1
|
Mo A, Liang Y, Cao X, Jiang J, Liu Y, Cao X, Qiu Y, He D. Polymer chain extenders induce significant toxicity through DAF-16 and SKN-1 pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans: A comparative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134730. [PMID: 38797076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polymer chain extenders, commonly used in plastic production, have garnered increasing attention due to their potential environmental impacts. However, a comprehensive understanding of their ecological risks remains largely unknown. In this study, we employed the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to investigate toxicological profiles of ten commonly-used chain extenders. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of these chain extenders (ranging from 0.1 µg L-1 to 10 mg L-1) caused significant variations in toxicity. Lethality assays demonstrated the LC50 values ranged from 92.42 µg L-1 to 1553.65 mg L-1, indicating marked differences in acute toxicity. Sublethal exposures could inhibit nematodes' growth, shorten lifespan, and induce locomotor deficits, neuronal damage, and reproductive toxicity. Molecular analyses further elucidated the involvement of the DAF-16 and SKN-1 signaling pathways, as evidenced by upregulated expression of genes including ctl-1,2,3, sod-3, gcs-1, and gst-4. It implicates these pathways in mediating oxidative stress and toxicities induced by chain extenders. Particularly, hexamethylene diisocyanate and diallyl maleate exhibited markedly high toxicity among the chain extenders, as revealed through a comparative analysis of multiple endpoints. These findings demonstrate the potential ecotoxicological risks of polymer chain extenders, and suggest the need for more rigorous environmental safety assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoyun Mo
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuqing Liang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiaomu Cao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xuelong Cao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Defu He
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shanghai 200062, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kadokawa JI. Hydrogelation from Self-Assembled and Scaled-Down Chitin Nanofibers by the Modification of Highly Polar Substituents. Gels 2023; 9:432. [PMID: 37367103 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) with a bundle structure were fabricated via regenerative self-assembly at the nanoscale from a chitin ion gel with an ionic liquid using methanol. Furthermore, the bundles were disentangled by partial deacetylation under alkaline conditions, followed by cationization and electrostatic repulsion in aqueous acetic acid to obtain thinner nanofibers called scaled-down ChNFs. This review presents a method for hydrogelation from self-assembled and scaled-down ChNFs by modifying the highly polar substituents on ChNFs. The modification was carried out by the reaction of amino groups on ChNFs, which were generated by partial deacetylation, with reactive substituent candidates such as poly(2-oxazoline)s with electrophilic living propagating ends and mono- and oligosaccharides with hemiacetallic reducing ends. The substituents contributed to the formation of network structures from ChNFs in highly polar dispersed media, such as water, to produce hydrogels. Moreover, after the modification of the maltooligosaccharide primers on ChNFs, glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization was performed from the primer chain ends to elongate the amylosic graft chains on ChNFs. The amylosic graft chains formed double helices between ChNFs, which acted as physical crosslinking points to construct network structures, giving rise to hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Maciej-Hulme ML, Leprince ACN, Lavin A, Guimond SE, Turnbull JE, Pelletier J, Yates EA, Powell AK, Skidmore MA. High sensitivity (zeptomole) detection of BODIPY-labelled heparan sulfate (HS) disaccharides by ion-paired RP-HPLC and LIF detection enables analysis of HS from mosquito midguts. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:1461-1469. [PMID: 36876452 PMCID: PMC10019443 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay01803a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The fine structure of heparan sulfate (HS), the glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide component of cell surface and extracellular matrix HS proteoglycans, coordinates the complex cell signalling processes that control homeostasis and drive development in multicellular animals. In addition, HS is involved in the infection of mammals by viruses, bacteria and parasites. The current detection limit for fluorescently labelled HS disaccharides (low femtomole; 10-15 mol), has effectively hampered investigations of HS composition in small, functionally-relevant populations of cells and tissues that may illuminate the structural requirements for infection and other biochemical processes. Here, an ultra-high sensitivity method is described that utilises a combination of reverse-phase HPLC, with tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) as the ion-pairing reagent and laser-induced fluorescence detection of BODIPY-FL-labelled disaccharides. The method provides an unparalleled increase in the sensitivity of detection by ∼six orders of magnitude, enabling detection in the zeptomolar range (∼10-21 moles; <1000 labelled molecules). This facilitates determination of HS disaccharide compositional analysis from minute samples of selected tissues, as demonstrated by analysis of HS isolated from the midguts of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that was achieved without approaching the limit of detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa L Maciej-Hulme
