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Gong X, Su L, Huang J, Liu J, Wang Q, Luo X, Yang G, Chi H. An overview of multi-omics technologies in rheumatoid arthritis: applications in biomarker and pathway discovery. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1381272. [PMID: 39139555 PMCID: PMC11319186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1381272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with a complex pathological mechanism involving autoimmune response, local inflammation and bone destruction. Metabolic pathways play an important role in immune-related diseases and their immune responses. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis may be related to its metabolic dysregulation. Moreover, histological techniques, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, provide powerful tools for comprehensive analysis of molecular changes in biological systems. The present study explores the molecular and metabolic mechanisms of RA, emphasizing the central role of metabolic dysregulation in the RA disease process and highlighting the complexity of metabolic pathways, particularly metabolic remodeling in synovial tissues and its association with cytokine-mediated inflammation. This paper reveals the potential of histological techniques in identifying metabolically relevant therapeutic targets in RA; specifically, we summarize the genetic basis of RA and the dysregulated metabolic pathways, and explore their functional significance in the context of immune cell activation and differentiation. This study demonstrates the critical role of histological techniques in decoding the complex metabolic network of RA and discusses the integration of histological data with other types of biological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjin Gong
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Lanqian Su
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinbang Huang
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Geriatric, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Qinglai Wang
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of TCM, Wenzhou TCM Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Luo
- Department of Geriatric, Dazhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Hao Chi
- Clinical Medical College, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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2
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Steckel A, Papp D, Uray K, Schlosser G. Collision-Induced Dissociation of Citrullinated Peptide Anions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:1569-1575. [PMID: 37414397 PMCID: PMC10402709 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide identification by positive electrospray ionization (ES+) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is a well-established strategy in proteomics. Several research groups reported the usefulness of negative electrospray ionization (ES-) for gaining complementary structural information on peptides and their post-translational modifications (PTM) compared to ES+. Fragmentation of citrullinated peptides has not been previously explored in ES-. In this study, 9 peptides containing citrulline residues were investigated in ES- by stepwise collision energy-dependent measurements on a QTOF instrument and a Q-Orbitrap instrument. Our results of high resolution and mass accuracy show the favored citrulline-selective loss of HNCO from these peptide precursors and their fragments─similarly to that in ES+─along with y-NH3/z, c, c-NH3/b sequence ions. Loss of HNCO from citrullinated peptides in ES- and a proposed mechanism for the reaction have been described here for the first time. HNCO loss intensities from precursors were generally even higher than that in ES+. Interestingly, the most intense fragments corresponded to neutral losses from sequence ions while intact sequence ions were usually minor components of the spectra. High-intensity ions related to cleavages N-terminal to Asp and Glu residues that have been previously reported were also observed. On the other hand, a relatively high number of peaks were observed, possibly due to internal fragmentation and/or scrambling events. While (ES-) MS/MS spectra always require manual inspection and the annotation may be ambiguous, the favorable loss of HNCO and the preferable cleavage N-terminal to Asp residues can be used to differentiate between citrullinated/deamidated sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Steckel
- MTA-ELTE
Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Dávid Papp
- MTA-ELTE
Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
- Hevesy
György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Uray
- ELKH-ELTE
Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, ELTE
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE
Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group, Department
of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös
Loránd University, Budapest 1117, Hungary
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3
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Trier NH, Houen G. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as biomarkers in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:895-911. [PMID: 37578277 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2247986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The serological biomarker anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) may have several functions but is especially important for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) along with clinical symptoms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of ACPAs, which are useful in RA diagnostics and may improve our understanding of disease etiology. PubMed was searched with combinations of words related to antibodies recognizing epitopes containing the post-translationally modified amino acid citrulline in combination with rheumatoid arthritis; cyclic citrullinated peptide, CCP, anti-CCP, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA, citrullination, peptide/protein arginine deiminase, PAD, filaggrin, vimentin, keratin, collagen, perinuclear factor, EBNA1, EBNA2, and others. From this search, we made a qualitative extract of publications relevant to the discovery, characterization, and clinical use of these antibodies in relation to RA. We highlight significant findings and identify areas for improvement. EXPERT OPINION ACPAs have high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity for RA and recognize citrullinated epitopes from several proteins. The best-performing single epitope originates from Epstein-Barr Virus nuclear antigen 2 and contains a central Cit-Gly motif, which is recognized by ACPAS when located in a flexible peptide structure. In addition, ACPAs may also have prognostic value, especially in relation to early treatment, although ACPAs' main function is to aid in the diagnosis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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4
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Alghamdi MF, Redwan EM. Advances in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases based on citrullinated peptides/proteins. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:685-702. [PMID: 34024239 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1933946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Autoimmune diseases are still one of the hard obstacles associated with humanity. There are many exogenous and endogenous etiological factors behind autoimmune diseases, which may be combined or dispersed to stimulate the autoimmune responses. Protein citrullination represents one of these factors. Harnessing specific citrullinated proteins/peptides could early predict and/or diagnose some of the autoimmune diseases. Many generations of diagnostic tools based on citrullinated peptides with comparable specificity/sensitivity are available worldwide.Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the deimination reaction behind the citrullination of most known autoantigens targeted, different generations of diagnostic tools based on citrullinated probes with specificity/sensitivity of each as well as newly developed assays. Furthermore, the most advanced molecular analytical tools to detect the citrullinated residues in the biological fluid and their performance are also evaluated, providing new avenues to early detect autoimmune diseases with high accuracy.Expert opinion: With the current specificity/sensitivity tools available for autoimmune disease detection, emphasis must be placed on developing more advance and effective, early, rapid, and simple diagnostic devices for autoimmune disease monitoring (similar to a portable device for sugar test at home). The molecular analytical devices with dual and/or multiplexe functions should be more simplified and invested in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Alghamdi
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Laboratory Department, University Medical Services Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
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5
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Lim JJ, Jones CM, Loh TJ, Ting YT, Zareie P, Loh KL, Felix NJ, Suri A, McKinnon M, Stevenaert F, Sharma RK, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Baker DG, Purcell AW, Reid HH, La Gruta NL, Rossjohn J. The shared susceptibility epitope of HLA-DR4 binds citrullinated self-antigens and the TCR. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:6/58/eabe0896. [PMID: 33863750 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Individuals expressing HLA-DR4 bearing the shared susceptibility epitope (SE) have an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Posttranslational modification of self-proteins via citrullination leads to the formation of neoantigens that can be presented by HLA-DR4 SE allomorphs. However, in T cell-mediated autoimmunity, the interplay between the HLA molecule, posttranslationally modified epitope(s), and the responding T cell repertoire remains unclear. In HLA-DR4 transgenic mice, we show that immunization with a Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide led to a population of HLA-DR4Fibβ-74cit69-81 tetramer+ T cells that exhibited biased T cell receptor (TCR) β chain usage, which was attributable to selective clonal expansion from the preimmune repertoire. Crystal structures of pre- and postimmune TCRs showed that the SE of HLA-DR4 represented a main TCR contact zone. Immunization with a double citrullinated epitope (Fibβ-72,74cit69-81) altered the responding HLA-DR4 tetramer+ T cell repertoire, which was due to the P2-citrulline residue interacting with the TCR itself. We show that the SE of HLA-DR4 has dual functionality, namely, presentation and a direct TCR recognition determinant. Analogous biased TCR β chain usage toward the Fibβ-74cit69-81 peptide was observed in healthy HLA-DR4+ individuals and patients with HLA-DR4+ RA, thereby suggesting a link to human RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Jia Lim
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claerwen M Jones
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tiing Jen Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Pirooz Zareie
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Khai L Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nathan J Felix
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anish Suri
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, BE-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Murray McKinnon
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ravi K Sharma
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Baker
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Horsham, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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6
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Villacrés C, Spicer V, Krokhin OV. Confident Identification of Citrullination and Carbamylation Assisted by Peptide Retention Time Prediction. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1571-1581. [PMID: 33523662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic behavior of peptides carrying citrulline and homocitrulline residues in proteomic two-dimensional (2D) liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) experiments has been investigated. The primary goal of this study was to determine the chromatographic conditions that allow differentiating between arginine citrullination and deamidation of asparagine based on retention data, improving the confidence of MS-based identifications. Carbamylation was used as a reference point due to a high degree of similarity between modification products and anticipated changes in chromatographic behavior. We applied 2D LC-MS/MS (a high-pH-low-pH reversed phase (RP), hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-low-pH RP, and strong cation exchange (SCX)-low-pH RP) to acquire retention data for modified-nonmodified peptide pairs in the four separation modes. Modifications of a standard protein mixture were induced enzymatically (PAD-2) or chemically (urea) for citrullination and carbamylation, respectively. Deamidation occurs spontaneously. Similar retention shifts were observed for all three modifications in a high-pH RP (decrease) and a low-pH RP (increase), thus limiting the applicability of this 2D LC combination. HILIC on bare silica and strong cation exchange separations have been probed to amplify the effect of charge loss upon citrullination, with SCX demonstrating the most differentiating power: the elimination of basic residues upon citrullination/carbamylation results in an ∼58 mM KCl retention decrease, while retention of deamidated products decreases slightly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Villacrés
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Victor Spicer
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada.,Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada
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7
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Steckel A, Borbély A, Uray K, Schlosser G. Quantification of the Effect of Citrulline and Homocitrulline Residues on the Collision-Induced Fragmentation of Peptides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1744-1750. [PMID: 32559094 PMCID: PMC7590983 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of proteins like citrullination and carbamylation are associated with several diseases. Detailed analytical characterization of citrullinated and carbamylated proteins or peptides could be difficult due to the low concentration of the analytes in complex biological samples. High structural similarity and chemical behavior of citrullinated and carbamylated residues also pose a challenge. We previously reported the "citrulline effect" phenomenon that is manifested in the generation of intense y type ions originating from Cit-Zzz amide bond scissions in collision-induced dissociation tandem mass spectra of citrullinated tryptic peptides. In this study, we created a rigorous tryptic-like model system of both citrulline and homocitrulline-containing peptides that included appropriate and well-defined controls and fragment analogues to quantify the citrulline effect and investigate whether there is an effect for homocitrulline residues as well. Our results show that citrulline residues significantly increased fragmentation at their C-terminus relatively independent of the identity of the following amino acid. In comparison, homocitrulline residues displayed inconclusive results at the same energies. However, the strength of effects was dependent on collision energy and the position of citrulline and homocitrulline in the sequences. As newer software algorithms tend to observe structure-intensity relationships during annotation, this finding increases reliable identification of modified proteins/peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Steckel
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry,
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
1117, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry,
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
1117, Hungary
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry,
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
1117, Hungary
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117,
Hungary
| | - Katalin Uray
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry,
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
1117, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry,
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest
1117, Hungary
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest 1117,
Hungary
- Phone: +36-1-372 2500/1415.
