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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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2
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Miura K. How to Accelerate Early Stage of Malaria Vaccine Development by Optimizing Functional Assays. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:586. [PMID: 38932315 PMCID: PMC11209467 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
While two Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based pre-erythrocytic vaccines (PEV), RTS,S and R21, have been approved by the WHO, no blood-stage vaccine (BSV) or transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV) has reached a phase 3 trial. One of the major obstacles that slows down malaria vaccine development is the shortage (or lack) of in vitro assays or animal models by which investigators can reasonably select the best vaccine formulation (e.g., antigen, adjuvant, or platform) and/or immunization strategy (e.g., interval of inoculation or route of immunization) before a human phase 2 trial. In the case of PEV, RTS,S and R21 have set a benchmark, and a new vaccine can be compared with (one of) the approved PEV directly in preclinical or early clinical studies. However, such an approach cannot be utilized for BSV or TBV development at this moment. The focus of this review is in vitro assays or in vivo models that can be used for P. falciparum BSV or TBV development, and I discuss important considerations during assay selection, standardization, qualification, validation, and interpretation of the assay results. Establishment of a robust assay/model with proper interpretation of the results is the one of key elements to accelerate future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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3
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Qi H, Xue JB, Lai DY, Li A, Tao SC. Current advances in antibody-based serum biomarker studies: From protein microarray to phage display. Proteomics Clin Appl 2022; 16:e2100098. [PMID: 36071670 DOI: 10.1002/prca.202100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to summarize the technological advances in the field of antibody-based biomarker studies by proteome microarray and phage display. In addition, the possible development directions of this field are also discussed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have focused on the antibody profiling by proteome microarray and phage display, including the technological advances, the tools/resources constructed, and the characteristics of both platforms. RESULTS With the help of tools/resources and technological advances in proteome microarray and phage display, the efficiency of profiling antibody-based biomarkers in serum samples has been greatly improved. CONCLUSIONS In the past few years, proteome microarray and phage display, especially the latter one, have already demonstrated their capacity and efficiency for biomarker identification. In the near future, we believe that more antibody-based biomarkers could be identified, and some of them could eventually be developed into real clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qi
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Biao Xue
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Yun Lai
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Efficacy, T cell activation and antibody responses in accelerated Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite chemoprophylaxis vaccine regimens. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:59. [PMID: 35641527 PMCID: PMC9156686 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00473-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated direct venous inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) together with antimalarial chemoprophylaxis (PfSPZ-CVac) is the most potent way to induce sterile immunity against P. falciparum infection in malaria-naive volunteers. However, established schedules are complex and long. Here, we tested two accelerated three-dose schedules (28- and 10-day regimen) assessing efficacy by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) against placebo, comparing vaccine-specific T cell and antibody responses by antigen-reactive T cell enrichment (ARTE) and protein microarray, respectively. Both regimens were similarly efficacious (67 and 63% vaccine efficacy) but different in the induction of vaccine-specific T cells and antibodies. The 10-day regimen resulted in higher numbers of antigen-specific CD4+ effector memory pro-inflammatory T cells and a broader antibody response compared with the 28-day regimen. Usually in nature, P. falciparum liver stage lasts about 6.5 days. The short vaccination-interval of the 10-day regimen prolongs the time of continuous exposure to liver-stage parasites, which may explain the stronger response. Besides dose and number of vaccinations, duration of liver-stage exposure is a factor to optimize PfSPZ-CVac immunogenicity.
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Immunoprofiles associated with controlled human malaria infection and naturally acquired immunity identify a shared IgA pre-erythrocytic immunoproteome. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:115. [PMID: 34518543 PMCID: PMC8438027 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the Plasmodium falciparum antigens that comprise the human liver stage immunoproteome is important for pre-erythrocytic vaccine development, but, compared with the erythrocytic stage immunoproteome, more challenging to classify. Previous studies of P. falciparum antibody responses report IgG and rarely IgA responses. We assessed IgG and IgA antibody responses in adult sera collected during two controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) studies in malaria-naïve volunteers and in 1- to 6-year-old malaria-exposed Malian children on a 251 P. falciparum antigen protein microarray. IgG profiles in the two CHMI groups were equivalent and differed from Malian children. IgA profiles were robust in the CHMI groups and a subset of Malian children. We describe immunoproteome differences in naïve vs. exposed individuals and report pre-erythrocytic proteins recognized by the immune system. IgA responses detected in this study expand the list of pre-erythrocytic antigens for further characterization as potential vaccine candidates.
