Trends in incidence and associated risk factors of suicide mortality among breast cancer patients

Suicide-related mortality in cardiovascular disease in the United States from 1999 to 2019

INTRODUCTION

Research has shown chronic diseases can be associated with suicide but there is limited data on suicide in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Given the substantial psychosocial, financial, quality of life, and health impact of CVD, we aimed to study suicide-related mortality in CVD.

METHODS

We used Center for Disease Control Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) to access Multiple Cause of Death data from 1999 to 2019. Suicide and CVD related deaths in patients ≥ 25 years were identified. Proportionate suicide-related mortality (PSrM) was calculated as suicide-related deaths (listed with CVD) divided by all CVD-related deaths (irrespective of suicide) and reported as PSrM per 100,000 CVD-related deaths. Joinpoint regression was used to examine trend changes using annual percentage change (APC) overall and by sex, race/ethnicity, disease subtype, and age.

RESULTS

Overall, PSrM in CVD increased from 62.8 in 1999 to 90.5 in 2019. The PSrM increased from 1999 to 2002 with an associated APC of 6.2 (95 % CI, 0.0 to 12.7), remained stable from 2002 to 2005, increased from 2005 to 2013 with an APC of 4.8 (95 % CI, 3.4 to 6.3), and decreased from 2013 to 2019 with an APC of -2.1 (95 % CI, -3.6 to -0.5). Among racial/ethnic groups, PSrM was highest in non-hispanic (NH) White (103.8), then Hispanic or Latino (63.6), and then NH Black or African American individuals (29.2). PSrM was highest in the 25-39 years age group (858), then 40-54 years (382.8), 55-69 years (146.2), 70-84 years (55.9), and then 85+ (17). PSrM initially increased in men with APC (3.1 until 2013), women (4.1 until 2014), NH White individuals (3.9 until 2013), Hispanic or Latino (3.5 until 2014), ages 40-54 years (2.9 until 2013), 55-69 years (6.0 until 2013), then stabilized or decreased. AAMR increased in NH Black or AA individuals APC (1.0) and 25-39 years APC (1.4) from 1999 to 2019.

CONCLUSION

PSrM in CVD peaked in the early 2010s, with varying differences across sex, racial/ethnic, and age groups. Further research is needed to understand disparities and develop preventive strategies.

Incidence rate and risk factors for suicide in patients with breast cancer in the USA: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis (SEER)

PURPOSE

To investigate suicide mortality and the related factors among female breast cancer patients in the United States.

METHODS

The SEER database was used to identify 716,422 patients diagnosed with breast cancer between 2010 and 2018 to calculate a standardized mortality rate (SMR). An analysis of risk factors for suicide death was conducted using the univariate and multivariate Cox proportional risk model. An estimation of suicide probability was performed through a nomogram model.

RESULTS

Compared with the expected suicide cases (n = 155) in the general population of the United States at the corresponding period (a suicide death rate of 5.71 per 100,000 person-years), the suicide rate among 716,422 breast cancer patients was followed during 2010-2018 and showed a relatively higher rate of 9.02 per 100,000 person-years. The SMR was 1.58 (95%CI: 1.39-1.79). White and other races were nine and seven times more likely to complete suicide than Black race, respectively (aHR = 9.013, 95%CI: 3.335-24.36, P < 0.001; aHR = 7.129, 95%CI: 2.317-21.931, P = 0.001); unmarried or single patients were at higher risk than married patients (aHR = 1.693, 95%CI: 1.206-2.377, P = 0.002). Patients receiving radiotherapy (aHR = 0.731, 95%CI: 0.545-0.980, P = 0.036) were less likely to complete suicide than those who did not.

CONCLUSION

Female breast cancer patients in the United States have a higher suicide rate than the general public, and the risk factors consist of non-black ethnicity, being single or unmarried, and not being treated with radiotherapy. As a result of this study, clinicians may be able to identify female breast cancer patients who are at high risk of suicide, thus providing appropriate psychological support at the early stage.

Suicidal ideation in Chinese patients with advanced breast cancer: a multi-center mediation model study

PURPOSE

The pathways underpinning suicide ideation (SI) and certain physical and psychological factors in patients with advanced breast cancer remain unclear. This study develops and validates a mediation model that delineates the associations between several multidimensional variables and SI in Chinese patients with advanced breast cancer.

METHODS

Patients with advanced breast cancer (n = 509) were recruited as study participants from 10 regional cancer centers across China from August 2019 to December 2020. Participants were required to complete five questionnaires using an electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePRO) system: 9 item- Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L), and MD Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI). Risk factors for SI were identified using multivariable logistic regression, and inputted into serial multiple mediation models to elucidate the pathways linking the risk factors to SI.