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8
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Kim SW, Lee JK. Role of HMGB1 in the Interplay between NETosis and Thrombosis in Ischemic Stroke: A Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081794. [PMID: 32731558 PMCID: PMC7464684 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) comprise decondensed chromatin, histones and neutrophil granular proteins and are involved in the response to infectious as well as non-infectious diseases. The prothrombotic activity of NETs has been reported in various thrombus-related diseases; this activity can be attributed to the fact that the NETs serve as a scaffold for cells and numerous coagulation factors and stimulate fibrin deposition. A crosstalk between NETs and thrombosis has been indicated to play a role in numerous thrombosis-related conditions including stroke. In cerebral ischemia, neutrophils are the first group of cells to infiltrate the damaged brain tissue, where they produce NETs in the brain parenchyma and within blood vessels, thereby aggravating inflammation. Increasing evidences suggest the connection between NETosis and thrombosis as a possible cause of “tPA resistance”, a problem encountered during the treatment of stroke patients. Several damage-associated molecular pattern molecules have been proven to induce NETosis and thrombosis, with high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) playing a critical role. This review discusses NETosis and thrombosis and their crosstalk in various thrombosis-related diseases, focusing on the role of HMGB1 as a mediator in stroke. We also addresses the function of peptidylarginine deiminase 4 with respect to the interplay with HMGB1 in NET-induced thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon 22212, Korea;
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon 22212, Korea
| | - Ja-Kyeong Lee
- Medical Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon 22212, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Inchon 22212, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-32-860-9893; Fax: +82-32-884-2105
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9
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Fert-Bober J, Darrah E, Andrade F. Insights into the study and origin of the citrullinome in rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Rev 2019; 294:133-147. [PMID: 31876028 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells to citrullinated proteins and citrullinating enzymes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), together with the accumulation of citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid joints, provides substantial evidence that dysregulated citrullination is a hallmark feature of RA. However, understanding mechanisms that dysregulate citrullination in RA has important challenges. Citrullination is a normal process in immune and non-immune cells, which is likely activated by different conditions (eg, inflammation) with no pathogenic consequences. In a complex inflammatory environment such as the RA joint, unique strategies are therefore required to dissect specific mechanisms involved in the abnormal production of citrullinated proteins. Here, we will review current models of citrullination in RA and discuss critical components that, in our view, are relevant to understanding the accumulation of citrullinated proteins in the RA joint, collectively referred to as the RA citrullinome. In particular, we will focus on potential caveats in the study of citrullination in RA and will highlight methods to precisely detect citrullinated proteins in complex biological samples, which is a confirmatory approach to mechanistically link the RA citrullinome with unique pathogenic pathways in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fert-Bober
- The Smidt Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Felipe Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Boman A, Brink M, Lundquist A, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Rönnelid J, Berglin E, Holmdahl R, Skriner K, Serre G, Klareskog L, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Antibodies against citrullinated peptides are associated with clinical and radiological outcomes in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective longitudinal inception cohort study. RMD Open 2019; 5:e000946. [PMID: 31565241 PMCID: PMC6744074 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anticitrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) responses for 22 citrullinated peptides in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were analysed and related to radiological and clinical outcome during the first 2 years in a prospective inception cohort. Methods The ACPA reactivities were assessed in 1022 patients with early RA (symptoms <12 months) using the custom-made microarray chip (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden) in a prospective longitudinal study of observational assessments of Disease Activity Score (DAS28 and its components) and radiology during the first 24 months, accounting for the treatment. Results Frequency of ACPA reactivities varied between 13.3% and 63.1%. Of the anticyclic citrullinated peptide-2 (anti-CCP2) antibody-negative patients, ACPA reactivities were positive in 32.6%. Smoking, human leucocyte antigen-shared epitope (HLA-SE), anti-CCP2/rheumatoid factor, protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (1858C/T) and DAS28 were significantly associated with number of ACPA reactivities. The ACPA reactivities modified differently the development of DAS28 over 24 months (identified using trajectories). Anti-Filaggrin307-324, anti-hnRNP (Peptide)-Z1 and anti-F4-CIT-R antibodies anticipated lower DAS28 values (p<0.01–0.05), while positivity for anti-Fibrinogen(Fib)β62-78(74), and anti-Fibα563-583 predicted higher DAS28 (p<0.01 both). Interaction between anti-Fibß36-52, anti-Pept-5 and anti-Bla-26 antibodies, respectively, and DAS28 during 24 months decreased significantly the DAS28 values (p<0.01–0.05). Corticosteroids and biologicals were related to DAS28-area under the curve and Larsen score 24 months. Anti-vimentin2-17 antibodies remained significantly associated with Larsen score at baseline and 24 months, respectively, and radiological progression, besides biologicals at 24 months adjusted for sex and age. Conclusions Several ACPA reactivities modified significantly the DAS28 development during the first 24 months and were significantly associated with Larsen score at baseline, 24 months and radiological progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Boman
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mikael Brink
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Monica Hansson
- Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- Department of Immunonogy, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Thermo Fisher Scientifc, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ewa Berglin
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine/Rheumatology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Skriner
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Charite Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guy Serre
- Epithelial Differentation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity Unit, UMRS, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Rheumatology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Steckel A, Schlosser G. Citrulline Effect Is a Characteristic Feature of Deiminated Peptides in Tandem Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1586-1591. [PMID: 31300976 PMCID: PMC6695478 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry of peptides is of utmost importance in proteomics. Collision-induced dissociation usually generates y type fragment ion series from tryptic peptides, carrying information on their primary structure. Amino acid side chains or differences in their basicity could alter fragmentation processes considerably. The well-known proline effect is a cleavage preference at the N-terminus of proline residues in peptides, usually yielding a very abundant y ion while suppressing others. Previously, we reported a similar phenomenon occurring at the C-terminus of citrulline residues and coined the term Cit effect. To confirm the presence of Cit effect in large proteomic datasets, we analyzed 293 peptides containing Cit residues based on the human proteome database mining work of Lee et al. (2018). The occurrence of Cit effect was found to be 44%. Comparing bond scissions at the amide linkage between Cit-Zzz (citrulline followed by a specified residue) to Aaa1-Aaa2 (Aaa can be any residue except Cit), 5 Cit-Zzz cleavages were significantly (CL = 95.0%) more frequent in > 85% of the cases in terms of relative sequential base beak occurrence. We used Pro effect to compare with Cit effect and obtained very similar results. On the other hand, our study showed that Cit effect is slightly inferior in the overall incidence to Pro effect (50% vs. 33%, CL = 95%) among deiminated peptides when Pro residues were also present in the sequence. Our results suggest that Cit effect is a characteristic feature and a possible biasing factor of deiminated peptides which can confirm the position of citrullination sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Steckel
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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12
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Pradeepkiran JA. Insights of rheumatoid arthritis risk factors and associations. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100012. [PMID: 32743500 PMCID: PMC7388374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a defective post-translational modification of citrullinated peptides which cause synovial inflammation in joints. The present review elaborates the basic mechanisms of RA and the root causes of molecular mechanisms. The gender-based differentiation and probabilitiesof RA causes were discussed. Many report studies supporting that females are more prone to RA than males maybe suspected that circulating estrogen hormones 16a-hydroxy estrone, 2-hydroxy estrogens involvement in the RA pathogenicity. Other important aspects like environmental factors and air pollutants like (SO2 and NO2) were also impacted and enhances the risk of RA were discussed. The root cause of pathomechanisms of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes in RA and autoimmunity factors were poorly understood, however, Ati-citrullinated peptides (ACP) are the powerful markers to diagnose the RA disease. This review discusses three main risk factors of RA to understand the RA pathogenesis and disease-modifying mechanisms, may provide a unique opportunity to determine disease prevalence and RA associations. Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is caused by the defected peptides, environmental factor’s and hormonal dysregulation in synovial inflammation. The immune system attacks joint tissue for pathogenic citrullinated peptides causing inflammation in synovium, leading to RA. Risk factors, disorder proteins, cellular changes influence immune system to turns to self antigens leads to RA. Understanding the exact role and action of risk factors in RA is especially important given the prevention measures to RA are desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangampalli Adi Pradeepkiran
- Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517502, AP, India
- Deprtment of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University of Health Science Centre, Lubbock, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University of Health Science Centre, Lubbock, USA.
