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Brown MG, Brady DJ, Healy KM, Henry KA, Ogunsola AS, Ma X. Stem Cells and Acellular Preparations in Bone Regeneration/Fracture Healing: Current Therapies and Future Directions. Cells 2024; 13:1045. [PMID: 38920674 PMCID: PMC11201612 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone/fracture healing is a complex process with different steps and four basic tissue layers being affected: cortical bone, periosteum, fascial tissue surrounding the fracture, and bone marrow. Stem cells and their derivatives, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, skeletal stem cells, and multipotent stem cells, can function to artificially introduce highly regenerative cells into decrepit biological tissues and augment the healing process at the tissue level. Stem cells are molecularly and functionally indistinguishable from standard human tissues. The widespread appeal of stem cell therapy lies in its potential benefits as a therapeutic technology that, if harnessed, can be applied in clinical settings. This review aims to establish the molecular pathophysiology of bone healing and the current stem cell interventions that disrupt or augment the bone healing process and, finally, considers the future direction/therapeutic options related to stem cells and bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel G. Brown
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Davis J. Brady
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kelsey M. Healy
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kaitlin A. Henry
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ayobami S. Ogunsola
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Xue Ma
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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2
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Barber KW, Shrock E, Elledge SJ. CasPlay provides a gRNA-barcoded CRISPR-based display platform for antibody repertoire profiling. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100318. [PMID: 36313802 PMCID: PMC9606310 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein display technologies link proteins to distinct nucleic acid sequences (barcodes), enabling multiplexed protein assays via DNA sequencing. Here, we develop Cas9 display (CasPlay) to interrogate customized peptide libraries fused to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) by sequencing the guide RNA (gRNA) barcodes associated with each peptide. We first confirm the ability of CasPlay to characterize antibody epitopes by recovering a known binding motif for a monoclonal anti-FLAG antibody. We then use a CasPlay library tiling the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteome to evaluate vaccine-induced antibody reactivities. Using a peptide library representing the human virome, we demonstrate the ability of CasPlay to identify epitopes across many viruses from microliters of patient serum. Our results suggest that CasPlay is a viable strategy for customized protein interaction studies from highly complex libraries and could provide an alternative to phage display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W. Barber
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Barber KW, Shrock E, Elledge SJ. CRISPR-based peptide library display and programmable microarray self-assembly for rapid quantitative protein binding assays. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3650-3658.e5. [PMID: 34390675 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-inspired systems have been extensively developed for applications in genome editing and nucleic acid detection. Here, we introduce a CRISPR-based peptide display technology to facilitate customized, high-throughput in vitro protein interaction studies. We show that bespoke peptide libraries fused to catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) and barcoded with unique single guide RNA (sgRNA) molecules self-assemble from a single mixed pool to programmable positions on a DNA microarray surface for rapid, multiplexed binding assays. We develop dCas9-displayed saturation mutagenesis libraries to characterize antibody-epitope binding for a commercial anti-FLAG monoclonal antibody and human serum antibodies. We also show that our platform can be used for viral epitope mapping and exhibits promise as a multiplexed diagnostics tool. Our CRISPR-based peptide display platform and the principles of complex library self-assembly using dCas9 could be adapted for rapid interrogation of varied customized protein libraries or biological materials assembly using DNA scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl W Barber
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Shrock
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen J Elledge
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Gwam C, Mohammed N, Ma X. Stem cell secretome, regeneration, and clinical translation: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:70. [PMID: 33553363 PMCID: PMC7859812 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine is a field growing in popularity due to high hopes for stimulating in situ tissue restoration. Stem cell therapy remain at the center of regenerative medicine, due to early reports on its pluripotent differentiating capability. However, more recent reports suggest the paracrine activity of stem cells, and not direct differentiation, as the cause of its therapeutic effects. This paracrine activity can be harnessed in the form of conditioned media. Despite these capabilities, the clinical translation of stem cell conditioned media (i.e., secretome) is precluded by a variety of factors. These limitations include standardization of stem cell-conditioned media formulation, characterization of bioactive factors in conditioned media and dosing, optimizing modes of delivery, and uncovering of mechanisms of action of stem cell conditioned media. The purpose of this review is to provide a focused narration on the aforementioned preclusions pertaining to the clinical translation of stem cell conditioned media. Specifically, we will report on commonly use methodologies for the development of stem cell conditioned media, modalities for conditioned media characterization, modes of delivery, and postulated mechanisms of action for stem cell conditioned media in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuweike Gwam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Nequesha Mohammed
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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5
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Paul M, Weller MG. Antibody Screening by Microarray Technology-Direct Identification of Selective High-Affinity Clones. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E1. [PMID: 31906477 PMCID: PMC7175374 DOI: 10.3390/antib9010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary screening of hybridoma cells is a time-critical and laborious step during the development of monoclonal antibodies. Often, critical errors occur in this phase, which supports the notion that the generation of monoclonal antibodies with hybridoma technology is difficult to control and hence, a risky venture. We think that it is crucial to improve the screening process to eliminate most of the critical deficits of the conventional approach. With this new microarray-based procedure, several advances could be achieved: Selectivity for excellent binders, high-throughput, reproducible signals, avoidance of misleading avidity (multivalency) effects, and performance of simultaneous competition experiments. The latter can also be used to select clones of desired cross-reactivity properties. In this paper, a model system with two excellent clones against carbamazepine, two weak clones, and blank supernatant containing fetal bovine serum was designed to examine the effectiveness of the new system. The excellent clones could be detected largely independent of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration, which is usually unknown during the clone screening since the determination and subsequent adjustment of the antibody concentration are not feasible in most cases. Furthermore, in this approach, the enrichment, isolation, and purification of IgG for characterization is not necessary. Raw cell culture supernatant can be used directly, even when fetal calf serum (FCS) or other complex media is used. In addition, an improved method for the oriented antibody-immobilization on epoxy-silanized slides is presented. Based on the results of this model system with simulated hybridoma supernatants, we conclude that this approach should be preferable to most other protocols leading to many false positives, causing expensive and lengthy elimination steps to weed out the poor clones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael G. Weller
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Division 1.5 Protein Analysis, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
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Peltomaa R, Benito-Peña E, Barderas R, Moreno-Bondi MC. Phage Display in the Quest for New Selective Recognition Elements for Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11569-11580. [PMID: 31460264 PMCID: PMC6682082 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Phages are bacterial viruses that have gained a significant role in biotechnology owing to their widely studied biology and many advantageous characteristics. Perhaps the best-known application of phages is phage display that refers to the expression of foreign peptides or proteins outside the phage virion as a fusion with one of the phage coat proteins. In 2018, one half of the Nobel prize in chemistry was awarded jointly to George P. Smith and Sir Gregory P. Winter "for the phage display of peptides and antibodies." The outstanding technology has evolved and developed considerably since its first description in 1985, and today phage display is commonly used in a wide variety of disciplines, including drug discovery, enzyme optimization, biomolecular interaction studies, as well as biosensor development. A cornerstone of all biosensors, regardless of the sensor platform or transduction scheme used, is a sensitive and selective bioreceptor, or a recognition element, that can provide specific binding to the target analyte. Many environmentally or pharmacologically interesting target analytes might not have naturally appropriate binding partners for biosensor development, but phage display can facilitate the production of novel receptors beyond known biomolecular interactions, or against toxic or nonimmunogenic targets, making the technology a valuable tool in the quest of new recognition elements for biosensor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riikka Peltomaa
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Benito-Peña
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic
Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de
Salud Carlos III, Ctra.
Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2.2, 28220 Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Moreno-Bondi
- Chemical
Optosensors & Applied Photochemistry Group (GSOLFA), Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Randriantsilefisoa R, Cuellar-Camacho JL, Chowdhury MS, Dey P, Schedler U, Haag R. Highly sensitive detection of antibodies in a soft bioactive three-dimensional bioorthogonal hydrogel. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This three-dimensional detection method of antibodies offers a high sensitivity and good biomolecule stability for new biosensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pradip Dey
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Takustr. 3
- Berlin
- Germany
| | - Uwe Schedler
- PolyAn GmbH
- Rudolf-Baschant-Strasse 2
- 13086 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Takustr. 3
- Berlin
- Germany
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8
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Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100393. [PMID: 30261694 PMCID: PMC6215175 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenom cross-reactivity has been investigated for decades to determine which antivenoms can be used to treat snakebite envenomings from different snake species. Traditionally, the methods used for analyzing cross-reactivity have been immunodiffusion, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzymatic assays, and in vivo neutralization studies. In recent years, new methods for determination of cross-reactivity have emerged, including surface plasmon resonance, antivenomics, and high-density peptide microarray technology. Antivenomics involves a top-down assessment of the toxin-binding capacities of antivenoms, whereas high-density peptide microarray technology may be harnessed to provide in-depth knowledge on which toxin epitopes are recognized by antivenoms. This review provides an overview of both the classical and new methods used to investigate antivenom cross-reactivity, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and examples of studies using the methods. A special focus is given to antivenomics and high-density peptide microarray technology as these high-throughput methods have recently been introduced in this field and may enable more detailed assessments of antivenom cross-reactivity.
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9
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Chen Z, Dodig-Crnković T, Schwenk JM, Tao SC. Current applications of antibody microarrays. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:7. [PMID: 29507545 PMCID: PMC5830343 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of antibody microarrays is one of the most versatile approaches within multiplexed immunoassay technologies. These types of arrays have increasingly become an attractive tool for the exploratory detection and study of protein abundance, function, pathways, and potential drug targets. Due to the properties of the antibody microarrays and their potential use in basic research and clinical analytics, various types of antibody microarrays have already been developed. In spite of the growing number of studies utilizing this technique, few reviews about antibody microarray technology have been presented to reflect the quality and future uses of the generated data. In this review, we provide a summary of the recent applications of antibody microarray techniques in basic biology and clinical studies, providing insights into the current trends and future of protein analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
| | - Tea Dodig-Crnković
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, 171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Sheng-ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240 China
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10
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Jara-Acevedo R, Díez P, González-González M, Dégano RM, Ibarrola N, Góngora R, Orfao A, Fuentes M. Screening Phage-Display Antibody Libraries Using Protein Arrays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1701:365-380. [PMID: 29116516 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7447-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phage-display technology constitutes a powerful tool for the generation of specific antibodies against a predefined antigen. The main advantages of phage-display technology in comparison to conventional hybridoma-based techniques are: (1) rapid generation time and (2) antibody selection against an unlimited number of molecules (biological or not). However, the main bottleneck with phage-display technology is the validation strategies employed to confirm the greatest number of antibody fragments. The development of new high-throughput (HT) techniques has helped overcome this great limitation. Here, we describe a new method based on an array technology that allows the deposition of hundreds to thousands of phages by micro-contact on a unique nitrocellulose surface. This setup comes in combination with bioinformatic approaches that enables simultaneous affinity screening in a HT format of antibody-displaying phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Jara-Acevedo
- ImmunoStep SL. Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer. Avda. Coimbra s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Francisco Vitoria 6-16, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María González-González
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Francisco Vitoria 6-16, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rosa María Dégano
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nieves Ibarrola
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Francisco Vitoria 6-16, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Francisco Vitoria 6-16, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Francisco Vitoria 6-16, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Center (CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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11
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Li YF, Sun YM, Beier RC, Lei HT, Gee S, Hammock BD, Wang H, Wang Z, Sun X, Shen YD, Yang JY, Xu ZL. Immunochemical techniques for multianalyte analysis of chemical residues in food and the environment: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Pérez-Gamarra S, Hattara L, Batra G, Saviranta P, Lamminmäki U. Array-in-well binding assay for multiparameter screening of phage displayed antibodies. Methods 2016; 116:43-50. [PMID: 27956240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display is a well-established and powerful tool for the development of recombinant antibodies. In a standard phage display selection process using a high quality antibody phage library, a large number of unique antibody clones can be generated in short time. However, the pace of the antibody discovery project eventually depends on the methodologies used in the next screening phase to identify the clones with the most promising binding characteristics e.g., in terms of specificity, affinity and epitope. Here, we report an array-in-well binding assay, a miniaturized and multiplexed immunoassay that integrates the epitope mapping to the evaluation of the binding activity of phage displayed antibody fragments in a single well. The array-in-well assay design used here incorporates a set of partially overlapping 15-mer peptides covering the complete primary sequence of the target antigen, the intact antigen itself and appropriate controls printed as an array with 10×10 layout at the bottom of a well of a 96-well microtiter plate. The streptavidin-coated surface of the well facilitates the immobilization of the biotinylated analytes as well-confined spots. Phage displayed antibody fragments bound to the analyte spots are traced using anti-phage antibody labelled with horseradish peroxidase for tyramide signal amplification based highly sensitive detection. In this study, we generated scFv antibodies against HIV-1 p24 protein using a synthetic antibody phage library, evaluated the binders with array-in-well binding assay and further classified them into epitopic families based on their capacity to recognize linear epitopes. The array-in-well assay enables the integration of epitope mapping to the screening assay for early classification of antibodies with simplicity and speed of a standard ELISA procedure to advance the antibody development projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Pérez-Gamarra
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Hattara
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Gaurav Batra
- Centre for Biodesign and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 122001, India
| | - Petri Saviranta
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044 VTT, Finland
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Department of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Abstract
High-throughput multiplex protein biomarker assays continue to gain significance in the fields of biomarker discovery and drug development, due to their economical use of not only the precious clinical biological samples but also expensive reagents. Among these platforms, homogeneous multiplex systems have potential for short assay run times and cost-effective reagent consumptions. However, these systems must overcome challenges of signal cross talk and biochemical cross-reactivity. Despite these obstacles, several homogeneous multiplex immunoassays have been demonstrated. These include fluorescent polarization, fluorescent resonance energy transfer with quantum dots or graphene, luminescent oxygen-channeling immunoassay coupled with aqueous two-phase systems and DNA proximity assays. The balance between speed/simplicity and high multiplexing and robustness of these homogeneous multiplex immunoassays are discussed in this review.