RESULTS

SI prevalence was 22.8% (116/509). After adjusting for covariates, depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.384), emotional distress (OR = 1.107), upset (OR = 0.842), and forgetfulness (OR = 1.236) were identified as significant independent risk factors (all p < 0.05). The ORs indicate that depression and distress have the strongest associations with SI. Health status has a significant indirect effect (OR=-0.044, p = 0.005) and a strong total effect (OR=-0.485, p < 0.001) on SI, mediated by insomnia severity and emotional distress.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a high SI prevalence among Chinese patients with advanced breast cancer. Our analysis revealed predictive pathways from poor health to heightened SI, mediated by emotional distress and insomnia. Regular management of distress and insomnia can decrease suicide risk in this vulnerable population.

Suicide risk among patients with cancer by sex in Japan: A population-based study

BACKGROUND

In Japan, few studies have examined suicide risk for five-year relative survival rates for cancer sites. Since five-year relative survival rates differ by sex, we aim to examine suicide risk for patients with cancer separately for men and women.

METHODS

We estimated the risk of suicide among patients with cancer by sex in Japan compared to the general population, using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). Patients with cancer diagnosed between January 1, 1985-December 31, 2013 and registered in the Osaka Cancer Registry were followed-up with for up to 10 years. The outcome was suicide death. In addition, cancer sites were classified into three prognosis groups based on five-year relative survival rates: good (> 70%), moderate (40-70%), poor (< 40%).

RESULTS

Among 623 995 patients with cancer observed for 2 349 432 person-years, 1210 patients died by suicide (867 men and 343 women). The SMRs were almost equal for men (1.66, 95% CI, 1.55-1.77) and women (1.65, 95% CI, 1.48-1.83). SMRs for cancer prognosis groups were 1.01 (95% CI, 0.84-1.22) for men and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.24-1.73) for women in the good group, 1.53 (95% CI, 1.39-1.68) for men and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.47-2.05) for women in the moderate group, and 2.54 (95% CI, 2.27-2.85) for men and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.43-2.46) for women in the poor group.

CONCLUSIONS

In this population, both sexes had higher suicide risk with poor prognosis, but the difference in SMRs between the good and poor groups was smaller for women than men.

Suicide among Cancer Patients: Current Knowledge and Directions for Observational Research

Cancer is a major public health concern associated with an increased risk of psychosocial distress and suicide. The reasons for this increased risk are still being characterized. The purpose of this study is to highlight existing observational studies on cancer-related suicides in the United States and identify gaps for future research. This work helps inform clinical and policy decision-making on suicide prevention interventions and ongoing research on the detection and quantification of suicide risk among cancer patients. We identified 73 peer-reviewed studies (2010-2022) that examined the intersection of cancer and suicide using searches of PubMed and Embase. Overall, the reviewed studies showed that cancer patients have an elevated risk of suicide when compared to the general population. In general, the risk was higher among White, male, and older cancer patients, as well as among patients living in rural areas and with lower socioeconomic status. Future studies should further investigate the psychosocial aspects of receiving a diagnosis of cancer on patients' mental health as well as the impact of new treatments and their availability on suicide risk and disparities among cancer patients to better inform policies.

Suicide rates among patients with first and second primary cancer

AIMS

With advancements in cancer treatments, the survival rates of patients with their first primary cancer (FPC) have increased, resulting in a rise in the number of patients with second primary cancer (SPC). However, there has been no assessment on the incidence of suicide among patients with SPC. This study assessed the occurrence of suicide among patients with SPC and compared them with that in patients with FPC.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, population-based cohort study that followed patients with FPC and SPC diagnosed from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 17 registries database between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2019.

RESULTS

For patients with SPC, an age of 85+ years at diagnosis was associated with a higher incidence of suicide death (HR, 1.727; 95% CI, 1.075-2.774), while the suicide death was not considerably different in the chemotherapy group (P > 0.05). Female genital system cancers (HR, 3.042; 95% CI, 1.819-6.361) accounted for the highest suicide death among patients with SPC. The suicide death distribution of patients with SPC over time indicated that suicide events mainly occurred within 5 to 15 years of diagnosis. Compared with patients with FPC, patients with SPC in general had a lower risk of suicide, but increased year by year.

CONCLUSION

The risk of suicide was reduced in patients with SPC compared with patients with FPC, but increased year by year. Therefore, oncologists and related health professionals need to provide continuous psychological support to reduce the incidence of suicide. The highest suicide death was found among patients with female genital system cancer.

Suicide risk among female breast cancer survivors: A population-based study

Background

Breast cancer is the most common cancer type for females and has the highest relative number of suicide cases among female-specific cancers. This study aimed to demonstrate suicide rates and changing trends and to identify risk factors for suicide among female breast cancer survivors.

Methods

Data were derived from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database for women diagnosed with breast cancer from 2000 to 2017. Mortality rate and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated to describe the incidence rate and trend of suicide among female breast cancer survivors. Gray's test and cumulative incidence function (CIF) curves were used to assess difference of cumulative suicide incidence in subgroups. Multivariate Fine-Gray competing risk model was used to identify risk factors for individual survivors and nomogram model was used to estimate the probability of suicide.

