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Homan K, Onodera T, Matsuoka M, Iwasaki N. Glycosphingolipids in Osteoarthritis and Cartilage-Regeneration Therapy: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects Based on a Narrative Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4890. [PMID: 38732111 PMCID: PMC11084896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs), a subtype of glycolipids containing sphingosine, are critical components of vertebrate plasma membranes, playing a pivotal role in cellular signaling and interactions. In human articular cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA), GSL expression is known notably to decrease. This review focuses on the roles of gangliosides, a specific type of GSL, in cartilage degeneration and regeneration, emphasizing their regulatory function in signal transduction. The expression of gangliosides, whether endogenous or augmented exogenously, is regulated at the enzymatic level, targeting specific glycosyltransferases. This regulation has significant implications for the composition of cell-surface gangliosides and their impact on signal transduction in chondrocytes and progenitor cells. Different levels of ganglioside expression can influence signaling pathways in various ways, potentially affecting cell properties, including malignancy. Moreover, gene manipulations against gangliosides have been shown to regulate cartilage metabolisms and chondrocyte differentiation in vivo and in vitro. This review highlights the potential of targeting gangliosides in the development of therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis and cartilage injury and addresses promising directions for future research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomohiro Onodera
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan; (K.H.); (M.M.); (N.I.)
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2
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Shadrick M, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Expanding the scope of stereoselective α-galactosylation using glycosyl chlorides. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 73:117031. [PMID: 36202065 PMCID: PMC9677435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that silver(I) oxide mediated Koenigs-Knorr glycosylation reaction can be dramatically accelerated in the presence of catalytic acid additives. We have also investigated how well this reaction works in application to differentially protected galactosyl bromides. Reported herein is the stereoselective synthesis of α-galactosides with galactosyl chlorides as glycosyl donors. Chlorides are easily accessible, stable, and can be efficiently activated for glycosylation. In this application, the most favorable reactions conditions comprised cooperative Ag2SO4 and Bi(OTf)3 promoter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Shadrick
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, 3501 Laclede Ave, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA.
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3
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Qu Y, He Y, Meng B, Zhang X, Ding J, Kou X, Teng W, Shi S. Apoptotic vesicles inherit SOX2 from pluripotent stem cells to accelerate wound healing by energizing mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:258-272. [PMID: 35830925 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Billions of cells undergo apoptosis every day in the human body, resulting in the generation of a large number of apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) to maintain organ and tissue homeostasis. However, the characteristics and function of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived apoVs (PSC-apoVs) are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) produced larger numbers of apoVs than human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs) do when induced by staurosporine. In addition to expressing the general apoV markers cleaved caspase 3, Annexin V, calreticulin, ALIX, CD63 and TSG101, ESC-apoVs inherited pluripotent-specific molecules SOX2 from ESCs in a caspase 3-dependent manner. Moreover, ESC-apoVs could promote mouse skin wound healing via transferring SOX2 into skin MSCs via activating Hippo signaling pathway. Collectively, these findings reveal that apoVs are capable of inheriting pluripotent molecules from ESCs to energize adult stem cells, suggesting the potential to use PSC-apoVs for clinical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) are essential to maintain organ and tissue homeostasis. However, the characteristics and function of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived apoVs (PSC-apoVs) are largely unknown. This study showed that PSC-apoVs produced 100 times more apoVs than human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UMSCs). Despite expressing the general apoV makers, PSC-apoVs inherited pluripotent-specific molecule SOX2 from PSCs in a caspase 3-dependent manner. Moreover, PSC-apoVs promote mouse skin wound healing via transferring SOX2 into skin MSCs, thus activating Hippo signaling pathway. These findings reveal that apoVs are capable of inheriting pluripotent molecules from PSCs to energize adult stem cells, thus providing a cell-free strategy for clinical applications of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan He
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bowen Meng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Junjun Ding
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxing Kou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wei Teng
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510055, China.
| | - Songtao Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, South China Center of Craniofacial Stem Cell Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 510055, Guangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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4
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Disruption of RING and PHD Domains of TRIM28 Evokes Differentiation in Human iPSCs. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081933. [PMID: 34440702 PMCID: PMC8394524 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM28, a multi-domain protein, is crucial in the development of mouse embryos and the maintenance of embryonic stem cells’ (ESC) self-renewal potential. As the epigenetic factor modulating chromatin structure, TRIM28 regulates the expression of numerous genes and is associated with progression and poor prognosis in many types of cancer. Because of many similarities between highly dedifferentiated cancer cells and normal pluripotent stem cells, we applied human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) as a model for stemness studies. For the first time in hiPSC, we analyzed the function of individual TRIM28 domains. Here we demonstrate the essential role of a really interesting new gene (RING) domain and plant homeodomain (PHD) in regulating pluripotency maintenance and self-renewal capacity of hiPSC. Our data indicate that mutation within the RING or PHD domain leads to the loss of stem cell phenotypes and downregulation of the FGF signaling. Moreover, impairment of RING or PHD domain results in decreased proliferation and impedes embryoid body formation. In opposition to previous data indicating the impact of phosphorylation on TRIM28 function, our data suggest that TRIM28 phosphorylation does not significantly affect the pluripotency and self-renewal maintenance of hiPSC. Of note, iPSC with disrupted RING and PHD functions display downregulation of genes associated with tumor metastasis, which are considered important targets in cancer treatment. Our data suggest the potential use of RING and PHD domains of TRIM28 as targets in cancer therapy.
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5
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Petrus-Reurer S, Romano M, Howlett S, Jones JL, Lombardi G, Saeb-Parsy K. Immunological considerations and challenges for regenerative cellular therapies. Commun Biol 2021; 4:798. [PMID: 34172826 PMCID: PMC8233383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The central goal of regenerative medicine is to replace damaged or diseased tissue with cells that integrate and function optimally. The capacity of pluripotent stem cells to produce unlimited numbers of differentiated cells is of considerable therapeutic interest, with several clinical trials underway. However, the host immune response represents an important barrier to clinical translation. Here we describe the role of the host innate and adaptive immune responses as triggers of allogeneic graft rejection. We discuss how the immune response is determined by the cellular therapy. Additionally, we describe the range of available in vitro and in vivo experimental approaches to examine the immunogenicity of cellular therapies, and finally we review potential strategies to ameliorate immune rejection. In conclusion, we advocate establishment of platforms that bring together the multidisciplinary expertise and infrastructure necessary to comprehensively investigate the immunogenicity of cellular therapies to ensure their clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Marco Romano
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Howlett
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Louise Jones
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kourosh Saeb-Parsy
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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6
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Ahamad N, Singh BB. Calcium channels and their role in regenerative medicine. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:260-280. [PMID: 33959218 PMCID: PMC8080543 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i4.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold indefinite self-renewable capability that can be differentiated into all desired cell types. Based on their plasticity potential, they are divided into totipotent (morula stage cells), pluripotent (embryonic stem cells), multipotent (hematopoietic stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells [MSCs]), and unipotent (progenitor cells that differentiate into a single lineage) cells. Though bone marrow is the primary source of multipotent stem cells in adults, other tissues such as adipose tissues, placenta, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, periodontal ligament, and dental pulp also harbor stem cells that can be used for regenerative therapy. In addition, induced pluripotent stem cells also exhibit fundamental properties of self-renewal and differentiation into specialized cells, and thus could be another source for regenerative medicine. Several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, virus infection (also coronavirus disease 2019) have limited success with conventional medicine, and stem cell transplantation is assumed to be the best therapy to treat these disorders. Importantly, MSCs, are by far the best for regenerative medicine due to their limited immune modulation and adequate tissue repair. Moreover, MSCs have the potential to migrate towards the damaged area, which is regulated by various factors and signaling processes. Recent studies have shown that extracellular calcium (Ca2+) promotes the proliferation of MSCs, and thus can assist in transplantation therapy. Ca2+ signaling is a highly adaptable intracellular signal that contains several components such as cell-surface receptors, Ca2+ channels/pumps/exchangers, Ca2+ buffers, and Ca2+ sensors, which together are essential for the appropriate functioning of stem cells and thus modulate their proliferative and regenerative capacity, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassem Ahamad
- School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78257, United States
| | - Brij B Singh
- School of Dentistry, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78257, United States
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7
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Guo X, Tang L, Tang X. Current Developments in Cell Replacement Therapy for Parkinson's Disease. Neuroscience 2021; 463:370-382. [PMID: 33774124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. PD is caused mainly by depletion of the nigrostriatal pathway. Conventional medications such as levodopa are highly effective in the early stage of PD; however, these medications fail to prevent the underlying neurodegeneration. Cell replacement therapy (CRT) is a strategy to achieve long-term motor improvements by preventing or slowing disease progression. Replacement therapy can also increase the number of surviving dopaminergic neurons, an outcome confirmed by positron emission tomography and immunostaining. Several promising cell sources offer authentic and functional dopaminergic replacement neurons. These cell sources include fetal ventral mesencephalic tissue, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from various tissues, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and induced neural cells. To fully develop the potential of CRT, we need to recognize the advantages and limitations of these cell sources. For example, although fetal ventral midbrain is efficacious in some patients, its ethical issues and the existence of graft-induced dyskinesias (GID) have prevented its use in large-scale clinical applications. ESCs have reliable isolation protocols and the potential to differentiate into dopaminergic progenitors. iPSCs and induced neural cells are suitable for autologous grafting. Here we review milestone improvements and emerging sources for cell-based PD therapy to serve as a framework for clinicians and a key reference to develop replacement therapy for other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Guo
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Lisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China.