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Anaëlle C N Leprince
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
- Université de Rennes 1, Rue du Thabor, 35065 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Andre Lavin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Julien Pelletier
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Mark A Skidmore
- Centre for Glycoscience Research and Training, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Polyoxazoline: A review article from polymerization to smart behaviors and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
5
|
Chung T, Han J, Kim YJ, Jeong KJ, Koo JM, Lee J, Park HG, Joo T, Kim YS. Effect of anions on the phase transition temperature of two structurally isomeric polymers: poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline). Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00543c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In chaotropic solution, the different lower critical solution temperature (LCST) increments of two structural isomers, namely, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx), is studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taehun Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jemin Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Taiha Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li S, Song F, Sun C, Hu J, Zhang Y. Amphiphilic methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(carbonate-selenide) with enhanced ROS responsiveness: Facile synthesis and oxidation process. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
7
|
Baroudi A, Karton A. Mechanistic insights into the autocatalyzed rearrangement of 2‐bromooxazolines to 2‐bromoisocyanates by means of high‐level quantum chemical methods. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader Baroudi
- College of Engineering and Technology American University of the Middle East Kuwait
| | - Amir Karton
- School of Molecular Sciences The University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cristófalo AE, Cano ME, Uhrig ML. Synthesis of Thiodisaccharides Bearing N-Acetylhexosamine Residues: Challenges, Achievements and Perspectives. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2808-2836. [PMID: 34170606 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions are involved in a myriad of biological processes. Thus, glycomimetics have arisen as one of the most promising synthetic targets to that end. Within the broad variety of glycomimetics, thiodisaccharides have proven to be excellent tools to study these processes, and even more, some of them unveiled interesting biological activities. This review brings together research made on the introduction of N-acetylhexosamine residues into thiodisaccharides to date, passing through classic substitution (as SN 2, thioglycosylation and ring-opening reactions) and addition (as thiol-ene coupling and Michael-type additions) reactions. Recent and interesting developments regarding addition reactions to vinyl azides, cross-coupling reactions and novel chemoenzymatic methods are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro E Cristófalo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Emilia Cano
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Laura Uhrig
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Departamento de Química Orgánica, Intendente Güiraldes, 2160 (C1428EHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kitasono S, Yamamoto K, Kadokawa JI. Preparation and gelation behaviors of poly(2-oxazoline)-grafted chitin nanofibers. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 259:117709. [PMID: 33673988 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on our previous work on successful gelation of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)-grafted chitin nanofibers (ChNFs) with high polar media, in this study, we investigated the preparation and gelation behaviors of the ChNFs having different poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) graft chains, that is, poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline), poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline), and poly(2-butyl-2-oxazoline), with various disperse media. The grafting was carried out by reactions of living propagating ends of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s with amino groups present on the self-assembled ChNFs, which were obtained from a chitin ion gel. The products formed gels in the reaction mixtures, which could be converted into hydrogels. All the products with the three poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline) graft chains formed gels with high polar media. Besides, gelation of the product with poly(2-butyl-2-oxazoline) was observed by immersing it in relatively non-polar media such as benzyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, and toluene. The formation process of network structures by the grafting of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)s on ChNFs is proposed to induce gelation of the products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Kitasono