Result

There were 414 suicide cases among 638,547 female breast cancer survivors observed for 5,079,194 person-years, and the suicide rate and SMRs gradually increased with the year of diagnosis. Female breast cancer survivors had a higher risk of suicide than the general population (SMR = 1.19; 95% CI (1.08-1.31)). Based on the result of Fine-Gray competing risk models, age group (50-70 vs <50: HR=0.65, 95% CI:0.52-0.80; >70 vs <50: HR=0.22, 95% CI:0.15-0.32), race/ethnicity (black vs white: HR= 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.36; other race vs white: HR= 0.67, 95% CI: 0.46-0.97), marital status (separated vs married: HR= 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16-1.94; single vs married: HR= 1.70, 95% CI: 1.31-2.20), stage (distant vs regional: HR= 0.30, 95% CI: 0.14-0.63), radiotherapy (Yes vs No/Unknown: HR= 0.62, 95% CI: 0.49-0.77), and molecular subtypes (HER-2 vs Luminal B (HR= 2.53, 95% CI: 1.10-5.82), TNBC vs Luminal B (HR= 2.11, 95% CI: 1.01-4.42)) were independent predictors of suicide among female breast cancer patients. A nomogram was constructed to predict the suicide probability for individual survivors with a C-index of 0.62 (95%CI: 0.59-0.66).

Conclusion

Female breast cancer survivors with younger age (less than 50 years old), white race, unmarried status, regional stage, HER-2 or TNBC subtype, and no radiotherapy performed were more likely to commit suicide. The clinicians and family members should pay more attention to patients with high risk factors of suicide to decrease the mortality rate.

Suicide and women living with and beyond a breast cancer diagnosis

Early diagnosis and intervention, and the use of targeted cancer treatments, have significantly reduced mortality from breast cancer. Emotional distress following a diagnosis of cancer is a normal and anticipated, but it may manifest in some individuals at some point as a level of anxiety or depression that significantly affects quality of life and coping. In extreme cases, these feelings can move from physical symptoms of low energy and an inability to complete basic tasks to despair and hopelessness. Confronting a cancer diagnosis is a life-changing experience, bringing a sense of vulnerability. This may create or precipitate a crisis that threatens to overwhelm a person, resulting in a negative impact on established coping mechanisms. There appears to be a paucity of literature on suicide or suicide attempts by people living with and beyond a cancer diagnosis. A literature search identified 19 papers on suicide and or suicide ideation in patients who had had a cancer diagnosis, which were included in the review. Two clear themes emerged from the literature: that a cancer diagnosis with or without pre-existing mental health comorbidities is a risk factor for suicide; and that there is a significant incidence and prevalence of anxiety and depression in cancer patient populations. The literature identifies multiple variables that impact on prevalence of mental health disorders after a breast cancer diagnosis. Despite this, there appears to be a lack of guidance at national level for screening for mental health comorbidities in patients with a cancer diagnosis.

Analysis of suicide risk in adult US patients with squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study based on the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results database

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for suicide in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the USA.

SETTING

Patients with SCC diagnosed between 1975 and 2017 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database were selected for this study.

PARTICIPANTS

This study included patients with SCC older than 20 years who were diagnosed between 1975 and 2017.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

The general population included in data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used to calculate the suicide rate and standardised mortality rate (SMR) of SCC patients. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for suicide in patients with SCC.

RESULTS

There were 415 268 SCC patients registered in the SEER database, among which 1157 cases of suicide were found, comprising a total of 2 289 772 person-years. The suicide rate for patients with SCC was 50.53 per 100 000 person-years, and the SMR was 4.13 (95% CI 3.90 to 4.38). The Cox regression analyses showed that the factors related to a high risk of suicide among patients with SCC included being male (vs female: HR 5.36, 95% CI 4.51 to 6.38, p<0.001), older at the diagnosis (70-79 vs ≤39 years: HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.08, p=0.012; ≥80 vs ≤39 years: HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.08, p=0.025) and white (vs black, HR 2.97, 95% CI 2.20 to 4.02, p<0.001) and surgery (vs not performed: HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.74, p<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with the general population, patients with SCC in the USA have a higher risk of suicide. Being male, older at the diagnosis, white and having a higher histological grade are risk factors for suicide in patients.