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13
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Sharma M, Damgaard D, Senolt L, Svensson B, Bay-Jensen AC, Nielsen CH, Hägglund P. Expanding the citrullinome of synovial fibrinogen from rheumatoid arthritis patients. J Proteomics 2019; 208:103484. [PMID: 31408709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational protein modification, which is associated with inflammation in general and is thought to play an important pathogenic role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here a mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach was applied to identify citrullination sites in synovial fluid fibrinogen from four RA patients. In general, high disease activity correlated with increased number of identified citrullination sites and higher relative citrulline occupancy. Altogether, 23 sites were identified, of which 9 have not been previously reported to be citrullinated in vivo. Citrullination at site α84, α123, α129, α547, α573, α591, β334 and γ134 was identified in more than one patient, and these positions were therefore regarded as hotspots. Following citrullination of fibrinogen in vitro using human recombinant peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2), a total of 46 citrullination sites were identified, including 6 hitherto unreported in vitro citrullination sites. Twenty-two out of the 23 citrullination sites identified in vivo were also detected in vitro, supporting the validity of the identifications. SIGNIFICANCE: This work provides information about previously uncharacterized citrullination sites in synovial fluid fibrinogen from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Detection of these novel citrullination sites may prove to have diagnostic or prognostic value in RA and enhance our understanding of the immune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandvi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ladislav Senolt
- Institute of Rheumatology and Department of Rheumatology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Claus Henrik Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Section for Periodontology, Microbiology and Community Dentistry, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Hägglund
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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14
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Sorvillo N, Mizurini DM, Coxon C, Martinod K, Tilvawala R, Cherpokova D, Salinger AJ, Seward RJ, Staudinger C, Weerapana E, Shapiro NI, Costello CE, Thompson PR, Wagner DD. Plasma Peptidylarginine Deiminase IV Promotes VWF-Platelet String Formation and Accelerates Thrombosis After Vessel Injury. Circ Res 2019; 125:507-519. [PMID: 31248335 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.118.314571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE PAD4 (peptidylarginine deiminase type IV), an enzyme essential for neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), is released together with neutrophil extracellular traps into the extracellular milieu. It citrullinates histones and holds the potential to citrullinate other protein targets. While NETosis is implicated in thrombosis, the impact of the released PAD4 is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study tests the hypothesis that extracellular PAD4, released during inflammatory responses, citrullinates plasma proteins, thus affecting thrombus formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that injection of r-huPAD4 in vivo induces the formation of VWF (von Willebrand factor)-platelet strings in mesenteric venules and that this is dependent on PAD4 enzymatic activity. VWF-platelet strings are naturally cleaved by ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type-1 motif-13). We detected a reduction of endogenous ADAMTS13 activity in the plasma of wild-type mice injected with r-huPAD4. Using mass spectrometry and in vitro studies, we found that r-huPAD4 citrullinates ADAMTS13 on specific arginine residues and that this modification dramatically inhibits ADAMTS13 enzymatic activity. Elevated citrullination of ADAMTS13 was observed in plasma samples of patients with sepsis or noninfected patients who were elderly (eg, age >65 years) and had underlying comorbidities (eg, diabetes mellitus and hypertension) as compared with healthy donors. This shows that ADAMTS13 is citrullinated in vivo. VWF-platelet strings that form on venules of Adamts13-/- mice were immediately cleared after injection of r-huADAMTS13, while they persisted in vessels of mice injected with citrullinated r-huADAMTS13. Next, we assessed the effect of extracellular PAD4 on platelet-plug formation after ferric chloride-induced injury of mesenteric venules. Administration of r-huPAD4 decreased time to vessel occlusion and significantly reduced thrombus embolization. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that PAD4 in circulation reduces VWF-platelet string clearance and accelerates the formation of a stable platelet plug after vessel injury. We propose that this effect is, at least in part, due to ADAMTS13 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Sorvillo
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Daniella M Mizurini
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Carmen Coxon
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Headington, United Kingdom (C.C.)
| | - Kimberly Martinod
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Ronak Tilvawala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA (R.T., A.J.S., P.R.T.)
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Ari J Salinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA (R.T., A.J.S., P.R.T.)
| | - Robert J Seward
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.J.S., C.E.C.)
| | - Caleb Staudinger
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA
| | | | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA (N.I.S.)
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (R.J.S., C.E.C.)
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA (R.T., A.J.S., P.R.T.)
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- From the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., C.S., D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Division of Hematology/Oncology (D.D.W.), Boston Children's Hospital, MA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (N.S., D.M.M., K.M., D.C., D.D.W.)
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15
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Cornillet M, Babos F, Magyar A, Sebbag M, Verrouil E, Hudecz F, Serre G, Nogueira L. Seropositivity and Antibody Profiling of Patients Are Dramatically Impacted by the Features of Peptides Used as Immunosorbents: A Lesson from Anti–Citrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibody. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3211-3217. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Ju Z, Wang SY. Prediction of citrullination sites by incorporating k-spaced amino acid pairs into Chou's general pseudo amino acid composition. Gene 2018; 664:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Gunasekera S, Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Wennmalm S, Wähämaa H, Sommarin Y, Catrina AI, Jakobsson PJ, Göransson U. Stabilized Cyclic Peptides as Scavengers of Autoantibodies: Neutralization of Anticitrullinated Protein/Peptide Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:1525-1535. [PMID: 29630823 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of autoantibodies is a hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis, specifically those autoantibodies targeting proteins containing the arginine-derived amino acid citrulline. There is strong evidence showing that the occurrence of anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) are involved in disease progression, and ACPA was recently shown to induce pain in animals. Here, we explore a novel concept useful for research, diagnostics, and possibly therapy of autoimmune diseases, namely, to directly target and neutralize autoantibodies using peptide binders. A high-affinity peptide-based scavenger of ACPA was developed by grafting a citrullinated epitope derived from human fibrinogen into a naturally occurring stable peptide scaffold. The best scavenger comprises the truncated epitope α-fibrinogen, [Cit573]fib(566-580), grafted into the scaffold sunflower trypsin inhibitor-1, SFTI-1. The final peptide demonstrates low nanomolar apparent affinity and superior stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunithi Gunasekera
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wennmalm
- Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Applied Physics, Experimental Biomolecular Physics, Scilifelab, Tomtebodavägen 23, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heidi Wähämaa
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anca I. Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine—Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre, Box 574, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Steckel A, Uray K, Turiák L, Gömöry Á, Drahos L, Hudecz F, Schlosser G. Mapping the tandem mass spectrometric characteristics of citrulline-containing peptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:844-850. [PMID: 29575159 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Protein citrullination (deimination) is a post-translational modification of proteins converting arginine(s) into citrulline(s). "Overcitrullination" could be associated with severe pathological conditions. Mass spectrometric analysis of modified proteins is hindered by several problems. A comprehensive study of the fragmentation of deiminated peptides is not yet available. In this paper we have made an attempt to describe the characteristics of these processes, based on the studies of epitope model oligopeptides derived from clinically relevant proteins. METHODS Solutions of purified model peptides containing either one or two citrulline residues as well as their native variants were injected directly into the electrospray source of a high accuracy and resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight instrument and were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry using low-energy collision-induced dissociation. RESULTS Loss of isocyanic acid from citrulline residues is a preferred fragmentation route for deiminated peptides, which yields ornithine residues in the sequence. However, simultaneous detection of both the isocyanic acid loss and sequence fragments is often compromised. A preferential cleavage site was observed between citrulline and any other following amino acids yielding intensive complementary b- and y-type ions. Also, citrulline positioned at the C-termini displays a preferential cleavage N-terminal to this residue yielding characteristic y1 ions. These phenomena are described here for the first time and are referred to as the "citrulline effect". CONCLUSIONS We found that the citrulline effect is very pronounced and could be used as a complementary tool for the confirmation of modification sites in addition to losses of isocyanic acids from the protonated molecules or from fragment ions. Low collision energy applied to peptide ions having partially mobile protons reveals the site of modification by generating specific and intensive fragments of the sequence. On the other hand, fragmenting precursor ions with mobile protons usually allows full sequence coverage, although citrulline-specific fragments may exhibit lower intensities compared to other fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Steckel
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Uray
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Organic Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gitta Schlosser
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Rönnelid J, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Cornillet M, Reed E, Jakobsson PJ, Alfredsson L, Holmdahl R, Skriner K, Serre G, Lundberg K, Klareskog L. Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibody multiplexing defines an extended group of ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis patients with distinct genetic and environmental determinants. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 77:203-211. [PMID: 29070529 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The second generation anticycliccitrullinated peptide (anti-CCP2) assay detects the majority but not all anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA). Anti-CCP2-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with HLA-DRB1* shared epitope (SE) alleles and smoking. Using a multiplex assay to detect multiple specific ACPA, we have investigated the fine specificity of individual ACPA responses and the biological impact of additional ACPA reactivity among anti-CCP2-negative patients. METHODS We investigated 2825 patients with RA and 551 healthy controls with full data on anti-CCP2, HLA-DRB1* alleles and smoking history concerning reactivity against 16 citrullinated peptides and arginine control peptides with a multiplex array. RESULTS The prevalence of the 16 ACPA specificities ranged from 9% to 58%. When reactivity to arginine peptides was subtracted, the mean diagnostic sensitivity increased by 3.2% with maintained 98% specificity. Of the anti-CCP2-negative patients, 16% were found to be ACPA positive. All ACPA specificities associated with SE, and all but one with smoking. Correction for arginine reactivity also conveyed a stronger association with SE for 13/16 peptides. Importantly, when all ACPA specificities were analysed together, SE and smoking associated with RA in synergy among ACPA positive, but not among ACPA-negative subjects also in the anti-CCP2-negative subset. CONCLUSIONS Multiplexing detects an enlarged group of ACPA-positive but anti-CCP2-negative patients with genetic and environmental attributes previously assigned to anti-CCP2-positive patients. The individual correction for arginine peptide reactivity confers both higher diagnostic sensitivity and stronger association to SE than gross ACPA measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Mathsson-Alm