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Vibrational Spectroscopy for In Vitro Monitoring Stem Cell Differentiation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235554. [PMID: 33256146 PMCID: PMC7729886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell technology has attracted considerable attention over recent decades due to its enormous potential in regenerative medicine and disease therapeutics. Studying the underlying mechanisms of stem cell differentiation and tissue generation is critical, and robust methodologies and different technologies are required. Towards establishing improved understanding and optimised triggering and control of differentiation processes, analytical techniques such as flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RNA in situ hybridisation analysis, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting have contributed much. However, progress in the field remains limited because such techniques provide only limited information, as they are only able to address specific, selected aspects of the process, and/or cannot visualise the process at the subcellular level. Additionally, many current analytical techniques involve the disruption of the investigation process (tissue sectioning, immunostaining) and cannot monitor the cellular differentiation process in situ, in real-time. Vibrational spectroscopy, as a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive analytical technique, appears to be a promising candidate to potentially overcome many of these limitations as it can provide detailed biochemical fingerprint information for analysis of cells, tissues, and body fluids. The technique has been widely used in disease diagnosis and increasingly in stem cell technology. In this work, the efforts regarding the use of vibrational spectroscopy to identify mechanisms of stem cell differentiation at a single cell and tissue level are summarised. Both infrared absorption and Raman spectroscopic investigations are explored, and the relative merits, and future perspectives of the techniques are discussed.
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9
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Li Y, Qin H, Ye M. An overview on enrichment methods for cell surface proteome profiling. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:292-312. [PMID: 31521063 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface proteins are essential for many important biological processes, including cell-cell interactions, signal transduction, and molecular transportation. With the characteristics of low abundance, high hydrophobicity, and high heterogeneity, it is difficult to get a comprehensive view of cell surface proteome by direct analysis. Thus, it is important to selectively enrich the cell surface proteins before liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis. In recent years, a variety of enrichment methods have been developed. Based on the separation mechanism, these methods could be mainly classified into three types. The first type is based on their difference in the physicochemical property, such as size, density, charge, and hydrophobicity. The second one is based on the bimolecular affinity interaction with lectin or antibody. And the third type is based on the chemical covalent coupling to free side groups of surface-exposed proteins or carbohydrate chains, such as primary amines, carboxyl groups, glycan side chains. In addition, metabolic labeling and enzymatic reaction-based methods have also been employed to selectively isolate cell surface proteins. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the enrichment methods for cell surface proteome profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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10
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Zhu Q, Ling X, Yang Y, Zhang J, Li Q, Niu X, Hu G, Chen B, Li H, Wang Y, Deng Z. Embryonic Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Endowed with Targeting Properties as Chemotherapeutics Delivery Vehicles for Glioblastoma Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801899. [PMID: 30937268 PMCID: PMC6425428 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanosized membrane vesicles (30-100 nm) that can easily penetrate the blood-brain barrier, safely deliver therapeutic drugs, and be modified with target ligands. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide abundant exosome sources for clinical application due to their almost unlimited self-renewal. Previous studies show that exosomes secreted by ESCs (ESC-exos) have antitumor properties. However, it is not known whether ESC-exos inhibit glioblastoma (GBM) growth. In this study, the anti-GBM effect of ESC-exos is confirmed and then c(RGDyK)-modified and paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded ESC-exos, named cRGD-Exo-PTX are prepared. It is then investigated whether the engineered exosomes deliver more efficiently to GBM cells versus free drug alone and drug-loaded ESC-exos using an in vitro GBM model and in vivo subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts model. The results show that cRGD-Exo-PTX significantly improves the curative effects of PTX in GBM via enhanced targeting. These data indicate that ESC-exos are potentially powerful therapeutic carriers for GBM and could have utility in many other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Xiaozheng Ling
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Xin Niu
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Guowen Hu
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Bi Chen
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Med‐X Research Institute, School of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong University1954 Huashan RoadShanghai200030China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on ExtremitiesShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
| | - Zhifeng Deng
- Department of NeurosurgeryShanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Sixth People' HospitalNo. 600 Yishan RoadShanghai200233China
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Shekari F, Han CL, Lee J, Mirzaei M, Gupta V, Haynes PA, Lee B, Baharvand H, Chen YJ, Hosseini Salekdeh G. Surface markers of human embryonic stem cells: a meta analysis of membrane proteomics reports. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 15:911-922. [PMID: 30358457 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2018.1539669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unique biological features and attributes that make them attractive in various areas of biomedical research. With heightened applications, there is an ever increasing need for advancement of proteome analysis. Membrane proteins are one of the most important subset of hESC proteins as they can be used as surface markers. Areas covered: This review discusses commonly used surface markers of hESCs, and provides in-depth analysis of available hESC membrane proteome reports and the existence of these markers in many other cell types, especially cancer cells. Appreciating, existing ambiguity in the definition of a membrane protein, we have attempted a meta analysis of the published membrane protein reports of hESCs by using a combination of protein databases and prediction tools to find the most confident plasma membrane proteins in hESCs. Furthermore, responsiveness of plasma membrane proteins to differentiation has been discussed based on available transcriptome profiling data bank. Expert commentary: Combined transcriptome and membrane proteome analysis highlighted additional proteins that may eventually find utility as new cell surface markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Shekari
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Chia-Li Han
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Jaesuk Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,f Australian Proteome Analysis Facility , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- g Department of Clinical Medicine , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Bonghee Lee
- d Center for Genomics and Proteomics, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- b Department of Developmental Biology , University of Science and Culture, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,h Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- c Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program , Institute of Chemistry , Taipei , Taiwan , Republic of China
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- a Department of Molecular Systems Biology at Cell Science Research Center , Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Molecular Sciences , Macquarie University , Sydney , NSW , Australia.,i Department of Systems and Synthetic biology , Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization , Karaj , Iran
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12
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Panza M, Pistorio SG, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Automated Chemical Oligosaccharide Synthesis: Novel Approach to Traditional Challenges. Chem Rev 2018; 118:8105-8150. [PMID: 29953217 PMCID: PMC6522228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Advances in carbohydrate chemistry have certainly made common oligosaccharides much more accessible. However, many current methods still rely heavily upon specialized knowledge of carbohydrate chemistry. The application of automated technologies to chemical and life science applications such as genomics and proteomics represents a vibrant field. These automated technologies also present opportunities for their application to organic synthesis, including that of the synthesis of oligosaccharides. However, application of automated methods to the synthesis of carbohydrates is an underdeveloped area as compared to other classes of biomolecules. The overarching goal of this review article is to present the advances that have been made at the interface of carbohydrate chemistry and automated technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Panza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Salvatore G. Pistorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
| | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri–St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, United States
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13
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Liao CH, Wang YH, Chang WW, Yang BC, Wu TJ, Liu WL, Yu AL, Yu J. Leucine-Rich Repeat Neuronal Protein 1 Regulates Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells by Post-Translational Modifications of Pluripotency Factors. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1514-1524. [PMID: 29893054 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell surface markers may facilitate a better understanding of stem cell biology through molecular function studies or serve as tools to monitor the differentiation status and behavior of stem cells in culture or tissue. Thus, it is important to identify additional novel stem cell markers. We used glycoproteomics to discover surface glycoproteins on human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that may be useful stem cell markers. We found that a surface glycoprotein, leucine-rich repeat neuronal protein 1 (LRRN1), is expressed abundantly on the surface of hESCs before differentiation into embryoid bodies (EBs). Silencing of LRRN1 with short hairpin RNA (shLRRN1) in hESCs resulted in decreased capacity of self-renewal, and skewed differentiation toward endoderm/mesoderm lineages in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the pluripotency factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 were reduced. Interestingly, the mRNA levels of these pluripotency factors were not affected in LRRN1 silenced cells, but protein half-lives were substantially shortened. Furthermore, we found LRRN1 silencing led to nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of all three pluripotency factors. In addition, the effects on nuclear export were mediated by AKT phosphorylation. These results suggest that LRRN1 plays an important role in maintaining the protein stability of pluripotency factors through AKT phosphorylation, thus maintaining hESC self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. Overall, we found that LRRN1 contributes to pluripotency of hESC by preventing translocation of OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2 from nucleus to cytoplasm, thereby lessening their post-translational modification and degradation. Stem Cells 2018;36:1514-1524.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Huang Liao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bei-Chia Yang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Jung Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Liu
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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14
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Stem cells in regenerative medicine - from laboratory to clinical application - the eye. Cent Eur J Immunol 2017; 42:173-180. [PMID: 28860936 PMCID: PMC5573891 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2017.69360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are currently one of the most researched and explored subject in science. They consstitue a very promising part of regenerative medicine and have many potential clinical applications. Harnessing their ability to replicate and differentiate into many cell types can enable successful treatment of diseases that were incurable until now. There are numerous types of stem cells (e.g. ESCs, FSCs, ASCs, iPSCs) and many different methods of deriving and cultivating them in order to obtain viable material. The eye is one of the most interesting targets for stem cell therapies. In this article we summarise different aspects of stem cells, discussing their characteristics, sources and methods of culture. We also demonstrate the most recent clinical applications in ophthalmology based on an extensive current literature review. Tissue engineering techniques developed for corneal limbal stem cell deficiency, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are among those presented. Both laboratory and clinical aspects of stem cells are discussed.