Factors Affecting Suicidal Thoughts in Breast Cancer Patients

Background and Objectives: Women diagnosed with breast cancer experience severe trauma. Psychological help for breast cancer patients is not sufficient because of limited professional resources. The goal of this study was to identify groups of breast cancer patients with the greatest suicidal risk, who could be the first target for psychosocial interventions. Materials and Methods: The study included 421 women with stage T1–T3/N0–N3/M0 breast cancer. We provided women with a set of questionnaires 1–2 days prior to breast surgery and one year after surgery. One hundred eighty-eight patients completed the questionnaires after one year. We used the Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI-II) item Suicidal Thoughts or Intentions for the assessment of suicidal risk. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) was used to measure the risk of PTSD and the Vrana–Lauterbach Traumatic Events Questionnaire-Civilian, TEQ-C (TEQ-CV) was used to measure whether patients had experienced other traumatic events in their lifetime. Results: The incidence of suicidal ideation one year after surgery increased from 4.3% to 12.8% of patients. Patients who lived in rural areas had a two times greater risk of suicidal thoughts than patients who lived in urban areas. Working patients were 2.5 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts prior to surgery. Severely traumatic events increased the chances of suicidal ideation (OR 7.72; 95% CI 1.63–36.6; p = 0.01). The symptoms of PTSD showed a threefold increase in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (OR 2.89; 95% CI 0.98–8.55; p = 0.05). Conclusions: Living in the countryside, having a history of traumatic experience, having a paid job and having symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder influence suicidal ideation in breast cancer patients. Particular attention should be drawn to individuals with multiple risk factors.

Suicide and Accidental Death Among Women With Primary Ovarian Cancer: A Population-Based Study

Background

Women with ovarian cancer had the highest suicidal rate among all patients with gynecological malignancies, but no large studies about suicide and accidental death for women with ovarian cancers in detail were conducted. We aimed to determine the relative risk of suicide and accidental death among patients with ovarian cancer to that of the general population, and to identify risk factors associated with suicide and accidental death.

Methods

Data are from the SEER (surveillance, epidemiology, and end results) cancer registry of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer data from 18 registries for the years 1973–2016. The study population comprised 149,204 patients after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated and Fine-Gray models were fitted to identify risk factors associated with suicidal and accidental death among cancer patients, with stratifications on demographic and tumor-related characteristics.

Results

Women with ovarian cancer had a higher risk of suicide and accidental death than the cancer-free group [SMR = 1.86; 95% CI (1.54–2.25) and SMR = 1.54; 95% CI (1.39–1.71)]. Subgroup analysis indicated that only patients with type II epithelial ovarian cancer [SMR = 2.31; 95% CI (1.83–2.91)] had an increased risk of suicide, and those with type I and type II epithelial ovarian cancer [SMR = 1.65; 95% CI (1.39–1.97) and SMR = 1.49; 95% CI (1.30–1.70)] were at a higher risk of accidental death. Patients with ovarian cancer who were younger, white, diagnosed with high-grade, non-metastatic cancer and pelvic exenteration were at a higher risk of suicide. The advanced age, earlier year of diagnosis, and non-metastatic cancer were associated with a higher risk of accidental death. Additionally, pelvic exenteration increased the risk of suicide but not the risk of accidental death among women with primary ovarian cancer.

Conclusions

Women with ovarian cancer had a higher risk of suicide and accidental death compared with the general population. The findings suggested that clinicians should identify high-risk subgroups of ovarian cancer patients for suicide and accidental death as early as possible, with appropriate prevention strategies.

Risk factors associated with suicide among esophageal carcinoma patients from 1975 to 2016

Throughout the world, esophageal cancer patients had a greater suicidal risk compared with ordinary people. Thus, we aimed to affirm suicide rates, standardized mortality rates, and underlying suicide-related risk factors of esophageal cancer patients. Patients suffering esophageal cancer were chosen from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results repository in 1975–2016. Suicide rates as well as standardized mortality rates in the patients were measured. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression had been adopted for establishing the latent suicide risk factors among patients suffering esophageal cancer. On multivariable Cox regression, gender (male vs. female, HR: 6.37), age of diagnosis (70–105 vs. 0–55, HR: 2.69), marital status, race (white race vs. black race, HR: 6.64; American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander vs. black race, HR: 8.60), histologic Grade (Grade III vs. Grade I, HR: 2.36), no surgery performed (no/unknown vs. yes, HR: 2.01), no chemotherapy performed were independent risk factors related to suicide in patients suffering esophageal cancer. Male sex, the older age, unmarried state, non-black race, histologic Grade III, no surgery performed, no chemotherapy performed were strongly related to suicide in patients suffering esophageal cancer.

Prevalence and risk factors for suicidality in cancer patients and oncology healthcare professionals strategies in identifying suicide risk in cancer patients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The aim of this study was to summarize the literature on prevalence and risk factors for suicidality in cancer patients and to document the research on oncology healthcare professionals' strategies in identifying this risk.

RECENT FINDINGS

Cancer patients exhibit increased risk of suicidality compared with the general population. Various risk factors have been identified including sociodemographic factors such as poverty, being male and elderly as well as disease-related attributes such as cancer type and stage. The literature on how healthcare professionals identify suicide risk is sparse. Ten articles were found that focused on two main themes. These included information on systematic strategies in identifying suicide risk and factors that affect healthcare professionals' ability to identify risk in their patients.

