1
|
Drago S, Utzeri MA, Mauro N, Cavallaro G. Polyamidoamine-Carbon Nanodot Conjugates with Bioreducible Building Blocks: Smart Theranostic Platforms for Targeted siRNA Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1191-1204. [PMID: 38178792 PMCID: PMC10865362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on designing hybrid theranostic nanosystems, utilizing gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots decorated with bioreducible amphoteric polyamidoamines (PAAs). The objective is to synergize the exceptional theranostic properties of gadolinium-doped carbon nanodots (CDs) with the siRNA complexation capabilities of PAAs. Linear copolymeric polyamidoamines, based on N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine, arginine, and agmatine, were synthesized, resulting in three distinct amphoteric copolymers. Notably, sulfur bridges within the PAA repeating units confer pronounced susceptibility to glutathione-mediated degradation─a key attribute in the tumor microenvironment. This pathway enables controlled and stimuli-responsive siRNA release, theoretically providing precise spatiotemporal control over therapeutic interventions. The selected PAA, conjugated with CDs using the redox-sensitive spacer cystamine, formed the CDs-Cys-PAA conjugate with superior siRNA complexing capacity. Stable against polyanion exchange, the CDs-Cys-PAA/siRNA complex released siRNA in the presence of GSH. In vitro studies assessed cytocompatibility, internalization, and gene silencing efficacy on HeLa, MCF-7, and 16HBE cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore
Emanuele Drago
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mara Andrea Utzeri
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mauro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Biocompatible
Polymers, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Technologies (STEBICEF), University
of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamelmann NM, Uijttewaal S, Hujaya SD, Paulusse JMJ. Enhancing Cellular Internalization of Single-Chain Polymer Nanoparticles via Polyplex Formation. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:5036-5042. [PMID: 36383472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery of nanoparticles is crucial in nanomedicine to reach optimal delivery of therapeutics and imaging agents. Single-chain polymer nanoparticles (SCNPs) are an interesting class of nanoparticles due to their unique site range of 5-20 nm. The intracellular delivery of SCNPs can be enhanced by using delivery agents. Here, a positive polymer is used to form polyplexes with SCNPs, similar to the strategy of protein and gene delivery. The size and surface charge of the polyplexes were evaluated. The cellular uptake showed rapid uptake of SCNPs via polyplex formation, and the cytosolic delivery of the SCNPs was presented by confocal microscopy. The ability of SCNPs to act as nanocarriers was further explored by conjugation of doxorubicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi M Hamelmann
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Uijttewaal
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sry D Hujaya
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jos M J Paulusse
- Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and TechMed Institute for Health and Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen Z, Liu S, Liu W, Jiang P, Wang L, Li J, Zhou H, Guo T. Zinc(II)-Cyclen Multifunctional Complex Module-Mediated Polycation-Based High-Performance pDNA Vectors. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5678-5689. [PMID: 34847318 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A kind of novel multifunctional modules based on zinc(II)-coordinative cyclen has been developed, which is utilized to modify low molecular weight polyethylenimine (LMWPEI) obtaining high-performance DNA vectors. A series of in vitro experiments were carried out to explore the performance of the module in improving the key process of gene transfection, such as DNA condensation, serum resistance, cellular uptake, and endosomal escape. The results demonstrate that there is a significant synergistic effect between the functional module and PEI2.5k in the process of breaking through the key barriers of gene transfection. The optimal Zn-PCD mediates 160-fold higher gluciferase activity than commercial transfection reagents PEI25k in ADSC stem cells with more than 90% cell viability and achieves excellent transfection efficiency in diverse cell types, for instance, HepG2 cells, 293T cells, and 293F suspension cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elbayomi SM, Nie X, You YZ, Tamer TM. Hydrogen bonds in polycation improve the gene delivery efficiency in the serum-containing environment. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
5
|
Hosseinnejad A, Fischer T, Jain P, Bleilevens C, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U, Rossaint R, Singh S. Enzyme mimetic microgel coating for endogenous nitric oxide mediated inhibition of platelet activation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 601:604-616. [PMID: 34116469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.05.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) continuously generated by healthy endothelium prevents platelet activation and maintains vascular homeostasis. However, when artificial surfaces, like of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator comes in contact with blood, protein adsorption and thereby platelet activation takes place, which eventually leads to thrombus formation. To overcome this, we present an antifouling microgel coating mimicking the function of enzyme glutathione peroxidase to endogenously generate NO in the blood plasma from endogenous NO-donors and maintain a physiological NO flux. Microgels are synthesized by copolymerization of highly hydrophilic N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) with diselenide crosslinks. For immobilization of the microgels on hydrophobic poly(4-methylpentene) (TPX) membranes bioengineered amphiphilic anchor peptides with free thiols are used. The anchor peptide attaches to the TPX membranes by hydrophobic interactions while the free thiols are presented for crosslinking with the microgels. The hydrophilic nature of the microgel coating prevents protein adsorption while the reversible diselenide bridges make the microgels responsive to the reducing environment and lead to the formation of reactive selenols/selenolates. The generated selenols/selenolates provide an efficient and sustained NO-release from endogenous S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) mimicking the enzymatic function of glutathione peroxidase. On exposure to the whole blood, the microgel coating inhibited platelet activation and prolonged the blood clotting time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisa Hosseinnejad
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Fischer
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Puja Jain
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christian Bleilevens
- Department of Anaesthesiology of the University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Felix Jakob
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany; Institute for Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Rolf Rossaint
- Department of Anaesthesiology of the University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Smriti Singh