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abbrent S, Mahun A, Smrčková MD, Kobera L, Konefał R, Černoch P, Dušek K, Brus J. Copolymer chain formation of 2-oxazolines by in situ 1H-NMR spectroscopy: dependence of sequential composition on substituent structure and monomer ratios. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10468-10478. [PMID: 35423552 PMCID: PMC8695665 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01509e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ 1H NMR characterization of copolymerization reactions of various 2-oxazoline monomers at different molar ratios offers detailed insight into the build-up and composition of the polymer chains. Various 2-oxazolines were copolymerized in one single solvent, butyronitrile, with 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline, where the double bond allows for post-polymerization modification and can function as a crosslinking unit to form polymer networks. The types of the monomers and their molar ratios in the feed have a strong effect on the microstructure of the forming copolymer chains. Copolymers comprising 2-dec-9'-enyl-2-oxazoline and either 2-ethyl-, 2-isopropyl-, 2-butyl-, 2-heptyl, 2-nonyl- or 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, show significant differences in sequential structure of copolymers ranging from block to gradient and random ordering of the monomer units. 1H NMR was found to be a powerful tool to uncover detailed oxazoline copolymerization kinetics and evolution of chain composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Abbrent
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Andrii Mahun
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University Hlavova 8 128 40 Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Dušková Smrčková
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Rafał Konefał
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Peter Černoch
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Karel Dušek
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brus
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Heyrovskeho nam. 2 162 06 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khodabakhshi J, Mahdavi H. Silica‐poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline) hairy nanoparticle with high organic content as a material for anticorrosion nanocomposite coatings. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Mahdavi
- School of Chemistry, Collage of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Thermostable α-Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Copolymerization to Produce Partially 2-Deoxygenated Amyloses. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8091070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Glucan phosphorylase catalyzes the enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (Glc-1-P) monomers from a maltooligosaccharide primer to produce α(1→4)-glucan—i.e., amylose. In this study, by exploiting the weak specificity for the substrate recognition of a thermostable α-glucan phosphorylase (from Aquifex aeolicus VF5), we investigated the enzymatic copolymerization of 2-deoxy-α-d-glucose 1-phosphate (dGlc-1-P), which was produced in situ from d-glucal, with Glc-1-P to obtain non-natural heteropolysaccharides composed of α(1→4)-linked dGlc/Glc units—i.e., partially 2-deoxygenated amylose. The reactions were carried out at different monomer feed ratios using a maltotriose primer at 40 °C for 24 h. The products were precipitated from the reaction medium, isolated by centrifugation, and subjected to 1H NMR spectroscopic and powder X-ray diffraction measurements to evaluate their chemical and crystalline structures, respectively. Owing to its amorphous nature, the partially 2-deoxygenated amylose with adapted unit ratios formed a film when subjected to a casting method.
Collapse
|
13
|
Rychter P, Christova D, Lewicka K, Rogacz D. Ecotoxicological impact of selected polyethylenimines toward their potential application as nitrogen fertilizers with prolonged activity. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 226:800-808. [PMID: 30965251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Poly(2-oxazoline) polymers have found extensive application in the preparation of microcapsules for biomedical purposes. However, there is a scarcity of information related to their ecotoxicological assessment. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the ecotoxicity of selected polyethylenimines (PEIs) including poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) as an N-acyl-substituted PEI, linear polyethylenimine (LPEI) and branched polyethylenimine (BPEI). Oat (a monocotyledon) (Avena sativa) and radish (a dicotyledon) (Raphanus sativus) were selected as the representative plants, which are recommended by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 208 as the standard to test for plant growth. Shoot and root length, fresh and dry matter, level of total nitrogen in green parts of the plants, as well as total chlorophyll and carotenoids were determined. Phytotoxicity of all the tested parameters was dependent on the concentration of the examined polymers in the soil as well as on the time of their incubation in the soil. According to our results, the amount of nitrogen in green parts of the plants was increased compared to the control plants, which revealed the uptake of the plant-available form of nitrogen released from the tested PEIs. This was especially true for the plants treated with LPEI. Ecotoxicological impact of the incubated polymers in the soil against marine bacteria Allivibrio fischeri proved that, the all tested polyethylenimines may be classified as not harmful to aquatic microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Rychter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland.