SUMMARY

Although there is an immense amount of literature documenting the problem of suicidality among patients, the research on how healthcare professionals identify and respond to these indications in patients is nearly nonexistent. Cancer centres should implement standardized and systematic screening of cancer patients for suicidality and research on this patient population should collect and report these data. Ongoing training and education for healthcare professionals who work in the oncology setting on how to identify and respond to suicide risk among cancer patients is urgently needed.

Incidence rate and risk factors for suicide death in patients with skin malignant melanoma: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis

The purpose of this study was to use the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database to identify the incidence rate and risk factors for suicide death in patients with skin malignant melanoma (MM) in the USA. We screened cases of skin MM in the SEER database. The balance of covariates between the two groups was examined by the χ-test and Fisher's exact test. Logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for committing suicide. A propensity 1: 2 matched analysis was applied to minimize the risk of bias. In total, 103 500 patients with skin MM were included in the study, of whom 623 had died of suicide. The rate of suicide death did not differ significantly between different time intervals. In logistic regression before propensity score matching, age, being divorced, separated, or widowed, receiving radiation or chemotherapy, and the elapsed time since diagnosis were independently associated with an increased rate of suicide death. Only age (P  <  0.001) and being in the first year after a diagnosis (P  <  0.001) significantly increased the risk of suicide death after propensity score matching. In addition, after the propensity score matching, age was a risk factor for localized, regional, and unstaged, and being the first year after a diagnosis was only a risk factor for regional. It is important to identify and treat people at risk of suicide as early as possible. These results can help clinicians to understand suicidal patients and provide them with appropriate support.

Risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer: an integrative literature review

OBJECTIVE

to develop an integrative literature review on risk factors for suicide in individuals with cancer.

METHOD

searching for articles was conducted in the Scientific Electronic Library Online, Medicinal Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Latin American & Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature and SciVerse Scopus databases, using the descriptors "suicide" and "cancer".

RESULTS

eighteen articles were selected. Lung, bladder and colorectal cancers are the types of highest risk for suicide. Male, white and over 60 years of age are demographic factors with higher risk for suicide in individuals with cancer.

CONCLUSION

this review made it possible to verify that cancer may be a risk factor for suicide. This evidence can be useful for planning preventive actions in order to reduce the risk of suicide.

Modeling Patient No-Show History and Predicting Future Appointment Behavior at the Veterans Administration's Outpatient Mental Health Clinics: NIRMO-2

INTRODUCTION

No-shows are detrimental to both patients' health and health care systems. Literature documents no-show rates ranging from 10% in primary care clinics to over 60% in mental health clinics. Our model predicts the probability that a mental health clinic outpatient appointment will not be completed and identifies actionable variables associated with lowering the probability of no-show.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We were granted access to de-identified administrative data from the Veterans Administration Corporate Data Warehouse related to appointments at 13 Veterans Administration Medical Centers. Our modeling data set included 1,206,271 unique appointment records scheduled to occur between January 1, 2013 and February 28, 2017. The training set included 846,668 appointment records scheduled between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. The testing set included 359,603 appointment records scheduled between January 1, 2016 and February 28, 2017. The dependent binary variable was whether the appointment was completed or not. Independent variables were categorized into seven clusters: patient's demographics, appointment characteristics, patient's attendance history, alcohol use screening score, medications and medication possession ratios, prior diagnoses, and past utilization of Veterans Health Administration services. We used a forward stepwise selection, based on the likelihood ratio, to choose the variables in the model. The predictive model was built using the SAS HPLOGISTIC procedure.

RESULTS

The best indicator of whether someone will miss an appointment is their historical attendance behavior. The top three variables associated with higher probabilities of a no-show were: the no-show rate over the previous 2 years before the current appointment, the no-show probability derived from the Markov model, and the age of the appointment. The top three variables that decrease the chance of no-showing were: the appointment was a new consult, the appointment was an overbook, and the patient had multiple appointments on the same day. The average of the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.7577 for the training dataset, and 0.7513 for the test set.

CONCLUSIONS

The National Initiative to Reduce Missed Opportunities-2 confirmed findings that previous patient attendance is one of the key predictors of a future attendance and provides an additional layer of complexity for analyzing the effect of a patient's past behavior on future attendance. The National Initiative to Reduce Missed Opportunities-2 establishes that appointment attendance is related to medication adherence, particularly for medications used for treatment of mood disorders or to block the effects of opioids. However, there is no way to confirm whether a patient is actually taking medications as prescribed. Thus, a low medication possession ratio is an informative, albeit not a perfect, measure. It is our intention to further explore how diagnosis and medications can be better captured and used in predictive modeling of no-shows. Our findings on the effects of different factors on no-show rates can be used to predict individual no-show probabilities, and to identify patients who are high risk for missing appointments. The ability to predict a patient's risk of missing an appointment would allow for both advanced interventions to decrease no-shows and for more efficient scheduling.