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V., Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany; Max-Planck-Institut für medizinische Forschung, Jahnstraße 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen Z, Wang X, Liu S, Li Y, Zhou H, Guo T. Zn(ii)-Dipicolylamine analogues with amphiphilic side chains endow low molecular weight PEI with high transfection performance. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3090-3099. [PMID: 33751016 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm02181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of amphiphilic balance of Zn(ii)-dipicolylamine analogues on the transfection process, we fabricated a series of Zn(ii)-dipicolylamine functional modules (DDAC-Rs) with different hydrophilic-phobic side chains to modify low molecular weight PEI (Zn-DP-Rs) by the Michael addition reaction. Zn-DP-Rs with hydrophilic terminal hydroxy group side chains demonstrate superior overall performance compared to those of hydrophobic alkyl side chains. In terms of the influence of the chain lengths in DDAC-Rs, from Zn-DP-A/OH-3 to Zn-DP-A/OH-5, the corresponding transfection efficiency shows an upward trend as the lengths increase. However, decreasing efficacy is observed with further increase in the length of side chains. In addition, the Zn-DP-Rs with amphiphilic side chains show prominent performance in every respect, highlighting the significance of balance in the amphipathy of side chains in DDAC-Rs. This work is of great significance for the development of polycationic gene carrier materials with excellent performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No. 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xindong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No. 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No. 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yumeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No. 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tianying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road, No. 94, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Blakney AK, Zhu Y, McKay PF, Bouton C, Yeow J, Tang J, Hu K, Samnuan K, Grigsby CL, Shattock RJ, Stevens MM. Big Is Beautiful: Enhanced saRNA Delivery and Immunogenicity by a Higher Molecular Weight, Bioreducible, Cationic Polymer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5711-5727. [PMID: 32267667 PMCID: PMC7304921 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines are highly advantageous, as they result in enhanced protein expression compared to mRNA (mRNA), thus minimizing the required dose. However, previous delivery strategies were optimized for siRNA or mRNA and do not necessarily deliver saRNA efficiently due to structural differences of these RNAs, thus motivating the development of saRNA delivery platforms. Here, we engineer a bioreducible, linear, cationic polymer called "pABOL" for saRNA delivery and show that increasing its molecular weight enhances delivery both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that pABOL enhances protein expression and cellular uptake via both intramuscular and intradermal injection compared to commercially available polymers in vivo and that intramuscular injection confers complete protection against influenza challenge. Due to the scalability of polymer synthesis and ease of formulation preparation, we anticipate that this polymer is highly clinically translatable as a delivery vehicle for saRNA for both vaccines and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Clément
R. Bouton
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Kai Hu
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Christopher L. Grigsby
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cytocompatible and non-fouling zwitterionic hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels using thiol-ene “click” chemistry for cell encapsulation. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 236:116021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
9
|
Siirilä J, Hietala S, Ekholm FS, Tenhu H. Glucose and Maltose Surface-Functionalized Thermoresponsive Poly( N-Vinylcaprolactam) Nanogels. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:955-965. [PMID: 31917581 PMCID: PMC7497634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soft nanoparticles are interesting materials due to their size, deformability, and ability to host guest molecules. Surface properties play an essential role in determining the fate of the particles in biological medium, and coating of the nanoparticles (and polymers) with carbohydrates has been found to be an efficient strategy for increasing their biocompatibility and fine-tuning other important properties such as aqueous solubility. In this work, soft nanogels of poly(N-vinylcaprolactam), PNVCL, were surface-functionalized with different glucose and maltose ligands, and the colloidal properties of the gels were analyzed. The PNVCL nanogels were first prepared via semibatch precipitation polymerization, where a comonomer, propargyl acrylate (PA), was added after preparticle formation. The aim was to synthesize "clickable" nanogels with alkyne groups on their surfaces. The nanogels were then functionalized with two separate azido-glucosides and azido-maltosides (containing different linkers) through a copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) click reaction. The glucose and maltose bearing nanogels were thermoresponsive and shrank upon heating. Compared to the PNVCL-PA nanogel, the carbohydrate bearing ones were larger, more hydrophilic, had volume phase transitions at higher temperatures, and were more stable against salt-induced precipitation. In addition to investigating the colloidal properties of the nanogels, the carbohydrate recognition was addressed by studying the interactions with a model lectin, concanavalin A (Con A). The binding efficiency was not affected by the temperature, which indicates that the carbohydrate moieties are located on the gel surfaces, and are capable of interacting with other biomolecules independent of temperature. Thus, the synthesis produces nanogels, which have surface functions capable of biorelevant interactions and a thermoresponsive structure. These types of particles can be used for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joonas Siirilä
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang Z, Thayumanavan S. Disulfide-containing Macromolecules for Therapeutic Delivery. Isr J Chem 2020; 60:132-139. [PMID: 34168383 PMCID: PMC8221575 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201900160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of macromolecules provides applicable platforms for the delivery of therapeutics. In this general overview, we focus on the design principles of synthetic polymers, with disulfide bonds located in either the polymer backbone or side chains. We also discuss the role of disulfide bonds, as well as the remaining questions to better understand their applications in therapeutic delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Center for Bioactive Delivery at the Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kollár J, Danko M, Pippig F, Mosnáček J. Functional Polymers and Polymeric Materials From Renewable Alpha-Unsaturated Gamma-Butyrolactones. Front Chem 2019; 7:845. [PMID: 31921769 PMCID: PMC6923188 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable chemistry requires application of green processes and often starting materials originate from renewable resources. Biomass-derived monomers based on five-membered γ-butyrolactone ring represent suitable candidates to replace sources of fossil origin. α-Methylene-γ-butyrolactone, β-hydroxy-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, and β- and γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones bearing exocyclic double bond are available directly by isolation from plants or derived from itaconic or levulinic acids available from biomass feedstock. Exocyclic double bond with structural similarity with methacrylates is highly reactive in chain-growth polymerization. Reaction involves the linking of monomer molecules through vinyl double bonds in the presence of initiators typical for radical, anionic, zwitterionic, group-transfer, organocatalytic, and coordination polymerizations. The formed polymers containing pendant ring are characterized by high glass transition temperature (T g > 195°C) and render decent heat, weathering, scratch, and solvent resistance. The monomers can also be hydrolyzed to open the lactone ring and form water-soluble monomers. Subsequent radical copolymerization in the presence of cross-linker can yield to hydrogels with superior degree of swelling and highly tunable characteristics, depending on the external stimuli. The five-membered lactone ring allows copolymerization of these compounds by ring opening polymerization to provide polyesters with preserved methylene functionality. In addition, both the lactone ring and the methylene double bond can be attacked by amines. Polyaddition with di- or multi-amines leads to functional poly(amidoamines) with properties tunable by structure of the amines. In this mini-review, we summarize the synthetic procedures for preparation of polymeric materials with interesting properties, including thermoplastic elastomers, acrylic latexes, stimuli-sensitive superabsorbent hydrogels, functional biocompatible polyesters, and poly(amidoamines).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Kollár
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Danko
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Falko Pippig
