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Ringwald WR, Emery L, Khoo S, Clark LA, Kotelnikova Y, Scalco MD, Watson D, Wright AG, Simms LJ. Structure of Pathological Personality Traits Through the Lens of the CAT-PD Model. Assessment 2023; 30:2276-2295. [PMID: 36633104 PMCID: PMC10413206 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221143343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Personality pathology is increasingly conceptualized within hierarchical, dimensional trait models. The Comprehensive Assessment of Traits Relevant to Personality Disorders (CAT-PD) is a pathological-trait measure with potential to improve on currently prevailing instruments because it has wider content coverage; however, its domain-level structure, which is of scientific and clinical interest, is not established. In this study, we investigated the structure and construct validity of the CAT-PD's domain level to facilitate wider use of the measure. We estimated five- and six-factor models with exploratory factor analysis in a pooled sample of eight independent subsamples (N = 3,987) and found that both models fit the data well; each had interpretable factors that were invariant across gender, sample type, and Black/White racial groups; and the factors had good convergent validity with other measures of maladaptive traits, Big Five personality, and interpersonal problems. Our results support the validity of the CAT-PD for assessing multiple levels of the pathological trait hierarchy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah Emery
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo
| | - Shereen Khoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
| | | | | | | | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame
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2
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Daoust AR, Thakur A, Kotelnikova Y, Kleiber ML, Singh SM, Hayden EP. Associations Between Children's Telomere Length, Parental Intrusiveness, and the Development of Early Externalizing Behaviors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:672-682. [PMID: 34727279 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01279-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shorter telomeres mark cellular aging and are linked to chronic stress exposure as well as negative physical and psychological outcomes. However, it is unclear whether telomere length mediates associations between early stress exposure and later externalizing problems, or whether boys and girls differ in pathways to these concerns. We therefore examined associations between telomere length, early stress via negative caregiving, and children's externalizing symptom development over time in 409 three-year-old children and their parents. Telomere length mediated the association between early parental intrusiveness and later rule-breaking behavior; however, this association was moderated by children's biological sex such that parent intrusiveness was related only to boys' rule-breaking. Findings support the notion that children's telomere length may mark individual differences in responses to negative early caregiving, and highlight a potential mechanism contributing to the development of rule-breaking problems in boys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Daoust
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, Room 2178, Perth Drive, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Aditi Thakur
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Morgan L Kleiber
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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3
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Stewart EK, Kotelnikova Y, Olino TM, Hayden EP. Early childhood impulsivity and parenting predict children's development of externalizing psychopathology. Dev Psychopathol 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37144393 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Parenting and child impulsivity are consistent predictors of children's externalizing symptoms; however, the role of the range of parenting (i.e., variation in parenting across contexts), and its interactions with child impulsivity, are poorly understood. We examined whether characteristic parenting practices and parenting range predicted the course of externalizing symptoms in 409 children (Mage = 3.43 years at baseline, 208 girls) across ages 3, 5, 8, and 11. We assessed parent positive affectivity (PPA), hostility, and parenting structure at child age 3 using three behavioral tasks that varied in context, examining range by modeling a latent difference score for each parenting dimension. Greater PPA range, mean structure, and parenting structure range all predicted fewer symptoms at age 3 for children with higher impulsivity. Lower mean hostility predicted fewer symptoms at age 3 for children with lower impulsivity. Greater PPA, and smaller PPA range, predicted a decrease in symptoms for children higher in impulsivity. Lower hostility range predicted a decrease in symptoms for children with lower impulsivity but predicted maintaining symptoms for children with higher impulsivity. Results demonstrate the differential roles average parenting practices and parenting range play in the development of child externalizing psychopathology, especially in the context of child impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Stewart
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Thomas M Olino
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Gabel LN, Mohamed Ali O, Kotelnikova Y, Tremblay PF, Stanton KJ, Durbin CE, Hayden EP. Predicting children's internalizing symptoms across development from early emotional reactivity. Social Development 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay N. Gabel