Coincident Patterns of Suicide Risk Among Adult Patients with a Primary Solid Tumor: A Large-Scale Population Study

Background

Suicide rate is much higher in cancer patients than in general population. This study examined the suicide risk in survivors of primary solid tumor across 19 cancer sites considering risk coincident patterns based on area-based SES indicators.

Methods

A retrospective search of the SEER database was conducted. Independent risk factors for suicide were identified using the Cox proportional-hazards model. Exploratory factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to create coincident patterns of SES factors.

Results

Suicide risk was higher for patients with a primary solid tumor who were older, male, white, unmarried, had no insurance, poorly differentiated, distant metastasis and did not undergo active treatment (especially surgery). The suicide risk was higher for patients living in areas with economic and education disadvantage, high levels of immigration and crowding, and high levels of residential instability. Concomitant presence of high economic and education disadvantage, high immigration and crowding levels and low residential instability, showed the highest risk of suicide.

Conclusion

In order to mitigate suicidal risk, clinicians should pay more attention to patients who are older, male, white, not married, high levels of cancer severity, not received active treatment (especially surgery), and having no insurance. Identifying coincident patterns of suicide help further screen high suicidal risk patients based on area-based socioeconomic status.

Risk factors associated with suicide among hepatocellular carcinoma patients: A surveillance, epidemiology, and end results analysis

BACKGROUND

Throughout the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the primary type of liver cancer. The suicide risk was higher among patients with HCC than the general population. Hence, the purpose of this study was to confirm the suicide rates, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and the potential risk factors associated with suicide among HCC patients.

METHODS

HCC patients were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database during 1975-2016. Suicide rates and SMRs among these patients were calculated, and the general population of the United States (U.S.) during 1975-2016 was used as a reference. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression were taken to find out the underlying risk factors of suicide in HCC patients.

RESULTS

There were 70 suicides identified among 102,567 individuals with HCC observed for 160,500.88 person years. The suicide rate was 43.61 per 100,000 person-years, and SMR was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.78-2.84). On Cox regression, year of diagnosis (1975-1988 vs. 2003-2016, HR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.01-8.89, P = 0.047; 1989-2002 vs. 2003-2016, HR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.10-3.34, P = 0.021), gender (male vs. female, HR: 8.72, 95% CI: 2.73-27.81, P < 0.001), age at diagnosis (63-105 years old vs. 0-55 years old, HR: 2.28, 95% CI: 1.21-4.31, P = 0.011), race (white race vs. American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, HR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.35-6.76, P = 0.007) were independent risk factors of suicide among HCC patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Diagnosed in the early years (1975-2002), male sex, the older age (63-105 years old), white race, survival months (＜2 months) were significantly associated with suicide among HCC patients. For the sake of preventing suicide behaviors, the government, clinicians, and family members should take adequate measures to decrease the rate of suicide, especially in patients with high-risk factors of suicide.

Screening for Depression in Younger Breast Cancer Survivors: Outcomes From Use of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire

Background

Major cancer organizations recommend depression screening in patients and survivors. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is often suggested, with limited information about its use.

Methods

Enrollment data collected from younger breast cancer survivors participating in a behavioral intervention trial were used to examine the relationship between PHQ-9 scores (range = 0-27), patient characteristics, and responses to standardized psychosocial assessment tools. Major depressive disorder criterion was met if responses to the first 2 PHQ-9 items (range = 0-6) were 3 or greater. The sample was categorized by total PHQ-9 scores: less than 5 (minimal depressive symptoms), 5-9 (mild to moderate depressive symptoms), and 10 or greater (moderate to severe depression). PHQ-9 category associations with medical, demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral characteristics were examined using analysis of variance for continuous variables and χ² tests for categorical variables.

Results

A total of 231 women met the study prescreening eligibility criterion of mild depressive symptoms and enrolled in the study. On average, they were 45.2 years old and 2.6 years since diagnosis. At enrollment, 22.1% met the screening criterion for possible major depressive disorder; among those with PHQ-9 scores of 10 or greater, 58.3% met this criterion. Anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, and intrusive thoughts about cancer were frequent and were associated with depressive symptom severity (all P < .001). In contrast, neither demographic nor cancer treatment characteristics were associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusions

Depressive symptoms in this selected sample of younger breast cancer survivors were independent of demographic characteristics or cancer treatment history, suggesting that depression screening is necessary to detect uncontrolled depressive symptoms.