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Laboratory of Epithelial Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity, U1056 Inserm, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Evan Reed
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Alfredsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Inflammation Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guy Serre
- Laboratory of Epithelial Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity, U1056 Inserm, Toulouse University, Toulouse, France
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Blachère NE, Parveen S, Frank MO, Dill BD, Molina H, Orange DE. High-Titer Rheumatoid Arthritis Antibodies Preferentially Bind Fibrinogen Citrullinated by Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:986-995. [PMID: 28029744 DOI: 10.1002/art.40035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) harbor antibodies to citrullinated autoantigens such as citrullinated fibrinogen. Two isoforms of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD), PAD type 2 (PAD2) and PAD4, which catalyze citrullination with different substrate specificities, can be detected in the synovium of RA patients. This study was undertaken to determine whether RA antibodies preferentially bind PAD2- or PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen. METHODS RA patient and normal donor plasma specimens were tested for binding to PAD2- or PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen, native fibrinogen, or citrullinated fibrinogen peptides in various dilutions by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Bands corresponding to masses demonstrating RA antibody reactivity by Western blotting were excised and analyzed by mass spectrometry. RESULTS At low antibody titers (1:40 and 1:100), there was no significant difference between RA antibody reactivity to PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen. When plasma was further diluted to 1:250 and 1:1,000, RA patient plasma bound PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen significantly more than PAD2-citrullinated fibrinogen, as measured by ELISA and Western blotting. An increased antibody titer was associated with increased avidity for both PAD2- and PAD4-citrullinated fibrinogen. Both enzymes hypercitrullinated fibrinogen, but PAD4 citrullinated arginines more intermittently, generating a mix of citrullinated and noncitrullinated arginines. Peptide ELISA and preadsorption assays confirmed that the region of intermittent citrullination accounts for the majority of RA antibody binding to the β-chain of citrullinated fibrinogen. CONCLUSION At high titers, RA antibodies preferentially bind fibrinogen modified by PAD4, because intermittent citrullination offers a more diverse assortment of citrullinated epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie E Blachère
- Rockefeller University and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Mayu O Frank
- Rockefeller University and New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | | | | | - Dana E Orange
- Rockefeller University, Hospital for Special Surgery, and New York Genome Center, New York, New York
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21
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Amin B, Voelter W. Human Deiminases: Isoforms, Substrate Specificities, Kinetics, and Detection. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 106:203-240. [PMID: 28762090 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59542-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes are of enormous interest in biomedicine. They catalyze the conversion of a positively-charged guanidinium at an arginine side chain into a neutral ureido group. As a result of this conversion, proteins acquire the non-ribosomally encoded amino acid "citrulline". This imposes critical influences on the structure and function of the target molecules. In multiple sclerosis, myelin hyper-citrullination promotes demyelination by reducing its compaction and triggers auto-antibody production. Immune responses to citrulline-containing proteins play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Moreover, auto-antibodies, specific to citrullinated proteins, such as collagen type I and II and filaggrin, are early detectable in rheumatoid arthritis, serving as diagnostic markers of the disease. Despite their significance, little is understood about the role in demyelinating disorders, diversified cancers, and auto-immune diseases. To impart their biological and pathological effects, it is crucial to better understand the reaction mechanism, kinetic properties, substrate selection, and specificities of peptidylarginine deiminase isoforms.Many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology have been ignored in past, but, herein is presented a comprehensive survey to improve our current understandings of the underlying mechanism and regulation of PAD enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Amin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 15260, PA, USA.
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfacultary Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076, Tübingen, BW, Germany
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Joshua V, Schobers L, Titcombe PJ, Israelsson L, Rönnelid J, Hansson M, Catrina AI, Pruijn GJM, Malmström V. Antibody responses to de novo identified citrullinated fibrinogen peptides in rheumatoid arthritis and visualization of the corresponding B cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:284. [PMID: 27906052 PMCID: PMC5133744 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies against citrullinated proteins (ACPA) are common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ACPA can appear before disease onset and target many self-antigens. Citrullinated fibrin/fibrinogen represents a classical ACPA target antigen, and mass spectrometry of RA synovial fluid reveals elevated citrullinated (cit) fibrinogen (Fib) peptides compared to non-RA controls. We investigated the extent to which these less-studied peptides represent autoantibody targets and sought to visualize the corresponding cit-Fib-reactive B cells in RA patients. METHODS An in-house ELISA was established against four cit-Fib α-subunit peptides (cit-Fib α-35; cit-Fib α-216,218; cit-Fib α-263,271 and cit-Fib α-425,426) and serum from patients with established RA (n = 347) and disease controls with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) or ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (n = 236) were analyzed. RA patients were genotyped for HLA-DR alleles, PTPN22 R620W and screened for anti-CCP2 and cit-Fib protein antibodies. The cit-Fib peptides were also used to assemble antigen tetramers to identify cit-Fib-reactive B cells in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. RESULTS The frequencies of autoantibodies against different cit-Fib epitopes in RA patients compared to PsA/AS patients were: cit-Fib α-35 (RA 20%, vs PsA/AS 1%); cit-Fib α-216,218 (13% vs 0.5%); cit-Fib α-263,271 (21% vs 0.5%) and cit-Fib α-425,426 (17% vs 1%). The presence of autoantibodies against these peptides was associated with presence of anti-CCP2 and anti-cit-Fib protein antibodies. No association was found between HLA-DR shared epitope and antibodies to the different cit-Fib peptides. However, association was observed between the PTPN22 risk allele and positivity to cit-Fib α-35 and cit-Fib α-263,271. B cells carrying surface Ig reactive to these cit-Fib peptides were found in RA peripheral blood and these tend to be more common in PTPN22 risk allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that several cit-Fib peptides are targeted by autoantibodies in RA, but not in PsA/AS, implicating that these are not due to arthritis but more specific for RA etiology. The RA-associated anti-cit protein response is broad with many parallel immune responses. The association between cit-Fib autoantibodies and the PTPN22 R620W risk allele supports the hypothesis of altered B cell regulation, such as autoreactive B cells evading tolerance checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Loes Schobers
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip J Titcombe
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hensvold AH, Frisell T, Magnusson PKE, Holmdahl R, Askling J, Catrina AI. How well do ACPA discriminate and predict RA in the general population: a study based on 12 590 population-representative Swedish twins. Ann Rheum Dis 2016; 76:119-125. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
ObjectiveAnti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the diagnostic accuracy of ACPA in the general population has not been thoroughly assessed. We aimed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ACPA for RA in the general population and to further characterise the citrullinated peptide recognition pattern.MethodsSerum samples from a large population-representative twin cohort consisting of 12 590 individuals were analysed for the presence of ACPA using anti-CCP2 ELISA. All ACPA-positive samples were further tested on ELISAs for four peptide-specific ACPA. RA cases were identified by linkage to the Swedish National Patient Register at inclusion and after a median follow-up of 37 months (IQR 31–49).Results350 out of 12 590 individuals had a positive anti-CCP2 test, measuring ACPA. Of these, 103 had an RA diagnosis at the time of blood donation and inclusion. During a median follow-up of 3 years, an additional 21 of the remaining 247 ACPA-positive individuals developed RA. Overall, a positive anti-CCP2 test had a positive predictive value of 29% for prevalent RA at inclusion (negative predictive value of 99.6%). High titres (>3× cut-off) of anti-CCP2 increased the positive predictive value to 48% (negative predictive value of 99.5%). ACPA-positive individuals without RA had lower anti-CCP2 titres and fewer peptide-specific ACPA than ACPA-positive patients with RA and higher C reactive protein levels than ACPA-negative individuals without RA.ConclusionPresence of ACPA and especially high titres of anti-CCP2 have a high diagnostic accuracy for an RA diagnosis in a population setting.
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The amount of citrullinated proteins in synovial tissue is related to serum anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody levels. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:55-61. [PMID: 26255191 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between citrullinated proteins in synovial tissue with peripheral anti-citrullinated peptides autoantibodies (ACPA) and peptidylarginine deiminase (PADI) PADI2, PADI3, and PADI4 messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in synovial tissue and fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Eleven RA and 12 osteoarthritis (OA) patients who underwent knee replacement surgery were studied. We detected citrullinated proteins in synovial tissue homogenates by western blot and serum ACPA by ELISA to anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and PADI2, PADI3, and PADI4 mRNA expressions in synovial tissue and in fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Patients with high amount of citrullinated proteins in synovial tissue (3 out of 7) have high levels of anti-CCP in serum. However, in the remaining 4 patients, the amount of synovial citrullinated proteins was minimal and their sera showed low levels of anti-CCP antibodies. Furthermore, we observed an increase in PADI2 mRNA expression in RA synovial tissue compared with OA patients (p = 0.02). We detected PADI3 mRNA in the synovial tissue of RA patients, but not in the tissue of OA patients. Even though fibroblast-type synoviocytes in RA are not the main source of PADs in the synovial tissue, they express PADI2 mRNA moderately, PADI4 mRNA weakly, while there is no detectable expression of PADI3 mRNA. In conclusion, we found a variety of citrullinated proteins in the synovial tissue of RA patients and the amount of such proteins is related to serum concentration of anti-CCP antibodies. We identified the presence of PADI3 mRNA expression in synovial tissue and PADI2 and PADI4 mRNA expressions in fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with RA.