- Department of Psychology Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Faculty of Education, School & Clinical Child Psychology ProgramUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Paul F. Tremblay
- Department of Psychology Western University London Ontario Canada
| | - Kasey J. Stanton
- Department of Psychology University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming USA
| | - C. Emily Durbin
- Department of PsychologyMichigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
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Mullen JN, Liu P, McDonnell CG, Stanton K, Kotelnikova Y, Johnson SL, Hayden EP. Assessing the dominance behavioral system in early childhood using observational methods. Curr Issues Personal Psychol 2023; 11:216-227. [PMID: 38014381 PMCID: PMC10654335 DOI: 10.5114/cipp/156767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dominance behavioral system (DBS) is a biologically based system that underpins individual differences in motivation for dominance and power. However, little is known about the DBS in childhood. In order to make strong claims about the DBS's trait-like properties and predictive validity, a clearer understanding of its early development is required. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE In a pilot study aimed at developing a behavioral coding system for dominance, a key facet of the DBS, we collected and coded observational data from 58 children, assessed at ages 3 and 5-6. These data were examined in conjunction with measures of child temperament via observational measures, and symptoms of psychopathology. RESULTS Dominance was moderately stable in early childhood to a degree comparable to other early child temperament traits. Consistent with the study hypotheses, boys were more dominant than girls, and dominance was negatively associated with children's behavioral inhibition, effortful control, and internalizing symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These results provide initial support for the validity and developmental sensitivity of an objective coding system for assessing facets of the DBS in early childhood. Ultimately, the use of this coding system will facilitate future studies of how early DBS predicts psychological adjustment later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Liu
- Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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González-Fernández D, Hanke G, Pogojeva M, Machitadze N, Kotelnikova Y, Tretiak I, Savenko O, Bilashvili K, Gelashvili N, Fedorov A, Kulagin D, Terentiev A, Slobodnik J. Floating marine macro litter in the Black Sea: Toward baselines for large scale assessment. Environ Pollut 2022; 309:119816. [PMID: 35872285 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed basin subject to major anthropogenic pressures, including marine litter and plastic pollution. Due to numerous large rivers draining into the basin and a population settled along the coast, the region could accumulate significant amounts of floating litter over time. Until now, only limited field data were available, and litter quantities and distribution remained unknown. In this study, floating marine macro litter (FMML) was assessed at the regional Black Sea scale for the first time, showing relatively high litter densities across the basin that reached a weighted mean of 81.5 items/km2. Monitoring data revealed an accumulation of floating items offshore in the eastern part of the basin, resembling on a small scale a 'garbage patch', where litter items were trapped, showing elevated densities in comparison to their surrounding areas. Most of these items were made of plastic materials (ca. 96%) and included large numbers of plastic and polystyrene fragments of small size ranges (2.5-10 cm). Harmonised field data collection through consistent and regular monitoring programmes across the region is essential to establish baselines and thresholds for large scale assessment at international level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D González-Fernández
- Department of Biology, University Marine Research Institute INMAR, University of Cádiz and European University of the Seas, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - G Hanke
- EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Pogojeva
- N. N. Zubov's State Oceanographic Institute, Roshydromet, Moscow, Russia; Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Machitadze
- Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Y Kotelnikova
- Ukrainian Center of Ecology of the Sea, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - I Tretiak
- Ukrainian Center of Ecology of the Sea, Odessa, Ukraine
| | - O Savenko
- Ukrainian Center of Ecology of the Sea, Odessa, Ukraine; National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - K Bilashvili
- Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - N Gelashvili
- Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - A Fedorov
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D Kulagin
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Terentiev
- N. N. Zubov's State Oceanographic Institute, Roshydromet, Moscow, Russia
| | - J Slobodnik
- Environmental Institute, Kos, Slovak Republic