| | - Darinka Christova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., Block 103-A, BG-1113, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kamila Lewicka
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Diana Rogacz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, 13/15 Armii Krajowej Av., 42-200, Częstochowa, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Kadokawa JI, Obama Y, Yoshida J, Yamamoto K. Gel Formation from Self-assembled Chitin Nanofiber Film by Grafting of Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline). CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.180285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yu Obama
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Junpei Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nam J, Jung Y, Joe J, Jang WD. Dual stimuli-responsive viologen-containing poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) and its multi-modal electrochromic phase transition. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00591e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A viologen-containing thermo-responsive poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline) (PiPOx-V) showed a multi-modal electrochromic phase transition behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyuk Nam
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | | | - Jungho Joe
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Penczek S, Pretula J, Lewiński P. Dormant Polymers and Their Role in Living and Controlled Polymerizations; Influence on Polymer Chemistry, Particularly on the Ring Opening Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E646. [PMID: 30965944 PMCID: PMC6418526 DOI: 10.3390/polym9120646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Living polymerization discovered by Professor Szwarc is known well to all chemists. Some of the living polymerizations involve dormancy, a process in which there is an equilibrium (or at least exchange) between two types of living polymers, namely active at the given moment and dormant at this moment and becoming active in the process of activation. These processes are at least equally important although less known. This mini review is devoted to these particular living polymerizations, mostly polymerizations by the Ring-Opening Polymerization mechanisms (ROP) compared with some selected close to living vinyl polymerizations (the most spectacular is Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP)) involving dormancy. Cationic polymerization of tetrahydrofuran was the first one, based on equilibrium between oxonium ions (active) and covalent (esters) dormant species, i.e., temporarily inactive, and is described in detail. The other systems discussed are polymerization of oxazolines and cyclic esters as well as controlled radical and cationic polymerizations of vinyl monomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Penczek
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Julia Pretula
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Lewiński
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies of Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nakauchida T, Yamamoto K, Kadokawa JI. Hierarchically controlled assemblies from amylose analog aminopolysaccharides by reductive amination: From nano- to macrostructures. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakauchida
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang P, Yuan K, Li C, Zhang X, Wu W, Jiang X. Cisplatin-Rich Polyoxazoline-Poly(aspartic acid) Supramolecular Nanoparticles. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201700206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Kangjun Yuan
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Cheng Li
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiaoke Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Xiqun Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering; College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering; and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Nanotechnology; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lunn DJ, Discekici EH, Read de Alaniz J, Gutekunst WR, Hawker CJ. Established and emerging strategies for polymer chain-end modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Lunn
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry; University of Oxford; Oxford OX1 3TA United Kingdom
| | - Emre H. Discekici
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta Georgia 30332
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Materials Department; University of California Santa Barbara; Santa Barbara California 93106
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rasolonjatovo B, Pitard B, Haudebourg T, Bennevault V, Guégan P. Synthesis of tetraarm star block copolymer based on polytetrahydrofuran and poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) for gene delivery applications. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Jung Y, Kim JH, Jang WD. Linear and cyclic poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)s for fine control of thermoresponsiveness. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
23
|
Stubbe B, Li Y, Vergaelen M, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P, De Clerck K, Hoogenboom R. Aqueous electrospinning of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline): Mapping the parameter space. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
24
|
Jung Y, Nam J, Kim JH, Jang WD. Hydrophilic–hydrophobic phase transition of photoresponsive linear and macrocyclic poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)s. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoisomerization induced a great change of thermal transition temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Nam