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Fernandes-Cerqueira C, Ossipova E, Gunasekera S, Hansson M, Mathsson L, Catrina AI, Sommarin Y, Klareskog L, Lundberg K, Rönnelid J, Göransson U, Jakobsson PJ. Targeting of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis using peptides mimicking endogenously citrullinated fibrinogen antigens. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:155. [PMID: 26059223 PMCID: PMC4484629 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have previously identified endogenously citrullinated peptides derived from fibrinogen in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissues. In this study, we have investigated the auto-antigenicity of four of those citrullinated peptides, and explored their feasibility to target anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA). METHODS The autoantigenic potential of the fibrinogen peptides was investigated by screening 927 serum samples from the Epidemiological Investigation of RA (EIRA) cohort on a peptide microarray based on the ImmunoCAP ISAC® system. In order to assay for ACPA blocking, two independent pools of purified ACPA were incubated with the respective targeting peptide prior to binding to cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP)2 using the CCPlus® ELISA kit. RESULTS Two peptides derived from the fibrinogen α chain, Arg573Cit (563-583) and Arg591Cit (580-600), referred to as Cit573 and Cit591, and two peptides from the fibrinogen β chain, Arg72Cit (62-81) and Arg74Cit (62-81) (Cit72 and Cit74), displayed 65%, 15%, 35%, and 53% of immune reactivity among CCP2-positive RA sera, respectively. In CCP2-negative RA sera, a positive reactivity was detected in 5% (Cit573), 6% (Cit591), 8% (Cit72), and 4% (Cit74). In the competition assay, Cit573 and Cit591 peptides reduced ACPA binding to CCP2 by a maximum of 84% and 63% respectively. An additive effect was observed when these peptides were combined. In contrast, Cit74 and Cit72 were less effective. Cyclization of the peptide structure containing Cit573 significantly increased the blocking efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Here we demonstrate extensive autoantibody reactivity against in vivo citrullinated fibrinogen epitopes, and further show the potential use of these peptides for antagonizing ACPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Fernandes-Cerqueira
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Sunithi Gunasekera
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Monika Hansson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Linda Mathsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds v 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yngve Sommarin
- Euro-Diagnostica AB, Lundavägen 151, 202 11, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds v 20, 751 85, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ulf Göransson
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Rheumatology Clinic D2:01, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Anquetil F, Clavel C, Offer G, Serre G, Sebbag M. IgM and IgA rheumatoid factors purified from rheumatoid arthritis sera boost the Fc receptor- and complement-dependent effector functions of the disease-specific anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3664-74. [PMID: 25769920 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid factors (RF) and the disease-specific anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies (ACPA) coexist in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients where they probably contribute to synovitis. We investigated the influence of IgM and IgA RF on the FcR- and complement-dependent effects of ACPA immune complexes (ACPA-IC). When stimulated by ACPA-IC formed in the presence of IgM RF or IgA RF fractions purified from RA serum pools, M-CSF-generated macrophages skewed their cytokine response toward inflammation, with increases in the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio and in IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, and decreases in the IL-1Ra/IL-1β ratio. In the IgM RF-mediated amplification of the inflammatory response of macrophages, the participation of an IgM receptor was excluded, notably by showing that they did not express any established receptor for IgM. Rather, this amplification depended on the IgM RF-mediated recruitment of more IgG into the ACPA-IC. However, the macrophages expressed FcαRI and blocking its interaction with IgA inhibited the IgA RF-mediated amplification of TNF-α secretion induced by ACPA-IC, showing its major implication in the effects of RF of the IgA class. LPS further amplified the TNF-α response of macrophages to RF-containing ACPA-IC. Lastly, the presence of IgM or IgA RF increased the capacity of ACPA-IC to activate the complement cascade. Therefore, specifically using autoantibodies from RA patients, the strong FcR-mediated or complement-dependent pathogenic potential of IC including both ACPA and IgM or IgA RF was established. Simultaneous FcR triggering by these RF-containing ACPA-IC and TLR4 ligation possibly makes a major contribution to RA synovitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Anquetil
- Unité Différenciation Épidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1056, INSERM, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Université de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Cyril Clavel
- Unité Différenciation Épidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1056, INSERM, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Université de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Géraldine Offer
- Unité Différenciation Épidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1056, INSERM, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Université de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; and
| | - Guy Serre
- Unité Différenciation Épidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1056, INSERM, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Université de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; and Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Cytologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Mireille Sebbag
- Unité Différenciation Épidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1056, INSERM, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5165, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Université de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; and
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Cornillet M, Verrouil E, Cantagrel A, Serre G, Nogueira L. In ACPA-positive RA patients, antibodies to EBNA35-58Cit, a citrullinated peptide from the Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen-1, strongly cross-react with the peptide β60-74Cit which bears the immunodominant epitope of citrullinated fibrin. Immunol Res 2014; 61:117-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Fert-Bober J, Sokolove J. Proteomics of citrullination in cardiovascular disease. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:522-33. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Fert-Bober
- Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore MD USA
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Jeremy Sokolove
- VA Palo Alto Healthcare System and Stanford University; Palo Alto CA USA
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Ossipova E, Cerqueira CF, Reed E, Kharlamova N, Israelsson L, Holmdahl R, Nandakumar KS, Engström M, Harre U, Schett G, Catrina AI, Malmström V, Sommarin Y, Klareskog L, Jakobsson PJ, Lundberg K. Affinity purified anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies target antigens expressed in the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R167. [PMID: 25112157 PMCID: PMC4448322 DOI: 10.1186/ar4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A major subset of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies directed to citrullinated proteins/peptides (ACPAs). These autoantibodies, which are commonly detected by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on synthetic cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCPs), predict clinical onset and a destructive disease course. In the present study, we have used plasma and synovial fluids from patients with RA, for the affinity purification and characterization of anti-CCP2 reactive antibodies, with an aim to generate molecular tools that can be used in vitro and in vivo for future investigations into the pathobiology of the ACPA response. Specifically, this study aims to demonstrate that the surrogate marker CCP2 can capture ACPAs that bind to autoantigens expressed in vivo in the major inflammatory lesions of RA (that is, in the rheumatoid joint). Methods Plasma (n = 16) and synovial fluid (n = 26) samples were collected from RA patients with anti-CCP2 IgG levels of above 300 AU/mL. Total IgG was isolated on Protein G columns and subsequently applied to CCP2 affinity columns. Purified anti-CCP2 IgG was analyzed for reactivity and specificity by using the CCPlus® ELISA, in-house peptide ELISAs, Western blot, and immunohisto-/immunocytochemistry. Results Approximately 2% of the total IgG pool in both plasma and synovial fluid was CCP2-reactive. Purified anti-CCP2 reactive antibodies from different patients showed differences in binding to CCP2 and differences in binding to citrullinated peptides from α-enolase, vimentin, fibrinogen, and collagen type II, illustrating different ACPA fine-specificity profiles. Furthermore, the purified ACPA bound not only in vitro citrullinated proteins but, more importantly, in vivo-generated epitopes on synovial fluid cells and synovial tissues from patients with RA. Conclusions We have isolated ACPAs from plasma and synovial fluid and demonstrated that the CCP2 peptides, frequently used in diagnostic ELISAs, de facto act as surrogate antigens for at least four different, well-characterized, largely non-cross-reactive, ACPA fine specificities. Moreover, we have determined the concentration and proportion of CCP2-reactive IgG molecules in rheumatoid plasma and synovial fluid, and we have shown that the purified ACPAs can be used to detect both in vitro- and in vivo-generated citrullinated epitopes by various techniques. We anticipate that these antibodies will provide us with new opportunities to investigate the potential pathogenic effects of human ACPAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Cátia Fernandes Cerqueira
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Evan Reed
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nastya Kharlamova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Scheeles väg 2, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marianne Engström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ulrike Harre
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yngve Sommarin
- Euro-Diagnostica AB, Euro Diagnostica AB, P.O. Box 50117, 202 11, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karin Lundberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, CMM L8:04, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ytterberg AJ, Joshua V, Reynisdottir G, Tarasova NK, Rutishauser D, Ossipova E, Haj Hensvold A, Eklund A, Sköld CM, Grunewald J, Malmström V, Jakobsson PJ, Rönnelid J, Padyukov L, Zubarev RA, Klareskog L, Catrina AI. Shared immunological targets in the lungs and joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: identification and validation. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:1772-7. [PMID: 24817415 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunological events in the lungs might trigger production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies during early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the presence of shared immunological citrullinated targets in joints and lungs of patients with RA. PATIENTS AND METHODS Proteins extracted from bronchial (n=6) and synovial (n=7) biopsy specimens from patients with RA were investigated by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. One candidate peptide was synthesised and used to investigate by ELISA the presence of antibodies in patients with RA (n=393), healthy controls (n=152) and disease controls (n=236). HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) alleles were detected in patients with RA. RESULTS Ten citrullinated peptides belonging to seven proteins were identified, with two peptides shared between the synovial and bronchial biopsy samples. Further analysis, using accurate mass and retention time, enabled detection of eight citrullinated peptides in synovial and seven in bronchial biopsy specimens, with five peptides shared between the synovial and bronchial biopsy specimens. Two citrullinated vimentin (cit-vim) peptides were detected in the majority of synovial and lung tissues. Antibodies to a synthesised cit-vim peptide candidate (covering both cit-vim peptides identified in vivo) were present in 1.8% of healthy controls, 15% of patients with RA, and 3.4% of disease controls. Antibodies to cit-vim peptide were associated with the presence of the SE alleles in RA. CONCLUSIONS Identical citrullinated peptides are present in bronchial and synovial tissues, which may be used as immunological targets for antibodies of patients with RA. The data provide further support for a link between lungs and joints in RA and identify potential targets for immunity that may mediate this link.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jimmy Ytterberg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gudrun Reynisdottir
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nataliya K Tarasova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Rutishauser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aase Haj Hensvold
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Eklund
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Magnus Sköld
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Center for Molecular Medicine (CMM), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roman A Zubarev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bennike T, Birkelund S, Stensballe A, Andersen V. Biomarkers in inflammatory bowel diseases: Current status and proteomics identification strategies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3231-3244. [PMID: 24696607 PMCID: PMC3964395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i12.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unambiguous diagnosis of the two main forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD): Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), represents a challenge in the early stages of the diseases. The diagnosis may be established several years after the debut of symptoms. Hence, protein biomarkers for early and accurate diagnostic could help clinicians improve treatment of the individual patients. Moreover, the biomarkers could aid physicians to predict disease courses and in this way, identify patients in need of intensive treatment. Patients with low risk of disease flares may avoid treatment with medications with the concomitant risk of adverse events. In addition, identification of disease and course specific biomarker profiles can be used to identify biological pathways involved in the disease development and treatment. Knowledge of disease mechanisms in general can lead to improved future development of preventive and treatment strategies. Thus, the clinical use of a panel of biomarkers represents a diagnostic and prognostic tool of potentially great value. The technological development in recent years within proteomic research (determination and quantification of the complete protein content) has made the discovery of novel biomarkers feasible. Several IBD-associated protein biomarkers are known, but none have been successfully implemented in daily use to distinguish CD and UC patients. The intestinal tissue remains an obvious place to search for novel biomarkers, which blood, urine or stool later can be screened for. When considering the protein complexity encountered in intestinal biopsy-samples and the recent development within the field of mass spectrometry driven quantitative proteomics, a more thorough and accurate biomarker discovery endeavor could today be performed than ever before. In this review, we report the current status of the proteomics IBD biomarkers and discuss various emerging proteomic strategies for identifying and characterizing novel biomarkers, as well as suggesting future targets for analysis.