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Clark LA, Corona-Espinosa A, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y, Levin-Aspenson HF, Serapio-García G, Watson D. Preliminary Scales for ICD-11 Personality Disorder: Self and Interpersonal Dysfunction Plus Five Personality Disorder Trait Domains. Front Psychol 2021; 12:668724. [PMID: 34322060 PMCID: PMC8311289 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.668724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ICD-11 personality disorder model is the first fully dimensional assessment of personality pathology. It consists of a personality disorder (PD) dysfunction-severity dimension, which encompasses both self- and interpersonal dysfunction, and six optional qualifiers for five prominent personality traits-Negative Affectivity (NA), Detachment (DET), Dissociality (DSL), Disinhibition (DSN), and Anankastia (ANK)-plus a borderline pattern that is defined by the criteria of DSM-IV borderline PD. This article reports on the development of a new self-report measure to assess self- and interpersonal dysfunction and the five trait qualifiers. It is the first comprehensive measure of the ICD-11 PD model in that (a) it is the only one to include both PD dysfunction-severity as well as trait scales and because (b) it is based on the Clinical Description and Diagnostic Guidelines, which are more detailed than the "statistical" model description that is currently on the ICD-11 website. The authors wrote 992 items and then reduced the pool to 300 items by eliminating redundancy and selecting the consensus best few items for each subconstruct. Data were collected using an online sample of 383 Prolific workers. Using exploratory factor analysis, seven domain scales were developed, each of which contained two to four scales assessing components of the domain. These preliminary scales' psychometrics were excellent, as were the domains' and their components' convergent and discriminant validity, with a few generally minor exceptions. Structural analyses at the component level revealed a three-factor structure consisting of two moderately correlated Internalizing factors, one centered on Self Dysfunction with two NA components and a DSN component (Distractibility) and the other on Interpersonal Dysfunction with DET and ANK components; as well as an Externalizing factor with DSL and a DSN component (Reckless Impulsivity) that was uncorrelated with the other two factors. Two aspects of the results in particular are striking: (1) ANK was not the opposite end of a DSN dimension, but rather contributed to an Internalizing Interpersonal Dysfunction dimension and (2) DSN had both an Internalizing and an Externalizing component. Implications of the findings and study limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Anna Clark
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | | | - Shereen Khoo
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | | | - Greg Serapio-García
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - David Watson
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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Watson D, Forbes MK, Levin-Aspenson HF, Ruggero CJ, Kotelnikova Y, Khoo S, Bagby RM, Sunderland M, Patalay P, Kotov R. The Development of Preliminary HiTOP Internalizing Spectrum Scales. Assessment 2021; 29:17-33. [PMID: 33794667 DOI: 10.1177/10731911211003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As part of a broader project to create a comprehensive self-report measure for the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology consortium, we developed preliminary scales to assess internalizing symptoms. The item pool was created in four steps: (a) clarifying the range of content to be assessed, (b) identifying target constructs to guide item writing, (c) developing formal definitions for each construct, and (d) writing multiple items for each construct. This yielded 430 items assessing 57 target constructs. Responses from a heterogeneous scale development sample (N = 1,870) were subjected to item-level factor analyses based on polychoric correlations. This resulted in 39 scales representing a total of 213 items. The psychometric properties of these scales replicated well across the development sample and an independent validation sample (N = 496 adults). Internal consistency analyses established that most scales assess relatively narrow forms of psychopathology. Structural analyses demonstrated the presence of a strong general factor. Additional analyses of the 35 nonsexual dysfunction scales revealed a replicable four-factor structure with dimensions we labeled Distress, Fear, Body Dysmorphia, and Mania. A final set of analyses established that the internalizing scales varied widely-and consistently-in the strength of their associations with neuroticism and extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roman Kotov
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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Mohamed Ali O, Kotelnikova Y, Kryski KR, Durbin CE, Hayden EP. Parent personality and children's inattention/hyperactivity problems are related via early caregiving. Inf Child Develop 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Mohamed Ali
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology The University of New Orleans New Orleans Louisiana USA
| | - Katie R. Kryski
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
| | - C. Emily Durbin
- Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Elizabeth P. Hayden
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Mind Institute University of Western Ontario London Ontario Canada
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10
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Liu P, Kryski KR, Smith HJ, Kotelnikova Y, Singh S, Hayden EP. Dynamic relationships between children’s higher‐order regulation and lower‐order reactivity predict development of attention problems. Soc Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liu
- Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
- The Brain and Mind Institute University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Katie R. Kryski
- Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Heather J. Smith
- Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | | | - Shiva Singh
- Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Hayden
- Department of Psychology University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
- The Brain and Mind Institute University of Western Ontario London ON Canada
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11
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Kotelnikova Y, Weaver CA, Clark LA. The joint structure of maladaptive personality traits and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Levin-Aspenson HF, Khoo S, Kotelnikova Y. Hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology across development: Associations with personality. Journal of Research in Personality 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Daoust AR, Kotelnikova Y, Kryski KR, Sheikh HI, Singh SM, Hayden EP. Child sex moderates the relationship between cortisol stress reactivity and symptoms over time. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 87:161-170. [PMID: 30415198 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Past work suggests that individual differences in stress reactivity have implications for the development of psychopathology; in particular, females' stress reactivity appears more closely tied to internalizing symptoms than males' reactivity. Conversely, males who are under-reactive to threat may be at risk for externalizing problems. However, little is known about when such differences may emerge, although this knowledge could have implications for early prevention. METHODS Cortisol reactivity to a laboratory stressor was assessed in 409 three-year-old children (201 boys), along with parent-reported children's internalizing (anxiety and depression) and externalizing (oppositional-defiant and attention problems and hyperactivity) symptoms. Parent-reported symptoms were re-collected at child ages 5 (N = 379) and 8 (N = 364). Multilevel modelling was used to investigate whether the relationship between cortisol reactivity and symptoms differed between boys and girls over time. RESULTS Girls with lower cortisol reactivity showed a negative association between depressive symptoms and time, while girls with higher reactivity showed no such association. No interaction between sex and cortisol reactivity was found for anxious symptoms. Boys with higher cortisol reactivity showed a negative association between symptoms and time, while boys with lower cortisol reactivity showed no such association. Time and ADHD symptoms were unrelated for boys, regardless of their cortisol reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that the implications of stress reactivity indexed via cortisol vary for boys and girls, as well as for different symptom manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Daoust
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building Room 3190, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
| | - Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology, 390 Corbett Family Hall, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, United States
| | - Katie R Kryski
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building Room 3190, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Haroon I Sheikh
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P Hayden
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western Interdisciplinary Research Building Room 3190, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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Vandermeer MR, Kotelnikova Y, Simms LJ, Hayden EP. Spousal Agreement on Partner Personality Ratings is Moderated by Relationship Satisfaction. Journal of Research in Personality 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Amicarelli AR, Kotelnikova Y, Smith HJ, Kryski KR, Hayden EP. Parenting differentially influences the development of boys' and girls' inhibitory control. Br J Dev Psychol 2018; 36:371-383. [PMID: 29314168 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Effortful control (EC) has important implications for children's development. While both child sex and parenting are related to child EC, and while a literature shows early sex differences in children's responses to care, interactions between care and child sex in predicting EC are not well understood. We therefore examined associations between child sex and early caregiving as predictors of children's development of a specific aspect of EC, inhibitory control (IC). A community sample of 406 three-year-old children and their caregivers completed behavioural tasks and observational measures of parenting and IC, and children were re-assessed for IC at age 5. Results showed that early care influenced change in IC over time, although caregiving was a more important influence on boys' IC than girls; specifically, differences in boys' and girls' IC at age 5 were modest when parenting was positive. The implications of a better understanding of sex differences in associations between parenting and the development of IC in early childhood are discussed. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? While sex differences in reactivity to early care in the development of externalizing symptoms have been explored, very little is known about such differences in children's early-emerging effortful control. What does this study add? Using a longitudinal design and independent, laboratory methods of assessing study constructs, we provide new information showing that early care appears to differentially influence boys' development of inhibitory control, a key aspect of effortful control, in early childhood.