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Green L, Ofstein RH, Rapp B, Saadatzadeh MR, Bhavsar JR, Fajardo A, Dalsing MC, Ingram DA, Murphy MP. Adult venous endothelium is a niche for highly proliferative and vasculogenic endothelial colony-forming cells. J Vasc Surg 2017; 66:1854-1863. [PMID: 28655551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postnatal resident endothelium of blood vessels has been proposed to represent terminally differentiated tissue that does not replicate. We previously isolated endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) from human umbilical cord blood (CB) and term placenta by using colony-forming assays and immunocytochemistry. We showed that ECFCs are highly proliferative and form functioning vessels in vivo, the defining characteristics of a true endothelial progenitor cell. This exploratory investigation was conducted to determine whether the endothelium of healthy adult blood vessels contained resident ECFCs. METHODS The endothelium of great saphenous vein (GSV) obtained from vein stripping procedures was collected with mechanical scraping, and ECFCs were isolated according to established protocols. RESULTS GSV ECFCs incorporated acetylated low-density lipoprotein, formed tubules in Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif) at 24 hours, and expressed endothelial antigens cluster of differentiation (CD) 144, CD31, CD105, and kinase insert domain receptor but not hematopoietic antigen CD45. Using cumulative population doublings and single-cell assays, we demonstrated that GSV ECFCs exhibited comparable proliferative capacities compared with CB ECFCs, including similar numbers of highly proliferative cells. When injected in collagen/fibronectin gels implanted in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency mice, GSV ECFCs formed blood vessels with circulating murine red blood cells, demonstrating their vasculogenic potential. CONCLUSIONS The ECFCs of the GSV contain a hierarchy of progenitor cells with a comparable number of highly proliferative clones as ECFCs of CB. The results of this investigation demonstrate that the adult endothelium contains resident progenitor cells that may have a critical role in vascular homeostasis and repair and could potentially be used as a source of autologous cells for cell therapies focusing on vasculogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Green
- Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind.
| | - Richard H Ofstein
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Brian Rapp
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Janak R Bhavsar
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Andres Fajardo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Michael C Dalsing
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - David A Ingram
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Surgery, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind; Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University Health Center for Aortic Disease, Indianapolis, Ind
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16
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Smith KN, Starmer J, Miller SC, Sethupathy P, Magnuson T. Long Noncoding RNA Moderates MicroRNA Activity to Maintain Self-Renewal in Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:108-121. [PMID: 28579393 PMCID: PMC5511051 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the thousands of long noncoding RNAs expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), few have known roles and fewer have been functionally implicated in the regulation of self-renewal and pluripotency, or the reprogramming of somatic cells to the pluripotent state. In ESCs, Cyrano is a stably expressed long intergenic noncoding RNA with no previously assigned role. We demonstrate that Cyrano contributes to ESC maintenance, as its depletion results in the loss of hallmarks of self-renewal. Delineation of Cyrano's network through transcriptomics revealed widespread effects on signaling pathways and gene expression networks that contribute to ESC maintenance. Cyrano shares unique sequence complementarity with the differentiation-associated microRNA, mir-7, and mir-7 overexpression reduces expression of a key self-renewal factor to a similar extent as Cyrano knockdown. This suggests that Cyrano functions to restrain the action of mir-7. Altogether, we provide a view into the multifaceted function of Cyrano in ESC maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keriayn N Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joshua Starmer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sarah C Miller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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17
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Ember KJI, Hoeve MA, McAughtrie SL, Bergholt MS, Dwyer BJ, Stevens MM, Faulds K, Forbes SJ, Campbell CJ. Raman spectroscopy and regenerative medicine: a review. NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:12. [PMID: 29302348 PMCID: PMC5665621 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine spans a wide area of the biomedical landscape-from single cell culture in laboratories to human whole-organ transplantation. To ensure that research is transferrable from bench to bedside, it is critical that we are able to assess regenerative processes in cells, tissues, organs and patients at a biochemical level. Regeneration relies on a large number of biological factors, which can be perturbed using conventional bioanalytical techniques. A versatile, non-invasive, non-destructive technique for biochemical analysis would be invaluable for the study of regeneration; and Raman spectroscopy is a potential solution. Raman spectroscopy is an analytical method by which chemical data are obtained through the inelastic scattering of light. Since its discovery in the 1920s, physicists and chemists have used Raman scattering to investigate the chemical composition of a vast range of both liquid and solid materials. However, only in the last two decades has this form of spectroscopy been employed in biomedical research. Particularly relevant to regenerative medicine are recent studies illustrating its ability to characterise and discriminate between healthy and disease states in cells, tissue biopsies and in patients. This review will briefly outline the principles behind Raman spectroscopy and its variants, describe key examples of its applications to biomedicine, and consider areas of regenerative medicine that would benefit from this non-invasive bioanalytical tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. I. Ember
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Marieke A. Hoeve
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Sarah L. McAughtrie
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Benjamin J. Dwyer
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- 0000 0001 2113 8111grid.7445.2Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Karen Faulds
- 0000000121138138grid.11984.35Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Building, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD UK
| | - Stuart J. Forbes
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Colin J. Campbell
- 0000 0004 1936 7988grid.4305.2School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ UK
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18
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Elahimehr R, Scheinok AT, McKay DB. Hematopoietic stem cells and solid organ transplantation. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2016; 30:227-34. [PMID: 27553809 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation provides lifesaving therapy for patients with end stage organ disease. In order for the transplanted organ to survive, the recipient must take a lifelong cocktail of immunosuppressive medications that increase the risk for infections, malignancies and drug toxicities. Data from many animal studies have shown that recipients can be made tolerant of their transplanted organ by infusing stem cells, particularly hematopoietic stem cells, prior to the transplant. The animal data have been translated into humans and now several clinical trials have demonstrated that infusion of hematopoietic stem cells, along with specialized conditioning regimens, can permit solid organ allograft survival without immunosuppressive medications. This important therapeutic advance has been made possible by understanding the immunologic mechanisms by which stem cells modify the host immune system, although it must be cautioned that the conditioning regimens are often severe and associated with significant morbidity. This review discusses the role of hematopoietic stem cells in solid organ transplantation, provides an understanding of how these stem cells modify the host immune system and describes how newer information about adaptive and innate immunity might lead to improvements in the use of hematopoietic stem cells to induce tolerance to transplanted organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Elahimehr
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew T Scheinok
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dianne B McKay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology/Hypertension, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Immunomodulators regulate stem cell activity at all stages of development as well as during adulthood. Embryonic stem cell (ESC) proliferation as well as neurogenic processes during embryonic development are controlled by factors of the immune system. We review here immunophenotypic expression patterns of different stem cell types, including ESC, neural (NSC) and tissue-specific mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and focus on immunodulatory properties of these cells. Immune and inflammatory responses, involving actions of cytokines as well as toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling are known to affect the differentiation capacity of NSC and MSC. Secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory messengers by MSC have been observed as the consequence of TLR and cytokine activation and promotion of differentiation into specified phenotypes. As result of augmented differentiation capacity, stem cells secrete angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor, resulting in multifactorial actions in tissue repair. Immunoregulatory properties of tissue specific adult stem cells are put into the context of possible clinical applications.