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14
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Keller R, Klein M, Thomas M, Dräger A, Metzger U, Templin MF, Joos TO, Thasler WE, Zell A, Zanger UM. Coordinating Role of RXRα in Downregulating Hepatic Detoxification during Inflammation Revealed by Fuzzy-Logic Modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004431. [PMID: 26727233 PMCID: PMC4699813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During various inflammatory processes circulating cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα elicit a broad and clinically relevant impairment of hepatic detoxification that is based on the simultaneous downregulation of many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter genes. To address the question whether a common mechanism is involved we treated human primary hepatocytes with IL-6, the major mediator of the acute phase response in liver, and characterized acute phase and detoxification responses in quantitative gene expression and (phospho-)proteomics data sets. Selective inhibitors were used to disentangle the roles of JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K signaling pathways. A prior knowledge-based fuzzy logic model comprising signal transduction and gene regulation was established and trained with perturbation-derived gene expression data from five hepatocyte donors. Our model suggests a greater role of MAPK/PI3K compared to JAK/STAT with the orphan nuclear receptor RXRα playing a central role in mediating transcriptional downregulation. Validation experiments revealed a striking similarity of RXRα gene silencing versus IL-6 induced negative gene regulation (rs = 0.79; P<0.0001). These results concur with RXRα functioning as obligatory heterodimerization partner for several nuclear receptors that regulate drug and lipid metabolism. During inflammation, circulating proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1ß, and IL-6, which are produced by, e.g., Kupffer cells, macrophages, or tumor cells, play important roles in hepatocellular signaling pathways and in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. In particular, these cytokines are responsible for the acute phase response (APR) but also for a dramatic reduction of drug detoxification capacity due to impaired expression of numerous genes coding for drug metabolic enzymes and transporters. Here we used high-throughput (phospho-)proteomic and gene expression data to investigate the impact of canonical signaling pathways in mediating IL-6-induced downregulation of drug metabolism related genes. We performed chemical inhibition perturbations to show that most of the IL-6 effects on gene expression are mediated through the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. We constructed a prior knowledge network as basis for a fuzzy logic model that was trained with extensive gene expression data to identify critical regulatory nodes. Our results suggest that the nuclear receptor RXRα plays a central role, which was convincingly validated by RXRα gene silencing experiments. This work shows how computational modeling can support identifying decisive regulatory events from large-scale experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Keller
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Systems Biology Research Group, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Metzger
- NMI Institute of Natural and Medical Sciences, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas O. Joos
- NMI Institute of Natural and Medical Sciences, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zell
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ahmad TA, Eweida AE, Sheweita SA. B-cell epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and effective diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Chandra D, Sankalia N, Arcibal I, Banta S, Cropek D, Karande P. Design of affinity peptides from natural protein ligands: A study of the cardiac troponin complex. Biopolymers 2014; 102:97-106. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Chandra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
| | - Nitesh Sankalia
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
| | - Imee Arcibal
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL); Champaign IL
| | - Scott Banta
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Columbia University; New York NY
| | - Donald Cropek
- U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center; Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL); Champaign IL
| | - Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY
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Ayoglu B, Häggmark A, Neiman M, Igel U, Uhlén M, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P. Systematic antibody and antigen-based proteomic profiling with microarrays. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 11:219-34. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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18
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Xu Y, Roach W, Sun T, Jain T, Prinz B, Yu TY, Torrey J, Thomas J, Bobrowicz P, Vasquez M, Wittrup KD, Krauland E. Addressing polyspecificity of antibodies selected from an in vitro yeast presentation system: a FACS-based, high-throughput selection and analytical tool. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:663-70. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Heubach Y, Planatscher H, Sommersdorf C, Maisch D, Maier J, Joos TO, Templin MF, Poetz O. From spots to beads-PTM-peptide bead arrays for the characterization of anti-histone antibodies. Proteomics 2013; 13:1010-5. [PMID: 23401470 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies that recognize PTMs of histones play a central role in epigenetic proteomic research. Modification-specific antibodies are employed in chromatin immunoprecipitation, for Western blotting and during the immunoprecipitation steps for MS-based global proteomic analyses. Knowledge about the antibodies' off-target binding is essential for the interpretation of experimental data. To address this challenge we developed a fast and cost efficient system for generating peptide bead arrays. We employed this method to establish a bead-based peptide array containing 384 peptides displaying phosphorylated, acetylated, methylated, and citrullinated N-terminal regions of histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 and controls. We profiled the binding of 40 PTM-specific antibodies important for epigenetic proteomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Heubach
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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20
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Bauer M, Chicca A, Tamborrini M, Eisen D, Lerner R, Lutz B, Poetz O, Pluschke G, Gertsch J. Identification and quantification of a new family of peptide endocannabinoids (Pepcans) showing negative allosteric modulation at CB1 receptors. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36944-67. [PMID: 22952224 PMCID: PMC3481297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.382481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The α-hemoglobin-derived dodecapeptide RVD-hemopressin (RVDPVNFKLLSH) has been proposed to be an endogenous agonist for the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB(1)). To study this peptide, we have raised mAbs against its C-terminal part. Using an immunoaffinity mass spectrometry approach, a whole family of N-terminally extended peptides in addition to RVD-Hpα were identified in rodent brain extracts and human and mouse plasma. We designated these peptides Pepcan-12 (RVDPVNFKLLSH) to Pepcan-23 (SALSDLHAHKLRVDPVNFKLLSH), referring to peptide length. The most abundant Pepcans found in the brain were tested for CB(1) receptor binding. In the classical radioligand displacement assay, Pepcan-12 was the most efficacious ligand but only partially displaced both [(3)H]CP55,940 and [(3)H]WIN55,212-2. The data were fitted with the allosteric ternary complex model, revealing a cooperativity factor value α < 1, thus indicating a negative allosteric modulation. Dissociation kinetic studies of [(3)H]CP55,940 in the absence and presence of Pepcan-12 confirmed these results by showing increased dissociation rate constants induced by Pepcan-12. A fluorescently labeled Pepcan-12 analog was synthesized to investigate the binding to CB(1) receptors. Competition binding studies revealed K(i) values of several Pepcans in the nanomolar range. Accordingly, using competitive ELISA, we found low nanomolar concentrations of Pepcans in human plasma and ∼100 pmol/g in mouse brain. Surprisingly, Pepcan-12 exhibited potent negative allosteric modulation of the orthosteric agonist-induced cAMP accumulation, [(35)S]GTPγS binding, and CB(1) receptor internalization. Pepcans are the first endogenous allosteric modulators identified for CB(1) receptors. Given their abundance in the brain, Pepcans could play an important physiological role in modulating endocannabinoid signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/biosynthesis