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Hensen SMM, Pruijn GJM. Methods for the detection of peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activity and protein citrullination. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:388-96. [PMID: 24298040 PMCID: PMC3916641 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r113.033746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The post-translational conversion of peptidylarginine to peptidylcitrulline, a process also known as citrullination, is catalyzed by the enzyme family of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) and has been demonstrated to be involved in many physiological processes, including the regulation of gene expression. In addition, citrullination has been shown to be associated with several diseases, such as cancer, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. To get more insight into the role of PAD enzymes and citrullination in both health and disease, experimental strategies to study PAD activity and to characterize citrullinated proteins in complex biological samples are crucial. Here, we describe the chemical, proteomic and antibody-based procedures that are currently available and discuss their applicability for the analysis of complex samples. The methods that have been developed can be used to provide more insight in the substrate specificity of PAD enzymes. Because the evidence that PADs play a pathophysiological role in the diseases mentioned above is increasing, they become attractive targets for therapeutic interventions. More knowledge of PAD specificity and the availability of reliable, high-throughput assays for PAD activity will facilitate the development of highly specific PAD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M. M. Hensen
- From the ‡Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ger J. M. Pruijn
- From the ‡Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9101, NL-6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Scinocca M, Bell DA, Racapé M, Joseph R, Shaw G, McCormick JK, Gladman DD, Pope J, Barra L, Cairns E. Antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibodies are specific to rheumatoid arthritis and frequently bind citrullinated proteins/peptides. J Rheumatol 2014; 41:270-9. [PMID: 24429169 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.130742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anticitrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) are implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis and linked to the shared epitope (SE). Citrulline modification is very similar to a different modified amino acid, homocitrulline. We investigated antihomocitrullinated protein/ peptide antibody (AHCPA) specificity for RA, whether ACPA were also able to bind homocitrullinated targets, and whether the SE could accommodate homocitrullinated peptide. METHODS Homocitrullinated fibrinogen was used to screen sera from patients with RA, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus, and healthy subjects for AHCPA using ELISA. Homocitrullination sites on fibrinogen were identified by mass spectrometry. ACPA were affinity-purified using a synthetic citrullinated peptide and tested for binding to homocitrullinated protein/peptide. Inhibition of antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibody binding was examined. Homocitrullinated peptide interaction with the SE was studied using computer modeling. RESULTS IgG antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibodies were found specifically in 49% of patients with RA. Enrichment of ACPA by affinity purification from 5 patients with RA also enriched AHCPA. Serum AHCPA was inhibited by citrullinated fibrinogen and more significantly by homocitrullinated fibrinogen. Computer modeling indicated that the SE could accommodate a homocitrullinated peptide without steric hindrance. Mass spectrometry identified that 89/103 lysines of fibrinogen could be homocitrullinated, and 5 peptides that could be both citrullinated and homocitrullinated and are predicted to bind the SE. CONCLUSION Antihomocitrullinated fibrinogen antibodies are specific to RA. The presence of AHCPA coincides with ACPA, and AHCPA copurifies with ACPA in affinity purification and is inhibited by citrullinated and homocitrullinated antigens. Thus AHCPA and ACPA are frequently cross-reactive and homocitrullinated proteins/peptides may bind the SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Scinocca
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, the Department of Medicine/Rheumatology, the Department of Biochemistry, and the Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario; and the Centre for Prognosis Studies in the Rheumatic Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Prieto DA, Johann DJ, Wei BR, Ye X, Chan KC, Nissley DV, Simpson RM, Citrin DE, Mackall CL, Linehan WM, Blonder J. Mass spectrometry in cancer biomarker research: a case for immunodepletion of abundant blood-derived proteins from clinical tissue specimens. Biomark Med 2014; 8:269-86. [PMID: 24521024 PMCID: PMC4201940 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of clinically relevant cancer biomarkers using mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics has proven difficult, primarily because of the enormous dynamic range of blood-derived protein concentrations and the fact that the 22 most abundant blood-derived proteins constitute approximately 99% of the total plasma protein mass. Immunodepletion of clinical body fluid specimens (e.g., serum/plasma) for the removal of highly abundant proteins is a reasonable and reproducible solution. Often overlooked, clinical tissue specimens also contain a formidable amount of highly abundant blood-derived proteins present in tissue-embedded networks of blood/lymph capillaries and interstitial fluid. Hence, the dynamic range impediment to biomarker discovery remains a formidable obstacle, regardless of clinical sample type (solid tissue and/or body fluid). Thus, we optimized and applied simultaneous immunodepletion of blood-derived proteins from solid tissue and peripheral blood, using clear cell renal cell carcinoma as a model disease. Integrative analysis of data from this approach and genomic data obtained from the same type of tumor revealed concordant key pathways and protein targets germane to clear cell renal cell carcinoma. This includes the activation of the lipogenic pathway characterized by increased expression of adipophilin (PLIN2) along with 'cadherin switching', a phenomenon indicative of transcriptional reprogramming linked to renal epithelial dedifferentiation. We also applied immunodepletion of abundant blood-derived proteins to various tissue types (e.g., adipose tissue and breast tissue) showing unambiguously that the removal of abundant blood-derived proteins represents a powerful tool for the reproducible profiling of tissue proteomes. Herein, we show that the removal of abundant blood-derived proteins from solid tissue specimens is of equal importance to depletion of body fluids and recommend its routine use in the context of biological discovery and/or cancer biomarker research. Finally, this perspective presents the background, rationale and strategy for using tissue-directed high-resolution/accuracy MS-based shotgun proteomics to detect genuine tumor proteins in the peripheral blood of a patient diagnosed with nonmetastatic cancer, employing concurrent liquid chromatography-MS analysis of immunodepleted clinical tissue and blood specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- DaRue A Prieto
- Laboratory of Proteomics & Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Donald J Johann
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham, Slot 816 Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Bih-Rong Wei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoying Ye
- Laboratory of Proteomics & Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - King C Chan
- Laboratory of Proteomics & Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- Laboratory of Proteomics & Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - R Mark Simpson
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah E Citrin
- Immunology Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Section of Translational Radiation Oncology Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - W Marston Linehan
- Urologic Surgery & the Urologic Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Josip Blonder
- Laboratory of Proteomics & Analytical Technologies, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, PO Box B, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Hensvold AH, Magnusson PKE, Joshua V, Hansson M, Israelsson L, Ferreira R, Jakobsson PJ, Holmdahl R, Hammarström L, Malmström V, Askling J, Klareskog L, Catrina AI. Environmental and genetic factors in the development of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis: an epidemiological investigation in twins. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 74:375-80. [PMID: 24276366 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and ACPA-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a twin cohort. METHODS A total of 12 590 twins were analysed for the presence of ACPAs (CCP2 ELISA), HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE) gene alleles, and exposure to smoking. Twins with established RA were identified in national public care registers. Antibody reactivities against citrullinated and native forms of α-enolase, vimentin, fibrinogen and type II collagen peptides were tested by ELISA in anti-CCP2-positive subjects and their cotwins. Structural equation models and ORs for the development of ACPA and ACPA-positive RA were computed for smokers and SE carriers. RESULTS A total of 2.8% (350/12 590) of the twins were ACPA positive, and 1.0% (124/12 590) had ACPA-positive RA. Most of the variability in the ACPA status was accounted for by non-shared environmental or stochastic factors (78%, 95% CI 55% to 100%) rather than shared environmental and genetic factors. Analysis of specific risk factors revealed an association between smoking and SE and the presence of ACPAs. Twins with ACPA-positive RA were more frequently SE positive than twins with ACPAs without RA. Reactivities against multiple citrullinated peptides were present in most twins with ACPA-positive RA but in fewer twins with ACPAs without RA. CONCLUSIONS Environment, lifestyle and stochastic factors may be more important than genetics in determining which individuals develop ACPAs. Genetic factors (particularly SE) may have a relatively larger role in determining which ACPA-positive individuals will ultimately develop arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aase Haj Hensvold
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Swedish Twin Registry, Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Askling
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca Irinel Catrina
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cerqueira CF, Klareskog L, Jakobsson PJ. Neutralization of AntiCitrullinated Protein Antibodies in Rheumatoid Arthritis - A Way to Go? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 114:13-7. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia F. Cerqueira
- Rheumatology Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit; Department of Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Jin Z, Fu Z, Yang J, Troncosco J, Everett AD, Van Eyk JE. Identification and characterization of citrulline-modified brain proteins by combining HCD and CID fragmentation. Proteomics 2013; 13:2682-91. [PMID: 23828821 PMCID: PMC4864592 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a protein PTM of arginine residues catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase. Protein citrullination has been detected in the CNS and associated with a number of neurological diseases. However, identifying citrullinated proteins from complex mixtures and pinpointing citrullinated residues have been limited. Using RP LC and high-resolution MS, this study determined in vitro citrullination sites of glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), neurogranin (NRGN/RC3), and myelin basic protein (MBP) and in vivo sites in brain protein extract. Human GFAP has five endogenous citrullination sites, R30, R36, R270, R406, and R416, and MBP has 14 in vivo citrullination sites. Human NRGN/RC3 was found citrullinated at residue R68. The sequence of citrullinated peptides and citrullination sites were confirmed from peptides identified in trypsin, Lys-C, and Glu-C digests. The relative ratio of citrullination was estimated by simultaneous identification of citrullinated and unmodified peptides from Alzheimer's and control brain samples. The site occupancy of citrullination at the residue R68 of NRGN ranged from 1.6 to 9.5%. Compared to CID, higher-energy collisional dissociation (HCD) mainly produced protein backbone fragmentation for citrullinated peptides. CID-triggered HCD fragmentation is an optimal approach for the identification of citrullinated peptides in complex protein digests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Zongming Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Juan Troncosco