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20
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Suma GN, Arora MP, Lakhanpal M. Stem cell therapy: A novel treatment approach for oral mucosal lesions. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7:2-8. [PMID: 25709329 PMCID: PMC4333622 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.149809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have enormous potential to alleviate sufferings of many diseases that currently have no effective therapy. The research in this field is growing at an exponential rate. Stem cells are master cells that have specialized capability for self-renewal, potency and capability to differentiate to many cell types. At present, the adult mesenchymal stem cells are being used in the head and neck region for orofacial regeneration (including enamel, dentin, pulp and alveolar bone) in lieu of their proliferative and regenerative properties, their use in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions is still in budding stages. Moreover, there is scanty literature available regarding role of stem cell therapy in the treatment of commonly seen oral mucosal lesions like oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, oral ulcers and oral mucositis. The present review will focus on the current knowledge about the role of stem cell therapies in oral mucosal lesions and could facilitate new advancements in this area (articles were obtained from electronic media like PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane and Medline etc., from year 2000 to 2014 to review the role of stem cell therapy in oral mucosal lesions).
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Suma
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, ITS CDSR, Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhu Pruthi Arora
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, ITS CDSR, Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manisha Lakhanpal
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, ITS CDSR, Dental College and Hospital, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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21
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22
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Sun B. Proteomics and glycoproteomics of pluripotent stem-cell surface proteins. Proteomics 2014; 15:1152-63. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyun Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University; Burnaby British Columbia Canada
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23
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Kim EY, Kim JW, Kim WK, Han BS, Park SG, Chung BH, Lee SC, Bae KH. Selection of aptamers for mature white adipocytes by cell SELEX using flow cytometry. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97747. [PMID: 24844710 PMCID: PMC4028271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue, mainly composed of adipocytes, plays an important role in metabolism by regulating energy homeostasis. Obesity is primarily caused by an abundance of adipose tissue. Therefore, specific targeting of adipose tissue is critical during the treatment of obesity, and plays a major role in overcoming it. However, the knowledge of cell-surface markers specific to adipocytes is limited. METHODS AND RESULTS We applied the CELL SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) method using flow cytometry to isolate molecular probes for specific recognition of adipocytes. The aptamer library, a mixture of FITC-tagged single-stranded random DNAs, is used as a source for acquiring molecular probes. With the increasing number of selection cycles, there was a steady increase in the fluorescence intensity toward mature adipocytes. Through 12 rounds of SELEX, enriched aptamers showing specific recognition toward mature 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells were isolated. Among these, two aptamers (MA-33 and 91) were able to selectively bind to mature adipocytes with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) in the nanomolar range. These aptamers did not bind to preadipocytes or other cell lines (such as HeLa, HEK-293, or C2C12 cells). Additionally, it was confirmed that MA-33 and 91 can distinguish between mature primary white and primary brown adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS These selected aptamers have the potential to be applied as markers for detecting mature white adipocytes and monitoring adipogenesis, and could emerge as an important tool in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kon Kim
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek Soo Han
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Park
- Medical Proteomics Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Chung
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Bioconvergence Research Institute, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Research Center for Integrated Cellulomics, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Shinchi H, Wakao M, Nagata N, Sakamoto M, Mochizuki E, Uematsu T, Kuwabata S, Suda Y. Cadmium-free sugar-chain-immobilized fluorescent nanoparticles containing low-toxicity ZnS-AgInS2 cores for probing lectin and cells. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:286-95. [PMID: 24437371 DOI: 10.1021/bc400425w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Sugar chains play a significant role in various biological processes through sugar chain-protein and sugar chain-sugar chain interactions. To date, various tools for analyzing sugar chains biofunctions have been developed. Fluorescent nanoparticles (FNPs) functionalized with carbohydrate, such as quantum dots (QDs), are an attractive imaging tool for analyzing carbohydrate biofunctions in vitro and in vivo. Most FNPs, however, consist of highly toxic elements such as cadmium, tellurium, selenium, and so on, causing problems in long-term bioimaging because of their cytotoxicity. In this study, we developed cadmium-free sugar-chain-immobilized fluorescent nanoparticles (SFNPs) using ZnS-AgInS2 (ZAIS) solid solution nanoparticles (NPs) of low or negligible toxicity as core components, and investigated their bioavailability and cytotoxicity. SFNPs were prepared by mixing our originally developed sugar-chain-ligand conjugates with ZAIS/ZnS core/shell NPs. In binding experiments with lectin, the obtained ZAIS/ZnS SFNPs interacted with an appropriate lectin to give specific aggregates, and their binding interaction was visually and/or spectroscopically detected. In addition, these SFNPs were successfully utilized for cytometry analysis and cellular imaging in which the cell was found to possess different sugar-binding properties. The results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that SFNPs containing ZAIS/ZnS have much lower toxicity than those containing cadmium. These data strongly suggest that our designed SFNPs can be widely utilized in various biosensing applications involved in carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , 1-21-40 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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Melo-Braga MN, Schulz M, Liu Q, Swistowski A, Palmisano G, Engholm-Keller K, Jakobsen L, Zeng X, Larsen MR. Comprehensive quantitative comparison of the membrane proteome, phosphoproteome, and sialiome of human embryonic and neural stem cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 13:311-28. [PMID: 24173317 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate into neural stem cells (NSCs), which can further be differentiated into neurons and glia cells. Therefore, these cells have huge potential as source for treatment of neurological diseases. Membrane-associated proteins are very important in cellular signaling and recognition, and their function and activity are frequently regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation. To obtain information about membrane-associated proteins and their modified amino acids potentially involved in changes of hESCs and NSCs as well as to investigate potential new markers for these two cell stages, we performed large-scale quantitative membrane-proteomic of hESCs and NSCs. This approach employed membrane purification followed by peptide dimethyl labeling and peptide enrichment to study the membrane subproteome as well as changes in phosphorylation and sialylation between hESCs and NSCs. Combining proteomics and modification specific proteomics we identified a total of 5105 proteins whereof 57% contained transmembrane domains or signal peptides. The enrichment strategy yielded a total of 10,087 phosphorylated peptides in which 78% of phosphopeptides were identified with ≥99% confidence in site assignment and 1810 unique formerly sialylated N-linked glycopeptides. Several proteins were identified as significantly regulated in hESCs and NSC, including proteins involved in the early embryonic and neural development. In the latter group of proteins, we could identify potential NSC markers as Crumbs 2 and several novel proteins. A motif analysis of the altered phosphosites showed a sequence consensus motif (R-X-XpS/T) significantly up-regulated in NSC. This motif is among other kinases recognized by the calmodulin-dependent protein kinase-2, emphasizing a possible importance of this kinase for this cell stage. Collectively, this data represent the most diverse set of post-translational modifications reported for hESCs and NSCs. This study revealed potential markers to distinguish NSCs from hESCs and will contribute to improve our understanding on the differentiation process.