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Department of Synthesis and Characterization of Polymers, Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alongi J, Ferruti P, Manfredi A, Carosio F, Feng Z, Hakkarainen M, Ranucci E. Superior flame retardancy of cotton by synergetic effect of cellulose-derived nano-graphene oxide carbon dots and disulphide-containing polyamidoamines. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
13
|
Sato E, Yuri M, Matsumoto A, Horibe H. Reductants for polyperoxides to accelerate degradation at elevated temperatures. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
14
|
Dendrimer-grafted bioreducible polycation/DNA multilayered films with low cytotoxicity and high transfection ability. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:737-745. [PMID: 30813078 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled release of incorporated foreign DNA from multilayered films plays an important role in surface-mediated gene delivery. Herein, multilayered polyelectrolyte complex thin films, composed of dendrimer-grafted bio-reducible cationic poly(disulfide amine) and plasmid DNA, were fabricated via layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly for in vitro localized gene delivery. The UV absorbance and thickness of the LBL films were found to have linear correlation with the numbers of poly(disulfide amine)/DNA bilayers. Although LBL films were stable in PBS buffer, their degradation could be triggered by reducing agents (i.e. glutathione, GSH). The degradation rate of the films is directly proportional to the GSH concentration, which in turn affected the corresponding gene expression. All poly(disulfide amine)/DNA films exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher transfection activity in comparison with PEI/DNA multilayered films. Moreover, LBL films showed the highest transfection efficiency in the presence of 2.5 mM GSH when cultured with 293T cells, with ~36% GFP-positive 293T cells after 5-days of co-culture. These DNA-containing reducible films could potentially be useful in gene therapy and tissue engineering by controlling the release of incorporated DNA.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ranucci E, Manfredi A. Polyamidoamines: Versatile Bioactive Polymers with Potential for Biotechnological Applications. CHEMISTRY AFRICA-A JOURNAL OF THE TUNISIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-019-00046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
16
|
Manfredi A, Carosio F, Ferruti P, Alongi J, Ranucci E. Disulfide-containing polyamidoamines with remarkable flame retardant activity for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
17
|
Yardley RE, Gillies ER. Multi-stimuli-responsive self-immolative polymer assemblies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. Yardley
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Elizabeth R. Gillies
- Department of Chemistry and the Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B7
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street; London Ontario Canada N6A 5B9
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wagner AM, Spencer DS, Peppas NA. Advanced architectures in the design of responsive polymers for cancer nanomedicine. J Appl Polym Sci 2018; 135:46154. [PMID: 30174339 PMCID: PMC6114141 DOI: 10.1002/app.46154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, nanoparticles have shown significant promise as an oncology treatment modality. Responsive polymers represent a promising class of nanoparticles that can trigger delivery through the exploitation of a specific stimuli. Response to a stimulus is one of the most basic processes found in living systems. As such, the desire to engineer dynamic and functional materials is becoming more prevalent in an effort to achieve precise control over our environment. The combination of controlled radical polymerization and high yielding chemistry strategies provide an excellent basis for the development of the next generation of drug delivery systems. The versatility of polymer chemistries available enables the synthesis of increasingly complex architectures with enhanced delivery specificity and control over the desired properties to interface with biological systems. This tutorial review highlights recent developments in polymer-based approaches to internally responsive nanoparticles for oncology. Presented are concise overviews of the current challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine, common polymer-based architectures, and the basis for internally triggered stimuli-response relationships commonly employed in oncology applications. Examples of the chemistry used in the design of environmentally labile nanomaterials are discussed, and we outline recent advances in creating advanced bioresponsive drug delivery architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Wagner
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - David S Spencer
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Department of Surgery and Perioperative Surgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kallar AR, Muthu J, Selvam S. Bioreducible amino acid-derived polymeric nanoparticles for delivery of functional proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 164:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Deen GR, Loh XJ. Stimuli-Responsive Cationic Hydrogels in Drug Delivery Applications. Gels 2018; 4:E13. [PMID: 30674789 PMCID: PMC6318685 DOI: 10.3390/gels4010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive, smart, intelligent, or environmentally sensitive polymers respond to changes in external stimuli such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, surfactants, pressure, light, biomolecules, and magnetic field. These materials are developed in various network architectures such as block copolymers, crosslinked hydrogels, nanogels, inter-penetrating networks, and dendrimers. Stimuli-responsive cationic polymers and hydrogels are an interesting class of "smart" materials that respond reversibly to changes in external pH. These materials have the ability to swell extensively in solutions of acidic pH and de-swell or shrink in solutions of alkaline pH. This reversible swelling-shrinking property brought about by changes in external pH conditions makes these materials useful in a wide range of applications such as drug delivery systems and chemical sensors. This article focuses mainly on the properties of these interesting materials and their applications in drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Roshan Deen
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Natural Sciences and Science Education AG, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1-Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2-Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Disulfide-functionalized hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) derivatives as both reductant and stabilizer for the synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoclusters. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
22
|
|
23
|
Jiang J, Huang Y, Wang Y, Xu H, Xing M, Zhong W. Mussel-Inspired Dopamine and Carbon Nanotube Leading to a Biocompatible Self-Rolling Conductive Hydrogel Film. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10080964. [PMID: 28820472 PMCID: PMC5578330 DOI: 10.3390/ma10080964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel self-rolling, conductive, and biocompatible multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-dopamine-polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel film. The gel can self-fold into a thin tube when it is transferred from a glass slide to an aqueous environment, regardless of the concentrations of the MWCNT. The film presents a highly organized pattern, which results from the self-assembly of hydrophilic dopamine and hydrophobic carbon nanotubes. By exploring the biomedical potential, we found that MWCNT-included rolled film is nontoxic and can promote cell growth. For further functional verification by qPCR (quantitative polymerase chain reaction), bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells present higher levels of osteogenic differentiations in response to a higher concentration of CNTs. The results suggest that the self-rolling, conductive CNT-dopamine-PEG hydrogel could have multiple potentials, including biomedical usage and as a conductive biosensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junzi Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Yong Huang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, China.