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16
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Kotelnikova Y, LeMoult J, Mackrell SVM, Sheikh HI, Singh SM, Joormann J, Gotlib IH, Hayden EP. The Serotonin Transporter Promoter Variant, Stress, and Attentional Biases in Middle Childhood. Pers Individ Dif 2016; 101:371-379. [PMID: 27956753 DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence suggests that 5-HTTLPR variants may shape risk for depression, the influence is likely complex, and involves effects on endophenotypes. We examined associations between 5-HTTLPR and biases in attention to affective stimuli in a sample of girls and a sample of both boys and girls. Children with at least one short (S) variant of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism had lower positive attentional bias scores in both samples. This association was qualified by an interaction with stress in one sample, such that links between the S allele and decreased positive attentional bias was significant only when life stress was elevated. This difference in findings between the two samples was explained by sex differences in samples; the GXE interaction was significant only in boys. Findings are discussed in the context of sex differences in GXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Western University, Department of Psychology, London, Ontario CANADA, N6A 3K7
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17
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Mackrell SV, Kotelnikova Y, Jordan PL, Hayden EP. The role of pubertal development in emerging depression risk in middle childhood. Personality and Individual Differences 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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18
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Kotelnikova Y, Olino TM, Klein DN, Mackrell SVM, Hayden EP. Higher and Lower Order Factor Analyses of the Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire. Assessment 2016; 24:1050-1061. [PMID: 27002124 DOI: 10.1177/1073191116639376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Temperament in Middle Childhood Questionnaire (TMCQ) is a widely used parent-report measure of temperament. However, neither its lower nor higher order structures has been tested via a bottom-up, empirically based approach. We conducted higher and lower order exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) of the TMCQ in a large ( N = 654) sample of 9-year-olds. Item-level EFAs identified 92 items as suitable (i.e., with loadings ≥.40) for constructing lower order factors, only half of which resembled a TMCQ scale posited by the measure's authors. Higher order EFAs of the lower order factors showed that a three-factor structure (Impulsivity/Negative Affectivity, Negative Affectivity, and Openness/Assertiveness) was the only admissible solution. Overall, many TMCQ items did not load well onto a lower order factor. In addition, only three factors, which did not show a clear resemblance to Rothbart's four-factor model of temperament in middle childhood, were needed to account for the higher order structure of the TMCQ.
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Kotelnikova Y, Olino TM, Klein DN, Kryski KR, Hayden EP. Higher- and lower-order factor analyses of the Children's Behavior Questionnaire in early and middle childhood. Psychol Assess 2015; 28:92-108. [PMID: 26029946 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Children's Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ; Rothbart, Ahadi, & Hershey, 1994), a 195-item parent-report questionnaire, is one of the most widely used measures of child temperament, with previous analyses of its scales suggesting that 3 broad factors account for the overarching structure of child temperament (Rothbart, Ahadi, Hershey, & Fisher, 2001). However, there are no published item-level factor analyses of the CBQ, meaning that it is currently unclear whether items clearly load onto CBQ scales as proposed by its developers. Additionally, although the CBQ is intended to cover a broad window of development (i.e., ages 3-7), little is known about whether the structure of the CBQ differs depending on child age. The present study used a bottom-up approach to examine the lower- and higher-order structure of the CBQ in a large community sample of children at ages 3 (N = 944) and 5/6 (N = 853). Item-level exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) identified 88 items at age 3 and 87 items at age 5/6 suitable (i.e., with loadings ≥.40) for constructing lower-order factors. Of the lower-order factors derived at ages 3 and 5/6, fewer than half resembled original CBQ scales (Rothbart et al., 1994, 2001). Higher-order EFAs of the lower-order factors suggested that a 4-factor structure was the best fit at both ages 3 and 5/6. Thus, results indicate that a substantial number of CBQ items do not load well on a lower-order factor and that more than 3 factors are needed to account for its higher-order structure.