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Santin G, Paulis M, Vezzoni P, Pacchiana G, Bottiroli G, Croce AC. Autofluorescence properties of murine embryonic stem cells during spontaneous differentiation phases. Lasers Surg Med 2013; 45:597-607. [PMID: 24114723 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The autofluorescence (AF) analysis allows in vivo, real-time assessment of cell functional activities, depending on the presence of biomolecules strictly involved in metabolic reactions and acting as endogenous fluorophores. Pluripotent stem cells during differentiation are known to undergo changes in their morphofunctional properties, with particular reference to bioenergetic metabolic signatures involving endogenous fluorophores such as NAD(P)H, flavins, lipofuscin-like lipopigments. Since the development of regenerative therapies based on pluripotent cells requires a careful monitoring of the successful maturation into the desired phenotype, aim of our work is to evaluate the AF potential to assess the differentiation phases in a murine stem cell model. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) maintained with and without leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), embryoid bodies (EBs), and EB-derived cells undergoing spontaneous differentiation toward the hematopoietic lineage have been used as a sample models. Cell AF properties have been characterized upon 366-nm excitation, under living conditions and in the absence of exogenous markers. Imaging, microspectrofluorometric techniques, and spectral fitting analysis based on the spectral parameters of each endogenous fluorophore have been applied to estimate their contribution to the whole cell AF emission spectra. Specific cytochemical labeling has been performed to validate AF data. RESULTS Depending on the differentiation phases, cells undergo changes in morphology, AF distribution patterns, and AF emission spectral profiles. These latter reflect variations in the single endogenous fluorophore contribution to the overall emission. The coenzyme NAD(P)H accounts for up to 80% of the whole spectral area. The free form prevails on the bound one, and their changes have been investigated in terms of NAD(P)Hbound/free and redox ratios. These values vary in agreement with a slow metabolic activity and prevailing glycolytic metabolism in the undifferentiated HM1 cells, an increased metabolic activity still relying on glycolysis during the early differentiation phases, and an increased oxidative phosphorylation in EB and hematopoietic precursor cells. Lipofuscin-like lipopigments decrease following differentiation, and porphyrins contributing for less than 5%, prevail in the more actively differentiating cells. These results reflect the shift between anaerobic and aerobic respiration following differentiation, consistently with a decreased autophagy of cell organelles (i.e., mitochondria, as a strategy reported in the literature to keep the undifferentiated homeostasis state), higher mitochondrial activity with more numerous NADH binding sites and synthesis of heme as prosthetic group of proteins, that is, cytochromes. CONCLUSIONS These data open promising perspectives for the monitoring of stem cells differentiation under living conditions without labeling with exogenous agents (inducing perturbations when used in vivo), or immunomarkers not always available for veterinary and zootechnics, by exploiting endogenous fluorophores as intrinsic biomarkers of cell morphofunctional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Santin
- IGM-CNR and Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
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Clemens G, Flower KR, Henderson AP, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Jimenez-Hernandez M, Ball F, Bassan P, Cinque G, Gardner P. The action of all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and synthetic retinoid analogues (EC19 and EC23) on human pluripotent stem cells differentiation investigated using single cell infrared microspectroscopy. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:677-92. [PMID: 23364809 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
All trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is widely used to direct the differentiation of cultured stem cells. When exposed to the pluripotent human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell line, TERA2.cl.SP12, ATRA induces ectoderm differentiation and the formation of neuronal cell types. We have previously generated synthetic analogues of retinoic acid (EC23 and EC19) which also induce the differentiation of EC cells. Even though EC23 and EC19 have similar chemical structures, they have differing biochemical effects in terms of EC cell differentiation. EC23 induces neuronal differentiation in a manner similar to ATRA, whereas EC19 directs the cells to form epithelial-like derivatives. Previous MALDI-TOF MS analysis examined the response of TERA2.cl.SP12 cells after exposure to ATRA, EC23 and EC19 and further demonstrated the similarly in the effect of ATRA and EC23 activity whilst responses to EC19 were very different. In this study, we show that Fourier Transform Infrared Micro-Spectroscopy (FT-IRMS) coupled with appropriate scatter correction and multivariate analysis can be used as an effective tool to further investigate the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and monitor the alternative affects different retinoid compounds have on the induction of differentiation. FT-IRMS detected differences between cell populations as early as 3 days of compound treatment. Populations of cells treated with different retinoid compounds could easily be distinguished from one another during the early stages of cell differentiation. These data demonstrate that FT-IRMS technology can be used as a sensitive screening technique to monitor the status of the stem cell phenotype and progression of differentiation along alternative pathways in response to different compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Clemens
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester University, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK
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Masthan KMK, Sankari SL, Babu NA, Gopalakrishnan T. Mystery inside the tooth: the dental pulp stem cells. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:945-7. [PMID: 23814752 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/5379.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are distinguished by their ability to differentiate into different types of cells in the body and to self-replicate. During the recent years, stem cells have been used extensively in the field of medicine for the repair and regeneration of defective tissues and organs. However, the knowledge on the stem cell technology is increasing quickly in all medical disciplines and it dictates the need for new protective approaches in all fields, which include reparative dentistry. Stem cell therapy constitutes a common challenge for dentists as well as for biotechnologists. The aim of this study was to review the knowledge which was related to stem cells and to consider the possibility of use of stem cell populations and their technology in the future clinical applications, to cure diseases like Parkinsonism, Juvenile diabetes, certain forms of cancer, spinal injuries and heart problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M K Masthan
- Professor & Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath University Pallikaranai, Chennai-600064 India
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Sun B, Ma L, Yan X, Lee D, Alexander V, Hohmann LJ, Lorang C, Chandrasena L, Tian Q, Hood L. N-glycoproteome of E14.Tg2a mouse embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55722. [PMID: 23405203 PMCID: PMC3565968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
E14.Tg2a mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells are a widely used host in gene trap and gene targeting techniques. Molecular characterization of host cells will provide background information for a better understanding of functions of the knockout genes. Using a highly selective glycopeptide-capture approach but ordinary liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we characterized the N-glycoproteins of E14.Tg2a cells and analyzed the close relationship between the obtained N-glycoproteome and cell-surface proteomes. Our results provide a global view of cell surface protein molecular properties, in which receptors seem to be much more diverse but lower in abundance than transporters on average. In addition, our results provide a systematic view of the E14.Tg2a N-glycosylation, from which we discovered some striking patterns, including an evolutionarily preserved and maybe functionally selected complementarity between N-glycosylation and the transmembrane structure in protein sequences. We also observed an environmentally influenced N-glycosylation pattern among glycoenzymes and extracellular matrix proteins. We hope that the acquired information enhances our molecular understanding of mES E14.Tg2a as well as the biological roles played by N-glycosylation in cell biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyun Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: (LH); (BS)
| | - Li Ma
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Denis Lee
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vinita Alexander
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laura J. Hohmann
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Lorang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lalangi Chandrasena
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qiang Tian
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Leroy Hood
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LH); (BS)
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Tang C, Weissman IL, Drukker M. Immunogenicity of in vitro maintained and matured populations: potential barriers to engraftment of human pluripotent stem cell derivatives. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1029:17-31. [PMID: 23756939 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-478-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The potential to develop into any cell type makes human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) one of the most promising sources for regenerative treatments. Hurdles to their clinical applications include (1) formation of heterogeneously differentiated cultures, (2) the risk of teratoma formation from residual undifferentiated cells, and (3) immune rejection of engrafted cells. The recent production of human isogenic (genetically identical) induced PSCs (hiPSCs) has been proposed as a "solution" to the histocompatibility barrier. In theory, differentiated cells derived from patient-specific hiPSC lines should be histocompatible to their donor/recipient. However, propagation, maintenance, and non-physiologic differentiation of hPSCs in vitro may produce other, likely less powerful, immune responses. In light of recent progress towards the clinical application of hPSCs, this review focuses on two antigen presentation phenomena that may lead to rejection of isogenic hPSC derivates: namely, the expression of aberrant antigens as a result of long-term in vitro maintenance conditions or incomplete somatic cell reprogramming, and the unbalanced presentation of receptors and ligands involved in immune recognition due to accelerated differentiation. Finally, we discuss immunosuppressive approaches that could potentially address these immunological concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Tang
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Banakh I, Gonez LJ, Sutherland RM, Naselli G, Harrison LC. Adult pancreas side population cells expand after β cell injury and are a source of insulin-secreting cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48977. [PMID: 23152835 PMCID: PMC3494669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreas stem cells are a potential source of insulin-producing β cells for the therapy of diabetes. In adult tissues the ‘side population’ (SP) of cells that effluxes the DNA binding dye Hoechst 33342 through ATP-binding cassette transporters has stem cell properties. We hypothesised therefore that the SP would expand in response to β cell injury and give rise to functional β cells. SP cells were flow sorted from dissociated pancreas cells of adult mice, analysed for phenotype and cultured with growth promoting and differentiation factors before analysis for hormone expression and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. SP cell number and colony forming potential (CFP) increased significantly in models of type diabetes, and after partial pancreatectomy, in the absence of hyperglycaemia. SP cells, ∼1% of total pancreas cells at 1 week of age, were enriched >10-fold for CFP compared to non-SP cells. Freshly isolated SP cells contained no insulin protein or RNA but expressed the homeobox transcription factor Pdx1 required for pancreas development and β cell function. Pdx1, along with surface expression of CD326 (Ep-Cam), was a marker of the colony forming and proliferation potential of SP cells. In serum-free medium with defined factors, SP cells proliferated and differentiated into islet hormone-expressing cells that secreted insulin in response to glucose. Insulin expression was maintained when tissue was transplanted within vascularised chambers into diabetic mice. SP cells in the adult pancreas expand in response to β cell injury and are a source of β cell progenitors with potential for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia Banakh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonel J. Gonez
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Sutherland
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gaetano Naselli
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leonard C. Harrison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Couri CEB, de Oliveira MC, Simões BP. Risks, benefits, and therapeutic potential of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2012; 12:604-11. [PMID: 22864730 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-012-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that results from the autoimmune response against pancreatic insulin producing β cells. Apart of several insulin regimens, since the decade of 80s various immunomodulatory regimens were tested aiming at blocking some steps of the autoimmune process against β cell mass and at promoting β cell preservation. In the last years, some independent research groups tried to cure type 1 diabetes with an "immunologic reset" provided by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in newly diagnosed patients, and the majority of patients became free form insulin with increasing levels of C-peptide along the time. In this review, we discuss the biology of hematopoietic stem cells and the possible advantages and disadvantages related to the high dose immunosuppression followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Barra Couri
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit of the School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (6° andar), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, CEP 14048-900.