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/metabolism
- CHO Cells
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/blood
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/chemical synthesis
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/immunology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators/metabolism
- Cricetinae
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- HL-60 Cells
- Hemoglobins/biosynthesis
- Hemoglobins/chemical synthesis
- Hemoglobins/chemistry
- Hemoglobins/immunology
- Hemoglobins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/biosynthesis
- Peptide Fragments/blood
- Peptide Fragments/chemical synthesis
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- Rats
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sus scrofa
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bauer
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland, the University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Chicca
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Tamborrini
- the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland, the University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Eisen
- the Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany, and
| | - Raissa Lerner
- the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- the Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver Poetz
- the Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany, and
| | - Gerd Pluschke
- the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland, the University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- From the Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, National Center of Competence in Research TransCure, University of Bern, CH 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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21
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Hjelm B, Brennan DJ, Zendehrokh N, Eberhard J, Nodin B, Gaber A, Pontén F, Johannesson H, Smaragdi K, Frantz C, Hober S, Johnson LB, Påhlman S, Jirström K, Uhlen M. High nuclear RBM3 expression is associated with an improved prognosis in colorectal cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 5:624-35. [PMID: 21956899 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the prognostic impact of human RBM3 expression in colorectal cancer using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One polyclonal antibody and four monoclonal anti-RBM3 antibodies were generated and epitope mapped using two different methods. Bacterial display revealed five distinct epitopes for the polyclonal antibody, while the four mouse monoclonal antibodies were found to bind to three of the five epitopes. A peptide suspension bead array assay confirmed the five epitopes of the polyclonal antibody, while only one of the monoclonal antibodies could be mapped using this approach. Antibody specificity was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, including siRNA-mediated knock-down. Two of the antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal) were subsequently used to analyze RBM3 expression in tumor samples from two independent colorectal cancer cohorts, one consecutive cohort (n=270) and one prospectively collected cohort of patients with cancer of the sigmoid colon (n=305). RBM3-expression was detected, with high correlation between both antibodies (R=0.81, p<0.001). RESULTS In both cohorts, tumors with high nuclear RBM3 staining had significantly prolonged the overall survival. This was also confirmed in multivariate analysis, adjusted for established prognostic factors. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data demonstrate that high tumor-specific nuclear expression of RBM3 is an independent predictor of good prognosis in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hjelm
- Department of Proteomics, AlbaNova University Center, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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23
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Tessler LA, Mitra RD. Sensitive single-molecule protein quantification and protein complex detection in a microarray format. Proteomics 2011; 11:4731-5. [PMID: 22038904 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule protein analysis provides sensitive protein quantitation with a digital read-out and is promising for studying biological systems and detecting biomarkers clinically. However, current single-molecule platforms rely on the quantification of one protein at a time. Conventional antibody microarrays are scalable to detect many proteins simultaneously, but they rely on less sensitive and less quantitative quantification by the ensemble averaging of fluorescent molecules. Here, we demonstrate a single-molecule protein assay in a microarray format enabled by an ultra-low background surface and single-molecule imaging. The digital read-out provides a highly sensitive, low femtomolar limit of detection and four orders of magnitude of dynamic range through the use of hybrid digital-analog quantification. From crude cell lysate, we measured levels of p53 and MDM2 in parallel, proving the concept of a digital antibody microarray for use in proteomic profiling. We also applied the single-molecule microarray to detect the p53-MDM2 protein complex in cell lysate. Our study is promising for development and application of single-molecule protein methods because it represents a technological bridge between single-plex and highly multiplex studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Tessler
- Department of Genetics, Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
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24
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Abstract
With the increasing collection of affinity reagents, their validation in terms of functionality and binding specificity becomes a challenge. To match this growing need, miniaturized and parallelized platforms have become available to corroborate the applicability for a broad range of binder scaffolds. Among the -commonly used systems, planar microarrays have been a platform of choice for a long time but alternative systems are emerging, of which one is based on color-coded beads for the creation of arrays in suspension. The latter systems offer to perform a two-dimensional multiplexing by now analyzing up to 384 samples against up to 500 analytes in a single experiment. While the analyte parameter is flexible in terms of its composition, an extended screening can be facilitated without the need to set up a microarray production facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen M Schwenk
- SciLifeLab Stockholm, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodav, Sweden
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25
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Protein microarrays and biomarkers of infectious disease. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:5165-83. [PMID: 21614200 PMCID: PMC3100839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11125165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein microarrays are powerful tools that are widely used in systems biology research. For infectious diseases, proteome microarrays assembled from proteins of pathogens will play an increasingly important role in discovery of diagnostic markers, vaccines, and therapeutics. Distinct formats of protein microarrays have been developed for different applications, including abundance-based and function-based methods. Depending on the application, design issues should be considered, such as the need for multiplexing and label or label free detection methods. New developments, challenges, and future demands in infectious disease research will impact the application of protein microarrays for discovery and validation of biomarkers.