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Mackrell SVM, Sheikh HI, Kotelnikova Y, Kryski KR, Jordan PL, Singh SM, Hayden EP. Child temperament and parental depression predict cortisol reactivity to stress in middle childhood. J Abnorm Psychol 2015; 123:106-16. [PMID: 24661163 DOI: 10.1037/a0035612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children's cortisol reactivity to stress is an important mediator of depression risk, making the search for predictors of such reactivity an important goal for psychopathologists. Multiple studies have linked maternal depression and childhood behavioral inhibition (BI) independently to child cortisol reactivity, yet few have tested multivariate models of these risks. Further, paternal depression and other child temperament traits, such as positive emotionality (PE), have been largely ignored despite their potential relevance. We therefore examined longitudinal associations between child fear/BI and PE and parental depression, and children's cortisol stress reactivity, in 205 7-year-olds. Paternal depression and child fear/BI predicted greater cortisol stress reactivity at a follow-up of 164 9-year-olds, and maternal depression and child PE interacted to predict children's cortisol reactivity, such that higher child PE predicted lower cortisol reactivity in the context of maternal depression. Results highlight the importance of both parents' depression, as well as multiple facets of child temperament, in developing more comprehensive models of childhood cortisol reactivity to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haroon I Sheikh
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University
| | | | | | | | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University
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Kotelnikova Y, Clark LA, Vernon PA, Hayden EP. Development and Validation of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Brief Self-Description Rating Form (SNAP-BSRF). Assessment 2014; 22:3-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191114534959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality full-length (SNAP) and short versions (SNAP-SRF and SNAP-ORF) were developed as measures of normal-range and more pathological personality traits. This study investigated the validity of the SNAP Brief Self-Description Rating Form (SNAP-BSRF), an alternative version of the SNAP Self-Description Rating Form (SNAP-SRF) revised for further brevity. The scales of the SNAP-BSRF showed good convergence with the SNAP-SRF and the SNAP Other-Description Rating Form (SNAP-ORF) scales. A three-factor structure consistent with extant literature was found for the SNAP-BSRF using an exploratory structural equation modeling approach. Scales from the SNAP-BSRF showed meaningful associations with self-reported internalizing symptoms. Results suggest that this new version is a reasonable substitute for the SNAP-SRF and will be useful when a very brief measure of adaptive and maladaptive personality is needed.
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Kotelnikova Y, Mackrell SVM, Jordan PL, Hayden EP. Longitudinal Associations Between Reactive and Regulatory Temperament Traits and Depressive Symptoms in Middle Childhood. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2014; 44:775-86. [PMID: 24742284 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2014.893517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although a large literature has examined the role of temperament in adult and adolescent depression, few studies have investigated interactions between reactive and regulatory temperament traits in shaping depressive symptoms in children over time. Child temperament measures (laboratory observations and maternal reports) and depressive symptoms were collected from 205 seven-year-olds (46% boys), who were followed up 1 (N=181) and 2 (N=171) years later. Child participants were Caucasian (87.80%), Asian (1.95%), or other ethnicity (7.80%); 2.45% of the sample was missing ethnicity data. Multilevel modeling was used to investigate within- and between-person variance in intercepts and slopes of child depressive symptoms. A steeper increase in depressive symptoms was found for children lower in laboratory-assessed effortful control (EC). Lower mother-reported surgency and higher mother-reported NE predicted increases in child depressive symptoms in the context of lower mother-reported EC. Our findings implicate EC as having main and moderating effects related to depressive symptoms in middle childhood. We emphasize the importance of developing prevention programs that enhance EC-like abilities.
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Abstract
Although much is known about the structure of adult temperament and personality, significantly less is known about the structure of child temperament. We examined the structure of child temperament in 205 seven-year-olds using observational measures. Exploratory factor analysis identified factors representing positive emotionality/sociability, disinhibition/anger, fear/behavioral inhibition, and sadness. The predictive validity of these dimensions was evaluated by examining their associations with children's internalizing and externalizing symptoms: positive emotionality/sociability showed positive associations with ADHD symptoms, disinhibition/anger showed positive associations with externalizing symptoms, fear/behavioral inhibition showed negative associations with ADHD and CD symptoms, and sadness showed positive associations with both internalizing and externalizing problems. These associations were consistent with extant literature on temperament and psychopathology, supporting the validity of the structure obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kotelnikova
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Westminster Hall, 361 Windermere road, London, ON, Canada
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Kotelnikova Y. . Personality and Individual Differences 2011; 51:877-878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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