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ashrafi K, Heaysman CL, Phillips GJ, Lloyd AW, Lewis AL. Towards Hypoxia-responsive Drug-eluting Embolization Beads. Int J Pharm 2017; 524:226-237. [PMID: 28373099 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug release from chemoembolization microspheres stimulated by the presence of a chemically reducing environment may provide benefits for targeting drug resistant and metastatic hypoxic tumours. A water-soluble disulfide-based bifunctional cross-linker bis(acryloyl)-(l)-cystine (BALC) was synthesised, characterised and incorporated into a modified poly(vinyl) alcohol (PVA) hydrogel beads at varying concentrations using reverse suspension polymerisation. The beads were characterised to confirm the amount of cross-linker within each formulation and its effects on the bead properties. Elemental and UV/visible spectroscopic analysis confirmed the incorporation of BALC within the beads and sizing studies showed that in the presence of a reducing agent, all bead formulations increased in mean diameter. The BALC beads could be loaded with doxorubicin hydrochloride and amounts in excess of 300mg of drug per mL of hydrated beads could be achieved but required conversion of the carboxylic acid groups of the BALC to their sodium carboxylate salt forms. Elution of doxorubicin from the beads demonstrated a controlled release via ionic exchange. Some formulations exhibited an increase in size and release of drug in the presence of a reducing agent, and therefore demonstrated the ability to respond to an in vitro reducing environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koorosh Ashrafi
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom; Biocompatibles UK Ltd, A BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, United Kingdom
| | - Clare L Heaysman
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, A BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J Phillips
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Lloyd
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Moulsecoomb, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd, A BTG International Group Company, Lakeview, Riverside Way, Watchmoor Park, Camberley, GU15 3YL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Curcio M, Diaz-Gomez L, Cirillo G, Concheiro A, Iemma F, Alvarez-Lorenzo C. pH/redox dual-sensitive dextran nanogels for enhanced intracellular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 117:324-332. [PMID: 28478161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
pH/redox dual-responsive nanogels (DEX-SS) were prepared by precipitation polymerization of methacrylated dextran (DEXMA), 2-aminoethylmethacrylate (AEMA) and N,N'-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC), and then loaded with methotrexate (MTX). Nanogels were spherical and exhibited homogeneous size distribution (460nm, PDI<0.30) as observed using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DEX-SS were sensitive to the variations of pH and redox environment. Nanogels incubated in buffer pH 5.0 containing 10mM glutathione (GSH) synergistically increased the mean diameter and the PDI to 750nm and 0.42, respectively. In vitro release experiments were performed at pH 7.4 and 5.0 with and without GSH. The cumulative release of MTX in pH 5.0 medium with 10mMGSH was 5-fold higher than that recorded at pH 7.4 without GSH. Fibroblasts and tumor cells were used to tests the effects of blank DEX-SS and MTX@DEX-SS nanogels on cell viability. Remarkable influence of pH on nanogels internalization into HeLa cells was evidenced by means of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Luis Diaz-Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Cirillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francesca Iemma
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+DPharma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun Q, Zhou Z, Qiu N, Shen Y. Rational Design of Cancer Nanomedicine: Nanoproperty Integration and Synchronization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606628. [PMID: 28234430 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current cancer nanomedicines can only mitigate adverse effects but fail to enhance therapeutic efficacies of anticancer drugs. Rational design of next-generation cancer nanomedicines should aim to enhance their therapeutic efficacies. Taking this into account, this review first analyzes the typical cancer-drug-delivery process of an intravenously administered nanomedicine and concludes that the delivery involves a five-step CAPIR cascade and that high efficiency at every step is critical to guarantee high overall therapeutic efficiency. Further analysis shows that the nanoproperties needed in each step for a nanomedicine to maximize its efficiency are different and even opposing in different steps, particularly what the authors call the PEG, surface-charge, size and stability dilemmas. To resolve those dilemmas in order to integrate all needed nanoproperties into one nanomedicine, stability, surface and size nanoproperty transitions (3S transitions for short) are proposed and the reported strategies to realize these transitions are comprehensively summarized. Examples of nanomedicines capable of the 3S transitions are discussed, as are future research directions to design high-performance cancer nanomedicines and their clinical translations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Sun
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nasha Qiu
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Center for Bionanoengineering and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zheda Road 38, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nutan B, Chandel AK, Bhalani DV, Jewrajka SK. Synthesis and tailoring the degradation of multi-responsive amphiphilic conetwork gels and hydrogels of poly(β-amino ester) and poly(amido amine). POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
28
|
Liu Y, Li H, Xie J, Zhou M, Huang H, Lu H, Chai Z, Chen J, Hu Y. Facile construction of mitochondria-targeting nanoparticles for enhanced phototherapeutic effects. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1022-1031. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An illustration of the preparation of ICG/rPAA@SWCNT nanoparticles which target mitochondria for amplifying photodynamic therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Hui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Huiru Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Zhifang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhan C, Fu XB, Yao Y, Liu HJ, Chen Y. Stimuli-responsive hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)s integrated with thermal and pH sensitivity, reducible degradability and intrinsic photoluminescence. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27390d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive HPA-C4s integrated with thermal and pH sensitivity, reducible degradability and intrinsic photoluminescence were successfully prepared and characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Xiao-Bin Fu
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yefeng Yao
- Department of Physics & Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Ji Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Yu Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Sciences
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chen S, Bian Q, Wang P, Zheng X, Lv L, Dang Z, Wang G. Photo, pH and redox multi-responsive nanogels for drug delivery and fluorescence cell imaging. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01424d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A light, pH and redox triple-responsive spiropyran-based nanogel is prepared and applied for the efficient delivery of anticancer drugs and fluorescence cell imaging for the strong emission of merocyanine photoisomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Qing Bian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Panjun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Xuewei Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Le Lv