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Annab LA, Bortner CD, Sifre MI, Collins JM, Shah RR, Dixon D, Karimi Kinyamu H, Archer TK. Differential responses to retinoic acid and endocrine disruptor compounds of subpopulations within human embryonic stem cell lines. Differentiation 2012; 84:330-43. [PMID: 22906706 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of stem cells is an important issue in both research and therapeutic use in terms of directing cell lineage differentiation pathways, as well as self-renewal properties. Using flow cytometry we have identified two distinct subpopulations by size, large and small, within cultures of human embryonic stem (hES) cell lines. These two cell populations respond differentially to retinoic acid (RA) differentiation and several endocrine disruptor compounds (EDC). The large cell population responds to retinoic acid differentiation with greater than a 50% reduction in cell number and loss of Oct-4 expression, whereas the number of the small cell population does not change and Oct-4 protein expression is maintained. In addition, four estrogenic compounds altered SSEA-3 expression differentially between the two cell subpopulations changing their ratios relative to each other. Both populations express stem cell markers Oct-4, Nanog, Tra-1-60, Tra-1-80 and SSEA-4, but express low levels of differentiation markers common to the three germ layers. Cloning studies indicate that both populations can revive the parental population. Furthermore, whole genome microarray identified approximately 400 genes with significantly different expression between the two populations (p<0.01). We propose the differential response to RA in these populations is due to differential gene expression of Notch signaling members, CoupTF1 and CoupTF2, chromatin remodeling and histone modifying genes that render the small population resistant to RA differentiation. The findings that hES cells exist as heterogeneous populations with distinct responses to differentiation signals and environmental stimuli will be relevant for their use for drug discovery and disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois A Annab
- Chromatin and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Fischer T, Sudbrock F, Pomplun E, Kriehuber R, Winkler J, Matzkies M, Dellweg A, Dietlein M, Arnhold S, Royer HD, Schicha H, Hescheler J, Schomäcker K. Cellular response on Auger- and Beta-emitting nuclides: human embryonic stem cells (hESC) vs. keratinocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:961-71. [PMID: 22494164 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.683510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We studied the response of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to the β-emitter (131)I, which affects the entire cell and to the Auger electron emitter (125)I-deoxyuridine ((125)I-dU), primarily affecting the deoxyribonuleic acid (DNA). The effects were also studied in keratinocytes as a prototype for somatic cells. METHODS HESC (H1) and human keratinocytes (HaCaT, human) were exposed to (125)I-dU (5 × 10(-5) - 5 MBq/ml) and (131)I-iodide (5 × 10(-5) - 12.5 MBq/ml) and apoptosis was measured by DNA-fragmentation. Cell morphology was studied by light microscopy and electron microscopy. Transcriptional profiling was done on the Agilent oligonucleotide microarray platform. RESULTS Auger-process induced no apoptosis but a strong transcriptional response in hESC. In contrast, HaCaT cells showed a pronounced induction of apoptosis but only a moderate transcriptional response. Transcriptional response of hESC was similar after (125)I-dU and (131)I treatments, whereas HaCaT cells expressed a much more pronounced response to (125)I-dU than to (131)I. A striking radiation-induced down-regulation of pluripotency genes was observed in hESC whereas in keratinocytes the enriched gene annotations were related primarily to apoptosis, cell division and proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Human embryonic stem cells respond to ionizing radiation by (125)I-dU and (131)I in a different way compared to keratinocytes. Transcriptional response and gene expression appear to facilitate an escape from programmed cell death by striking a new path which probably leads to cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fischer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
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35
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Son YS, Seong RH, Ryu CJ, Cho YS, Bae KH, Chung SJ, Lee B, Min JK, Hong HJ. Brief report: L1 cell adhesion molecule, a novel surface molecule of human embryonic stem cells, is essential for self-renewal and pluripotency. Stem Cells 2012; 29:2094-9. [PMID: 21957033 DOI: 10.1002/stem.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the recent identification of surface markers of undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), the crucial cell-surface molecules that regulate the self-renewal capacity of hESCs remain largely undefined. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that specifically bind to undifferentiated hESCs but not to mouse embryonic stem cells. Among these antibodies, we selected a novel MAb, 4-63, and identified its target antigen as the L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) isoform 2. Notably, L1CAM expressed in hESCs lacked the neuron-specific YEGHH and RSLE peptides encoded by exons 2 and 27, respectively. L1CAM colocalized with hESC-specific cell-surface markers, and its expression was markedly downregulated on differentiation. Stable L1CAM depletion markedly decreased hESC proliferation, whereas L1CAM overexpression increased proliferation. In addition, the expression of octamer-binding transcription factor 4, Nanog, sex-determining region Y-box 2, and stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3 was markedly downregulated, whereas lineage-specific markers and SSEA-1 were upregulated in L1CAM-depleted hESCs. Interestingly, the actions of L1CAM in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hESCs were exerted predominantly through the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that L1CAM is a novel cell-surface molecule that plays an important role in the maintenance of self-renewal and pluripotency in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sung Son
- Therapeutic Antibody Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Rapp BM, Saadatzedeh MR, Ofstein RH, Bhavsar JR, Tempel ZS, Moreno O, Morone P, Booth DA, Traktuev DO, Dalsing MC, Ingram DA, Yoder MC, March KL, Murphy MP. Resident Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Human Placenta Have Greater Vasculogenic Potential Than Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells From Umbilical Cord Blood. CELL MEDICINE 2011; 2:85-96. [PMID: 27004134 DOI: 10.3727/215517911x617888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) isolated from umbilical cord blood (CBECFCs) are highly proliferative and form blood vessels in vivo. The purpose of this investigation was to isolate and characterize a population of resident ECFCs from the chorionic villi of term human placenta and provide a comparative analysis of their proliferative and vasculogenic potential with CBECFCs. ECFCs were isolated from umbilical cord blood and chorionic villi from placentas obtained by caesarean deliveries. Placental ECFCs (PECFCs) expressed CD144, CD31, CD105, and KDR and were negative for CD45 and CD34, consistent with other ECFC phenotypes. PECFCs were capable of 28.6 ± 6.0 population doublings before reaching senescence (vs. 47.4 ± 3.2 for CBECFCs, p < 0.05, n = 4). In single cell assays, 46.5 ± 1.2% underwent at least one division (vs. 51.0 ± 1.8% of CBECFCs, p = 0.07, n = 6), and of those dividing PECFCs, 71.8 ± 0.9% gave rise to colonies of >500 cells (highly proliferative potential clones) over 14 days (vs. 69.4 ± 0.7% of CBECFCs, p = 0.07, n = 9). PECFCs formed 5.2 ± 0.8 vessels/mm(2) in collagen/fibronectin plugs implanted into non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice, whereas CBECFCs formed only 1.7 ± 1.0 vessels/mm(2) (p < 0.05, n = 4). This study demonstrates that circulating CBECFCs and resident PECFCs are identical phenotypically and contain equivalent quantities of high proliferative potential clones. However, PECFCs formed significantly more blood vessels in vivo than CBECFCs, indicating that differences in vasculogenic potential between circulating and resident ECFCs exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Rapp
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - M Reza Saadatzedeh
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; †Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Richard H Ofstein
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Janak R Bhavsar
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; †Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zachary S Tempel
- ‡ Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Oscar Moreno
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Peter Morone
- ‡ Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Dana A Booth
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - Dmitry O Traktuev
- †Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; §Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael C Dalsing
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN , USA
| | - David A Ingram
- ¶Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; #Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mervin C Yoder
- ¶Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; #Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Keith L March
- †Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; §Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; *Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michael P Murphy