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Holerca MN, Sahoo D, Peterca M, Partridge BE, Heiney PA, Percec V. A Tetragonal Phase Self-Organized from Unimolecular Spheres Assembled from a Substituted Poly(2-oxazoline). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marian N. Holerca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Dipankar Sahoo
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mihai Peterca
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Benjamin E. Partridge
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Paul A. Heiney
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Virgil Percec
- Roy & Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shoda SI, Uyama H, Kadokawa JI, Kimura S, Kobayashi S. Enzymes as Green Catalysts for Precision Macromolecular Synthesis. Chem Rev 2016; 116:2307-413. [PMID: 26791937 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present article comprehensively reviews the macromolecular synthesis using enzymes as catalysts. Among the six main classes of enzymes, the three classes, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases, have been employed as catalysts for the in vitro macromolecular synthesis and modification reactions. Appropriate design of reaction including monomer and enzyme catalyst produces macromolecules with precisely controlled structure, similarly as in vivo enzymatic reactions. The reaction controls the product structure with respect to substrate selectivity, chemo-selectivity, regio-selectivity, stereoselectivity, and choro-selectivity. Oxidoreductases catalyze various oxidation polymerizations of aromatic compounds as well as vinyl polymerizations. Transferases are effective catalysts for producing polysaccharide having a variety of structure and polyesters. Hydrolases catalyzing the bond-cleaving of macromolecules in vivo, catalyze the reverse reaction for bond forming in vitro to give various polysaccharides and functionalized polyesters. The enzymatic polymerizations allowed the first in vitro synthesis of natural polysaccharides having complicated structures like cellulose, amylose, xylan, chitin, hyaluronan, and chondroitin. These polymerizations are "green" with several respects; nontoxicity of enzyme, high catalyst efficiency, selective reactions under mild conditions using green solvents and renewable starting materials, and producing minimal byproducts. Thus, the enzymatic polymerization is desirable for the environment and contributes to "green polymer chemistry" for maintaining sustainable society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichiro Shoda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Kimura
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shiro Kobayashi
- Center for Fiber & Textile Science, Kyoto Institute of Technology , Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bissadi G, Weberskirch R. Efficient synthesis of polyoxazoline-silica hybrid nanoparticles by using the “grafting-onto” approach. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01775k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The first preparation of silica hybrid nanoparticles by comparing the click chemistry approach with the silane coupling of α-telechelic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)s is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Golnaz Bissadi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- D-44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| | - Ralf Weberskirch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- D-44227 Dortmund
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bissadi G, Weberskirch R. Formation of polyoxazoline-silica nanoparticles via the surface-initiated cationic polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01034b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of silica hybrid nanoparticles by a surface-initiated cationic ring-opening polymerization of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)s has been described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G. Bissadi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- TU Dortmund
- Dortmund
- Germany
| | - R. Weberskirch
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- TU Dortmund
- Dortmund
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Jongh PAJM, Bennett MR, Sulley GS, Wilson P, Davis TP, Haddleton DM, Kempe K. Facile one-pot/one-step synthesis of heterotelechelic N-acylated poly(aminoester) macromonomers for carboxylic acid decorated comb polymers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimal monomer ratios in the spontaneous zwitterionic copolymerisation yield defined telechelic macromonomers with near quantitative ω-carboxylic acid end groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Wilson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - David M. Haddleton
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
| | - Kristian Kempe
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville
- Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kourti ME, Fega E, Pitsikalis M. Block copolymers based on 2-methyl- and 2-phenyl-oxazoline by metallocene-mediated cationic ring-opening polymerization: synthesis and characterization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The cationic polymerization of oxazolines, lactones and vinyl ethers can be efficiently promoted by metallocene complexes activated by floroaryl borates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Evgenia Kourti
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 15771 Athens
- Greece
| | - Eirini Fega
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 15771 Athens
- Greece
| | - Marinos Pitsikalis
- Industrial Chemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 15771 Athens
- Greece