- Department of Biological Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Zhimin Dang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Guojie Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Disulfide-functional poly(amido amine)s with tunable degradability for gene delivery. J Control Release 2016; 244:357-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
32
|
Zhang J, Yu J, Jiang J, Chen X, Sun Y, Yang Z, Yang T, Cai C, Zhao X, Ding P. Uptake Pathways of Guandinylated Disulfide Containing Polymers as Nonviral Gene Carrier Delivering DNA to Cells. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:903-913. [PMID: 27764887 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymers of guanidinylated disulfide containing poly(amido amine)s (Gua-SS-PAAs), have shown high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity. Previously, we synthesized two Gua-SS-PAA polymers, using guanidino containing monomers (i.e., arginine and agmatine, denoted as ARG and AGM, respectively) and N,N'-cystaminebisacrylamide (CBA). In this study, these two polymers, AGM-CBA and ARG-CBA were complexed with plasmid DNA, and their uptake pathway was investigated. Complexes distribution in MCF-7 cells, and changes on cell endosomes/lysosomes and membrane after the cells were exposed to complexes were tested. In addition, how the transfection efficiency changed with the cell cycle status as well as endocytosis inhibitors were studied. The polymers of AGM-CBA and ARG-CBA can avoid endosomal/lysosomal trap, therefore, greatly delivering plasmid DNA (pDNA) to the cell nucleoli. It is the guanidine groups in the polymers that enhanced complexes' permeation through cell membrane with slight membrane damage, and targeting to the nucleoli. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 903-913, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingzheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Husson University, Bangor, Maine
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, School of life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sun Y, Xian L, Yu J, Yang T, Zhang J, Yang Z, Jiang J, Cai C, Zhao X, Yang L, Ding P. Structure-Function Correlations of Poly(Amido Amine)s for Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Lei Xian
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jiankun Yu
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Tianzhi Yang
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences; School of Pharmacy; Husson University; Bangor ME 04401-2929 USA
| | - Jinmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Jingzheng Jiang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Cuifang Cai
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology; School of life Science and Biopharmaceutics; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Li Yang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang 110016 China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li S, Zhang J, Deng C, Meng F, Yu L, Zhong Z. Redox-Sensitive and Intrinsically Fluorescent Photoclick Hyaluronic Acid Nanogels for Traceable and Targeted Delivery of Cytochrome c to Breast Tumor in Mice. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21155-62. [PMID: 27509045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In spite of their high specificity and potency, few protein therapeutics are applied in clinical cancer therapy owing to a lack of safe and efficacious delivery systems. Here, we report that redox-sensitive and intrinsically fluorescent photoclick hyaluronic acid nanogels (HA-NGs) show highly efficient loading and breast tumor-targeted delivery of cytochrome c (CC). HA-NGs were obtained from hyaluronic acid-graft-oligo(ethylene glycol)-tetrazole (HA-OEG-Tet) via inverse nanoprecipitation and catalyst-free photoclick cross-linking with l-cystine dimethacrylamide (MA-Cys-MA). HA-NGs exhibited a superb CC loading content of up to 40.6 wt %, intrinsic fluorescence (λem = 510 nm), and a small size of ca. 170 nm. Notably, CC-loaded nanogels (CC-NGs) showed a fast glutathione-responsive protein release behavior. Importantly, released CC maintained its bioactivity. MTT assays revealed that CC-NGs were highly potent with a low IC50 of 3.07 μM to CD44+ MCF-7 human breast tumor cells. Confocal microscopy observed efficient and selective internalization of fluorescent HA-NGs into MCF-7 cells. Interestingly, HA-NGs exhibited also effective breast tumor penetration. The therapeutic results demonstrated that CC-NGs effectively inhibited the growth of MCF-7 breast tumor xenografts at a particularly low dose of 80 or 160 nmol CC equiv./kg. Moreover, CC-NGs did not cause any change in mice body weight, corroborating their low systemic side effects. Redox-sensitive and intrinsically fluorescent photoclick hyaluronic acid nanogels have appeared as a "smart" protein delivery nanoplatform enabling safe, efficacious, traceable, and targeted cancer protein therapy in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Manfredi A, Ranucci E, Suardi M, Ferruti P. Polymerization Kinetics of Poly(amidoamine)s in Different Solvents. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911507076453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The polyaddition kinetics of 2-methylpiperazine to 1,4-bisacryloylpiperazine was determined in water, methanol, ethylene glycol, formamide, and dimethylformamide, respectively. In the protic solvents, the polyaddition proceeded through a two-step mechanism, each step involved one of the two different secondary amino groups; the difference in amine reactivity was ascribed to the different steric hindrance by the neighbouring groups. Each step followed pseudo-second-order kinetics; the kinetic constants included the catalytic protonic species. In the case of dimethylformamide, the polyaddition proceeded through third-order kinetics; this accounted for the autocatalytic activity of the amino groups. The apparent kinetic constants in the protic solvents increased with the increase in the autoprotolysis constant values and decreased with the increase of the dipole moment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amedea Manfredi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ranucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy,
| | - Marco Suardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Università di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy, CIMAINA, Centro Interdisciplinare Materiali e Interfacce Nanostrutturate, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu W, Qian J, Zhang Y, Suo A, Cui N, Wang J, Yao Y, Wang H. A photo-polymerized poly(N ε-acryloyl l-lysine) hydrogel for 3D culture of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3339-3350. [PMID: 32263269 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00511j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The most common in vitro cell culture platform, standard two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture, often fails to mimic the tumor microenvironment, while animal models complicate research on the effect of individual factors on cell behaviors. Both are unsatisfactory in the research of molecular mechanisms of tumor development and progression and the discovery and development of anticancer drugs. In vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture can partially simulate in vivo conditions and 3D-cultured cancer cells can recapture many essential features of native tumor tissues. In this