Risk factors associated with suicide among leukemia patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis

Previous studies have found that the risk of suicide is higher in patients diagnosed with cancer than in the general population. We aimed to identify potential risk factors associated with suicide in leukemia patients by analyzing data obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. We screened the SEER database for leukemia patients added between 1975 and 2017, and calculated their suicide rate and standardized mortality rate (SMR) relative to the total United States population from 1981 to 2017 as a reference. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors for suicide in leukemia patients. We collected 142,386 leukemia patients who had been added to the SEER database from 1975 to 2017, of whom 191 patients committed suicide over an observation period of 95,397 person‐years. The suicide rate of leukemia patients was 26.41 per 100,000 person‐years, and hence the SMR of the suicided leukemia patients was 2.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.85–2.47). The univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that a high risk of suicide was associated with male sex (vs. female: hazard ratio [HR] = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.93–6.63, p < 0.001), older age at diagnosis (60–69 years vs. ≤39 years: HR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.60–4.23, p < 0.001; 70–79 years vs. ≤39 years: HR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.72–4.68, p < 0.001; ≥80 years vs. ≤39 years: HR = 2.94, 95% CI = 1.65–5.21, p < 0.001), white race (vs. black: HR = 6.80, 95% CI = 1.69–27.40, p = 0.007), acute myeloid leukemia (vs. lymphocytic leukemia: HR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.09–2.33, p = 0.016), unspecified and other specified leukemia (vs. lymphocytic leukemia: HR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.55–4.75, p < 0.001), and living in a small city (vs. large city: HR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.23–3.60, p = 0.007). Meanwhile, being a non‐Hispanic black (vs. Hispanic: HR = 0.06, 95% CI = 0.01–0.62, p = 0.019) was a protective factor for suicide. Male sex, older age at diagnosis, white race, and acute myeloid leukemia were risk factors for suicide in leukemia patients, while being a non‐Hispanic black was a protective factor. Medical workers should, therefore, provide targeted preventive measures to leukemia patients with a high risk of suicide.

COVID-19 Outbreak Effects on Job Security and Emotional Functioning Amongst Women Living With Breast Cancer

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has negatively impacted global economies and employment. In the UK, it is predicted that approximately eight million jobs were furloughed as a result of the outbreak and the associated restriction of movement or shielding measures. This study aimed to investigate the impact of changes in employment status on cognitive and emotional health as well as perceptions of work. Furthermore, it examined the relationships between women's job security and anxiety, depression and cognitive function. Women living with breast cancer (N = 234) completed online questionnaires to measure their cognitive function, general emotional well-being, COVID-19 related emotional vulnerability (COVID-EMV), work ability and COVID-19 related perceptions of work. Our results revealed that threat to job security was predictive of depression and cognitive function in the entire sample Such that those with higher levels of perceived job security had lower depression and better cognitive function. Further, women who were furloughed or unable to continue work reported higher job insecurity compared to those who had worked throughout the pandemic. Greater rumination was also associated with worse anxiety and depression as well as poorer cognitive function. Finally, moderation analysis highlighted that women who had better cognitive functioning were less likely to experience anxiety when their job security was high. Given our findings, we suggest that employers provide women with accessible interventions to enhance cognitive and emotional resilience and thus help protect against the detrimental effects of job insecurity created by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Factors associated with suicidal ideation in patients with multiple myeloma

Patients with multiple myeloma are at risk of suicide. The study objective was to investigate the clinical risk factors of suicidal ideation among multiple myeloma patients. Consecutive inpatients with a new primary diagnosis of multiple myeloma were recruited. Patients were asked to complete the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to measure suicidal ideation and depression. Patient demographic and biomedical characteristics (age, gender, education, marital status, employment, performance status and cancer stage) and pain and depression scores were analyzed as potential factors associated with suicidal ideation. Of the 79 patients, 10 [12.6% (95% confidence interval: 7–22)] had suicidal ideation. The results of a logistic regression analysis showed that being unmarried, less advanced cancer stage and depression were significantly associated with the presence of suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that a non-negligible proportion of patients with multiple myeloma experience suicidal ideation and that several multidimensional factors are significantly associated.

Brief introduction of medical database and data mining technology in big data era

Data mining technology can search for potentially valuable knowledge from a large amount of data, mainly divided into data preparation and data mining, and expression and analysis of results. It is a mature information processing technology and applies database technology. Database technology is a software science that researches manages, and applies databases. The data in the database are processed and analyzed by studying the underlying theory and implementation methods of the structure, storage, design, management, and application of the database. We have introduced several databases and data mining techniques to help a wide range of clinical researchers better understand and apply database technology.

Suicide among cancer patients: adolescents and young adult (AYA) versus all-age patients

Background

Many researchers have studied suicide risk factors of patients with one specific cancer. But there is no comprehensive study to compare suicide issues between adolescents and young adult (AYA) group and all-age groups in a pan-cancer view.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with 20 solid malignancies were identified from SEER database. Multivariable logistic regression was operated to find out risk factors of suicide.