- Department of Pathology, Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Allen D. Everett
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Brink M, Hansson M, Mathsson L, Jakobsson PJ, Holmdahl R, Hallmans G, Stenlund H, Rönnelid J, Klareskog L, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Multiplex analyses of antibodies against citrullinated peptides in individuals prior to development of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:899-910. [PMID: 23310951 DOI: 10.1002/art.37835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides has been demonstrated to precede the onset of symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by several years. The aim of this study was to analyze antibodies against 10 citrullinated autoantigen-derived peptides for reactivity before the onset of RA symptoms. METHODS A case-control study was conducted within the Medical Biobank of Northern Sweden. The study was performed in 409 individuals, 386 of whom donated 717 blood samples before the onset of symptoms of RA (pre-patients). The median period of time predating the onset of RA was 7.4 years. A total of 1,305 population-based control subjects were also studied. Antibodies to 10 citrullinated peptides, fibrinogen α573 (Fibα573), Fibα591, Fibβ36-52, Fibβ72, Fibβ74, α-enolase (citrullinated α-enolase peptide 1 [CEP-1]), triple-helical type II collagen peptide C1 (citC1III), filaggrin, vimentin 2-17 (Vim2-17), and Vim60-75, were analyzed using a microarray system. RESULTS The fluorescence intensity of antibodies against Fibβ36-52, Fibβ74, CEP-1, citC1III, and filaggrin was significantly increased in pre-patients compared with controls (P<0.001). The levels of the earliest-detectable antibodies (Fibα591 and Vim60-75) fluctuated over time, with only a slight increase after the onset of disease. The frequency of antibodies against Fibβ36-52, CEP-1, and filaggrin increased gradually, reaching the highest levels before symptom onset. The frequency of a cluster of antibodies, citC1III, Fibα573, and Fibβ74, increased only slightly before the onset of symptoms but increased prominently after disease onset. The odds ratio for the development of RA in individuals expressing both CEP-1 and Fibβ36-52 antibodies (using data from samples obtained <3.35 years predating symptom onset) was 40.4 (95% confidence interval 19.8-82.3) compared with having either antibody alone. CONCLUSION Development of an immune response toward citrullinated peptides is initially restricted but expands with time to induce a more specific response, with levels, particularly those of antibodies against CEP-1, Fibβ36-52, and filaggrin, increasing during the predating time period closer to the onset of symptoms.
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Cornillet M, Sebbag M, Verrouil E, Magyar A, Babos F, Ruyssen-Witrand A, Hudecz F, Cantagrel A, Serre G, Nogueira L. The fibrin-derived citrullinated peptide β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ bears the major ACPA epitope recognised by the rheumatoid arthritis-specific anticitrullinated fibrinogen autoantibodies and anti-CCP2 antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:1246-52. [PMID: 23636655 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the proportions of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera containing anticitrullinated proteins autoantibodies (ACPA) reactive to α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and/or β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄, two peptides identified as bearing the immunodominant epitopes of their major target, citrullinated fibrin. To analyse the relationships of anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ autoantibodies with autoantibodies reactive to the complete citrullinated human fibrinogen molecule (AhFibA) and with anti-CCP2 antibodies. METHODS 617 sera from 181 patients with established RA and 436 with non-RA rheumatic diseases were tested by ELISA for AhFibA, anti-CCP2, anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂, anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ autoantibodies, and by nephelometry for rheumatoid factor (RF). Diagnostic indexes, correlations and concordances between tests were analysed. Crossreactivity of anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ autoantibodies was assessed in competition experiments. RESULTS At a diagnostic specificity of 95%, the diagnostic sensitivity of AhFibA (83%) was significantly higher than that of all other tests. The diagnostic sensitivity of anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ (71%) was significantly higher than that of anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ autoantibodies (51%) but similar to that of anti-CCP2 (74%). Titres of RF, anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ autoantibodies were weakly correlated with each other, whereas titres of anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ were strongly correlated with those of AhFibA (r=0.633) and anti-CCP2 (r=0.634). Anti-α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ mainly corresponded to two non-crossreactive subfamilies of ACPA. More than 90% of AhFibA-positive or anti-CCP2-positive sera recognised the α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and/or the β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ peptide. CONCLUSIONS Autoantibodies reactive to α36-50Cit₃₈,₄₂ and β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ form two distinct, non-overlapping subfamilies of ACPA that, together, cover practically all the ACPA reactivity to citrullinated fibrinogen and to CCP2 antigens. In established RA, anti-β60-74Cit₆₀,₇₂,₇₄ autoantibodies show diagnostic indexes similar to those of anti-CCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cornillet
- , Epidermis Differentiation and Rheumatoid Autoimmunity' Laboratory, UMR CNRS 5165, INSERM U 1056, Toulouse III University, , Toulouse, France
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Radic M, Marion TN. Neutrophil extracellular chromatin traps connect innate immune response to autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:465-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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van Beers JJBC, Schwarte CM, Stammen-Vogelzangs J, Oosterink E, Božič B, Pruijn GJM. The rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid citrullinome reveals novel citrullinated epitopes in apolipoprotein E, myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen, and β-actin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:69-80. [PMID: 23044660 DOI: 10.1002/art.37720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate a catalog of citrullinated proteins that are present in the synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to elucidate their relevance for the anti-citrullinated protein antibody response in RA. METHODS Polypeptides isolated from the synovial fluid of patients with RA were identified by mass spectrometry. Three proteins (apolipoprotein E [Apo E], myeloid nuclear differentiation antigen [MNDA], and β-actin) were studied in more detail, using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. The presence of autoantibodies to synthetic peptides derived from these proteins in sera from patients with RA, sera from patients with other diseases, and sera from healthy control subjects was studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS RA synovial fluid samples displayed several distinct patterns of citrullinated proteins. Using mass spectrometry, (fragments of) 192 proteins were identified, including 53 citrullinated proteins, some of which contained multiple citrullinated residues. In addition to previously reported citrullinated proteins in RA synovia (e.g., vimentin and fibrinogen), a series of novel citrullinated proteins, including Apo E, MNDA, β-actin, and cyclophilin A, was identified. Immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the citrullination of Apo E and MNDA. ELISAs demonstrated the presence of autoreactive citrullinated epitopes in Apo E, MNDA, and β-actin. CONCLUSION Synovial fluid samples from the inflamed joints of patients with RA contain many citrullinated proteins. Citrullinated Apo E, MNDA, and β-actin are novel antigens identified in RA synovial fluid, and only a limited number of their citrullinated epitopes are targeted by the immune system in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce J B C van Beers
- Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences and Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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De Ceuleneer M, Van Steendam K, Dhaenens M, Elewaut D, Deforce D. Quantification of Citrullination by Means of Skewed Isotope Distribution Pattern. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5245-51. [DOI: 10.1021/pr3004453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maarten, Dhaenens
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Department of Rheumatology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent,
Belgium
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Hansson M, Mathsson L, Schlederer T, Israelsson L, Matsson P, Nogueira L, Jakobsson PJ, Lundberg K, Malmström V, Serre G, Holmdahl R, Nystrand M, Klareskog L, Rönnelid J. Validation of a multiplex chip-based assay for the detection of autoantibodies against citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R201. [PMID: 23025688 PMCID: PMC3580513 DOI: 10.1186/ar4039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Autoantibodies directed against citrullinated proteins/peptides (ACPAs) are highly specific and predictive for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Different subgroups of RA patients, which have different prognoses and may require different treatments, are characterized by different autoantibody profiles. The objective of this study was to develop a microarray for the detection of multiple RA-associated autoantibodies, initially focusing on responses against citrullinated epitopes on candidate autoantigens in RA. Methods The microarray is based on Phadia's ImmunoCAP ISAC system, with which reactivity to more than 100 antigens can be analyzed simultaneously, by using minute serum volumes (< 10 μl). Twelve citrullinated peptides, and the corresponding native arginine-containing control peptides, were immobilized in an arrayed fashion onto a chemically modified glass slide, allowing a three-dimensional layer with high binding capacity. The assay was optimized concerning serum dilution and glass surface, whereas each individual antigen was optimized concerning coupling chemistry, antigen concentration, and selection of spotting buffer. The performance of each peptide in the ImmunoCAP ISAC system was compared with the performance in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Serum from 927 RA patients and 461 healthy controls from a matched case-control study were applied onto reaction sites on glass slides, followed by fluorescent-labeled anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody. Fluorescence intensities were detected with a laser scanner, and the results analyzed by using image-analysis software. Results Strong correlations between the ImmunoCAP ISAC system and ELISA results were found for individual citrullinated peptides (Spearman ρ typically between 0.75 and 0.90). Reactivity of RA sera with the peptides was seen mainly in the anticyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (CCP2)-positive subset, but some additional reactivity with single citrullinated peptides was seen in the anti-CCP2-negative subset. Adjusting for reactivity against arginine-containing control peptides did not uniformly change the diagnostic performance for antibodies against the individual citrullinated peptides. Conclusions The multiplexed array, for detection of autoantibodies against multiple citrullinated epitopes on candidate RA autoantigens, will be of benefit in studies of RA pathogenesis, diagnosis, and potentially as a guide to individualized treatment.