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; †Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; **Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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An HJ, Gip P, Kim J, Wu S, Park KW, McVaugh CT, Schaffer DV, Bertozzi CR, Lebrilla CB. Extensive determination of glycan heterogeneity reveals an unusual abundance of high mannose glycans in enriched plasma membranes of human embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 11:M111.010660. [PMID: 22147732 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.010660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cell membrane proteins are known or predicted to be glycosylated in eukaryotic organisms, where surface glycans are essential in many biological processes including cell development and differentiation. Nonetheless, the glycosylation on cell membranes remains not well characterized because of the lack of sensitive analytical methods. This study introduces a technique for the rapid profiling and quantitation of N- and O-glycans on cell membranes using membrane enrichment and nanoflow liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry of native structures. Using this new method, the glycome analysis of cell membranes isolated from human embryonic stem cells and somatic cell lines was performed. Human embryonic stem cells were found to have high levels of high mannose glycans, which contrasts with IMR-90 fibroblasts and a human normal breast cell line, where complex glycans are by far the most abundant and high mannose glycans are minor components. O-Glycosylation affects relatively minor components of cell surfaces. To verify the quantitation and localization of glycans on the human embryonic stem cell membranes, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry were performed. Proteomics analyses were also performed and confirmed enrichment of plasma membrane proteins with some contamination from endoplasmic reticulum and other membranes. These findings suggest that high mannose glycans are the major component of cell surface glycosylation with even terminal glucoses. High mannose glycans are not commonly presented on the surfaces of mammalian cells or in serum yet may play important roles in stem cell biology. The results also mean that distinguishing stem cells from other mammalian cells may be facilitated by the major difference in the glycosylation of the cell membrane. The deep structural analysis enabled by this new method will enable future mechanistic studies on the biological significance of high mannose glycans on stem cell membranes and provide a general tool to examine cell surface glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology and Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Downes A, Mouras R, Bagnaninchi P, Elfick A. Raman spectroscopy and CARS microscopy of stem cells and their derivatives. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2011; 42:1864-1870. [PMID: 22319014 PMCID: PMC3272468 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.2975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The characterisation of stem cells is of vital importance to regenerative medicine. Failure to separate out all stem cells from differentiated cells before therapies can result in teratomas - tumours of multiple cell types. Typically, characterisation is performed in a destructive manner with fluorescent assays. A truly non-invasive method of characterisation would be a major breakthrough in stem cell-based therapies. Raman spectroscopy has revealed that DNA and RNA levels drop when a stem cell differentiates into other cell types, which we link to a change in the relative sizes of the nucleus and cytoplasm. We also used Raman spectroscopy to investigate the biochemistry within an early embryo, or blastocyst, which differs greatly from colonies of embryonic stem cells. Certain cell types that differentiate from stem cells can be identified by directly imaging the biochemistry with CARS microscopy; examples presented are hydroxyapatite - a precursor to bone, and lipids in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Downes
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Rabah Mouras
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Pierre Bagnaninchi
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Alistair Elfick
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
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An antibody against SSEA-5 glycan on human pluripotent stem cells enables removal of teratoma-forming cells. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:829-34. [PMID: 21841799 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An important risk in the clinical application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs), is teratoma formation by residual undifferentiated cells. We raised a monoclonal antibody against hESCs, designated anti-stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-5, which binds a previously unidentified antigen highly and specifically expressed on hPSCs--the H type-1 glycan. Separation based on SSEA-5 expression through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) greatly reduced teratoma-formation potential of heterogeneously differentiated cultures. To ensure complete removal of teratoma-forming cells, we identified additional pluripotency surface markers (PSMs) exhibiting a large dynamic expression range during differentiation: CD9, CD30, CD50, CD90 and CD200. Immunohistochemistry studies of human fetal tissues and bioinformatics analysis of a microarray database revealed that concurrent expression of these markers is both common and specific to hPSCs. Immunodepletion with antibodies against SSEA-5 and two additional PSMs completely removed teratoma-formation potential from incompletely differentiated hESC cultures.
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40
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Pillarisetti A, Desai JP, Ladjal H, Schiffmacher A, Ferreira A, Keefer CL. Mechanical phenotyping of mouse embryonic stem cells: increase in stiffness with differentiation. Cell Reprogram 2011; 13:371-80. [PMID: 21728815 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a promising tool to characterize the mechanical properties of biological materials and cells. In our studies, undifferentiated and early differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were assessed individually using an AFM system to determine if we could detect changes in their mechanical properties by surface probing. Probes with pyramidal and spherical tips were assessed, as were different analytical models for evaluating the data. The combination of AFM probing with a spherical tip and analysis using the Hertz model provided the best fit to the experimental data obtained and thus provided the best approximation of the elastic modulus. Our results showed that after only 6 days of differentiation, individual cell stiffness increased significantly with early differentiating mESCs having an elastic modulus two- to threefold higher than undifferentiated mESCs, regardless of cell line (R1 or D3 mESCs) or treatment. Single-touch (indentation) probing of individual cells is minimally invasive compared to other techniques. Therefore, this method of mechanical phenotyping should prove to be a valuable tool in the development of improved methods of identification and targeted cellular differentiation of embryonic, adult, and induced-pluripotent stem cells for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Pillarisetti
- Robotics, Automation, Medical Systems (RAMS) Laboratory, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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41
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Reiland S, Salekdeh GH, Krijgsveld J. Defining pluripotent stem cells through quantitative proteomic analysis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 8:29-42. [PMID: 21329426 DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are at the center stage of intense research, inspired by their potential to give rise to all cell types of the adult individual. This property makes ESCs suitable candidates for generating specialized cells to replace damaged tissue lost after injury or disease. However, such clinical applications require a detailed insight of the molecular mechanisms underlying the self-renewal, expansion and differentiation of stem cells. This has gained further relevance since the introduction of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are functionally very similar to ESCs. The key property that iPSCs can be derived from somatic cells lifts some of the major ethical issues related to the need for embryos to generate ESCs. Yet, this has only increased the need to define the similarity of iPSCs and ESCs at the molecular level, both before and after they are induced to differentiate. In this article, we describe the proteomic approaches that have been used to characterize ESCs with regard to self-renewal and differentiation, with an emphasis on signaling cascades and histone modifications. We take this as a lead to discuss how quantitative proteomics can be deployed to study reprogramming and iPSC identity. In addition, we discuss how emerging proteomic technologies can become a useful tool to monitor the (de)differentiation status of ESCs and iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Reiland
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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Nagano K, Shinkawa T, Kato K, Inomata N, Yabuki N, Haramura M. Distinct cell surface proteome profiling by biotin labeling and glycoprotein capturing. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1985-93. [PMID: 21621025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We performed here MS-based cell surface proteome profiling of HCT-116 cells by two distinct methods based on biotin labeling and glycoprotein capturing. In total, 742 biotinylated and 219 glycosylated proteins were identified by the biotin labeling and glycoprotein capturing, of which 224 and 138 proteins known to be located on plasma membrane were included, respectively, according to ingenuity pathway analysis. Although 104 plasma membrane proteins were identified by both methods, the rest of 154 were identified only by one. Almost all the identified plasma membrane proteins possessed consensus N-glycosylation sites, and proteins having various numbers of glycosylation sites were identified by both methods. Thus, the discrepancies of the identified proteins obtained from those two methods might not be only due to the number of glycosylation sites, but also to the expression and/or glycosylation level of the cell surface proteins. We also identified 312 N-glycosylated proteins from xenograft samples by glycoprotein capturing of which 135 were known as plasma membrane proteins. Although a number of highly-expressed plasma membrane proteins were common between culture and xenograft cells, some proteins showed culture- or xenograft-specific expression, suggesting that those proteins might contribute to grow in different environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Nagano
- Discovery Science & Technology Dept., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Kanagawa, 247-8530, Japan.