Results

Male sex has less impact on AYA than all-age patients (OR 2.72, 95% CI: 2.23-3.31, P<0.001 vs. OR 4.64, 95% CI: 4.37-4.94, P<0.001), while white race (OR 3.28, 95% CI: 2.02-5.77, P<0.001 vs. OR 3.40, 95% CI: 3.02-3.84, P<0.001) and unmarried status (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.24-1.83, P<0.001 vs. OR 1.39, 95% CI: 1.33-1.46, P<0.001) have similar impact on AYA and all-age groups. Localized cancer stage may have stronger impact on AYA than all-age (OR 2.90, 95% CI: 1.83-4.84; P<0.001 vs. OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.61-1.92; P<0.001), while surgery only influence all-age (OR 1.14, P=0.451 vs. 1.24, P<0.001). Within 5 years from cancer diagnosis, longer survival time is associated with higher suicide risk of both all-age and AYA patients.

Conclusions

Male sex, white race and unmarried status, earlier cancer stage and longer survival time within 5 years are similar prevalent risk factors for both AYA group patients and all-age patients. It is not necessary to pick AYA cancer patients out when considering suicide risk of cancer patients.

Risk factors associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis

Background

The suicide risk was higher in kidney cancer patients than in the general population. The purpose of this study was to characterize the suicide rates among kidney cancer patients and to identify the potential risk factors associated with suicide from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Methods

Kidney cancer patients were identified from the SEER database during 1973‐2015. Suicide rates and standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) of this population were calculated, and the US general population during 1981‐2015 was chosen as a reference. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression were performed to find out potential risk factors of suicide.

Results

There were 207 suicides identified among 171 819 individuals with kidney cancer observed for 948 272 person‐years. The suicide rate was 21.83 per 100 000 person‐years, and SMR was 1.83 (95% CI: 1.59‐2.10). On Cox regression, diagnosis in early years (1973‐1982 vs 2003‐2015, HR: 2.03, 95% CI: 1.01‐4.11, P = 0.048; 1983‐1992 vs 2003‐2015, HR: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.18‐3.35, P = 0.010), male sex (vs female sex, HR: 4.43, 95% CI: 2.95‐6.65, P < 0.001), unmarried status (vs married status, HR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.91‐3.38, P < 0.001), non‐black race (white race vs black race, HR: 4.47, 95% CI: 2.09‐9.58, P < 0.001; other races vs black race, HR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.08‐8.37, P = 0.035), higher histologic grade (grade IV vs grade I, HR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.50‐7.13, P = 0.003; grade III vs grade I, HR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.19‐3.81, P = 0.011) and cancer‐directed surgery not performed (vs performed, HR: 2.78, 95% CI: 1.52‐5.11, P < 0.001) were independent risk factors of suicide among kidney cancer patients.

Conclusions

Diagnosis in early years, male sex, unmarried status, non‐black race, higher histologic grade, and cancer‐directed surgery not performed were significantly associated with suicide among kidney cancer patients. In order to prevent suicidal death, clinicians should pay more attention to patients with high‐risk factors of suicide.

Lung cancer patients have the highest malignancy-associated suicide rate in USA: a population-based analysis

PURPOSE

Previous studies have reported that psychological and social distresses associated with a cancer diagnosis have led to an increase in suicides compared to the general population. We sought to explore lung cancer-associated suicide rates in a large national database compared to the general population, and to the three most prevalent non-skin cancers [breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC)].

METHODS

The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database (1973-2013) was retrospectively reviewed to identify cancer-associated suicide deaths in all cancers combined, as well as for each of lung, prostate, breast or CRCs. Suicide incidence and standardised mortality ratio (SMR) were estimated using SEER*Stat-8.3.2 program. Suicidal trends over time and timing from cancer diagnosis to suicide were estimated for each cancer type.

RESULTS

Among 3,640,229 cancer patients, 6,661 committed suicide. The cancer-associated suicide rate was 27.5/100,000 person years (SMR = 1.57). The highest suicide risk was observed in patients with lung cancer (SMR = 4.17) followed by CRC (SMR = 1.41), breast cancer (SMR = 1.40) and prostate cancer (SMR = 1.18).Median time to suicide was 7 months in lung cancer, 56 months in prostate cancer, 52 months in breast cancer and 37 months in CRC (p < 0.001).We noticed a decreasing trend in suicide SMR over time, which is most notable for lung cancer compared to the other three cancers. In lung cancer, suicide SMR was higher in elderly patients (70-75 years; SMR = 12), males (SMR = 8.8), Asians (SMR = 13.7), widowed patients (SMR = 11.6), undifferentiated tumours (SMR = 8.6), small-cell lung cancer (SMR = 11.2) or metastatic disease (SMR = 13.9) and in patients who refused surgery (SMR = 13).

CONCLUSION

The cancer-associated suicide rate is nearly twice that of the general population of the United States of America. The suicide risk is highest among the patients with lung cancer, particularly elderly, widowed, male patients and patients with unfavourable tumour characteristics. The identification of high-risk patients is of extreme importance to provide proper psychological assessment, support and counselling to reduce these rates.