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26
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Yu Z, Liu L, Yu X, Chi J, Han H, Liu Y, He W, Sun Q, Gao J, Xu D. High-Throughput Antibody Generation Using Multiplexed Immunization and Immunogen Array Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:1260-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057110380045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the authors developed a new screening approach using multiplexed immunization and immunogen array analysis to improve the efficiency of antibody screening for high-throughput antibody generation. The immunogen array is based on a 96-well format in which different immunogens and negative as well as positive controls are immobilized in each well, thus making it possible to screen hundreds of antibody candidates simultaneously. To demonstrate this approach, a model of 4 mixed immunogens immunization was employed. In total, 675 antibody candidates were screened before and after established antibody hybridomas in parallel with immunogen arrays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The signal intensity, specificity, and cross-reactivity of produced antibody candidates were analyzed using a hierarchical cluster algorithm to track the characteristics of antibody candidates during antibody generation, which might reduce the number of false-positive and false-negative binding of antibodies. Moreover, 4 monoclonal antibodies that were produced successfully recognized their corresponding target antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qihong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
- Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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27
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Hoeppe S, Schreiber TD, Planatscher H, Zell A, Templin MF, Stoll D, Joos TO, Poetz O. Targeting peptide termini, a novel immunoaffinity approach to reduce complexity in mass spectrometric protein identification. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.002857. [PMID: 20962300 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.002857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and peptide-centric approaches are powerful techniques for the identification of differentially expressed proteins. Despite enormous improvements in MS technologies, sample preparation and efficient fractionation of target analytes are still major bottlenecks in MS-based protein analysis. The complexity of tryptically digested whole proteomes needs to be considerably reduced before low abundance proteins can be effectively analyzed using MS/MS. Sample preparation strategies that use peptide-specific antibodies are able to reduce the complexity of tryptic digests and lead to a substantial increase in throughput and sensitivity; however, the number of peptide-specific capture reagents is low, and consequently immunoaffinity-based approaches are only capable of detecting small sets of protein-derived peptides. In this proof-of-principle study, special anti-peptide antibodies were used to enrich peptides from a complex mixture. These antibodies recognize short amino acid sequences that are found directly at the termini of the peptides. The recognized epitopes consist of three or four amino acids only and include the terminally charged group of the peptide. Because of its limited length, antibodies recognizing the epitope will enrich not only one peptide but a whole class of peptides that share this terminal epitope. In this study, β-catenin-derived peptides were used to demonstrate that it is possible (i) to effectively generate antibodies that recognize short C-terminal peptide epitopes and (ii) to enrich and identify peptide classes from a complex mixture using these antibodies in an immunoaffinity MS approach. The expected β-catenin peptides and a set of 38 epitope-containing peptides were identified from trypsin-digested cell lysates. This might be a first step in the development of proteomics applications that are based on the use of peptide class-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Hoeppe
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
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28
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Meng J, Zhang W, Cao CX, Fan LY, Wu J, Wang QL. Moving affinity boundary electrophoresis and its selective isolation of histidine in urine. Analyst 2010; 135:1592-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c000472c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Cretich M, Damin F, Longhi R, Gotti C, Galati C, Renna L, Chiari M. Peptide microarrays on coated silicon slides for highly sensitive antibody detection. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 669:147-60. [PMID: 20857364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-845-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptides, with their well-established chemistry and fully automated synthesis, provide an invaluable tool for the screening of protein ligands, for epitope mapping, and for antibody diagnostics on the microarray format.The method described in this chapter shows that the sensitivity of a peptide-based microimmunoassay is greatly improved by using a new, specifically developed substrate made of silicon coated by an optimized layer of silicon oxide. A set of six peptides corresponding to the sequences of human and rat acetylcholine receptor subunits was immobilized on glass and silicon slides coated by a copolymer of N,N-dimethylacrylamide, N-acryloyloxysuccinimide, and 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate, copoly(DMA-NAS-MAPS). The spotted probes were incubated with rabbit anti-sera and with purified antibodies raised against the corresponding peptides. The coated silicon slides, in comparison against the glass substrates, showed a five- to tenfold enhancement of the fluorescence signals, leading to the specific detection of the full set of antibodies down to a concentration of 0.5-1 ng/mL in serum. The sensitivity provided by the test allows its use for the diagnosis of antibodies in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cretich
- Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare C.N.R, Milano, Italy
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30
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Hsieh HY, Wang PC, Wu CL, Huang CW, Chieng CC, Tseng FG. Effective enhancement of fluorescence detection efficiency in protein microarray assays: application of a highly fluorinated organosilane as the blocking agent on the background surface by a facile vapor-phase deposition process. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7908-16. [PMID: 19705849 DOI: 10.1021/ac900552v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays are emerging as an important enabling technology for the simultaneous investigation of complicated interactions among thousands of proteins. The solution-based blocking protocols commonly used in protein microarray assays often cause cross-contamination among probes and diminution of protein binding efficiency because of the spreading of blocking solution and the obstruction formed by the blocking molecules. In this paper, an alternative blocking process for protein microarray assays is proposed to obtain better performance by employing a vapor-phase deposition method to form self-assembled surface coatings using a highly fluorinated organosilane as the blocking agent on the background surfaces. Compared to conventional solution-based blocking processes, our experimental results showed that this vapor-phase process could shorten the blocking time from hours to less than 10 min, enhance the binding efficiency by up to 6 times, reduce the background noise by up to 16 times, and improve the S/N ratio by up to 64 times. This facile blocking process is compatible with current microarray assays using silica-based substrates and can be performed on many types of silane-modified surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Hsieh
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems (NEMS), National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan R.O.C
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31