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wendler F, Rudolph T, Görls H, Jasinski N, Trouillet V, Barner-Kowollik C, Schacher FH. Maleimide-functionalized poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline): synthesis and reactivity. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)s end-functionalized with a maleimide moiety were prepared from azide-terminated PEtOxx-N3viacopper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) with an alkyne-bearing maleimide (MI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wendler
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Tobias Rudolph
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- D-07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - Nils Jasinski
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institut für Angewandte Materialien (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Felix H. Schacher
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yamashita K, Yamamoto K, Kadokawa JI. Synthesis of Non-Natural Heteroaminopolysaccharides by α-Glucan Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic Copolymerization: α(1→4)-Linked Glucosaminoglucans. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3989-94. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kento Yamashita
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Chemical Engineering, Graduate School
of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-40 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Boyer C, Corrigan NA, Jung K, Nguyen D, Nguyen TK, Adnan NNM, Oliver S, Shanmugam S, Yeow J. Copper-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Copper(0) Mediated Polymerization): From Fundamentals to Bioapplications. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1803-949. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Alan Corrigan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Kenward Jung
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Diep Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Thuy-Khanh Nguyen
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Nik Nik M. Adnan
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Susan Oliver
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Australian Centre for Nanomedicine, and ‡Centre for Advanced
Macromolecular
Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kempe K, Wylie RA, Dimitriou MD, Tran H, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US, Hawker CJ, Campos LM, Connal LA. Preparation of non-spherical particles from amphiphilic block copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kempe
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 Jena 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Ross A. Wylie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; 3010 Australia
| | - Michael D. Dimitriou
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Department of Organic Chemistry; Ghent University; Krijgslaan 281 S4 Ghent B-9000 Belgium
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 Jena 07743 Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Santa Barbara California 93106
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry; Columbia University; New York New York 10027
| | - Luke A. Connal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; The University of Melbourne; 3010 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Gunawan ST, Kempe K, Bonnard T, Cui J, Alt K, Law LS, Wang X, Westein E, Such GK, Peter K, Hagemeyer CE, Caruso F. Multifunctional Thrombin-Activatable Polymer Capsules for Specific Targeting to Activated Platelets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:5153-7. [PMID: 26239035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Smart poly(2-oxazoline) (POx)-based multifunctional polymer capsules that specifically target glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa on the surface of activated platelets are degraded by the serine protease thrombin and release the urokinase plasminogen activator loaded into the polymer capsules, only in the area of acute thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia T Gunawan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV 4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Thomas Bonnard
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Karen Alt
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Lok S Law
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Erik Westein
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Georgina K Such
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Christoph E Hagemeyer
- Vascular Biotechnology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wong VHL, White AJP, Hor TSA, Hii KKM. Ligand Effect and Control ofE- andZ-Selectivity in the Silver-Catalyzed Synthesis of 4-Bromooxazolines. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
37
|
Kourti ME, Fotinogiannopoulou G, Fega E, Pitsikalis M. Statistical Copolymers of 2-Methyl- and 2-Phenyl-oxazoline by Metallocene-Mediated Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization: Synthesis, Reactivity Ratios, Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition and Self-Assembly Behavior in Aqueous Solutions. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2015.1050635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
38
|
Brachet E, Ghosh T, Ghosh I, König B. Visible light C-H amidation of heteroarenes with benzoyl azides. Chem Sci 2015; 6:987-992. [PMID: 29560185 PMCID: PMC5811135 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc02365j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzoyl azides were used for the direct and atom economic C-H amidation of electron rich heteroarenes in the presence of phosphoric acid, a photocatalyst and visible light. Hetero-aromatic amides are obtained in good yields at very mild reaction conditions with dinitrogen as the only by-product. The reaction allows the use of aryl-, heteroaryl- or alkenyl acyl azides and has a wide scope for heteroarenes, including pyrroles, indole, furan, benzofuran and thiophene giving good regio-selectivities and yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Brachet