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Gu B, Zhang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Tan Z, Lin Y, Huang X, Chen L, Yao K, Zhang M. Proteomic analyses reveal common promiscuous patterns of cell surface proteins on human embryonic stem cells and sperms. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19386. [PMID: 21559292 PMCID: PMC3086920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has long been proposed that early embryos and reproductive organs exhibit
similar gene expression profiles. However, whether this similarity is
propagated to the protein level remains largely unknown. We have previously
characterised the promiscuous expression pattern of cell surface proteins on
mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. As cell surface proteins also play
critical functions in human embryonic stem (hES) cells and germ cells, it is
important to reveal whether a promiscuous pattern of cell surface proteins
also exists for these cells. Methods and Principal Findings Surface proteins of hES cells and human mature sperms (hSperms) were purified
by biotin labelling and subjected to proteomic analyses. More than 1000
transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified on the two
cell types, respectively. Proteins from both cell types covered a large
variety of functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and
transporting. Moreover, both cell types promiscuously expressed a wide
variety of tissue specific surface proteins, and some surface proteins were
heterogeneously expressed. Conclusions/Significance Our findings indicate that the promiscuous expression of functional and
tissue specific cell surface proteins may be a common pattern in embryonic
stem cells and germ cells. The conservation of gene expression patterns
between early embryonic cells and reproductive cells is propagated to the
protein level. These results have deep implications for the cell surface
signature characterisation of pluripotent stem cells and germ cells and may
lead the way to a new area of study, i.e., the functional significance of
promiscuous gene expression in pluripotent and germ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinzong Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Tan
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanji Lin
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- The Institute of Cell and Developmental
Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,
China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Institute of Genetics and Developmental
Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kangshou Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Planned Parenthood
Research and Zhejiang Human Sperm Bank, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Institute of Genetics, College of Life
Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (MZ); (KY)
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44
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Tang C, Drukker M. Potential barriers to therapeutics utilizing pluripotent cell derivatives: intrinsic immunogenicity of in vitro maintained and matured populations. Semin Immunopathol 2011; 33:563-72. [PMID: 21479877 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-011-0269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential to develop into any tissue makes pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) one of the most promising sources for cellular therapeutics. However, numerous hurdles exist to their clinical applications, three of the most concerning include the inability to separate therapeutic population from heterogeneously differentiated cultures, the risk of teratoma formation from residual pluripotent cells, and immunologic rejection of engrafted cells. The recent development of induced PSCs has been proposed as a solution to the histocompatibility barrier. Theoretically, creation of patient-specific induced PSC lines would exhibit a complete histocompatibility antigen match. However, regardless of the PSC source, in vitro propagation and nonphysiologic differentiation may result in other, likely less powerful, mechanisms of immune rejection. In light of recent progress towards clinical application, this review focuses on two such potential immunologic mechanisms applicable to isogenic PSC derivates: namely, the immunogenicity of aberrant antigens resulting from long-term in vitro maintenance and alterations in immunologic properties due to rapid in vitro differentiation. These issues will be considered with attention to their relation to effector cells in the adult immune system. In addition, we highlight immunosuppressive approaches that could potentially address the immunogenicity of these proposed mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Tang
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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45
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The function of e-cadherin in stem cell pluripotency and self-renewal. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:229-59. [PMID: 24710147 PMCID: PMC3924836 DOI: 10.3390/genes2010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be grown indefinitely under appropriate conditions whilst retaining the ability to differentiate to cells representative of the three primary germ layers. Such cells have the potential to revolutionize medicine by offering treatment options for a wide range of diseases and disorders as well as providing a model system for elucidating mechanisms involved in development and disease. In recent years, evidence for the function of E-cadherin in regulating pluripotent and self-renewal signaling pathways in ES and iPS cells has emerged. In this review, we discuss the function of E-cadherin and its interacting partners in the context of development and disease. We then describe relevant literature highlighting the function of E-cadherin in establishing and maintaining pluripotent and self-renewal properties of ES and iPS cells. In addition, we present experimental data demonstrating that exposure of human ES cells to the E-cadherin neutralizing antibody SHE78.7 allows culture of these cells in the absence of FGF2-supplemented medium.
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46
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Keefer CL, Desai JP. Mechanical phenotyping of stem cells. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1426-30. [PMID: 21295841 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elasticity and visco-elasticity are mechanical properties of cells which directly reflect cellular composition, internal structure (cytoskeleton), and external interactions (cell-cell and/or cell-surface). A variety of techniques involving probing, pulling, or deforming cells have been used to characterize these mechanical properties. With continuing advances in the technology, it may be possible to establish mechanical phenotypes that can be used to identify cells at specific points of differentiation and dedifferentiation with direct applications to regenerative medicine, therapeutics, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Keefer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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47
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Gu B, Zhang J, Wang W, Mo L, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Zhang M. Global expression of cell surface proteins in embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15795. [PMID: 21209962 PMCID: PMC3012103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that embryonic stem (ES) cells globally express most genes in the genome at the mRNA level; however, it is unclear whether this global expression is propagated to the protein level. Cell surface proteins could perform critical functions in ES cells, so determining whether ES cells globally express cell surface proteins would have significant implications for ES cell biology. Methods and Principal Findings The surface proteins of mouse ES cells were purified by biotin labeling and subjected to proteomics analysis. About 1000 transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified. These proteins covered a large variety if functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and transporting. More over, mES cells promiscuously expressed a wide variety of tissue specific surface proteins. And many surface proteins were expressed heterogeneously on mES cells. We also find that human ES cells express a wide variety of tissue specific surface proteins. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that global gene expression is not simply a result of leaky gene expression, which could be attributed to the loose chromatin structure of ES cells; it is also propagated to the functional level. ES cells may use diverse surface proteins to receive signals from the diverse extracellular stimuli that initiate differentiation. Moreover, the promiscuous expression of tissue specific surface proteins illuminate new insights into the strategies of cell surface marker screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Mo
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liangbiao Chen
- The Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academic of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yusen Liu
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhang
- The Institute of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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48
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Figarella-Branger D, Colin C, Tchoghandjian A, Baeza N, Bouvier C. Glioblastomes : oncogenèse et bases biologiques. Neurochirurgie 2010; 56:441-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Elschenbroich S, Kim Y, Medin JA, Kislinger T. Isolation of cell surface proteins for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2010; 7:141-54. [PMID: 20121483 DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Defining the cell surface proteome has profound importance for understanding cell differentiation and cell-cell interactions, as well as numerous pathogenic abnormalities. Owing to their hydrophobic nature, plasma membrane proteins that reside on the cell surface pose analytical challenges and, despite efforts to overcome difficulties, remain under-represented in proteomic studies. Limitations in the classically employed ultracentrifugation-based approaches have led to the invention of more elaborate techniques for the purification of cell surface proteins. Three of these methods--cell surface coating with cationic colloidal silica beads, biotinylation and chemical capture of surface glycoproteins--allow for marked enrichment of this subcellular proteome, with each approach offering unique advantages and characteristics for different experiments. In this article, we introduce the principles of each purification method and discuss applications from the recent literature.
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50
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Kolle G, Ho M, Zhou Q, Chy HS, Krishnan K, Cloonan N, Bertoncello I, Laslett AL, Grimmond SM. Identification of human embryonic stem cell surface markers by combined membrane-polysome translation state array analysis and immunotranscriptional profiling. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2446-56. [PMID: 19650036 DOI: 10.1002/stem.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Surface marker expression forms the basis for characterization and isolation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Currently, there are few well-defined protein epitopes that definitively mark hESCs. Here we combine immunotranscriptional profiling of hESC lines with membrane-polysome translation state array analysis (TSAA) to determine the full set of genes encoding potential hESC surface marker proteins. Three independently isolated hESC lines (HES2, H9, and MEL1) grown under feeder and feeder-free conditions were sorted into subpopulations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting based on coimmunoreactivity to the hESC surface markers GCTM-2 and CD9. Colony-forming assays confirmed that cells displaying high coimmunoreactivity to GCTM-2 and CD9 constitute an enriched subpopulation displaying multiple stem cell properties. Following microarray profiling, 820 genes were identified that were common to the GCTM-2(high)/CD9(high) stem cell-like subpopulation. Membrane-polysome TSAA analysis of hESCs identified 1,492 mRNAs encoding actively translated plasma membrane and secreted proteins. Combining these data sets, 88 genes encode proteins that mark the pluripotent subpopulation, of which only four had been previously reported. Cell surface immunoreactivity was confirmed for two of these markers: TACSTD1/EPCAM and CDH3/P-Cadherin, with antibodies for EPCAM able to enrich for pluripotent hESCs. This comprehensive listing of both hESCs and spontaneous differentiation-associated transcripts and survey of translated membrane-bound and secreted proteins provides a valuable resource for future study into the role of the extracellular environment in both the maintenance of pluripotency and directed differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kolle
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
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