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Ellington AA, Kullo IJ, Bailey KR, Klee GG. Antibody-based protein multiplex platforms: technical and operational challenges. Clin Chem 2009; 56:186-93. [PMID: 19959625 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.127514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of multiple protein biomarkers may refine risk stratification in clinical settings. This concept has stimulated development of multiplexed immunoassay platforms that provide multiple, parallel protein measurements on the same specimen. CONTENT We provide an overview of antibody-based multiplexed immunoassay platforms and discuss technical and operational challenges. Multiplexed immunoassays use traditional immunoassay principles in which high-affinity capture ligands are immobilized in parallel arrays in either planar format or on microspheres in suspension. Development of multiplexed immunoassays requires rigorous validation of assay configuration and analytical performance to minimize assay imprecision and inaccuracy. Challenges associated with multiplex configuration include selection and immobilization of capture ligands, calibration, interference between antibodies and proteins and assay diluents, and compatibility of assay limits of quantification. We discuss potential solutions to these challenges. Criteria for assessing analytical multiplex assay performance include the range of linearity, analytical specificity, recovery, and comparison to a quality reference method. Quality control materials are not well developed for multiplexed protein immunoassays, and algorithms for interpreting multiplex quality control data are needed. SUMMARY Technical and operational challenges have hindered implementation of multiplexed assays in clinical settings. Formal procedures that guide multiplex assay configuration, analytical validation, and quality control are needed before broad application of multiplexed arrays can occur in the in vitro diagnostic market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison A Ellington
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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32
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Quantification of target proteins using hydrogel antibody arrays and MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrometry (A2M2S). N Biotechnol 2009; 25:404-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Stoevesandt O, Taussig MJ, He M. Protein microarrays: high-throughput tools for proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2009; 6:145-57. [PMID: 19385942 PMCID: PMC7105755 DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays are versatile tools for parallel, miniaturized screening of binding events involving large numbers of immobilized proteins in a time- and cost-effective manner. They are increasingly applied for high-throughput protein analyses in many research areas, such as protein interactions, expression profiling and target discovery. While conventionally made by the spotting of purified proteins, recent advances in technology have made it possible to produce protein microarrays through in situ cell-free synthesis directly from corresponding DNA arrays. This article reviews recent developments in the generation of protein microarrays and their applications in proteomics and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oda Stoevesandt
- Babraham Bioscience Technologies Ltd., Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
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34
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Tedford NC, Hall AB, Graham JR, Murphy CE, Gordon NF, Radding JA. Quantitative analysis of cell signaling and drug action via mass spectrometry-based systems level phosphoproteomics. Proteomics 2009; 9:1469-87. [PMID: 19294625 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a primary form of information transfer in cell signaling pathways and plays a crucial role in regulating biological responses. Aberrant phosphorylation has been implicated in a number of diseases, and kinases and phosphatases, the cellular enzymes that control dynamic phosphorylation events, present attractive therapeutic targets. However, the innate complexity of signaling networks has presented many challenges to therapeutic target selection and successful drug development. Approaches in phosphoproteomics can contribute functional, systems-level datasets across signaling networks that can provide insight into suitable drug targets, more broadly profile compound activities, and identify key biomarkers to assess clinical outcomes. Advances in MS-based phosphoproteomics efforts now provide the ability to quantitate phosphorylation with throughput and sensitivity to sample a significant portion of the phosphoproteome in clinically relevant systems. This review will discuss recent work and examples of application data that demonstrate the utility of MS, with a particular focus on the use of quantitative phosphoproteomics and phosphotyrosine-directed signaling analyses to provide robust measurement for functional biological interpretation of drug action on signaling and phenotypic outcomes.
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35
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Poetz O, Hoeppe S, Templin MF, Stoll D, Joos TO. Proteome wide screening using peptide affinity capture. Proteomics 2009; 9:1518-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Rieger M, Cervino C, Sauceda JC, Niessner R, Knopp D. Efficient Hybridoma Screening Technique Using Capture Antibody Based Microarrays. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2373-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801898q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rieger
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Christian Cervino
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Jimena C. Sauceda
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Reinhard Niessner
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Dietmar Knopp
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair for Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377 München, Germany
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Kijanka G, IpCho S, Baars S, Chen H, Hadley K, Beveridge A, Gould E, Murphy D. Rapid characterization of binding specificity and cross-reactivity of antibodies using recombinant human protein arrays. J Immunol Methods 2009; 340:132-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Seidel M, Niessner R. Automated analytical microarrays: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1521-44. [PMID: 18504563 PMCID: PMC7080066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microarrays provide a powerful analytical tool for the simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a single experiment. The specific affinity reaction of nucleic acids (hybridization) and antibodies towards antigens is the most common bioanalytical method for generating multiplexed quantitative results. Nucleic acid-based analysis is restricted to the detection of cells and viruses. Antibodies are more universal biomolecular receptors that selectively bind small molecules such as pesticides, small toxins, and pharmaceuticals and to biopolymers (e.g. toxins, allergens) and complex biological structures like bacterial cells and viruses. By producing an appropriate antibody, the corresponding antigenic analyte can be detected on a multiplexed immunoanalytical microarray. Food and water analysis along with clinical diagnostics constitute potential application fields for multiplexed analysis. Diverse fluorescence, chemiluminescence, electrochemical, and label-free microarray readout systems have been developed in the last decade. Some of them are constructed as flow-through microarrays by combination with a fluidic system. Microarrays have the potential to become widely accepted as a system for analytical applications, provided that robust and validated results on fully automated platforms are successfully generated. This review gives an overview of the current research on microarrays with the focus on automated systems and quantitative multiplexed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Seidel
- Chair for Analytical Chemistry and Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, 81377, München, Germany.
