PID-5-BF) - is an instrument for assessment of the five pathological personality traits from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) alternative model of personality disorders. OBJECTIVES To determine the psychometric properties of the version of the PID-5-BF translated and adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. METHODS The process of translating and cross-culturally adapting the text was carried out by independent translators and the resulting version was administered to 176 patients in two hospitals in Rio Grande do Sul. The internal structure was tested by means of confirmatory factor analysis. Evidence of reliability was tested by examining the internal consistency of the scales and their convergent and concurrent validity with other methods of psychopathology. RESULTS The five factors were replicated in the present sample with adequate indicators of fit of the data to the model. Appropriate reliability coefficients for the scales and evidence of validity were observed, indicating the clinical usefulness of the PID-5-BF in the Brazilian context. CONCLUSION The psychometric properties of PID-5-BF proved satisfactory in an initial sample of Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleonice Zatti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do ComportamentoUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Eduardo Silva de Oliveira
- Departamento de Psicologia ClínicaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica e CulturaUniversidade de BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazilDepartamento de Psicologia Clínica e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Clínica e Cultura, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Luciano Santos Pinto Guimarães
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrazilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Crestani Calegaro
- Departamento de NeuropsiquiatriaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaRSBrazilDepartamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Silvia Pereira da Cruz Benetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do ComportamentoUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em PsicologiaUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoRSBrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Barcellos Serralta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em PsicologiaUniversidade do Vale do Rio dos SinosSão LeopoldoRSBrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lucia Helena Machado Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do ComportamentoUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreRSBrazilPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrazilHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Bach B, Kerber A, Aluja A, Bastiaens T, Keeley JW, Claes L, Fossati A, Gutierrez F, Oliveira SES, Pires R, Riegel KD, Rolland JP, Roskam I, Sellbom M, Somma A, Spanemberg L, Strus W, Thimm JC, Wright AGC, Zimmermann J. International Assessment of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Personality Disorder Traits: Toward a Common Nosology in DSM-5.1. Psychopathology 2020; 53:179-188. [PMID: 32369820 DOI: 10.1159/000507589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The DSM-5 Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the ICD-11 classification of personality disorders (PD) are largely commensurate and, when combined, they delineate 6 trait domains: negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism/dissociality, disinhibition, anankastia, and psychoticism. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the international validity of a brief 36-item patient-report measure that portrays all 6 domains simultaneously including 18 primary subfacets. METHODS We developed and employed a modified version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 - Brief Form Plus (PID5BF+). A total of 16,327 individuals were included, 2,347 of whom were patients. The expected 6-factor structure of facets was initially investigated in samples from Denmark (n = 584), Germany (n = 1,271), and the USA (n = 605) and subsequently replicated in both patient- and community samples from Italy, France, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Czech Republic, the USA, and Brazil. Associations with interview-rated DSM-5 PD categories were also investigated. RESULTS Findings generally supported the empirical soundness and international robustness of the 6 domains including meaningful associations with familiar interview-rated PD types. CONCLUSIONS The modified PID5BF+ may be employed internationally by clinicians and researchers for brief and reliable assessment of the 6 combined DSM-5 and ICD-11 domains, including 18 primary subfacets. This 6-domain framework may inform a future nosology for DSM-5.1 that is more reasonably aligned with the authoritative ICD-11 codes than the current DSM-5 AMPD model. The 36-item modified PID5BF+ scoring key is provided in online supplementary Appendix A see www.karger.com/doi/10.1159/000507589 (for all online suppl. material).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Bach
- Center for Personality Disorder Research, Psychiatric Research Unit, Region Zealand, Slagelse, Denmark,
| | - André Kerber
- Department of Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anton Aluja
- Lleida Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Tim Bastiaens
- University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jared W Keeley
- Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Laurence Claes
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Leuven, Belgium.,Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea Fossati
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Rute Pires
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Karel D Riegel
- Department of Addictology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University of Prague, General University Hospital of Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Isabelle Roskam
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martin Sellbom
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antonella Somma
- Faculty of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucas Spanemberg
- Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Włodzimierz Strus
- Institute of Psychology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jens C Thimm
- Department of Psychology, The Arctic University of Norway (UiT), Tromsoe, Norway
| | - Aidan G C Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Rek K, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. A Brief but Comprehensive Review of Research on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:92. [PMID: 31410586 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the chapter on personality disorders (PD) in the recent version of ICD-11 embody a shift from a categorical to a dimensional paradigm for the classification of PD. We describe these new models, summarize available measures, and provide a comprehensive review of research on the AMPD. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 237 publications on severity (criterion A) and maladaptive traits (criterion B) of the AMPD indicate (a) acceptable interrater reliability, (b) largely consistent latent structures, (c) substantial convergence with a range of theoretically and clinically relevant external measures, and (d) some evidence for incremental validity when controlling for categorical PD diagnoses. However, measures of criterion A and B are highly correlated, which poses conceptual challenges. The AMPD has stimulated extensive research with promising findings. We highlight open questions and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Holländische Str. 36-38, 34127, Kassel, Germany.
| | | | - Katharina Rek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
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