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Abstract
Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) of the IgG subtype have become a critical hallmark of HLA-associated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and point to important contributions from the adaptive immune system. To dissect the contributing autoimmune reactions, investigators must not only identify the protein targets of ACPA but also define the precise peptides recognized by the immune system. Several possible approaches could be used to achieve this goal, and sensitive mass spectrometry of relevant tissue is a promising way forward in advancing our detailed understanding of autoimmune immune reactions involved in RA pathogenesis.
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De Ceuleneer M, Van Steendam K, Dhaenens M, Deforce D. In vivo relevance of citrullinated proteins and the challenges in their detection. Proteomics 2012; 12:752-60. [PMID: 22318877 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination is a posttranslational modification of arginine. It plays both a physiological role, for instance during apoptosis and epigenetics, and a pathological role in cancer or diseases of the central nervous system. Most research on citrullination to date focuses on its role in auto-immune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. In this context, the exact knowledge of citrullination sites in a protein can provide invaluable information about the etiological importance of these citrullinated proteins. However, few techniques exist that can accurately detect citrullination on the peptide level. This review aims to give an overview of the different methods available to date for the detection of citrullinated proteins and peptides. These include 2D-SDS-PAGE and immunodetection, as well as specific mass spectrometry (MS) approaches, both labeled and unlabeled. These MS approaches have been developed to pinpoint the exact location of citrullination on the peptide level. Improving the currently existing detection strategies while focusing on the role of citrullinated proteins will be invaluable to elucidate the importance of this posttranslational modification in vivo.
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Abstract
The complement system has vital protective functions as a humoral component of the innate immune system and also through interactions with the adaptive immune system; however, when inappropriately activated or regulated, complement can cause inflammation and organ damage, and such processes are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions, not least rheumatic diseases. Furthermore, states of complement deficiency can predispose not only to infections, but also to autoimmune disorders, including rheumatic diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. In this Review, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic activities of complement in rheumatic diseases are discussed. Potential approaches to therapeutic intervention that focus on regulating complement activities in these disorders are also considered.
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Makrygiannakis D, Revu S, Engström M, af Klint E, Nicholas AP, Pruijn GJ, Catrina AI. Local administration of glucocorticoids decreases synovial citrullination in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R20. [PMID: 22284820 PMCID: PMC3392813 DOI: 10.1186/ar3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Protein citrullination is present in the rheumatoid synovium, presumably contributing to the perpetuation of chronic inflammation, in the presence of specific autoimmunity. As a result, the present study examined the possibility that effective antirheumatic treatment will decrease the level of synovial citrullination. Methods Synovial biopsies were obtained from 11 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients before and after 8 weeks of treatment with 20 mg methotrexate weekly, 15 RA patients before and 2 weeks after an intraarticular glucocorticoid injection, and eight healthy volunteers. Synovial inflammation was assessed with double-blind semiquantitative analysis of lining thickness, cell infiltration, and vascularity by using a 4-point scale. Expression of citrullinated proteins (CPs) with the monoclonal antibody F95 and peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) 2 and 4 was assessed immunohistochemically with double-blind semiquantitative analysis. In vitro synovial fluid (SF), peripheral blood (PB), mononuclear cells (MCs), and synovial explants obtained from RA patients were incubated with dexamethasone and analyzed with immunohistochemistry for expression of CP as well as PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes. Results The presence of synovial CP was almost exclusive in RA compared with healthy synovium and correlated with the degree of local inflammation. Treatment with glucocorticoids but not methotrexate alters expression of synovial CP and PAD enzymes, in parallel with a decrease of synovial inflammation. Ex vivo and in vitro studies suggest also a direct effect of glucocorticoids on citrullination, as demonstrated by the decrease in the level of citrullination and PAD expression after incubation of SFMC and synovial explants with dexamethasone. Conclusion Synovial citrullination and PAD expression are dependent on local inflammation and targeted by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Makrygiannakis
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE- 141 86, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ghosh P, Kandhare AD, Kumar VS, Rajmane AR, Adil M, Bodhankar SL. Determination of clinical outcome and pharmacoeconomics of anti–rheumatoid arthritis therapy using CDAI, EQ–5D–3L and EQ–VAS as indices of disease amelioration. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(12)60242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Darrah E, Rosen A, Giles JT, Andrade F. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2, 3 and 4 have distinct specificities against cellular substrates: novel insights into autoantigen selection in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 71:92-8. [PMID: 21859690 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2011.151712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define the relationship between autoantigen citrullination and different peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Citrullinated autoantigens were identified by immunoblotting control and ionomycin-activated human primary neutrophil lysate with RA sera. Autoantigen identity and citrullination sites were defined by mass spectrometry. PAD isoenzyme expression in human neutrophils was determined by immunoblotting. PAD substrate specificity was addressed in HL-60 cell lysates co-incubated with human recombinant PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4. RESULTS Although prominent protein citrullination is observed in ionomycin-activated neutrophils, RA sera only recognised a limited number of these citrullinated molecules. Among these, the authors identified that β and γ-actins are citrullinated on at least 10 arginine residues, generating a novel 47 kDa species that is frequently recognised by RA autoantibodies. Interestingly, the authors showed that the PAD enzymes expressed in human neutrophils (ie, PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4) have unique substrate specificities, independent of their subcellular distribution. Thus, only PAD2 was able to citrullinate native β/γ-actin, while histone H3 was only citrullinated by PAD4. CONCLUSION These studies identified β and γ-actins as novel citrullinated autoantigens in RA, allowing enzyme specificity against intracellular substrates to be addressed. The studies provide evidence that PAD enzymes have the intrinsic capacity to select unique protein targets. The authors propose that unique PAD specificity may play a role in autoantigen selection in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Darrah
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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De Ceuleneer M, De Wit V, Van Steendam K, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Tilleman K, Deforce D. Modification of citrulline residues with 2,3-butanedione facilitates their detection by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1536-1542. [PMID: 21594927 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) that results from the deimination of the amino acid arginine into citrulline by Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase enzymes and occurs in a wide range of proteins in health and disease. This modification causes a 1 Da mass shift, which can be used to identify citrullination sites in proteins by the use of mass spectrometry. However, other PTMs, such as deamidation from asparagine to aspartic acid or from glutamine to glutamic acid, can also cause a 1 Da mass shift, making correct interpretation of the data more difficult. We developed a chemical tagging strategy which, combined with an open source search application, allowed us to selectively pinpoint citrullinated peptides in a complex mixture after liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis. After incubation of a peptide mixture with 2,3 butanedione, citrulline residues were covalently modified which resulted in a 50 Da shift in singly charged mass. By comparison of the peptide mass fingerprint from a modified and an unmodified version of the same sample, our in-house search application was able to identify the citrullinated peptides in the mixture. This strategy was optimized on synthetic peptides and validated on a digest of in vitro citrullinated fibrinogen, where different proteolytic enzymes were used to augment the protein coverage. This new method results in easy detection of citrullinated residues, without the need for complex mass spectrometry equipment.
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