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39
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Ressine A, Corin I, Järås K, Guanti G, Simone C, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T. Porous silicon surfaces: a candidate substrate for reverse protein arrays in cancer biomarker detection. Electrophoresis 2008; 28:4407-15. [PMID: 18041036 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a new substrate for reverse-phase protein microarray applications based on macroporous silicon. A key feature of the microarray substrate is the vastly surface enlarging properties of the porous silicon, which simultaneously offers highly confined microarray spots. The proof of principle of the reverse array concept was demonstrated in the detection of different levels of cyclin E, a possible cancer biomarker candidate which regulates G1-S transition and correlates with poor prognosis in different types of human cancers. The substrate properties were studied performing analysis of total cyclin E expression in human colon cancer cell lines Hct116 and SW480. The absence of unspecific binding and good microarray quality was demonstrated. In order to verify the performance of the 3-D textured macroporous surface for complex biological samples, lysates of the human tissue spiked to different levels with cell extract overproducing cyclin E (Hct116) were arrayed on the chip surface. The samples were spotted in a noncontact mode in 100 pL droplets with spots sizes ranged between 50 and 70 mum and spot-to-spot center distances 100 mum, allowing microarray spot densities up to 14 000 spots per cm(2). The different sample types of increasing complexities did not have any impact on the spot intensities recorded and the protein spots showed good homogeneity and reproducibility over the recorded microarrays. The data demonstrate the potential use of macroporous silicon as a substrate for quantitative determination of a cancer biomarker cyclin E in tissue lysates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ressine
- Department of Electrical Measurement, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Chaerkady R, Pandey A. Applications of Proteomics to Lab Diagnosis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2008; 3:485-98. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghothama Chaerkady
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore 560066, India
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology, and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine and Departments of Biological Chemistry, Oncology, and Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; ,
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41
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Charbonnier S, Gallego O, Gavin AC. The social network of a cell: recent advances in interactome mapping. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008; 14:1-28. [PMID: 18606358 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteins very rarely act in isolation. Biomolecular interactions are central to all biological functions. In human, for example, interference with biomolecular networks often lead to disease. Protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactions have traditionally been studied one by one. Recently, significant progresses have been made in adapting suitable tools for the global analysis of biomolecular interactions. Here we review this suite of powerful technologies that enable an exponentially growing number of large-scale interaction datasets. These new technologies have already contributed to a more comprehensive cartography of several pathways relevant to human pathologies, offering a broader choice for therapeutic targets. Genome-wide scale analyses in model organisms reveal general organizational principles of eukaryotic proteomes. We also review the biochemical approaches that have been used in the past on a smaller scale for the quantification of the binding constant and the thermodynamics parameters governing biomolecular interaction. The adaptation of these technologies to the large-scale measurement of biomolecular interactions in (semi-)quantitative terms represents an important challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Charbonnier
- EMBL, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Sandwich ELISA Microarrays: Generating Reliable and Reproducible Assays for High-Throughput Screens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-463-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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43
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Screening isolates from antibody phage-display libraries. Drug Discov Today 2007; 13:318-24. [PMID: 18405844 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibody phage display, coupled with automated screening, facilitates and potentiates the mining of complex combinatorial libraries and the identification of potent drug leads. In managing phage screening data, the behavior of individual phage isolates in binding assays must be linked to their antibody identities as deduced from DNA sequencing. Reviewed here are recently reported approaches for high-throughput screening of clones isolated from phage antibody libraries after selection on a defined antigen. Specific information management challenges, and possible solutions, are described for organizing screening data to enable rapid lead discovery using these antibody libraries.
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44
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Wang L, Cole KD, Peterson A, He HJ, Gaigalas AK, Zong Y. Monoclonal Antibody Selection for Interleukin-4 Quantification Using Suspension Arrays and Forward-Phase Protein Microarrays. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:4720-7. [DOI: 10.1021/pr070535s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Wang
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - K. D. Cole
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - A. Peterson
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - Hua-Jun He
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - A. K. Gaigalas
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312
| | - Y. Zong
- Full Moon BioSystems, Inc., 754 North Pastoria Avenue, Sunnyvale, California 94085
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45
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Stoevesandt O, Taussig MJ. Affinity reagent resources for human proteome detection: initiatives and perspectives. Proteomics 2007; 7:2738-50. [PMID: 17639606 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Essential to the ambition of characterising fully the human proteome are systematic and comprehensive collections of specific affinity reagents directed against all human proteins, including splice variants and modifications. Although a large number of affinity reagents are available commercially, their quality is often questionable and only a fraction of the proteome is covered. In order for more targets to be examined, there is a need for broad availability of panels of affinity reagents, including binders against proteins of unknown functions. The most familiar affinity reagents are antibodies and their fragments, but engineered forms of protein scaffolds and nucleic acid aptamers with similar diversity and binding properties are becoming viable alternatives. Recent initiatives in Europe and the USA have been established to improve both the availability and quality of reagents for affinity proteomics, with the ultimate aim of creating standardised collections of well-validated binding molecules for proteome analysis. As well as coordinating affinity reagent production through existing resources and technology providers, these projects aim to benchmark key molecular entities, tools, and applications, and establish the bioinformatics framework and databases needed. The benefits of such reagent resources will be seen in basic research, medicine and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oda Stoevesandt
- Technology Research Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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46