- University of Regensburg Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - T Ghosh
- University of Regensburg Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - I Ghosh
- University of Regensburg Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| | - B König
- University of Regensburg Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Universitätsstraße 31 , 93053 Regensburg , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kadokawa JI, Shimohigoshi R, Yamashita K, Yamamoto K. Synthesis of chitin and chitosan stereoisomers by thermostable α-glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4336-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00167f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan and chitin stereoisomers were successfully synthesized by thermostable α-glucan phosphorylase-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of α-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate and subsequent N-acetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kadokawa
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Riko Shimohigoshi
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Kento Yamashita
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| | - Kazuya Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Biotechnology
- and Chemical Engineering
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Kagoshima University
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hartlieb M, Schubert S, Kempe K, Windhab N, Schubert US. Stabilization of factor VIII by poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hartlieb
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stephanie Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Otto-Schott-Straße 41 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | | | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstrasse 10 07743 Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mallik AK, Cheah WK, Shingo K, Ejzaki A, Takafuji M, Ihara H. Highly hydrophilic and nonionic poly(2-vinyloxazoline)-grafted silica: a novel organic phase for high-selectivity hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4585-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
42
|
Dworak A, Utrata-Wesołek A, Oleszko N, Wałach W, Trzebicka B, Anioł J, Sieroń AL, Klama-Baryła A, Kawecki M. Poly(2-substituted-2-oxazoline) surfaces for dermal fibroblasts adhesion and detachment. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2014; 25:1149-1163. [PMID: 24390278 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-013-5135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The thermoresponsive surfaces of brush structure (linear polymer chains tethered on the surface) based on poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)s and copolymers of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline and 2-nonyl-2-oxazoline were obtained using the grafting-to method. The living oxazoline (co)polymers have been synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization and subsequently terminated by the reactive amine groups present on the surface. The changes in the surface morphology, philicity and thickness occurring during surface modification were monitored via atomic force microscopy, contact angle and ellipsometry. The thickness of the (co)poly(2-substituted-2-oxazoline) layers ranged from 4 to 11 nm depending on the molar mass of immobilized polymer and reversibly varied with the temperature changes. This confirmed thermoresponsive properties of obtained surfaces. The obtained polymer surfaces were used as a support for dermal fibroblast culture and detachment. The fibroblasts' adhesion and proliferation on the polymer surfaces were observed when the culture temperature was above the cloud point temperature of the immobilized polymer. Lowering the temperature resulted in the detachment of the dermal fibroblast sheets from the polymer layers, which makes these surfaces suitable for the treatment of wounds and in skin tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Dworak
- Center of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tauhardt L, Pretzel D, Kempe K, Gottschaldt M, Pohlers D, Schubert US. Zwitterionic poly(2-oxazoline)s as promising candidates for blood contacting applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00434e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity of zwitterionic poly(2-oxazoline)s are investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Tauhardt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - David Pretzel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| | - Dirk Pohlers
- Centre for Diagnostic at the Clinic of Chemnitz
- 09116 Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kempe K, Ng SL, Noi KF, Müllner M, Gunawan ST, Caruso F. Clickable Poly(2-oxazoline) Architectures for the Fabrication of Low-Fouling Polymer Capsules. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:1069-1072. [PMID: 35606969 DOI: 10.1021/mz400522e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hollow polymer capsules were prepared from linear as well as brushlike poly(2-oxazoline)s (POxs). Linear POxs containing alkene functionalities were obtained by cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP), whereas the brush POxs bearing alkyne moieties were synthesized by a combination of CROP and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Multilayers consisting of POx/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) were sequentially deposited onto silica particle templates, and the films were stabilized either by thiol-ene (TE) chemistry or copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc). Stable, monodisperse capsules were formed after removal of the silica particles with hydrofluoric acid and were observed using fluorescence and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Both architectures exhibited low-fouling behavior, an essential criteria for therapeutic carriers to be utilized in bioapplications. In particular, the brush-like POx capsules show potential as a viable alternative material for the fabrication of low-fouling capsules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kempe