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Hernandez-Davies JE, Felgner J, Strohmeier S, Pone EJ, Jain A, Jan S, Nakajima R, Jasinskas A, Strahsburger E, Krammer F, Felgner PL, Davies DH. Administration of Multivalent Influenza Virus Recombinant Hemagglutinin Vaccine in Combination-Adjuvant Elicits Broad Reactivity Beyond the Vaccine Components. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692151. [PMID: 34335601 PMCID: PMC8318558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining variant antigens into a multivalent vaccine is a traditional approach used to provide broad coverage against antigenically variable pathogens, such as polio, human papilloma and influenza viruses. However, strategies for increasing the breadth of antibody coverage beyond the vaccine are not well understood, but may provide more anticipatory protection. Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) is a prototypic variant antigen. Vaccines that induce HA-specific neutralizing antibodies lose efficacy as amino acid substitutions accumulate in neutralizing epitopes during influenza virus evolution. Here we studied the effect of a potent combination adjuvant (CpG/MPLA/squalene-in-water emulsion) on the breadth and maturation of the antibody response to a representative variant of HA subtypes H1, H5 and H7. Using HA protein microarrays and antigen-specific B cell labelling, we show when administered individually, each HA elicits a cross-reactive antibody profile for multiple variants within the same subtype and other closely-related subtypes (homosubtypic and heterosubtypic cross-reactivity, respectively). Despite a capacity for each subtype to induce heterosubtypic cross-reactivity, broader coverage was elicited by simply combining the subtypes into a multivalent vaccine. Importantly, multiplexing did not compromise antibody avidity or affinity maturation to the individual HA constituents. The use of adjuvants to increase the breadth of antibody coverage beyond the vaccine antigens may help future-proof vaccines against newly-emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E. Hernandez-Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jiin Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Egest James Pone
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sharon Jan
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rie Nakajima
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Algimantas Jasinskas
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Erwin Strahsburger
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Philip L. Felgner
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - D. Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Heterologous protection against malaria by a simple chemoattenuated PfSPZ vaccine regimen in a randomized trial. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2518. [PMID: 33947856 PMCID: PMC8097064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22740-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis (PfSPZ-CVac) is the most efficacious approach to malaria vaccination. Implementation is hampered by a complex chemoprophylaxis regimen and missing evidence for efficacy against heterologous infection. We report the results of a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of a simplified, condensed immunization regimen in malaria-naive volunteers (EudraCT-Nr: 2018-004523-36). Participants are immunized by direct venous inoculation of 1.1 × 105 aseptic, purified, cryopreserved PfSPZ (PfSPZ Challenge) of the PfNF54 strain or normal saline (placebo) on days 1, 6 and 29, with simultaneous oral administration of 10 mg/kg chloroquine base. Primary endpoints are vaccine efficacy tested by controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) using the highly divergent, heterologous strain Pf7G8 and safety. Twelve weeks following immunization, 10/13 participants in the vaccine group are sterilely protected against heterologous CHMI, while (5/5) participants receiving placebo develop parasitemia (risk difference: 77%, p = 0.004, Boschloo's test). Immunization is well tolerated with self-limiting grade 1-2 headaches, pyrexia and fatigue that diminish with each vaccination. Immunization induces 18-fold higher anti-Pf circumsporozoite protein (PfCSP) antibody levels in protected than in unprotected vaccinees (p = 0.028). In addition anti-PfMSP2 antibodies are strongly protection-associated by protein microarray assessment. This PfSPZ-CVac regimen is highly efficacious, simple, safe, well tolerated and highly immunogenic.
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Wichers JS, Tonkin-Hill G, Thye T, Krumkamp R, Kreuels B, Strauss J, von Thien H, Scholz JAM, Smedegaard Hansson H, Weisel Jensen R, Turner L, Lorenz FR, Schöllhorn A, Bruchhaus I, Tannich E, Fendel R, Otto TD, Lavstsen T, Gilberger TW, Duffy MF, Bachmann A. Common virulence gene expression in adult first-time infected malaria patients and severe cases. eLife 2021; 10:e69040. [PMID: 33908865 PMCID: PMC8102065 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum(P. falciparum)-infected erythrocytes to host endothelium through the parasite-derived P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) adhesion proteins is central to the development of malaria pathogenesis. PfEMP1 proteins have diversified and expanded to encompass many sequence variants, conferring each parasite a similar array of human endothelial receptor-binding phenotypes. Here, we analyzed RNA-seq profiles of parasites isolated from 32 P. falciparum-infected adult travellers returning to Germany. Patients were categorized into either malaria naive (n = 15) or pre-exposed (n = 17), and into severe (n = 8) or non-severe (n = 24) cases. For differential expression analysis, PfEMP1-encoding var gene transcripts were de novo assembled from RNA-seq data and, in parallel, var-expressed sequence tags were analyzed and used to predict the encoded domain composition of the transcripts. Both approaches showed in concordance that severe malaria was associated with PfEMP1 containing the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)-binding CIDRα1 domain, whereas CD36-binding PfEMP1 was linked to non-severe malaria outcomes. First-time infected adults were more likely to develop severe symptoms and tended to be infected for a longer period. Thus, parasites with more pathogenic PfEMP1 variants are more common in patients with a naive immune status, and/or adverse inflammatory host responses to first infections favor the growth of EPCR-binding parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stephan Wichers
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | | | - Thorsten Thye
- Epidemiology and Diagnostics, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
| | - Ralf Krumkamp
- Epidemiology and Diagnostics, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-RiemsHamburgGermany
| | - Benno Kreuels
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, GermanyHamburgGermany