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Gershoni JM, Roitburd-Berman A, Siman-Tov DD, Tarnovitski Freund N, Weiss Y. Epitope mapping: the first step in developing epitope-based vaccines. BioDrugs 2007; 21:145-56. [PMID: 17516710 PMCID: PMC7100438 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200721030-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are an effective line of defense in preventing infectious diseases. Highly potent neutralizing antibodies can intercept a virus before it attaches to its target cell and, thus, inactivate it. This ability is based on the antibodies’ specific recognition of epitopes, the sites of the antigen to which antibodies bind. Thus, understanding the antibody/epitope interaction provides a basis for the rational design of preventive vaccines. It is assumed that immunization with the precise epitope, corresponding to an effective neutralizing antibody, would elicit the generation of similarly potent antibodies in the vaccinee. Such a vaccine would be a ‘B-cell epitope-based vaccine’, the implementation of which requires the ability to backtrack from a desired antibody to its corresponding epitope. In this article we discuss a range of methods that enable epitope discovery based on a specific antibody. Such a reversed immunological approach is the first step in the rational design of an epitope-based vaccine. Undoubtedly, the gold standard for epitope definition is x-ray analyses of crystals of antigen: antibody complexes. This method provides atomic resolution of the epitope; however, it is not readily applicable to many antigens and antibodies, and requires a very high degree of sophistication and expertise. Most other methods rely on the ability to monitor the binding of the antibody to antigen fragments or mutated variations. In mutagenesis of the antigen, loss of binding due to point modification of an amino acid residue is often considered an indication of an epitope component. In addition, computational combinatorial methods for epitope mapping are also useful. These methods rely on the ability of the antibody of interest to affinity isolate specific short peptides from combinatorial phage display peptide libraries. The peptides are then regarded as leads for the definition of the epitope corresponding to the antibody used to screen the peptide library. For epitope mapping, computational algorithms have been developed, such as Mapitope, which has recently been found to be effective in mapping conformational discontinuous epitopes. The pros and cons of various approaches towards epitope mapping are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Gershoni
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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47
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Weisser NE, Almquist KC, Hall JC. A rAb screening method for improving the probability of identifying peptide mimotopes of carbohydrate antigens. Vaccine 2007; 25:4611-22. [PMID: 17481782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Peptide mimotopes have been investigated as surrogate antigens of carbohydrate (CHO) targets on pathogen and tumor cells in vaccine and therapeutic discovery. One of the main bottlenecks in peptide mimotope discovery is the inability of initial screening regimes to differentiate between true mimotopes and non-mimotopes. As a result, subsequent in vivo analysis of putative peptide mimotopes is often inefficient requiring the use of experimental animals during a lengthy in vivo immunization process. Here, we demonstrate a rapid preliminary screening method to identify putative mimotopes using a recombinant antibody (rAb) library, which may increase the probability of identifying peptides that will elicit a CHO-cross-reactive response in vivo. A human naïve rAb library was screened against both an established peptide mimotope and a non-mimotope of the Group B Streptococcus (GBS) type III polysaccharide to determine if selected antibodies cross-reacted with the original GBS polysaccharide. We were able to differentiate between these two peptides because peptide-binding Abs that cross-reacted to GBS was isolated only with the peptide mimotope. We discuss the feasibility of using this method to significantly increase the breadth of screening and reduce the discovery time for peptide mimotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina E Weisser
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1
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48
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Wolter A, Niessner R, Seidel M. Preparation and characterization of functional poly(ethylene glycol) surfaces for the use of antibody microarrays. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4529-37. [PMID: 17516626 DOI: 10.1021/ac070243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein microarrays serve as measurement platforms for multianalytical applications. Small molecules, DNA, proteins, and cells are determined quantitatively. Amino-PEG surfaces can be a smart functional platform for protein microarrays with high signal-to-noise ratios. An effective step-by-step chemistry is developed for uniform presentation of terminal functional groups at each monolayer. Poly(ethelene glycol diamine) 2000 (DAPEG, 2000 g/mol) films were prepared onto silanized glass slides presenting epoxy groups. The uniformity of the grafted DAPEG monolayer is characterized by a chemiluminescence reaction using a chemiluminescence microarray reader with automated reagent supply and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/luminol reporter system. An intensity line plot on the horizontal axis was generated. The chemiluminescence intensities vary in a range of 2.6%. Antibodies against HRP as model system were immobilized on N-hydroxysuccinimide activated DAPEG layers by means of a microcontact roboter system. Chemiluminescence signals of bound HRP are detected at each spot with a standard deviation of 2.9%. The maximum antibody concentration that can be immobilized at the surface is determined with 1 mg/mL. Additives for an optimal spotting buffer are also studied. The use of the block-copolymer Pluronic F127 as antibody stabilizer is as well investigated as trehalose for the prevention of spot evaporation. The lowest detectable HRP concentration is 0.08 ng/mL determined on anti-HRP antibody microarrays. This study demonstrates how surfaces and analytical parameters for protein microarray applications can be characterized with a chemiluminescence readout system using a HRP reporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wolter
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
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49
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Ressine A, Marko-Varga G, Laurell T. Porous silicon protein microarray technology and ultra-/superhydrophobic states for improved bioanalytical readout. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2007; 13:149-200. [PMID: 17875477 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(07)13007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One attractive method for monitoring biomolecular interactions in a highly parallel fashion is the use of microarrays. Protein microarray technology is an emerging and promising tool for protein analysis, which ultimately may have a large impact in clinical diagnostics, drug discovery studies and basic protein research. This chapter is based upon several original papers presenting our effort in the development of new protein microarray chip technology. The work describes a novel 3D surface/platform for protein characterization based on porous silicon. The simple adjustment of pore morphology and geometry offers a convenient way to control wetting behavior of the microarray substrates. In this chapter, an interesting insight into the surface role in bioassays performance is made. The up-scaled fabrication of the novel porous chips is demonstrated and stability of the developed supports as well as the fluorescent bioassay reproducibility and data quality issues are addressed. We also describe the efforts made by our group to link protein microarrays to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), suggesting porous silicon as a convenient platform for fast on-surface protein digestion protocols linked to MS-readout. The fabrication of ultra- and superhydrophobic states on porous silicon is also described and the utilization of these water-repellent properties for a new microscaled approach to superhydrophobic MALDI-TOF MS target anchor chip is covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ressine
- Department of Electrical Measurements, Lund Institute of Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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50
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Schwenk JM, Lindberg J, Sundberg M, Uhlén M, Nilsson P. Determination of Binding Specificities in Highly Multiplexed Bead-based Assays for Antibody Proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:125-32. [PMID: 17060675 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t600035-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges of antibody-based proteomics is the quality assurance of the generated antibodies to ensure specificity to the target protein. Here we describe a single tube multiplex approach to simultaneously analyze the binding of antibodies to a large number of different antigens. This bead-based assay utilizes the full multiplexing capacity theoretically offered by the Luminex suspension array technology. A protocol for an increased coupling throughput for the immobilization of antigens was developed and used to set up complex and stabile 100-plex bead mixtures. The possibility of using a two-dimensional multiplexing, in terms of high numbers of both analytes and samples or as in this case antigens and antibodies, enables the specificity of 96 antibodies versus 100 different antigens to be determined in 2 h. This high throughput analysis will potentially have great impact on the possibility for the utilization of different antibody proteomics approaches where the quality assessment of antibodies is of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen M Schwenk
- Department of Proteomics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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