study, to mimic the in vivo breast tumor microenvironment, novel reduction-responsive poly(Nε-acryloyl l-lysine) (pLysAAm) hydrogels were synthesized by rapid photo-polymerization of Nε-acryloyl l-lysine and using N,N'-bis(acryloyl)-(l)-cystine as a crosslinker, and their physicochemical properties were characterized systemically. The results showed that the pLysAAm hydrogels were formed within 93 s under UV irradiation and exhibited almost total elastic recovery from compressions as high as 75%. The lyophilized hydrogel samples displayed a highly porous structure with interconnected pores, had an equilibrium swelling ratio of about 20, and were degraded faster in a glutathione-containing solution than in PBS solution. The biological versatility of the pLysAAm hydrogels was demonstrated by both in vitro MCF-7 cell culture and in vivo tumor formation. Compared to cells cultured as 2D monolayers, the 3D-cultured cells presented 3D cell morphology, exhibited better cell viability, expressed higher levels of pro-angiogenic factors, and showed significantly greater migration and invasion abilities. The results from assay of tumorigenicity in nude mice and histologic analysis demonstrated the enhanced tumorigenic and angiogenic capabilities of the MCF-7 cells pre-cultured in pLysAAm hydrogels. These findings suggest that pLysAAm hydrogels may be used to bridge the gap between standard in vitro cell cultures and living tissues, aid breast cancer research, and help researchers to develop novel anticancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu W, Qian J, Zhang Y, Suo A, Cui N, Wang J, Yao Y, Wang H. A double-network poly(Nɛ-acryloyl L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid hydrogel as a mimic of the breast tumor microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2016; 33:131-41. [PMID: 26805429 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To mimic the structure of breast tumor microenvironment, novel double-network poly(Nɛ-acryloyl L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid (pLysAAm/HA) hydrogels were fabricated by a two-step photo-polymerization process for in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. The morphology, mechanical properties, swelling and degradation behaviors of pLysAAm/HA hydrogels were investigated. The growth behavior and function of MCF-7 cells cultured on the hydrogels and standard 2D culture plates were compared. The results showed that pLysAAm/HA hydrogels had a highly porous microstructure with a double network and that their mechanical properties, swelling ratio and degradation rate depended on the degree of methacrylation of HA. The results of in vitro studies revealed that the pLysAAm/HA hydrogels could support MCF-7 cell adhesion, promote cell proliferation, and induce the diversification of cell morphologies and overexpression of VEGF, IL-8 and bFGF. The MCF-7 cells cultured on 3D hydrogels showed significantly increased migration and invasion abilities as compared to 2D-cultured cells. Preliminary in vivo results confirmed that the 3D culture of MCF-7 cells resulted in greater tumorigenesis than their 2D culture. These results indicate that the pLysAAm/HA hydrogels can provide a 3D microenvironment for MCF-7 cells that is more representative of the in vivo breast cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Traditional 2D cell cultures cannot ideally represent their in vivo physiological conditions. In this work, we reported a method for preparing double-network poly(Nɛ-acryloyl L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid hydrogel, and demonstrated its suitability for use in mimicing breast tumor microenvironment. Results showed the prepared hydrogels had controllable mechanical properties, swelling ratio and degradation rate. The MCF-7 cells cultured in hydrogels expressed much higher levels of pro-angiogenic growth factors and displayed significantly enhanced migration and invasion abilities. The tumorigenic capability of MCF-7 cells pre-cultured in 3D hydrogels was enhanced significantly. Therefore, the novel hydrogel may provide a more physiologically relevant 3D in vitro model for breast cancer research. To our knowledge, this is the first report assessing a HA-based double-network hydrogel used as a tumor model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Aili Suo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ning Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jinlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hejing Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang L, Li G, Lin Y, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Wu S. A strategy for constructing anti-adhesion surfaces based on interfacial thiol–ene photoclick chemistry between DOPA derivatives with a catechol anchor group and zwitterionic betaine macromolecules. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01043a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel route to construct stable anti-adhesion surfaces was explored via click chemistry between the anti-adhesion macromolecules and the anchoring compound DMA to various substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Guangji Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Yinlei Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zixun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| | - Shuqing Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- China
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sultanova ED, Atlanderova AA, Mukhitova RD, Salnikov VV, Osin YN, Ziganshina AY, Konovalov AI. Reduction-controlled substrate release from a polymer nanosphere based on a viologen-cavitand. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we present a new polymeric nanosphere (p(MVCA-co-SS)) for redox-controlled substrate release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elza D. Sultanova
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan Scientific Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kazan 420088
| | - Anna A. Atlanderova
- A.M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420018
- Russia
| | - Rezeda D. Mukhitova
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan Scientific Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kazan 420088
| | - Vadim V. Salnikov
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420018
- Russia
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
| | - Yuriy N. Osin
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420018
- Russia
| | - Albina Y. Ziganshina
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan Scientific Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kazan 420088
| | - Alexander I. Konovalov
- Department of Supramolecular Chemistry
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry
- Kazan Scientific Center
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Kazan 420088
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeng J, Du P, Liu L, Li J, Tian K, Jia X, Zhao X, Liu P. Superparamagnetic Reduction/pH/Temperature Multistimuli-Responsive Nanoparticles for Targeted and Controlled Antitumor Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4188-99. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengcheng Du
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiagen Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kun Tian
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xu Jia
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xubo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Applied
Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry
and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cui N, Qian J, Xu W, Xu M, Zhao N, Liu T, Wang H. Preparation, characterization, and biocompatibility evaluation of poly(Nɛ-acryloyl-L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid interpenetrating network hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 136:1017-26. [PMID: 26572442 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, poly(Nɛ-acryloyl-L-lysine)/hyaluronic acid (pLysAAm/HA) interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels were successfully fabricated through the combination of hydrazone bond crosslinking and photo-crosslinking reactions. The HA hydrogel network was first synthesized from 3,3'-dithiodipropionate hydrazide-modified HA and polyethylene glycol dilevulinate by hydrazone bond crosslinking. The pLysAAm hydrogel network was prepared from Nɛ-acryloyl-L-lysine and N,N'-bis(acryloyl)-(L)-cystine by photo-crosslinking. The resultant pLysAAm/HA hydrogels had a good shape recovery property after loading and unloading for 1.5 cycles (up to 90%) and displayed a highly porous microstructure. Their compressive moduli were at least 5 times higher than that of HA hydrogels. The pLysAAm/HA hydrogels had an equilibrium swelling ratio of up to 37.9 and displayed a glutathione-responsive degradation behavior. The results from in vitro biocompatibility evaluation with pre-osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells revealed that the pLysAAm/HA hydrogels could support cell viability and proliferation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated that the pLysAAm/HA hydrogels allowed cell and tissue infiltration, confirming their good in vivo biocompatibility. Therefore, the novel pLysAAm/HA IPN hydrogels have great potential for bone tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junmin Qian
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Weijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Minghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Hongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xiao X, Yu L, Dong Z, Mbelek R, Xu K, Lei C, Zhong W, Lu F, Xing M. Adipose stem cell-laden injectable thermosensitive hydrogel reconstructing depressed defects in rats: filler and scaffold. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:5635-5644. [PMID: 32262534 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00270b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Facial depressed defects are a common cosmetic problem. Temporary fillers need to be re-injected frequently to maintain the desired outcomes. Here, the feasibility of a novel type of injectable hydrogel for persistent effect is demonstrated. We first useed agmatine to synthesize a poly(amidoamine) (PAA) to form a cell-attachable crosslinker and then the crosslinker was co-polymerized with N-isopropylacrylamide to obtain an injectable and temperature sensitive hydrogel. 1H NMR showed the successful synthesis of the crosslinker. In vitro tests, CCK-8 assay and live/dead viability test showed that the hydrogel was non-toxic to adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). SEM images also confirmed that ASCs could adhere to the hydrogel. Then we constructed a novel depressed defect model in rats and injected four different fillers in the depressed defects: (1) the hydrogel with ASCs, (2) the hydrogel only, (3) hyaluronic acid, and (4) PBS. After 4 weeks, gross and histological analyses showed the defects in hydrogel, hydrogel + ASCs, and HA groups improved significantly and there were no significant differences among them. Significant differences in thickness from skin to muscle in the defect was found between the hydrogel + ASCs group and the other groups after 6 months. The hydrogels degraded completely in defects in both the hydrogel group and the hydrogel + ASCs group, and were filled with adipocytes and multilocular immature adipocytes. Immunohistochemical study using s-100 and perilipin staining revealed adipocyte differentiation in the defect sites. We also used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-ASCs for tracing and found that exogenous added ASCs were involved in adipogenesis. In conclusion, such a cell attachable thermosensitive hydrogel has definite potential not only as a filler but also as a scaffold, and has a persistent effect for small depressed defects. It might ultimately become a new material in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tocchio A, Martello F, Tamplenizza M, Rossi E, Gerges I, Milani P, Lenardi C. RGD-mimetic poly(amidoamine) hydrogel for the fabrication of complex cell-laden micro constructs. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:144-54. [PMID: 25724444 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the 3D cell culture approach for creating in vitro models for drug screening and cellular studies, has led to the development of hydrogels that are able to mimic the in vivo 3D cellular milieu. To this aim, synthetic polymer-based hydrogels, with which it is possible to fine-tune the chemical and biophysical properties of the cell microenvironment, are becoming more and more acclaimed. Of all synthetic materials, poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) hydrogels are known to have promising properties. In particular, PAAs hydrogels containing the 2,2-bisacrylamidoacetic acid-agmatine monomeric unit are capable of enhancing cellular adhesion by interacting with the RGD-binding αVβ3 integrin. The synthesis of a new photocrosslinkable, biomimetic PAA-Jeffamine®-PAA triblock copolymer (PJP) hydrogel is reported in this paper with the aim of improving the optical, biocompatibility and cell-adhesion properties of previously studied PAA hydrogels and providing an inexpensive alternative to the RGD peptide based hydrogels. The physicochemical properties of PJP hydrogels are extensively discussed and the behavior of 2D and 3D cell cultures was analyzed in depth with different cell types. Moreover, cell-laden PJP hydrogels were patterned with perfusable microchannels and seeded with endothelial cells, in order to investigate the possibility of using PJP hydrogels for fabricating cell laden tissue-like micro constructs and microfluidic devices. Overall the data obtained suggest that PJP could ultimately become a useful tool for fabricating improved in vitro models in order to potentially enhance the effectiveness of drug screening and clinical treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tocchio
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Campus IFOM-IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Eleonora Rossi
- SEMM, European School of Molecular Medicine, Campus IFOM-IEO, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Irini Gerges
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy; CIMaINa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Lenardi
- Fondazione Filarete, Viale Ortles 22/4, 20139 Milano, Italy; CIMaINa, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cheng W, Kumar JN, Zhang Y, Liu Y. pH- and redox-responsive self-assembly of amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s for controlled doxorubicin delivery. Biomater Sci 2015. [PMID: 26222420 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00410h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vinyl-terminated hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s is obtained by Michael addition polymerization of 4-(aminomethyl)piperidine (AMPD) with a double molar N,N-cystaminebis(acrylamide) (BAC). Then an amphiphilic hyperbranched poly(BAC2-AMPD1)-PEG is produced via converting the vinyl groups to amines followed by PEGylation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results indicate that the micelles can be obtained via self-assembly of hyperbranched poly(BAC2-AMPD1)-PEG. Further an anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), can be loaded into the micelles. pH- and redox-response of the micelles of hyperbranched poly(BAC2-AMPD1)-PEG without and with DOX are investigated. The results of confocal microscopy and flow cytometry reflect that FITC tagged or DOX loaded micelles of hyperbranched poly(BAC2-AMPD1)-PEG can enter HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, and DOX can be observed in the nucleus of the cells. The cytotoxicity of the micelles without and with DOX is evaluated in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells, and the efficacy to kill the cancer cells is discussed in comparison with free DOX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiren Cheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, 117602, Singapore.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chang J, Tao Y, Wang B, Guo BH, Xu H, Jiang YR, Huang Y. An in situ-forming zwitterionic hydrogel as vitreous substitute. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1097-1105. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An in situ-forming zwitterionic gel as vitreous substitute.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology
- People's Hospital
- Peking University
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration
- Ministry of Education
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- People's Hospital
- Peking University
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration
- Ministry of Education
| | - Bao-hua Guo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Hong Xu
- College of Food Science and Light Industry
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Yan-rong Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology
- People's Hospital
- Peking University
- Key Laboratory of Vision Loss and Restoration
- Ministry of Education
| | - Yanbin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mackiewicz M, Kaniewska K, Romanski J, Augustin E, Stojek Z, Karbarz M. Stable and degradable microgels linked with cystine for storing and environmentally triggered release of drugs. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7262-7270. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00907c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgels crosslinked with a cysteine derivative, which has ability to control gel degradation and trigger drug release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Romanski
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- PL 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Ewa Augustin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry
- Gdansk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdansk
- Poland
| | - Zbigniew Stojek
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- PL 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Marcin Karbarz
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Warsaw
- PL 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Feng L, Hu X, Xie A, Yu H, Liu Y, Zhang J, Dong W. Cationic Charged Polymer Vesicles from Amphiphilic PEI-g-PSSA-g-PEI as Potential Gene Delivery Vehicles. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymer vesicles have attracted extensive interest for a variety of biomedical applications. Herein, novel polymer vesicles are prepared by the self-assembly of amphiphilic polyethyleneimine-g-poly(disulfide amine)-g-polyethyleneimine (PEI-g-PSSA-g-PEI) for gene delivery. To investigate the effect of hydrophobicity on transfection efficiency, a small series of PEI-g-PSSA-g-PEI were prepared under uniform conditions containing PEI fragments of the same molecular weight. The hydrophobicity of PEI-g-PSSA-g-PEI was adjusted by varying the hydrophobic content in the poly(disulfide amine) backbone and by choosing hydrophobic monomers ranging in length from C12 to C16. The hydrophobicity of polymers was also related to DNA binding affinity. Polymer vesicles obtained from the water-insoluble polymers condensed with DNA into polyplexes with sizes below 200 nm and surface charge ranging from +10 to +35 mV that were suitable for cell endocytosis. DNA polyplexes exhibited an inverted hexagonal structure, observed by transmission electron microscopy. The results of in vitro transfection demonstrate that the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance of copolymers greatly affects their transfection properties. The top-performing polymer, II-70 %, showed improved transfection efficiency and significantly lower cytotoxicity on COS-7 cells when compared with commercial reagents polyethyleneimine (PEI 25K) and Lipofectamine 2000. These results indicate that cationic polymer vesicles with tunable hydrophobicity are promising materials for gene delivery.
Collapse
|
48
|
Hollow microspheres based on – Folic acid modified – Hydroxypropyl Cellulose and synthetic multi-responsive bio-copolymer for targeted cancer therapy: Controlled release of daunorubicin, in vitro and in vivo studies. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 435:171-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
49
|
Yuan T, Wang Y, Cao W, Sun Y, Liang J, Fan Y, Zhang X. Reducible cationic PAA-g-PEI polymeric micelle/DNA complexes for enhanced gene delivery. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911514545912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design of unique vectors to overcome the cytotoxicity and increase the efficiency of gene transfection has enormous challenges. Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most effective polymer-based gene carriers. However, the transfection efficiency and toxicity of PEI correlate strongly to its molecular weight (MW). In this study, novel reduction-sensitive amphiphilic poly[phenethylamido- N,N-bis(acryloyl) cystine]- g-polyethylenimine (PAA- g-PEI) copolymers were synthesized by grafting low-MW PEIs onto reducible poly[phenethylamido-N,N-bis(acryloyl) cystine] (PAA). These copolymers self-assembled in aqueous solution into micelles with sizes <70 nm, as determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The PAA- g-PEI2000 micelles effectively condense with the plasmid DNA to form complex nanoparticles with diameters of ~100 nm at an N/P ratio of 4/1. The PAA- g-PEI2000 micelle/DNA complexes protected the DNA from degrading by nuclease and released DNA under reductive conditions by the cleavage of the disulfide bonds and the subsequent disassembly of the micelles. As determined by gene transfection experiments, the transfection efficiency of the PAA- g-PEI2000 micelle/DNA complexes was significantly greater than that of the PEI25K/DNA complexes, while the cytotoxicity of the copolymers was much lower than that for PEI25K.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiming Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaning Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wanxu Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujiang Fan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials (NERCB), Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Oupický D, Li J. Bioreducible polycations in nucleic acid delivery: past, present, and future trends. Macromol Biosci 2014; 14:908-22. [PMID: 24678057 PMCID: PMC4410047 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201400061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycations that are degradable by reduction of disulfide bonds are developed for applications in delivery of nucleic acids. This Feature Article surveys methods of synthesis of bioreducible polycations and discusses current understanding of the mechanism of action of bioreducible polyplexes. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between the biological redox environment and toxicity, trafficking, transfection activity, and in vivo behavior of bioreducible polycations and polyplexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Oupický
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Durham Research Center, 985830 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5830, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|