- Department of Medicine, College of MedicineBlantyreMalawi
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Jan Strauss
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Heidrun von Thien
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Judith AM Scholz
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Anna Schöllhorn
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Iris Bruchhaus
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Egbert Tannich
- Epidemiology and Diagnostics, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-RiemsHamburgGermany
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of GlasgowGlasgowUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Tim W Gilberger
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Michael F Duffy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Anna Bachmann
- Molecular Biology and Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical MedicineHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Biology Department, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-RiemsHamburgGermany
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9
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Kobayashi T, Jain A, Liang L, Obiero JM, Hamapumbu H, Stevenson JC, Thuma PE, Lupiya J, Chaponda M, Mulenga M, Mamini E, Mharakurwa S, Gwanzura L, Munyati S, Mutambu S, Felgner P, Davies DH, Moss WJ. Distinct Antibody Signatures Associated with Different Malaria Transmission Intensities in Zambia and Zimbabwe. mSphere 2019; 4:e00061-19. [PMID: 30918058 PMCID: PMC6437277 DOI: 10.1128/mspheredirect.00061-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to Plasmodium falciparum are specific biomarkers that can be used to monitor parasite exposure over broader time frames than microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests, or molecular assays. Consequently, seroprevalence surveys can assist with monitoring the impact of malaria control interventions, particularly in the final stages of elimination, when parasite incidence is low. The protein array format to measure antibodies to diverse P. falciparum antigens requires only small sample volumes and is high throughput, permitting the monitoring of malaria transmission on large spatial and temporal scales. We expanded the use of a protein microarray to assess malaria transmission in settings beyond those with a low malaria incidence. Antibody responses in children and adults were profiled, using a P. falciparum protein microarray, through community-based surveys in three areas in Zambia and Zimbabwe at different stages of malaria control and elimination. These three epidemiological settings had distinct serological profiles reflective of their malaria transmission histories. While there was little correlation between transmission intensity and antibody signals (magnitude or breadth) in adults, there was a clear correlation in children younger than 5 years of age. Antibodies in adults appeared to be durable even in the absence of significant recent transmission, whereas antibodies in children provided a more accurate picture of recent levels of transmission intensity. Seroprevalence studies in children could provide a valuable marker of progress toward malaria elimination.IMPORTANCE As malaria approaches elimination in many areas of the world, monitoring the effect of control measures becomes more important but challenging. Low-level infections may go undetected by conventional tests that depend on parasitemia, particularly in immune individuals, who typically show no symptoms of malaria. In contrast, antibodies persist after parasitemia and may provide a more accurate picture of recent exposure. Only a few parasite antigens-mainly vaccine candidates-have been evaluated in seroepidemiological studies. We examined antibody responses to 500 different malaria proteins in blood samples collected through community-based surveillance from areas with low, medium, and high malaria transmission intensities. The breadth of the antibody responses in adults was broad in all three settings and was a poor correlate of recent exposure. In contrast, children represented a better sentinel population for monitoring recent malaria transmission. These data will help inform the use of multiplex serology for malaria surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamaki Kobayashi
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aarti Jain
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Li Liang
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joshua M Obiero
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Philip E Thuma
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - James Lupiya
- Tropical Diseases Research Centre, Ndola, Zambia
| | | | | | - Edmore Mamini
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Shungu Munyati
- Biomedical Research and Training Institute, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Susan Mutambu
- National Institute of Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Philip Felgner
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - D Huw Davies
- Vaccine Research & Development Center, Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - William J Moss
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Durbin S, Wright WS, Gildersleeve JC. Development of a Multiplex Glycan Microarray Assay and Comparative Analysis of Human Serum Anti-Glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM Repertoires. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16882-16891. [PMID: 30613809 PMCID: PMC6312630 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Serum antibodies that recognize carbohydrate antigens play a fundamental role in immune defense, homeostasis, and autoimmunity. In addition, they serve as potential biomarkers for a variety of medical applications. For most anti-glycan antibodies found in human serum, however, the origins, regulation, and biological significance are not well understood. Antibody subpopulations that are relevant to a particular biological process or disease are often difficult to identify from the myriad of anti-glycan antibodies present in human serum. While prior studies have examined anti-glycan IgG and/or IgM repertoires, little is known about IgA repertoires or how IgA, IgG, and IgM are related. In this study, we describe the development of a multiplex assay to simultaneously detect IgA, IgG, and IgM on a glycan microarray and its application to studying anti-glycan repertoires in healthy subjects. The multiplex glycan microarray assay revealed unique insights and systems-level relationships that would be difficult to uncover using traditional approaches. In particular, we found that anti-glycan IgA, IgG, and IgM expression levels appear to be tightly regulated, coordinated within individuals, and stable over time. Additionally, our results help define natural fluctuations over time, which is critical for identifying changes that are beyond normal biological variation.
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