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sher Leen Ng
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ka Fung Noi
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sylvia T. Gunawan
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department
of Chemical and
Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Synthesis of New Polysaccharide Materials by Phosphorylase-Catalyzed Enzymatic α-Glycosylations Using Polymeric Glycosyl Acceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1144.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
46
|
Kempe K, Killops KL, Poelma JE, Jung H, Bang J, Hoogenboom R, Tran H, Hawker CJ, Schubert US, Campos LM. Strongly Phase-Segregating Block Copolymers with Sub-20 nm Features. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:677-682. [PMID: 35606952 DOI: 10.1021/mz400309d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The modular synthesis and lithographic potential of diblock copolymers based on polystyrene-block-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PS-b-PEtOx) are highlighted herein. Controlled radical and living cationic polymerization techniques were utilized to synthesize hydrophobic PS and hydrophilic PEtOx building block of varying molar mass. Subsequently, "click" chemistry was used to couple the blocks and obtain a family of PS-b-PEtOx polymers. The influence of molar mass, composition, and thin-film thickness on the microphase-segregated morphology and orientation were investigated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Dense hexagonal arrays of cylindrical nanodomains normal to the substrate, having a periodicity of less than 20 nm were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Kempe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter
(JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Kato L. Killops
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
21010, United States
| | - Justin E. Poelma
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
| | - Hyunjung Jung
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Korea University, 136-713
Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department
of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Korea University, 136-713
Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Helen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory, Materials Department, and Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93016, United States
- Visiting Chair
Professor at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran,
Saudi Arabia 31261
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter
(JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), John F. Kennedylaan 2, 5612 AB Eindhoven, The
Netherlands
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Goossens H, Catak S, Glassner M, de la Rosa VR, Monnery BD, De Proft F, Van Speybroeck V, Hoogenboom R. Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of 2-Propyl-2-oxazolines: Understanding Structural Effects on Polymerization Behavior Based on Molecular Modeling. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:651-654. [PMID: 35606947 DOI: 10.1021/mz400293y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The surprising difference in the cationic ring-opening polymerization rate of 2-cyclopropyl-2-oxazoline versus 2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline and 2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline was investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The polymerization kinetics of all three oxazolines were experimentally measured in acetonitrile at 140 °C, and the polymerization rate constant (kp) was found to decrease in the order c-PropOx > n-PropOx > i-PropOx. Theoretical free energy calculations confirmed the trend for kp, and a set of DFT-based reactivity descriptors, electrostatics, and frontier molecular orbitals were studied to detect the factors controlling this peculiar behavior. Our results show that the observed reactivity is dictated by electrostatic effects. More in particular, the charge on the nitrogen atom of the monomer, used to measure its nucleophilicity, was the most negative for c-PropOx. Furthermore, the electrophilicity of the cations does not change substantially, and thus, the nucleophilicity of the monomers is the driving factor for kp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Goossens
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium
| | - Saron Catak
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 903, 9052 Zwijnaarde,
Belgium
| | - Mathias Glassner
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Victor R. de la Rosa
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bryn D. Monnery
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank De Proft
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels,
Belgium
| | | | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular
Chemistry Group,
Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
|
49
|
Kempe K, Rettler EFJ, Paulus RM, Kuse A, Hoogenboom R, Schubert US. A systematic investigation of the effect of side chain branching on the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of aliphatic (co-)poly(2-oxazoline)s. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
50
|
Spiridon MC, Jerca FA, Jerca VV, Vasilescu DS, Vuluga DM. 2-Oxazoline based photo-responsive azo-polymers. Synthesis, characterization and isomerization kinetics. Eur Polym J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|